Matrikulasi TMI ITB

Juni 2013

Case
Industrial tasks (discuss one)

What is the workload?

Fatigue
Symptoms
Illnesses

Issues
Determining ones physical capacity
Determining task demand

Principle: D < C

Muscular work
Energy production
Waste removal
Continuity

Involved components
Respiratory
Circulatory

Model
Analogous to an engine

Fuel
Air (oxygen)
Temperature
Mixture
Combustion
Energy
Piston, gears, and wheels

Human metabolism
Similar to engine

Input = Metabolic Energy generated

= Work + Heat + Stored/Released Energy
* low efficiency (5 25%)
* the remainder
* waste: CO2 + H2O + heat
Energy generation: up to 50 x (from resting)

Measuring Unit
Measuring unit: Joules, calories, Mets
(1 cal = 4.2 J)
Calorie: Energy content of foodstuff

Energy
Sources: food and drink
Carriers: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Nutrients
Absorbed in small intestines into blood/lymph
Assimilated/stored as glycogen or fat
Or used immediately

At mitochondria used to convert ADP to ATP

ATP = energy for muscular work

Digestion

Fatty food in stomach: up to 6 hrs

Proteins: more quickly
Carbohydrates: < 2 hrs
Nutrient extraction
3 5hrs in small intestine

Energy content of nutrients (kcal/g)

Carbohydrate: 4.2
Protein: 4.5 (less efficient than the rest)
Fat: 9.5
Alcohol: 7

Carbohydrates

Small to large molecules

Most composed of carbon, H, and O

Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen, plant
starch, and cellulose)

Digestion

To break into smaller molecules (simple sugars)

Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose 80%, fructose, and
galactose).
The latter two can be quickly converted to glucose

Glucose, then, is absorbed into the bloodstream

Fat

Also called triglyceride

One glycerol nucleus to three fatty-acid radicals

Unsaturated
More liquid
Plant fats

Saturated

More solid
Animal fats

Digestion breaking glycerol from fatty-acid

Glycerol transported by bloodstream
Fatty acid transported by lymph vessels

Proteins

Digestion

Amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Large variety of types and sizes
Breaking into amino acids
Amino acids absorbed into the bloodstream
Purpose

Energy source
To rebuild dead cells (new proteins)
As enzymes (catalyst controlling chemical reactions)
Hemoglobin
Hormones, collagen, etc.

Absorption

Glycogen

Neutral fat

Water, salts, drugs, alcohol: stomach

Digested foodstuffs: small intestine
Storage form of carbohydrate
Generated from glucose
Synthesized from glucose, fatty-acids, and amino
acids
Main energy storage

Principal energy carriers

Glucose (and glycogen)
Neutral fat
Protein

Note: Glucose most easily used carrier

Maximum aerobic capacity

Definition: Highest oxygen uptake an individual can
attain
Examples:
3 l/min (males)
2 l/min (females)
Indonesian population?
Male: 2.64 l/min (42.42 ml/m/kg)

Aerobic capacity - Measurements

Factors affecting aerobic muscular activity

Nature of work

Intensity, duration, rhythm, technique, position

Somatic factors

Sex, age, body dimensions, health

Capacity less for females (75%), and greatest at 20-25
years

Training and adaptation

Psychological
Attitude, motivation

Environment

Altitude, heat, cold, noise, air pollution

Maximum heart rate

Concept:
Indirect measure of energy
Increased heart rate ~ increased energy production

Measurement
MHR = 206 - (0.62 x age)
MHR = 220 age
MHR = 190 (0.62 x (age 25))

Short term
VO2 max

Long term
50% 60% max (1 hr)
40% (1 2 hrs)
33% max (8 hours)

Energy cost

Sleeping

1.3 kcal/min

Standing

2.3

Assembly

3.9

Welding

3.4

Stockroom

4.2

Chopping wood

8.0

Athletic

10.0

VO2 vs. HR

VO2 (l/min) =
0.019hr 0.024h + 0.016w + 0.045a + 1.15
VO2 (ml/min/kg) =
0.298hr 0.41h + 0.74a + 38.526

h: height (cm); w: weight (kg); a: age (yr)

Workload*

Heart Rate (bpm)

Light

- 90

Moderate

90 110

Heavy

110 - 130

Very heavy

130 -150

Extremely heavy

150 - 170

*20 30 years old

%HRrange =
100% x (HRave HR-rest)/(HRmax HRrest)

Concept

Workload > 30 40% of work capacity

Likely experienced at end of shift
Certainly occur when workload > 50% capacity
Associated with

Tiredness, exhaustion, etc.

Impaired performance
Increased lactic acid; lower blood glucose
Lower job satisfaction and increased health risks

Could be due to other factors (motivation,

poor health, etc.)

 E demands too high to maintain steady state

(equilibrium between job demands and internal
production)
rest periods too short to recover from oxygen
debt

Can considerably affect performance

Physiological effects

Increased HR
Increased temperature (rectal and skin)
Sweat loss (up to 3.6 l/shift); weight loss
Lower hemoglobin
Mental fatigue (?)
Blood pressure (?)

Increased Heart Rate (HR = beats/min)

Increased Stroke Volume (SV = L/beat)

Increased Cardiac Output (CO = HR x SV)

Rest = 65-80; Mod Ex = 120-150; Max = 170-220

Rest = 0.05-0.08L; Mod Ex = 0.08-0.12L; Max = 0.1-0.15L
Rest = 4-6L/min; Mod Ex = 12-16L/min; Max = 25-30L/min

Increased SVmax
Increased efficiency of gas exchange in
lungs (more O2)
Increased O2 carrying molecule
(hemoglobin)
Increased # capillaries in muscle

Intermittent work

Same work output, less fatigue

E.g., 10:20 vs. 60:120 (much greater lactate

accumulation, less feeling of strain)

Work-rest schedules (heat)

Fatigue monitoring

Engineering control

20:20 to 20:10 min.

Productivity, HR, and discomfort survey

decrease load weights, reduce walk/carry
distances, decrease frequencies, use seated work,
use lifting aids

More dynamic activity (vs. static work)

Capacity of older workers

Training (strength vs. endurance)

Worker selection
Shielding (heat exposure)
Acclimatization
Adequate supply of water and sugar

THANK YOU