1 858494

The calculation of the low Reynolds number resistance functions for two unequal
spheres
D. J. Jeffrey
Citation: Physics of Fluids A 4, 16 (1992); doi: 10.1063/1.858494
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The calculation of the low Reynolds

unequal spheres
number resistance
functions
for two
D. J. Jeffrey
Department
Canada
of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9,
(Received 1 March 199 1; accepted 13 September 1991)

The resistance functions that relate the forces, couples, and stresslets exerted on ambient fluid
by two unequal rigid spheres in low Reynolds number flow are calculated for the case in which
the spheres are immersed in an ambient linear flow. In conjuction with earlier works, this~
paper completes the tabulation of all of the two-sphere resistance functions at present needed
in investigations of the mechanics of suspensions. Each function is calculated first as a series in
inverse powers of the center-to-center separation, and then, in order to handle the singular
behavior caused by lubrication forces, the asymptotic form which the function takes when the
spheres are close is combined with the series expansion into a single expression valid for all
separations of the spheres.
I. INTRODUCTION
The low Reynolds number resistance functions for two
spheres are defined in Kim and Karrila and are used in
many areas of microhydrodynamics.23 This paper continues a program started in Jeffrey and Onishi4 which aims to
calculate all of the resistance functions in a uniform manner.
Each function is expressed first as a series expansion in the
center-to-center separation of the spheres, using the method
of twin multipole expansions. The expressions are accurate
by themselves for large separations, and can be combined
with asymptotic analyses available in the literature5-9 to obtain expressions valid for all separations of the spheres. The
aim is not simply to print tables of the functions;4 that would
be inefficient, in view of the ease with which data can be
distributed on computer disks. Rather, sufficient information is given here to allow numerical evaluation of the functions to a reasonable accuracy, and if greater accuracy is
required, the necessary data can be obtained directly from
the author. Many of the equations in Jeffrey and Onishi4 can
be reused, and it would be wasteful to repeat them here, so
instead we shall reference them using the convention that
equation numbers prefixed with JO refer to equations in that
paper.
We start by extending the resistance matrix defined in
[JO ( 1.3) 1. We label two spheres 1 and 2. Sphere o has radius a, and is centered at x, . It has velocity U,, angular velocity 0,, and a uniform rate of strain E,. Since the particles
are rigid, E, is obviously artificial, but it is convenient for
calculating the resistance functions. In addition, both
spheres are in an ambient velocity field
U(x) = U, + fi, xx + Em-x,
where U, , Cnm, and E, are- constants. The quantities we
wish to calculate are the forces F, exerted by the spheres on
the fluid [defined in JO( l.l>], the couples L, [JO( 1.2)],
and the stresslets
s, = -
xwn + wnx) -
(1)
wherex:, =x-xx,,
a vector from the spheres center, (T is
the stress tensor, n is the unit outward normal, and the integral is over the surface of the sphere. Because of the linearity
of the Stokes equations, the above quantities are related to
each other through a generalized matrix equation based on
straightforward conventions (Kim and Karrila, Sec. 5.2).
F,
F*
L,
L*
S,
i
A,,
=P4,
G,,
42
A21
A22
B2,
B22
B12
$2
(32,
s2
G22
%
C,,
H,,
h2
B21
B22
C2,
C22
H2,
C12
H12
H22
61
%
M,,
62
a21
G22
fi21
fi22
h,
42
M2,
M22
U,- U(x,1
u,
U(x2>
f4 --m
a2
-fL
(2)
E,-E,
b--E,
The elements A, B, and C are second-rank tensors, G and H
are third-rank tensors, and M is fourth rank. It should also be
noticed that the physical dimensions of the vectors and matrices in (2) are not all the same. The elements A, B, and C
have been tabulated for unequal spheres4 and all of the elements have been calculated for equal spheres. Here we
calculate them all for the unequal case.
The elements of the matrix obey a number of symmetry
conditions, mostly straightforward additions to those given
in Jeffrey and Onishi; they can be expressed most easily by
adopting suffix notation, in which any tensor P, is written
P go. The first symmetries result from S being symmetric
and traceless; thus
16
Phys. Fluids A 4 (I), January 1992
16
0 1991 American Institute of Physics
Aug 2016 12:33:49
G $@= Gj;p
H$p
= Hjp,
Jjgp
= Mj$,
G ;$@= H ;& x &f ;;f) = 0.

Next, because E is symmetric and traceless, G, R, and M are
defined only to within the addition of arbitrary tensors that
are antisymmetric or isotropic in their last two indices. If we
specify
jqy E jjgQ,
&f$f$ = j/fgjf),
qp) =; @$,
&y)
=jy
=@g
zo,
(a, + a,,.) everywhere in (3) with Za,. The first scheme is

followed here for consistency with earlier work.
When we express the tensor resistance. functions in
terms of scalar functions, we can arrange things in such a
way that each scalar function is associated with a simple type
of flow. As a consequence, a notational scheme can be devised that makes it easy to identify the type of interaction
described by a given function. The following scheme was
started by Jeffrey and Onishi.4 The two-sphere geometry is
defined by a unit vector along the line of centers,
we can prove the resistance matrix is symmetric [cf. Kim

and Karrila Eqs. (5.8) and (5.9)]. Thus
g$fl = G$=,
@p)
Nondimensionalization,
fected by setting
zzcH$@,
Jf$f
d = (x2 -x1 )/lx;-
\
and by the three scalars r = Ix2 - ~1, a, and a,. If 4 is the
azimuthal angle with respect to d, then all basic flows are
proportional to exp (imd). The letter Xis used for any function associated with flows axisymmetric about the line of
centers (i.e., m = 0), Y is used for any function associated
with flows transverse to the line of centers (m = 1 >, and 2
for flows perpendicular to the line of centers (m = 2). Obviously this notational scheme is not one that can be extended
readily to flows and multipole moments of arbitrary order,
but it does cover all of the functions used in applications.
Since the tensor functions G, H, M can contain only the
vector d, the isotropic tensor I, and scalar quantities, we can
express them in terms of nondimensional scalar resistance
functions as follows:
._
-a
= &fj&+.
denoted using a circumflex, is ef.

x1
G,
= da,
+ aD)2kB,
(34
H,
= da,
+ a, )3finp,
(3b)
M ap = @-(a, -I ao13Q,.
(3c)
This scheme has been widely used and leads to tidy symmetry conditions (5) below, but also causes many factors
( 1 + R) to appear in other equations..Another scheme was
suggested by Kim and Karrila, who replaced the factor
J
a$) =XEp(did, -jSg)d,
x, (;Y
+ Y$(diSjk +djSik -2did,dk),
(44
~~~ = Yap (di~,~jk,dm+ diEik,dm ),

8;$)
=Xz(l)(didj
-f8g)(dkdl
(4b)
-fskl)
+ Yz(J>(dibjldk ~+dS,d,.+d,~j~d, +dia,d/
- 4d,djd,d,)
+ sjksiI - SgS,, + didjskr + S,dkd, + didjdkdi - diSj[dk 7, djsiidk - diSjkd[ _ dj6,dl).
+ z~(J)(SikSjl
(4c)
..
The scalar resistance functions have two nondimensional arguments made from r, a,, and a,. We choose
s=2r/(a,
+a,)
and
R=a,/a,.
Corresponding to the symmetries [JO( 1.9>], we have the

following new ones:
-J-y$ (&A) = - X$ - n)(3 --p) (&A - 1,
(5a)
Y$a&
= - Y&),3-p)
(5b)
y:f&,a
= y::-a,,,+,
X.:$:,(s,A>
YM,W)
z$(~jl)
(&A -I,,
(a-),
_ (56)
= X$-ajc3-p8)
(s,A-- I,
(5d)
= yg&a
= Y~:~,,,,-~)
W. -),
(5e)
=z~(~,;l)
=Zg-$3-Bj
(~,/z -5.
(5f)
XFa b/z)
II. GENERAL RESULTS USED IN THE CALCULATIONS

The Cartesian coordinate system we use has its origin at
the center of sphere 1.and a z axis directed so that the center
of sphere 2 is on the positive axis. The method of twin multipole expansions uses two polar coordinate systems
(p,,B,,#), one at the-center of each sphere, with the z axis
being a common pole. Different ways of defining these sys-
terns were tried in Jeffrey and Onishi4 and Happel and Brenneri (their Fig. 6-3.1). The choice of Jeffrey and Onishi is
convenient for Laplaces equation, but when used with the
Stokes equations it leads to vector @-oducts in a left-handed
set of axes, which in the long run are a nuisance. This paper,
however, perseveres with their coordinate system, so that
their equations can be reused. The method of twin multipole
expansions is described in Jeffrey and Onishi in sufficient
generality to apply to all of the problems defined here, and
so, as stated earlier, equations will not be repeated when they
can be referred to there. The only new result needed in order
to apply twin-multipole expansions to the problems defined
below is an expression for the stresslet.of sphere 1. In terms
of the pressure coefficients pg; defined in [ JO( 2.3b) 1, we
have
S, z 2rpa:b$(kk
-fi&[ii
-41) -pI:[ik
-jj
+i(ij
+ ki + i(jk + kj)]
+ ji)]).
(6)
For, each function, we shall obtain approximate expressions using. the method of reflections before proceeding to
the full calculation. For this we need the following Fax&
expressions. We suppose that u is the velocity field that exists
in the neighborhood of some point in the absence of a sphere;
.:
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D. J. Jeffrey
17
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when a sphere is placed there it exerts on the fluid a force,

couple, and stresslet equal to
F = 62ipa{U - [ 1 + (a2/6)V] u},
L = 8n;ua3(fl - JVxu),
s =$h-,,a3{E
- [1+
0)
Ub)
(2/io)v2joui.
(7c)
Here 0 is an operator that extracts the deviatoric purestraining field from u; its ij component is
We also need the flow field around asphere of radius a

which moves with velocity U, rotates with angular velocity
Cn,and deforms uniformly with a rate of strain E. The velocity at a point p relative to the spheres center is
Ui = 3a
9
(~ik + bibk ) Uk + a3 (Sik - 3biljk > uk

4P3
+ a Eiklfi$l+
P2
a5
+ 7
a&/
5a3PibkblEkl
2P2
- $bi@*at
>
EM*
When using this solution in conjunction with Fax& laws, it

is helpful to picture the flow disturbances around the sphere.
Following Batchelor, we regard the flow in the neighborhood of a point as being the superposition of a uniform flow,
a rotation and a pure-straining motion, with higher terms in
the Taylor series expansion of the flow being neglected because they are not needed. To depict the pure straining in the
neighborhood of a point xP, we plot some streamlines of the
flow (x - xP )a@. Similarly we depict the vorticity by plotting a streamline of (V x II) X (x - xp >. In Fig. 1, we show
the disturbance fields around a translating sphere. Near the
point A, the flow consists of a uniform flow which is not
shown, but which would obviously be in the same directionas the spheres velocity, and a pure-straining flow whose
streamlines are shown and which is such as to cause a small
spherical element to flatten into an oblate spheroid. At C and
D, the uniform flow is again not shown, the pure-straining
flow is shown at C, and the vorticity is shown at D. Both flow
components have mirror symmetry around the centerline of
the figure, meaning, for example, the vorticity at C is counterclockwise. Using the same conventions, Fig. 2 shows the
fields around a rotating sphere, Fig. 3 shows them around an
axisymmetrically deforming sphere, and Fig. 4 shows them
around a transversely deforming sphere. In Fig. 3, no flow is
shown at the sides of the sphere because the pure-straining
flow there is perpendicular to the plane of the page.
The final general result concerns the expansion of singularities. An important part of this work is the explicit representation of the singular behavior of the resistance functions.
We wish here to modify the technique used for this in a direction that gains us more attractive, although no more accurate, formulas. The nondimensional gap width is
g= (r-g1
-a,)/$(a,
+a,),=s-2.
Lo
We first note the following mathematical identity:
FIG. 1. A schematicdepiction of the componentsof the rate-of-strainflow

fields around a translating sphere.The flow in the neighborhoodsof A and
B is the superpositionof a uniform flow, which is not shown, and the purestraining motions whosesensesare indicated by the arrows. At the sidesof
the sphere,the pure-straining component is shown at C and the rotational
component is shown at D, and again the uniform flow is not shown. To
obtain the rotational flow at C, one takes a mirror image of the flow at D,
and similarly for the pure-straining flow at D.
2s
-+g2
g (2-4)
In s+gT
=g,s+
($-s24g3
2
g, ++
m=l (
m(m+2)
l)ln~
2 m
)c -i- > .
(9)
m odd
Expanding the left-hand side for small c, i.e., s close to 2, we

see
2s
g1 (2-4)
+ g2 In f-&+-+g3
=g&-+$g,
($-s2-
l)lnz
+g2 lnC-+g2 In4
+g3~ln4-+oG).
(10)
The right-hand side is of the general form taken by all of the
resistance functions near touching, and it is approximated
using (9) in a manner explained in Sec. III. The summation
in (9) contains only odd powers of S. For even powers the
corresponding formulas are
4
y@L4
+ g2 ln -&+,
(--+)ln-&
=g,+2 &++m(:+2)fin
(
m=2
m even
=glgTml-$gl
+g2
>
ln~-'+g351n~-'+W3.
(11)
D. J. Jeffrey
18
18
Aug 2016 12:33:49
The advantage of these forms over earlier one& is the neater

form of the summations. When s is large, not allthe terms
decay to zero as they did in the previous case, but in practice
this does not cause any numerical difficulties.
B. Twin multipole expansions

The general series expressions can be obtained from the
problems studied in JO Sec. 3. In terms of the quantity P,,pq
defined in [ JO( 3.4) ] we have
i pz,,t;tz,(16)
x?l -$ (1+Wx& =$ Pg,oq==o
III. THE FUNCTIONS X$@

These functions describe the stresslets resulting from
uniform motions parallel to the line of centers, or equivalently the forces resulting from axisymmetric pure-straining motion. In particular, if the spheres have velocities U, = U, k,
in fluid otherwise at rest, the stresslet of sphere 1 is
where t, =a,/r.
For
[JO(3.11)], weobtain
x$
1
4
+-(l+il)X,,==-
the
complementary
:pg,qgo(
problem
l)P+q+3p2pqfv%
(17)
S, =pcm[llafX~ U, + (a, + a, )Xg U2] (kk - fl).

(12)
We conclude that X7, will be a sum over terms for which

p + 4 is odd, while X g will be a sum withp + even. Thus
A. Method of reflections
Since the stresslet is a less familiar quantity than the
force or couple, it is useful to get a feeling for the functions
X2; by deriving their leading terms using the method of
reflections. The flow problem used to calculate S, can be
followed using Fig. 1. Sphere 1 is shown, and point A is the
site for the center of sphere 2. Expanding the flow field (8) as
a Taylor series about A, we find that the velocity field is the
superposition of a uniform velocity and an axisymmetric
pure strain, namely
u=-
34 UIk--s
2r
2
G(Q) = In=1
i q-0
2 $P2(,-qjq/P(1+/2)mP
m odd
+O(r
and
xz (4)
+ a2 >I,, u, W
+O(r
=~~pa~(9a,/4r)UI(kk-~l)
fo =fi
= 0, fi = 15/L, f3 =45/l,
-36/2+135il-60i13,
f6 =216A2+
f8 = 864il + 6804/l 3 -/- 8679/l 4
From this, using (5a), we obtain

+o(C3).
(14)
The change in sign going fromX $ to X g can be understood
by considering a direct calculation of Xf2. This requires
sphere 2 to move along the positive axis and S, to be calculated. If we now take the sphere shown in Fig. 1 to be sphere
2, then sphere 1 will be at B and at that point the rate of strain
is opposite in sign to the corresponding one at A.
We calculate Xz by noting that, as a response to the
ambient uniform flow shown in ( 13 ) , sphere 2 exerts a force
on the fluid equal to - 6npa, (3a, /2r) U, k. The situation is
now equivalent to sphere 1 being at rest and sphere 2 having
the ei%ctive velocity lJz = - 3a, U, /2r. Thus we can substitute into ( 12) to obtain
XE = (1/4afU,)(a,
+ 12 960/l + 504Oil 6,
+n)s]
+a2)2X~zUT
= [45/%/(1 +n)3s3]
1215i13+-900;14,
f7 = 144;1+ 108il 2 - 1251il 3 + 4860/l 4 + 2160;1 5,
X,l =60i13(1-j-;l)-4s-2+0(s-3).
= - [4/(1 +n>2][15/2/(l
(1%)
fs = - 168il+ 4052 + 360/l 3,
-3).
Therefore
xg
mz2 (1; gp
m even
We now give the first 11 terms explicitly:

f4=
- fl)
m~2~o~p~(-)q~q(1+2;)msm
m ev?n
-4
= (1 f/l)2
(13)
S, =w-(a,
yjj2
-3).
Sphere 2, placed at A, will resist the deformation implied by

the pure-strain field by exerting a stresslet on the fluid whose
value is given to sufficient accuracy by the leading term in
Faxens law,
(18a)
m odd
= (I
1; +k-fI)*(x-rk)
2
fnl(~)
m=l (1 +/%)msm
+ o(s-4).
fs = 1728;1a + 27 07W 3 + 25 893;1 4 - 3888;1 5

+-38880/26+l1520;1,
fro = 3456/1 + 34 992/2 3 +- 66 384/l 4 + 155 007;1 5
+ 75 900/2 6 + 97 200/l + 25 92Oil*,
fil
= 6912/2 + 77 760;1 3 + 178 260/l 4 + 790 845;1

+ 500 580;1 + 14 880/2 + 259 200/l + 57 600/l 9.
C. Arbitrary
separations
When the spheres are close to touching, i.e., when the

nondimensional gap width lgmin(il,
l/A), Jeffrey showed
that
XE ==g16-+g2J.n5-+Gfi(~)
(15)
+g,~ln{-fOQ3,
(1%
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A, Vol. 4,toNo.
January
1992
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(1+nj2G;Y =+
and
d(l +R)2XYz
= -g,{-i-g,
lng-+$(l
1w2-44i13)/(1
+A.j3,
_~
g3 = (5 + 18-l-Ar 4531 2 + 566/l. 3 - @A 4)/140( 1 + Al39

and the G$ are functions that we shall tabulate here. The
properties of these solutions are discussed elsewhere.g
The singularities cause slow convergence of the series
(18) when-s is near 2. We remove them from the series by
giving the gi appearing in (9)-( 11) the values defined by
( 19) and then adding the left-hand side of (9) to ( 18) while
at the same time subtracting the right-hand side of (9) from
(18). If?(A) = 2-mf(;l), we write
x?l =g1L+
3-4 [g2+g3($.?- I)] lnz--g,s
+ i
7mbu
2g2
rn=l ( (1 +Il)m-g1
-m
2 m
s > a
4g3
@lb)
> '
)c
-&-
-g1
(2W
[&I2
+g3
(-p-
In Table I we give the results of summing the series to

300 terms: We can-estimate the rate of convergence by making a comparison with sums to 200 terms, and that shows
that the results are generally accurate to four significant figures, with accuracy dropping to three significant figures in
extreme cases. We shall discuss accuracy further in the concluding remarks..
IV. THE FUNCTIONS CD
These functions describe the stresslets of two spheres
due to~uniform motions transverse to their line of centers, or
equivalently they describe the forces on two spheres in a
transverse pure-straining motion. If the velocity of sphere Q
is U, = U,i, then
Mathematically this is equivalent to ( 18), but numerically

the rate of convergence has improved because the coefficients of s - m now decay faster by a factor m - 2 owing to
cancellation. Similarly,
xz
4g3
++
S, =,u7r[4aT YE U, + (a, + a2)2Yg U2] (ki + ik).

(22)
m odd
(1 +A)*
-g,
Mm+21
g, = 3;1/(1 +/2j3,
m(m+2)
m even
(: 19b)
where
- mz2 ((ff$
+/2)2G;Y,(R)
-g3~lnC-+W),
g, =&(A+
+a
4~
The configuration and schematic representations of the

relevant flow fields are shown in Fig. 1. From ( 8)) we find
that the rate of strain ()u at the point C is G(r - 4). Therefore, in order to find the leading-order correction to S, we
must use the full Faxen law. By direct calculation,
Therefore
l)]
Y21=
Xln
-&.,
mli2
(
(f$;m-g
m even
--
2g2
+g2 ln4-%3
(2Ob)
+ mil
,f;,:m-gl
m odd
--
4g3
2g2
m(m+2) >
(aI + a2 12r 4
(1 +APsff
+ ow5>,
andby (5b)
Numerical tabulations of X$ are not given because the expressions and data given above are accurate to at least two
significant digits for all s. We do tabulate the G 5 (A), however, because they provide a good test of the convergence of
the series, as well as being useful in studies of nearly touching
spheres. Expanding the leading terms in (20) using ( 10) and
( 11) and comparing with ( 19>, we obtain
Gfl =+gl
5a:a: + 3a, a: = 80i13+48i15
(21a)
12/2+20i13
+ o(s-5).
(23)
(1 +ik)2
(1 +n)4s4
At C, sphere 1 produces an ambient velocity (3a, /4r) U, i
YE=-
TABLEI. Tabulationofthe functions G$ (1) appearingin (19) and (21).
/z
G:,
- 0.4693
2
3
4
5
10
20
100
0.7803
0.6919
0.4715
0.2187
0.8771
2.147
4.822
G
0.1954
0.2289
0.1221
0.0508
0.0111
- 0.0305
- 0.0196
- 0.0019
Gfl
- 0.1954
0.1366
0.2665
0.2921
0.2820
0.1810
0.0880
0.0073
G::
0.4693
0.0776
- 0.0346
- 0.0653
-0.0711
- 0.0492
- 0.0234
- 0.0019
and
20
D. J. Jeffrey
20
Aug 2016 12:33:49
and a vorticity ( - 3a, /2r *> U, j, and hence we can calculate S, by giving sphere 2 an effective velocity
( - 3a,/4r) U, i and an effective angular velocity
(3a,/4r > U, j. Using (22) and (30) from the next subsection, we obtain
d(i +R12yg
-g3ClnC
YE = [(18A+90A3)/(1+jl)5.s5]
+O(s-6).
(24)
These functions can be obtained from the problems

studied in JO Sec. 4. In terms of the quantity Pnpqdefined in
[JO(4.3)] we have
=$
$
P
g, =&(4A-Az+7;13)/(1
=
P*@rtft:.
(25)
(28d
and
(1+4A)2Y+
g 2 +.g
3 (+s2-l)]ln&+R3
?*(a
m=2
2 m
4g3
+
2g2
--
(1 +A)
EC
m even
(26a)
m(m+2>
(28b)
>
The data given for Y zB is sufficient for reasonable accuracy for all values ofs provided the form (28) is used and not
(26). The expressions for G ,$ are as follows:
and
f*CA,(l
2 m
7
)( s )
f&r3
m odd
m-1
m odd
+AJ3,
YE= [g2+g3(+2--l)] lns-g,s

+ 2 AJa -- + ____m=l ( (l+A)m
m
Mm+21
09-O
YE (&A)= 2 f*(A)(l +A>-s-*,
-4
(1 +/2)2
(2%)
32 - 179A + 5322 * - 3562 3 + 221il 4
The complementary problem is parallel to ( 17) and so we

conchrde that Y F1 consists of terms for which p + ~7is odd
and Y g of terms for which p + q is even:
06%
2s2
Yg(s,n)
-l+
,
500( 1 +A)3
and again the functions G $ are tabulated below.
For arbitrary separations, we isolate the singularities as
in Sec. III to combine the nearly touching and widely separated forms of the functions. Thus
Using (23) and (31) we obtain
(1 t_A)2YE
+A)GE(A)
where
g3
YI;l -$
= --g, lng-+$(l
+A> -*SK,
m=2
m even
GE =g2 ln4-2g,
(26b)
+m$,
where
((~~~~~--~
m odd
fo =fi
=fi
*A
= 0,
4Lr3
+
f4 = 1U + 20;1 3, h = 18A + 9Oil 3,

fa --27;1+
and
135A4,
(1-l-Al2
f7 =24A+~A2-336/13+~~4+600/25,
fs = 21&2 2 + v,l
(29a j
m(m+2) >
--
3 - 10082 4 + =&St 5 f 108Oil 6,
m even
fg =378A2+=#Q%13-972/14--~5
%3
+
+ 297OA + 336OA ,
(29b)
> *
m(m+2)
Table II contains values for these functions obtained by summing 300 terms of the series.
fro =864;12+97W3+~i14+648/25-~i16
+ 486OA 7 + 624OA ,
TABLE II. Tabulation of the G$(n)
fi, =1728A2+~A3+~9A4+69387A
+z@#~P-~A+24840A~+
C. Arbitrary
1728Oil.
separations
Corless and Jeffrey showed that, for c< 1 and c&l,

YK =g21n4-+G,Y,(jl)+g3rln~-+o(f),
(274
appearingin (27) and (29).
G,Y,
G,:
- 0.1411
2
3
4
5
~ 0.3294
-0.5385
- 0.7338
- 0.9082
0.1024
0.1242
0.1205
0.1081
0.0946
10
- 1.5275
20
- 2.178
- 3.600
100
0.0490
0.0195
0.0014
GZ;
-
0.1024
0.0679
0.048 1
0.0390
0.0360
0.0435
0.0520
0.0331
G-5
0.1411
0.0721
0.0507
0.0398
0.0335
0.0225
0.0176
0.0086
and
Reuse of AIP
content is A.Vol.4,
subject toNo.l,Januaryl992
the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Download to IP: D.J.Jeffrey
146.50.145.154 On:21
Tue, 23
21 Publishing
Phys.Fluids
Aug 2016 12:33:49
V. THE FUNCTIONS Y$
Thus
These functions describe the stresslets of two spheres

due to rotations transverse to their line of centers, or equivalently they describe the couples on two spheres in a transverse rate-of-strain field. If the angular velocity of sphere CYis
fi, = fl,j, then
Yz = [(24A-
S, =p-[SafY~&
+ (a, +a2)3Y~fi2]W+ik).
(30)
The problem is shown in Fig. 2, where the axis of rotation of the sphere is normal to the page. The leading term of
Fax&is law is sufficiently accurate for our estimate of Yg
and gives
s, = 2p%-/.uz;
( - l,~u
+ O(r -4>
=Z@y.uz~(3a~/2r3)(ki+ik)Cl,.
yn
(1
+aj3
2 -p Pzp,t:t;.
(33)
8 p=oq=o
From the complementary problem, we conclude that YE
consists of terms for whichp + q is even and Y z of terms for
which p + q is odd.
11
YE = -3
sa
Y:: WI
g f,(A)(l
m=O
m even
Yk(s,il)
8.
(1+A)3
1[
xy:
(a, +ua,12Ye =$( r

2r3
>
+$
(a1
+a213yE
-s-,
2 .L,(A)(l
m=l
PW
+a> -s--3
(34b)
where
fo=fi=&=O,
f,=lOA3
f4=fs=o,
120A3, f, =36A4+
180A6,
fs = 54A 2 + 128OA3 + 27OA.4 - 128OA5,
+ (a, +a,j3
f, = 144il 4 + 811 5 + 5248A + 405il 7 + 1200il 8,
3a:
ai
>
+a)
m odd
f6 =24il-
Y:: =-$
(32)
These functions can be obtained from the problems

studied in JO Sec. 7, but we must first make a few improvements. We start by noting that there is a minus sign missing
from [JO(4.5) 1. Then we note that in JO Sec. 7 the angular
velocity has been specified as being in the i direction, but
here it is easier to use the j direction. In terms of the quantity
P,,, defined in [JO(4.3)] we have
+A)3s3] +0(s-4).
(31)
The fact that YE = YE can be seen from the symmetry of
the flow field in Fig. 2. To estimate Yz we must add three
contributions. Sphere 1 produces, at sphere 2, an ambient
velocity a 3r - a, i, an ambient vorticity - a3r - 3s1,j, and
an ambient rate of strain - 3a3/(2r 3)R, (ki + lk). Using
(22), (30), and (51), we find
+O(s-7).
From this we see

Y$ = [S/(1 +n)3][loA3/(1
120A3)/(1 +A,%]
( i7
f,, =432,12+yA3-
>I
1872;14+w%i5
+ 2880;1 - 96001 7,
fi, =576/24+972/25+~i16-864;17+~3/z8
+ 5940,X9 + 672OA lo.
C. Arbitrary
separations
Corless and Jeffrey showed that, for f< 1 and g<A,

YE =g2 ln6-+H,Y,(A)
+g311n6-+W),
(35a)
~and
i(1 +Aj3YE
=g,
lnc-+{(I
+g6i$lnc
+A)3H,Y,(A)
- + 0(i$),
(35b)
where
g, = #2A
-a
2)/( 1 +A)2,
g, = (16-6lil+
FIG. 2. The rate-of-strain fields around a rotating sphere.The flow in the

neighborhoodof any point is the superpositionof a uniform flow, which is
not shown, the rotation and the pure-straining motions whose sensesare
indicated by the arrows.
22
180A2+2A3)/500(1
+i1)2,
g, =&(A2277i13)/(1
+Aj2,
g, =(43/l+
185A3+221A4)/1000(1
147i12-
+i1)2.
For arbitrary separations we follow the same procedure

as above to combine the nearly touching and widely separated forms. Thus
D. J. Jeffrey
22
Aug 2016 12:33:49
,nz2
((~;yg+,(~+2))(y
Figure 3 shows schematically the problem being solved.

The sphere deforms axisymmetrically by extending along
the z axis. Keeping only the leading term in Faxens law, we
obtain
m even
Wa)
s,
and
(1+aj3
8
=+7&(
- 1)0u+OCr-4)
= J$%q&a:r -(kk
y~=[g5+g6($sz--l)llnf$$
- $1).
so
X$=
(1 +8n)3 (1;;3?
+ as-4)
=XE.
(39)
m odd
4g6
+
(36b)
m(mf2)
An interesting feature of the function YE is that

il < 5 - it is positive for all s, for ;1> 2 it is negative for
and for 5 - 12<;1< 2 it is positive for small enough s
negative for large enough s. The functions U( 1) in (35)
given by
(A>
H,y,=-g3+ -g ( Jim
m=2
(l+AY
--
%2
for
all s
and
are
4LT3
X;2:=
>
m(m+2)
(374
and
(1fA13H,,
8
Figure 3 shows that the rate of strain at A is opposite in sense

to the rate of strain of the sphere. Thus the reponse of sphere
2 at A is a stresslet with the same senseas sphere 1. Also, the
symmetry of the flow field reflects-or leads to-the identity
(5d). To calculate XE we observe that at A there is an
ambient velocity ( 5a: /3r 2, k and we can use X Fz to obtain
S, . Thus
-&(a,
+a2>2Xg
602
= (l+n>V
3r2
+ u(s-5).
=g, h4-2g6
x
+ 5, ((f$;m -z
5. Twin multipole expansions
m odd
(3%)
They are tabulated in Table III.
VI. THE FUNCTIONS X$
These functions give the stresslets of the spheres when
they are deforming axisymmetrically. Thus if sphere a deforms at the rate E, = E, (kk - fl) then
We can no longer reuse the problems solved in Jeffrey

and Onishi, but we can follow the pattern of setting up a
problem that equates surface velocities on the spheres. Thus
we set a, E, = a2 E2 . The functions x, +, and w defined in
[JO(2.6)] take the values
(41)
k ~2 = I,@ ,$= $a, E, So, S,, , ~22 = 0.
As in JO Sec. 3, defining the problem this way ensures that
the coefficients are the same for each sphere, allowing us to
drop the label a. We expand pan and v,, as series in
t, = a,/r as follows:
S, =w-[Zpa:XKE,
+ i$(al f
] (kk - fl>.
a2 j3XEE2
TABLE III. Tabulation of the H&(A)

r,
Hr,
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
100
- 0.0741
- 0.0568
- 0.0224
0.0115
0.0418
0.1469
0.252
0.454
(38)
appearingin (35) and (37).
HE
- 0.0294
0.0855
- 0.1016
- 0.0981
- 0.0888
-0.0483
- 0.0194
-0.0014
Hr,
- 0.0294
- 0.0105
- 0.0136
- 0.0148
- 0.0143
-0.0084
-0.0034
-0.0002
Hr,
_ 0.0741
-0.0555
- 0.0411
- 0.0323
-0.0267
- 0.0156
-0.0104
-0.0044
f
-3
4\
IfB
FIG. 3. The rate-of-strainfield around a spheredeforming axisymmetricalIy by extendingalong the z axis. The flow in the neighborhoodsof A and B is
the superposition of a uniform flow, which is not shown, and the purestrainingmotions whosesensesare indicated by the arrows.
23
Phys. Fluids A,Vol.4,No.l,Januat-y1992
23
D.J.Jeffrey
Aug 2016 12:33:49
pO,,+aaE,
2 P,qt,t;ma,-
p=oq=o
VOn -+a,E,
-
fg =5184A4+
(42)
15552A5+Q+%16
+ 15552A7+5184A8,
2 -ii--
p=Oq=02n+1
tptq-
fro = @+I + 52 416/l 3 + 28 38OA 4 - 15163W
(43)
npq a 3 a*
+ 86 4002 6 + 76 8002 7,
The recurrence relations for the problem then become
p,oo = v,,
= L,
fil =25344A4+
108864/25+%+6+v647
(44)
vnp, = pnpq -&
2, Co(n,s)P,,,-.,,,-.-,,,
s
(45)
C. Arbitrary
separations
Jeffrey7 showed that for c< 1 and {<A

XE =g,l-+g,
S)(P-nn
1)
n-
ln6-+ME(A)
1)
+g361ng
(46)
- + W),
(48a)
and
Q( 1 -t-&)J%
where
=g4~-1+g51n~-1+Q(1+A)3M~(A)
fg661n(
- + O(6),
(48b)
where
The stresslet of sphere 1 is then
p=oq=oDefining a complementary
problem in which a,E,
= - a,E, we obtain another expression for the stresslet of
sphere 1, namely,
g, =$/P/(1
+i1)3,
g2-=&(a.+
17/l=-99i13)/(1
g3
+;1)3,
5+272/l-831A2+
1322A3-415A4
350(1 +a)3
g4 = @ 3/(J_+il)3,
XM11 - (l iAL xfg = 2
p=oq=o
( - l)P+qP*pqt<t;.
We conclude that X E will consist of terms for whichp + q is

even and X E of terms for which p + q is odd.
X::W)
2
.yP,(,,-,,,/zq
m=O q=o
(1 +A)??
m even
= m$o(l~~:m
(47a)
g, =&(--A=+
17A3---4A4)/(1
+a)3,
- 65&+ 832/l= --1041A 3 + 832A 4 - 65;1 5

350( 1 +a)3
The asymptotic properties of the functions are also discussed
in Jeffrey and Corless.g
For arbitrary separations we use the results of Sec. II to
combine the nearly touching and widely separated forms.
Thus if?(A) = aemf(;l), we write
g6
4+ [g2s&T,($s=- l)]
X::=gldm4
m even
and
+1+
2
meven
R (1)
ln-&-g3
2g2
rn=2 ( (1 +a)
--
-m
2 I?2
(4%
m(m+2)
-i- > *
)c
Because the summation starts at m = 2, the first term,
= 1, is written~explicitly.
4g3
,+
m odd
= (1:a,32 -(lT;;&*
(47b)
m odd
The values for thef,
f4 =6Oil,
(1 +aj3
8
(A) are
fo = 1, fi =f2 =o,
f.
IT4
~~~
f3 =40A3,
f, = -192A3+
180A4-
XM
12
2s+
2-K
[g5
-t-g6
(+3-
l)]
1ns-g6s
19W5,
f6 = - 288A + 5401 2 + 1120/l 3,

m odd
f7 = lOO8A 4 + 1620/l + 1008;1 6,

fa =qsA-432/2=-
9348/2 3 + 864OA 4 + 10 56OA ,
%6
._.+@-?w)
2 m
)(s>*
(49b)
24
b. J. Jeffrey
24
Aug 2016 12:33:49
The functions i&f% can now be expressed as
it+=--$g,
-g,+l+
L (2)
2 ( (l-+n)m
m=2
m even
-- a2 +
--l
4g3
m(mi2)
(5W
>
and
(1 +i1P
8
wi
+g4 +g5
m odd
--
285
m
).
4g6
m(m
(50b)
2)
FIG. 4. The rate-of-strain field around a spheredeforming transverseto the

z axis. The flow in the neighborhoodsof A and B is the superposition of a
uniformflow,whichis not shown,a rotationandthepure-straining

motions
whose sensesare indicated by the arrows.
These functions are tabulated in Table IV.
VII. THE FUNCTIONS cp
Y+=
&
If sphere CTdeforms according to E, = E, (ki + ik),
(a, +a2j3YE
1 [
+(al+a2
>YE
(~)I
then
5a:
Sl =w-[$%
Yr;E, + 2b-q + a, 13YKE,]
(ki + ik).
2r3
(51)
640/l 3
+ o(s-7).
= (1+;1)6s6
(53)
The flow problem we use is illustrated in Fig. 4. The

leading term in Fax&ns law gives us the stresslet of a sphere
at A:
We specify the primary problem as a, El = a2 E2, from

which we find that the functions x, $, and w now take the
values
S2 = y)qxaZ~( - 1)@1+ O(r -4)
= --Z&pa:(5a:/2r3)E,
We therefore expandp::,
Therefore
YE = [8/( 1 +JI)~] [ -20/l
3/( 1 +A)3.$]
a$$ = 0. (54)
x kz =.$!$i = j( - l)aa,E,S,,S2,,
(ki+ik).
+ O(s-4).
P I:=
(52)
There are contributions to S,. from the stresslet and from the
couple of sphere 2. We obtain
( ~ l)-!f-a,E,
qj;,and vi;)
2
as
f$ P,,pqtP,tf-a,
(55)
p=oq=o
4: = ( - l)$-a,E, p$oq$o&
KpqtP,tLa9
(561
and
TABLE LV. Tabulation of the M$ (/2) appearingin (48) and (50).
M::
0.7173
0.7695
1.0577
1.3854
1.6977
2.8554
4.067
6.596
M;x,
M&
- 0.1460
- 0.1325
0.7173
-0.8998
0.9758
1.0039
1.0143
1.0160
1.0081
1.0006
- 0.0914
-0.0534
- 0.0268
0.0140
0.0130
0.0015
4I;'= +-1o
3 a,-%p=oq=o
2 2 QnpqtP,tL..
(57)

Pm
K,
a,,,
KP,
p,,,
g$-y&
Qm
Cl
(58)
0,
@J)Ps,,-.,,,-.-
I)?
(59)
25
Phys. Fluids A,Vol.4,No.l,January
1992
25
D.J.Jeffrey
Aug 2016 12:33:49
+n
PS(q-s)(p-n-1)
- (4n2 - lms(q-ss~I)(p-rz+ 1) 9
(60)
where
g, =$(Lil*+4A3)/(1
(61)
g3
(62)
p=oq=o
The complementary problem is a1E, = - a2E2, and again

gives an even-odd power split:
Y;(s,A)
f,(A)(l
882A2-
1182A3 +591/14
,
g = 3/2(221- 728A + 1902A * - 728A 3 + 221A 4,

6
2500(1 +A)3
These expressions obey asymptotic relations given in Jeffrey.6

For arbitrary separations we combine the nearly touching and widely separated forms as before. Thus if &I)
= 2-f(A),
we write
YE
+n>+!s-m,
24-2OlA+
625(1 -jd3
g, = $(7/l * - 1OA3 + 7il 4)/(1 + A)3,
where
n+s
1
c, (n,s) = (
n+l
n+l >
Except for the initial conditions, these relations are equivalent to those given in Jeffrey and Onishi, where, however,
there are several misprints.
The stresslet of sphere 1 gives the equation
+/2)3,
+g3 ($-s*-
=~[g2
I)] In-&
-g,
+ 1
..~.
(6W
m=O
m even
+ $,
(,;i;(l:--~+~~~+2))(~)m.
m even
and
YE(s,A) =
8 ~ -~g f,(A)(l
(l+A)3
m=l
+n;-m,s-m,
m odd
(63b)
(1 JrA13
YE = [g5 +g6 (+?-l)]
8
where
fo=l,
fi=fi=o,
fs = 128ilf
fs = z+l-
f3=-2OA3,
f4=0,
128i15, f6 =640A3,
(65a)
Becnusethe summation starts at m = 2, the first term is written in explicitly.
f7 ==O,
47362 3m+6720/25,
fg =864A4--A6+864A8,
fro = y,l
1ns-g6s
4g,
+
2 + 16 384;1 3 + 2592/l 4 - 110 592 5
For large S, Y K is negative and it changes sign as s decreases

to 2. The functions M $ can now be expressed as
+6480A6+51200A7,
fil = 576OA4 + 1944/25 - Tjl

- =+3A
(65b)
m(m+2)
6 + =$=A 7
ML=-g3+1
8 + 1944A + 57602 lo.
(6W
C. Arbitrary separations
Jeffrey6 showed that for {< 1 and g&A
and
Y~=g21n~-+M,Y,(;1)+g3~ln~-+O(~),
(1 +Aj3
(@a)
M 1 2 =g5
+ m$,(c-f$:i,,,
ln4--g6
m odd
and
;(l +A)3Yg
=g,
In<-+Q(l
+g661nS?
26
--
+;1)3M1y2(jl)
- + 0(c)j
a5
m
(646)
4g6
+
m(m+2>
>
(66b)
These functions are tabulated in Table V.

D. J. Jeffrey
26
Aug 2016 12:33:49
TABLE V. Tabulation of the M& (,I) appearingin (64) and (66).
Therefore
Zg
1
2
0.8845
0.5973
0.2593
- 0.0538
~- 0.3290
.-. 1.2800
- 2.2447
- 4.297
3
4
5
10
20
100
- 0.2076
- 0.1591
[ (32/2 3 + 32i15)/( 1 + A)%]
+ o(s-6).
0.8845
0.9494
0.9598
0.9659
0.9704
0.9814
0.9876
0.9947
-0.1207
- 0.0996
- 0.0857
-0.0478
- 0.0208
-0.0016
= [ - 8/( 1 +A>]
(681
A calculation of the higher-order terms in Z g requires more

results than were given in Sec. II, and is not presented.
We specify the primary problem as a, E, = - u2E2,
and find that the functions ,y, $, and w now take the values
WE = 0.
(69)
x 22 = $g = j( - 1)3-aaaE,S2,~2,,
pi:),qiz),andv$;)as
We therefore expand
VIII. THE FUNCTIONS Zltp
If sphere a deforms according to E, = E, (ii - jj),
P4: = ( - I)-$a,E,
2 f P,,t,tyma,
p=o *=o
S, =p-[YaiZffE,
Vi? = ( - l)3-$a,E,
fqgb-&
then
-I-s(a, +a2)3Z$E2](ii-jj).
Vnp,wL,,
(67)
(71)
pzo qgo Qnpqt~~---*
Qi;) = i-$a,E,
Because the flow is mostly parallel to the x-y plane, we

shall not give a diagram of it. Paxens law gives
S, = 97rpa: ( - 1 - &V*>Ou
z.z -+pa:[(a:
Cm+
Pm = V,oo = 4n,
KP,
+a:a$)/r](ii-jj).
16)(n+s)
-22(m+4)(ns+
p,,,
C2
Qnoo= 0,
-&
Z::(s,A>
(w)
$* C2(n,S)Ps(4-.~)(p-n-,),
s
- UQscq-s-ucp-n++jI 9
-8
(1+R)3
x ( SQsw-s-lm-n) -+cq--aup-n)
ns
>2
f,(A)(l
A=fi=f3=.fi=Q
f,=32/13+32/ts,
f6=f7=0,
fp =800i15, fg =0,
fro = 1024i13-6912;15+8960i17,
11
2 Pzpqtft$,
p=oq=o
&A
(77)
and from the complementary problem, we conclude that

Z iy will consist of terms for which + is even and Z ;: of
terms for which
is odd:
p q
p+ q
+A) -s--,
(78b)
fo==L
zg = 2
(75)
where
ZM _ Cl +Rj3
(74)
m=l
m odd
(76)
where
n+s
c, (n,s) = ~
(
n+l
n+2 >
The stresslet gives us
(73)
s(q-S)Cp-n+11)
-22(4n
2
se1
(72)
Up
s(2s-l)(n+s)
Qnpq
=
(70)
fii =0,
fi2 = 53 7601' - 144 384;1 7 + 69 12Oil.

f13 =25600A6-96000A8+25
600A10,
fi4 =fqWl'1777664Ag+450560A11,
fi5 =286720/26-420864;18-420864;110
+286720;1?
Z~(s,R) =
2
??I=0
f;,cn,cl+~)-"s-",
m even
(7W
The pattern of odd and even powers of ;1 does not persist to

higher values of m .
27
D.J.Jeffrey
27
Phys.FluidsA,Vol.4,No.i,January1992
Aug 2016 12:33:49
C. Arbitrary separations
Jeffrey showed that, fort<
ZK =MZU)
1 and c+L,
(79a)
+g351n(-+o(0,
and
Z~=M~(il)-88g3(l+il)-3~in~-1+0(~),
t-b)
where
g, = -&(;12$-j14)/(1
+/2j3.
For arbitrary separations we write as before

ZE =g3(+?-
l)ln&-g,
+ l+
mi2 ((:I,:.,
+ m(?+
2)) (y9
m .Yen
(804
and
(1 +A13 Zz = -g3(+?-8
l)lnz+g,s
m odd
2
0 s
(gob)
The functions M z can now be expressed as
ME= -g,+l+
>
(81d
and
(1+i1j3
8
>.
m odd
(81b)
These functions are tabulated in Table VI.

IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS
It is interesting to compare the computational aspects of
this approach with those of other approaches, such as collo-
TABLE VI. Tabulation of the M $ (1) appearingin (79) and ( 8 1) .
1.0251
1.0638
1.0985
1.1258
1.1472
1.2062
1.2476
1.332
28
0.0723
0.0577
0.0399
0.0274
0.0192
0.1x)48
o.ooo9
o.oooo
1.0251
1.0094
1.0053
1.0034
1.0023
1.0006
1.ooo1
l.oooil
cation methods and bispherical coordinates. The programs that the present method used to generate the coefficients required large amounts of memory. Now that the
coefficients have been calculated, however, the memory required to sum the coefficients is very much less. Thus although collocation methods are probably faster for the calculation of a resistance function ab initio, the present method
is faster for repeated evaluations of the functions. This assumes that four-figure accuracy is satisfactory. For nearly
touching spheres it is clear that we have reached the practical limit to the accuracy of this method. Whether collocation
methods could be pushed to higher accuracy is an open question. Higher accuracy is a potential strength of bispherical
coordinates, which lead to an involved calculational procedure, but which have been used to obtain six-figure accuracy
for the functions X$.
The issue of rounding error is clearly one that needs
investigation. In the first place, the coefficients are generated
by constantly summing recently calculated coefficients, so
rounding errors can be expected to propagate and grow
monotonically throughout the calculation. Second, the
modified series depend for their improved convergence upon
the subtraction of nearly equal terms. By the time the series
have reached 300 terms, the subtraction is removing about
four significant digits of the coefficients. For these reasons
the coefficients were calculated in both 8-byte precision
(usually called double precision and equivalent to 15 significant figures) and in 1B-byte precision (usually called quadruple precision and equivalent to 30 significant figures). A
comparison of the results showed that about eight digits of
precision had been lost by the time 300 terms had been calculated. Therefore the quadruple precision results were written
out to 16 significant figures and used as exact in later calculations.
The most obvious place where the calculations above
could benefit from further improvement is the limit in which
one sphere becomes very much larger than the other. Depending upon labeling, this means either ;1-+ 0 or ;1-+ CO.If
we take ;l4 1 and consider s--r 2, then the rate of convergence
of our series decreases when s < 2 ( 1 + R ) . Since the number
of terms is fixed at 300, this means a loss in accuracy. Indeed
the limit A + 0 cannot be taken in any of the formulas. The
reason is that the method of twin multipole expansions
places its singularities at the centers of the spheres, and this is
no longer appropriate when one sphere becomes infinitely
large. If, to assessaccuracy, we concentrate our attention on
the 0( 1) functions appearing in the various lubrication formulas, we find that only A fi (defined and tabulated in Jeffrey and Onishi) has been calculated independently for a
sphere near a plane wall. The assertion in Jeffrey and Onishi
was that four significant figures could be obtained for
0.01 <il < 100. The more extensive tests possible with 300
terms of the series (all the series in Jeffrey and Onishi have
been recomputed) show that although three significant figures is-a more realistic estimate, the basic assertion that the
series converge in that range of ;1 remains firm.
S. Kim and S. J. Karrila, Microhydrodynamics: Principles and Selected
Applications (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1991) .
D. J. Jeffrey
28
Aug 2016 12:33:49
L. Durlofsky, J. F. Brady, and G. Bossis,Dynamic simulation of hydrodynamically interacting particles, J. Fluid Mech. 180,21 (1987).
L. Durlofsky and J. F. Brady, Dynamic simulation of bounded suspensions of hydrodynamically interacting particles, J. Fluid Mech. 200, 39
(1989).
4D. I. Jeffrey and Y. Onishi, Calculation of the resistanceand mobility
functions for two unequal rigid spheresin low-Reynolds-numberflow, J.
Fluid Mech. 139,261 (1984).
sR. M. Corless and D. J. Jeffrey, Stress moments of nearly touching
spheresin low Reynolds number flow, J. Appl. Math. Phys. 39, 874
(1988).
D. J. Jeffrey, Stresslet resistancefunctions for low Reynolds number
flow using deforming spheres,J. Appl. Math. Phys. 40, 163 ( 1989).
D. J. Jeffrey, Higher-order corrections to the axisymmetric interactions
of nearly touching spheres,Phys. Fluids A 1, 1740 (1989).

* D. J. Jeffrey, The lubrication analysis for two spheresin a two-dimensionai pure-straining motion, Phys. Fluids A 3, 1819 ( 1991) .
9 D. J. Jeffrey and R. M. Corless,Forces and stressletsfor the axisymmetric motion of nearly touching unequal spheres,PhysicoChem.Hydrodyn. 10,461 (1988).
OS.Kim and R. T. MiSlin, The resistanceand mobility functions of two
equal spheres in low-Reynolds-number flow, Phys. Fluids 28, 2033
(1985).
J. Happel and H. Brenner, Low Reynolds NumberHydrodynamics (Martmus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1973).
I2G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Cambridge U.P.,
Cambridge, 1967).
D. J. Jeffrey
29
Phys.
FluidsisA,subject
Vol. 4, to
No.the
1, terms
January
29 Publishing
Reuse of AIP
content
at: 1992
https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Download to IP: 146.50.145.154 On: Tue, 23
Aug 2016 12:33:49

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The calculation of the low Reynolds number resistance functions for two unequal

The calculation of the low Reynolds

(Received 1 March 199 1; accepted 13 September 1991)

G ;$@= H ;& x &f ;;f) = 0.

(a, + a,,.) everywhere in (3) with Za,. The first scheme is

we can prove the resistance matrix is symmetric [cf. Kim

d = (x2 -x1 )/lx;-

denoted using a circumflex, is ef.

a$) =XEp(did, -jSg)d,

+ Y$(diSjk +djSik -2did,dk),

~~~ = Yap (di~,~jk,dm+ diEik,dm ),

+ Yz(J>(dibjldk ~+dS,d,.+d,~j~d, +dia,d/

+ sjksiI - SgS,, + didjskr + S,dkd, + didjdkdi - diSj[dk 7, djsiidk - diSjkd[ _ dj6,dl).

Corresponding to the symmetries [JO( 1.9>], we have the

II. GENERAL RESULTS USED IN THE CALCULATIONS

when a sphere is placed there it exerts on the fluid a force,

We also need the flow field around asphere of radius a

(~ik + bibk ) Uk + a3 (Sik - 3biljk > uk

When using this solution in conjunction with Fax& laws, it

FIG. 1. A schematicdepiction of the componentsof the rate-of-strainflow

Expanding the left-hand side for small c, i.e., s close to 2, we

+g2 lnC-+g2 In4

The advantage of these forms over earlier one& is the neater

B. Twin multipole expansions

III. THE FUNCTIONS X$@

S, =pcm[llafX~ U, + (a, + a, )Xg U2] (kk - fl).

We conclude that X7, will be a sum over terms for which

f8 = 864il + 6804/l 3 -/- 8679/l 4

From this, using (5a), we obtain

f7 = 144;1+ 108il 2 - 1251il 3 + 4860/l 4 + 2160;1 5,

fs = - 168il+ 4052 + 360/l 3,

We now give the first 11 terms explicitly:

Sphere 2, placed at A, will resist the deformation implied by

fs = 1728;1a + 27 07W 3 + 25 893;1 4 - 3888;1 5

= 6912/2 + 77 760;1 3 + 178 260/l 4 + 790 845;1

When the spheres are close to touching, i.e., when the

g3 = (5 + 18-l-Ar 4531 2 + 566/l. 3 - @A 4)/140( 1 + Al39

In Table I we give the results of summing the series to

Mathematically this is equivalent to ( 18), but numerically

S, =,u7r[4aT YE U, + (a, + a2)2Yg U2] (ki + ik).

The configuration and schematic representations of the

5a:a: + 3a, a: = 80i13+48i15

TABLEI. Tabulationofthe functions G$ (1) appearingin (19) and (21).

These functions can be obtained from the problems

YE= [g2+g3(+2--l)] lns-g,s

YE (&A)= 2 f*(A)(l +A>-s-*,

32 - 179A + 5322 * - 3562 3 + 221il 4

The complementary problem is parallel to ( 17) and so we

B. Twin multipole expansions

Using (23) and (31) we obtain

f4 = 1U + 20;1 3, h = 18A + 9Oil 3,

3 - 10082 4 + =&St 5 f 108Oil 6,

TABLE II. Tabulation of the G$(n)

Corless and Jeffrey showed that, for c< 1 and c&l,

appearingin (27) and (29).

These functions describe the stresslets of two spheres

(a, +ua,12Ye =$( r

fs = 54A 2 + 128OA3 + 27OA.4 - 128OA5,

f, = 144il 4 + 811 5 + 5248A + 405il 7 + 1200il 8,

These functions can be obtained from the problems

B. Twin multipole expansions

From this we see

Corless and Jeffrey showed that, for f< 1 and g<A,

YE (&A)= 2 f(A)(l +A>-s-,