Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MAKOKO
Photography :
Ade Adekola
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
11
12
1C Life in Makoko
1D Project Location and Access
40
54
67
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING
TECHNOLOGIES
31
46
57
116
119
2I
123
2J
Conclusions
125
140
142
145
4
68
152
153
72
77
154
82
155
92
102
MAKOKO
Photography :
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
Makoko community has adapted its lifestyle to its
environment and has become a city on water.
It builds wooden houses on stilts and
transportation is by canoes only. Although an
informal settlement, it is believed that about
100,000 people now call Makoko home. Due to
the impact of climate change, rising sea levels,
increased rainfall and flooding are becoming dayto-day reality for people of Lagos and other world
cities under similar coastal conditions.
With its current building quality and stilt
construction, Makoko is better prepared,
yet not completely spared. Although overall
living conditions are very poor and modern
infrastructure is not available, the people of
Makokos adaptation to their environment offers
valuable insights for addressing the imminent
challenges of rapid urbanization and climate
change in coastal cities.
KEY BENEFITS
1.
INDIGENOUS
ECOLOGICAL
LOCAL MATERIALS
SELF SUSTAINING
ECONOMICAL
ADAPTABLE
MOVABLE
SAFE
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
FLOATING COMMUNITY
10
URBAN
AND
INFRASTRUCTURAL
ISSUES
1
11
Photography:
Ade Adekola
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
12
MAJOR URBAN
COMMUNITY CHALLENGES
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
SANITATION AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WATER SUPPLY
AND MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICITY
MAJOR SOCIAL
COMMUNITY CHALLENGES
EDUCATION
Source:
NL questionnaire kindly responded to by inhabitants of Makoko
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
13
MAJOR ISSUES
1
2
3
80
TENANT
50
40
SQUATTING
60
OWNER
PERCENTAGE
70
30
20
10
0
MAKOKO
PERCEPTION OF FLOOD
OCCURENCE BY MAKOKO
INHABITANTS
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
NO CHANGE
90
DONT KNOW
RESIDENTIAL STATUS OF
MAKOKO INHABITANTS
100
VARIABLE
Flooding
Insecurity
Disease (malaria)
Waste accumulation
Inadequacy of the drainage network
Poor energy connection
Land ownership issues
The dominant housing type is wooden houses/
shacks (35%) followed by one-storey concrete
bungalows (22%)
A large number of Makoko residents are
tenants
10% of Makoko residents own their house
50% of households comprise of 4 6 persons
Most Makoko residents live there because of
existing family ties
Major flooding occurs 3 4 times per year
Flooding lasts up to 4 days
Rivers overflow due to blockage caused by
improper waste disposal
75% of residents observed no change in
frequency of flooding events1
60% of respondents in Makoko have been
living there between 2 and 10 years2
73% of respondents had no education above
secondary level3
PERCENTAGE
30
20
10
0
MAKOKO
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
14
90
STUDENT
UNEPLOYED
40
WHARF WORKER
50
GOVERNMENT
60
ARTISIAN
70
TRADER
FISHERMAN
80
CIVIL SERVANT
OWNERSHIP
EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF
MAKOKO INHABITANTS
100
PERCENTAGE
30
20
10
0
MAKOKO
Ibid.
Field Survey, 2006
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
15
7.1%
9.5%
57.1%
7.1%
11.9%
7.1%
16.7%
2.4%
14.3%
66.7%
57.1%
42.9%
Source:
Urbanization, slum development and security of tenure: the
challenges of meeting Millennium development goal 7 in
metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria - FIELD SURVEY 2006 By Tunde
Agbola & Elijah M. Agunbiade
16
RECOMMENDATIONS
This research is intended as a wake-up call
to policy-makers and stakeholders in the city
of Lagos. The negative socio-economic and
environmental consequences of this process
need to be reduced both to solve currently
observed problems and to prevent future ones.
A forum involving all the major stakeholders
in the city should develop a vision of how to
regularize the citys informal settlements and
develop an inclusive city for all its citizens.
This must be preceded by a land audit to
assess the legal ownership of the land
occupied by informal settlements.
As recommended by the Lagos State Urban
Renewal Authority, all the identified blighted
areas should be declared and designated as
special zones or districts for regularization.
Source:
Urbanization, slum development and security of tenure: the
challenges of meeting Millennium development goal 7 in
metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria - FIELD SURVEY 2006 By Tunde
Agbola & Elijah M. Agunbiade
Photography
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
17
Photography:
Bichop
Bishop
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
18
1978 - current
1963 - 1978
1901-1962
Makoko
Lagos 1900
Source:
SNC-Lavalin Report 1995
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
19
Ogudu Villege
Oworonsoki
Ilaje
Iwaya
Makoko
Okobaba
Otto
Ijora Olove
Badia
Marine Beach
Coastal
Coastalsettlements
settlements
Reclaimed
land
Claimed Land
Suatted
land
Squatted
Land
Source:
SNC-Lavalin Report 1995
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
20
CLIMATE IN LAGOS
RAINFALL
21
RAINFALL MEAN
120
100
80
60
40
20
y=0.253x+76.35
R2+0.040
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1971
MEAN
LINEAR (MEAN)
22
FLOODING
SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION
ENGINEERING APPROACHES
Sea-walls
Groynes
Barrages and barriers
Elevation of infrastructure
Dolosse and gabions
Off shore reefs
Beach nourishment and replenishment
Water pumps
Beach drainage
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Dune cordons
Coastal mangroves
Estuary and wetland rehabilitation
Kelp beds
Photography
Noah Shemede
SOCIO-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES
Vulnerability mapping
Risk communication
Enforcing a buffer zone
Preventing activity that compromises the
coastline (e.g. sand mining)
Early warning systems
Planned relocation
Source: UNEP, The Status of the Nigerian Coastal Zones, 2005
Photography
Noah Shemede
23
FLOODING
Makokos housing on stilts and use of waterways
for transportation and public space offers some
strong ideas which could resolve many of the
problems caused by flooding. However, Makoko
residents are still greatly affected by frequent
flooding due to their lack of effective coping
strategies for many of the impacts of flooding.
Community members noted that sections of the
community that have benefitted from improved
drainage systems experienced less flooding than
areas where the drainage system is poor. The
community addresses the flooding impact in the
following ways:
COMMUNITY LEVEL IMPACTS
IMPACT
COPING STRATEGY
Damage to roads
Disruption of movement
Dirty environment
Flooding of community
24
HOUSEHOLD IMPACTS
IMPACT
COPING STRATEGY
Prevalence of malaria
Homelessness
Disease
INDIVIDUAL IMPACTS
IMPACT
COPING STRATEGY
Scarcity of food
Source: Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Climate Change in Lagos, Niberia by Ibidun O. Adelekan
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
25
CLIMATE IN LAGOS
Measured at an altitude of 40m
90
40
35
88
30
86
25
Temperatures
Precipitation
Wind Speed
Wet Days
Sunlight
84
20
Relative Humidity %
82
15
80
10
78
Jan
Source:
www.climatetemp.info
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
76
26
Source:
Bas van de Sande, GIS Consultant
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
27
SOCIAL CHALLENGES
Makoko faces immense challenges. The
government services are very limited. This reflects
a complete lack of governance or political
interest in the community. Community issues
are addressed by the Baalethe Chief and
most respected person in Makoko. The peoples
concerns relate primarily to poverty, crime,
unemployment, and the need for small-scale
businesses.
A great number of children living in Makoko
do not attend school. According to a needs
assessment conducted in 1998 with local chiefs
and other stakeholders, poverty and survival were
the major challenges facing Makoko residents.
Photography:
NL
Photography:
NL
28
Photography:
Dipo Agoro
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
29
RECOMMENDATIONS
Our research identifies that urgent action and
attention is required in the following:
SEWAGE
SOLID WASTE
Implementing sound disposal methods
Implementing sustainable collection and
disposal techniques
Formulating and implementing waste
minimisation strategies
Waste to recycling strategies
Community conscientization of waste
disposals
OIL SPILLS
Remediating polluted areas
Improving facilities in Nigerian ports
Building capacity for oil spill management and
technical acquisition
Monitoring of oceanographic processes and
health of sensitive ecosystems.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Development of national climate change plan
of action
Inventory of Greenhouse gases
Coastal protection from flooding and erosion
resulting from sea level rise.
30
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
31
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
32
Tunji Bello
Interview by Olasunkanmi Akoni
AllAfrica.com
LAGOS AT CENTRE OF AFRICAS POPULATION
BOOM
Regarding Lagos wider challenges, Bello said
the state government is seeking to have more
affordable housing built as well as to attract more
industry to provide jobs. He acknowledges that
infrastructure has lagged far behind population
growth, blaming much of the problem on the
federal government, which Bello says has not
provided Lagos with nearly enough financing.
Tunji Bello
rnw.nl
33
Consequently, irritated by
abandonment and frustrated by
enduring neglect, the people have
continued to wallow in the slum.
The government could build decent
houses and relocate the inhabitants.
Photography:
O. Osobu
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
34
35
Photography:
Flickr user mudpix
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
36
DAILY TRUST
Baale Makoko
Dailystrust.com
37
38
Chris Osburn
Urbantravelblog.com
THE INDEPENDENT - UK
Lagos: Inside the ultimate mega-city
Chaotic, sprawling, dynamic Lagos inspires
and terrifies visitors in equal measure. How do its
citizens survive the worlds most extreme urban
environment?
Daniel Howden
Theindependent.co.uk
Photography:
Daniel Howden
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
39
1C LIFE IN MAKOKO
Photography:
Bishopi
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
40
URBAN
Industry
Community
Agriculture
Transportation
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
41
SOCIAL
Shopping
Recreation
Services
Adventure
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
42
PHYSICAL
Roofing
Facade
Structure
Materials
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
43
AESTHETIC
Reflection
Sunset
Refraction
Sunrise
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
44
CHALLENGES
Education
Sanitation
Housing
Utilities
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
45
Photography:
Ade Adekola
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
46
OVERVIEW
Makoko and its two-neigbouring communities,
Oko-Agbon and Ago-Egun lay like three
kwashiorkor-suffering triplets, victims of
government neglect. These three communities are
connected by a short bridge constructed over a
wide canal in which there is stagnant, black and
murky water.
Although the three communities are distinct,
they share common history, characteristics and
problems, and people generally refer to the whole
area as Makoko.
Makoko is situated in the south-east of the
Mainland Local Government Area and overlooks
both the Lagos Lagoon and the Third Mainland
Bridge to the east. The Mainland Local Planning
Authority estimates Makokos population at
85,840 in 2002 from the base population drawn
from the 1991 census.
14.3%
64.3%
14.3%
Source:
Urbanization, Slum development and security of tenure: The
Challenges of meeting Millennium development goal 7 in
Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria FIELD SURVEY 2006 By Tunde
Agbola & Elijah M. Agunbiade
47
ACCESS
MAKOKO
Ebutte-Metta
Market Areas
Universities
Schools
Train Station
Accesses
48
MAKOKO
Photography:
Lagos State Goverment Orthophotography
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
49
MAKOKO SURROUNDINGS
2
7
6
1
5
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
50
Photography:
Panoramio user Summala
Photography:
Panoramio user Summala
Photography:
Panoramio user Summala
Photography:
Panoramio user Summala
Photography:
Panoramio user Matsumoto
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
51
Photography:
Panoramio user Nicki
Photography:
Panoramio user Tambek
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
52
PUBLIC SERVICES
Water reservoirs
Main accessways
Main water routes
Mosque
Schools
Community Centre
Floating School location
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
53
Photography:
Bichop
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
54
SANITATION IN LAGOS
55
Photography:
Flickr user
Photography:
Flickr user
56
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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Human water
security threat
low
high
Biodiversity threat
low
high
Source:
www.nature.com
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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Moderate Low
Very Low
Source:
www.thefishsite.com
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
59
NIGERIAN ECOLOGY
Nigeria shares a coastline with the Atlantic
Ocean approximately 853km long. This coast is
comprised of 4 distinct geomorphology units:
Photography:
Drinkula
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
60
61
Photography:
Akintunde Akinleye
Photography:
NL
62
Photography:
NL
Sources:
Impacts and Management of Oil Spill Pollution along the
Nigerian Coastal Areas by Peter Nwilo.
Durand et June 2011 Journal of Sustainable Development and
Environmental Protection Volume 1 Number 1 95 al, 1994.
Lagos State Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget 2004:9.
Raufu June 2011 Journal of Sustainable Development and
Environmental Protection Volume 1 Number 1 98 2006:1.
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
63
WETLANDS
Changing land cover in the Lagos coastal
area (Okude (2006) showed that between
1986 and 2002 the developed land cover
comprising residential, industrial, commercial,
transportation and other man-made use
increased from 85.44km2 (43.36%) to
111.89km2 (56.78%).
Similarly natural vegetation cover including
mangrove and swamp thicket reduced from
59.24km2 (30.06%) to 38.31km2 (19.44%)
naturally occurring water bodies comprising
the ocean, lagoons and streams reduced from
52.39km2 (26.58%) to 46.87km2 (23.78%) during
the same period.
In four coastal local government areas of
Lagos wetland loss of 38% to 100% (Taiwo,
unpublished manuscript, 2009)
TEMPORAL VARIATION IN WETLAND
COVERAGE (%) IN COASTAL LAGOS BY LGA
Coastal LGA
Apapa
Eti-Osa
Lagos Island
Lagos Mainland
Shomolu
Wetland Cover
1986
2006
14.0%
41.8%
17.0%
4.4%
8.6%
25.2%
6.7%
Loss of
Wetland
38.6%
37.8%
60.6%
100.0%
Photo:
Lagos State Government Orthophotography
64
STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION
We need joined-up, coordinated thinking and
action by all the interested and affected parties.
Much better community involvement and
engagement in the process
TIME-SCALE
Need for a long-term strategic vision to be
embedded into the current planning, especially
land use allocations
INFRASTRUCTURE DIVERSIFICATION
Imperative, including building floating/amphibious
homes that can rise and fall with changes in sea
level.
INTEGRATED DESIGN SOLUTIONS
Source:
Prof. E. Oladipo - EkoAtlantic Forum 2012
65
ARCHITECTURAL
RESEARCH OF
APPROPRIATE BUILDING
TECHNOLOGIES
2
67
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
68
COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE
ORGANISATION
PLANNED/ORGANIC?
69
BUILDING MAKOKO
Building on water is a challenge. Over the
years, the builders and craftsmen of Makoko
have mastered the art of building on stilts. Their
continually improving skill now allows them to
build multi-storey buildings.
Wood is the most common building material in
Makoko. The local sawmill industry makes lumber
readily available. This local wood is very durable
and resilient against the harsh conditions of the
Lagos Lagoon.
Traditionally the roofing is thatched. Today
corrugated steel and aluminium plates are
more common, though thatched roofs are still
widespread.
Pitched Roof
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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Global expertise
Local expertise
Documentation
Community involvement
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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Photography:
UNESCO
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
72
MAKOKO
GANVIE
73
GANVI
74
GANVI
Ganvie is similar to Makoko in a lot of ways. It is
a lake village built on stilts in neighboring country
Benin, and is the largest lake village in WestAfrica.
Ganvie enjoys a widespread reputation for being
a lake village, and tourists from all over the world
are traveling there each year. Tourists describe
it as picturesque and beautiful, and it has been
dubbed the Africa Venice.
Since 1997 it has been listed as a World Heritage
site by UNESCO.
Photography:
Flickr user
Photography:
Flickr user
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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Tourism
Aquaculture
Photography:
NL
Photography:
NL
Photography:
NL
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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HARVESTING WOOD
The total forest area of Nigeria is estimated at
over 13 million hectares. This area is devided
into forest reserves, with over 3 million hectares
designated as production forest. Of the 70 million
cubic meters of roundwood production each year,
almost ninety percent is used as fuelwood.
Harvesting is done by mill operators or
independent loggers. After harvesting, a
network of creeks and rivers allow for efficient
transportation of the logs to the Lagos Lagoon
and Makoko.
Ife
Onigambari
Forest
Aga-Owu
Shasha
Forest
Source:
Status of Tropical Forest Management, 2005
Og
u
nr
ive
Omo Forest
Oluwa Forest
un
sh
er
riv
ni
er
riv
Makoko
78
Photograph
Panoramo user
IMAGE?
Photography:
Panoramio user Matsumoto
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
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durability
workability
strength
weight
conservation status
950 1100
kg/m3
VULNERABLE
550 600
kg/m3
N/A
300 400
kg/m3
NOT THREATENED
EKI
lophira alata
AKUN
uapaca heudelotii
BAMBOO
Bambusa vulgaris
14-20 height and 20cm grid
80
WOOD INNOVATION
Corrugated wood
81
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
82
STRUCTURE CONCEPT
Increasing
tropical rainfall
+
Increasing
sea levels
LOCAL MAKOKO
TECHNOLOGY
GLOBAL FLOTATION
TECHNOLOGY
DERIVED
SOLUTION
83
FLOTATION CONCEPT
84
FLOTATION OPTIONS
local
availability
local
technology
cost
construction
time
durability
maintenance
weight
LOCAL BOATS
CONCRETE ARK
PLASTIC CUBES
85
FLOTATION OPTIONS
local
availability
local
technology
cost
construction
time
durability
maintenance
weight
BARRELS
STEEL BARGE
CONCRETE-EPS
PLATFORM
86
PLASTIC SEGMENTS
NEXTFLOAT
www.nextfloat.net
ROLLING BARGE
www.rollingbarge.com
Construction
Connections
Lift
+ Rigid frame
+ Easy to move after assembly
No rigid frame
Vulnerable construction
87
CONCRETE ALTERNATIVES
ARK
www.arkenbouw.nl
CONCRETEEPS
Construction
Connections
Cast in-situ
Needs special concrete mix
Cast in-situ
Needs special concrete mix
Lift
11 m x 11 m x 0.65
Depth 65 centimeters
Delivers 78650 kg lift
Information /
+ Extra space
Pros ( + ) / Cons ( ) + High weight structure
Needs drydock
High-tech
11 m x 11 m x 0.65
Depth 65 centimeters
Delivers 74700 kg lift
+ Low-tech
+ High weight structure
Construction on water
88
BARRELS
89
90
ANCHORING OPTIONS
CENTRED POLE
CROSS-CHAINED TO ANCHORS
POLES ON SIDES
91
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
92
PV cells
ventilated roof
natural ventilation
roof top classroom
louvres for shade
classroom
local building
materials
floatation platform
93
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
94
SOLAR
WIND
RAIN
95
210W PV panel
190W+ Inverter
AC Power
DEMAND
2000Wh per day
ENERGY COLLECTION
565W of total PV capacity needed
DC Power
24V Capacity
Battery Bank
(9568 Wh)
STORAGE / DISTRIBUTION
565W / 210W = 2.6 modules
Actual requirement:
Three x 210W PV modules
(1650 x 992 x 50 mm per module )
96
ROOF
DC
LOADS
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
AC
LOADS
INVERTER
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
97
ROOF
DC
LOADS
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
AC
LOADS
INVERTER
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
98
WIND
TURBINE
190W+ Inverter
AC Power
DEMAND
2000Wh per day
ENERGY PRODUCTION
513KWH produced
DC Power
24V Capacity
Battery Bank
(9568 Wh)
STORAGE / DISTRIBUTION
e.g
1kW Roof-Mounted Wind Turbine
99
ROOF
DC
LOADS
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
AC
LOADS
INVERTER
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
100
CONS
PV PANELS
ROOF
DC
LOADS
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
AC
LOADS
INVERTER
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
WIND TURBINES
ROOF
DC
LOADS
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
AC
LOADS
INVERTER
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
COMBINATION
ROOF INTEGRATED PV PANEL
AND WIND TURBINE
DC
LOADS
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
AC
LOADS
INVERTER
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
101
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
102
WATER AVAILABILITY
The Lagos water supply draws mainly from two
rivers: the Iju (170,000 m3/day) and the Owo
(265,000 m3/day). However, the availability of
water is steadily diminishing.
In his 2006 Human Development Report,
Matthew Gandy stated that only about 10% of
households have an in-plot connection, while
other households are depended on communal
standpipes, wells or surface water sources.
1000
Scarcity
Stress
2000
5000
6000 cm3
Vulnerable
Niger
Benin
Sudan
Senegal
Mauritania
Mozambique
Uganda
Ghana
Togo
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Ethiopia
Lesotho
Mauritius
Comoros
Source:
Gandy, Mathew. Water, Sanitation and the Modern City
Colonial and Post-colonial Experiences in Lagos and Mumbai.
Human Development Report 2006. PDF file.
4000
Cte dIvoire
Nigeria
3000
Water scarsity
less than 1000 m3/person/year
Water stress
1000 to 1700 m3/person/year
Water vulnerability
1700to 2500 m3/person/year
South Africa
Egypt
Somalia
Malawi
Rwanda
Burundi
Kenya
Graph:
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA),
Addis Abeba ; Global Environment Outlook 2000 (GEO), UNEP,
Earthscan, London, 1999.
103
Photography:
NL
Photography:
NL
104
Photography:
NL
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
105
Housecleaning
Washing clothes
Watering fruit gardens
Sanitation Water
Bathing
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
106
BOREHOLE OWNERS
20 40 LITERS OF WATER
CANOE HAWKERS
20 PER VESSEL
107
OPTION A: RAINWATER
HARVESTING
Rainwater Harvesting is by far the easiest and
most cost effective way of collecting water.
Once the water catchment system is installed it
practically runs by itself. In addition, a rainwater
harvesting system is a perfect application for offgrid housing settlements. The concept is simple:
Collect, Store, Use.
12
11
12
11
9
6
4
1
Jan
2
Feb
2
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
108
+
CATCHMENT
Aluminium roofing sheet
=
STORAGE
Floatation device with barrels
USAGE
Rain harvesting system
109
ROOF
4-HR
LIATED METSYS GNITSEVRAH RETAWNIAR
LIATED METSYS GNITSEVRAH RETAWNIAR
ELACS OT TON
.TIK NOITACIFIRUP & KNAT ERUSSERP ,PMUP ELBISREMBUS ,KNAT DNUORG EVOBA
.TIK NOITACIFIRUP & KNAT ERUSSERP ,PMUP ELBISREMBUS ,KNAT DNUORG EVOBA
4-HR
ELACS OT TON
PURIFICATION KIT
tiK noitacifiruP
VU
erusserP
knaT
PRESSURE TANK
erusserP
knaT
VU
leveL
rotacidnI
tnioP noitcelloC
tiK noitacifiruP
tneV
leveL
rotactiedlnI yrallixuA )deriuqer sa ezis(
)deriuqer sa ezis(
tneV
)deriuqer sa ezis(
telnI yrallixuA
)deriuqer sa ezis(
wolfrevO
wolfrevO
ISP 54
elbisrembuS
pmuP deeF
COLLECTION POINT
ROOF GUTTER
noitcuS gnitaolF
retliF
noitcuS gnitaolF
retliF
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
wolfrevO
WATER IS FILTERED
1
THROUGH A
VORTEX FINE FILTER.
POSSIBLE 90% IS
MOVED
INTO THE
wolfrevO
STORAGE
TANK.
3
tnioP noitcelloC
1
retliF eniF xetroV
ISP 54
hctiweSlbtiasorelFmbuS
reptam
wuwPol(deeF
)ffo-tuc
4
telnI gnihtoomS
ot retlif xetrov morf retaw gniniameR 3
.wolfrevo
-wolf" leets sselniats - telnI gnihtoomS 4
etanimile ot ecived "gnimlac
ti sa retaw gnimocni eht fo ecnelubrut
.knat eht sretne
hctiwS taolF
retaw wol(
)ffo-tuc
telnI gnihtoomS
edarG
ot retlif xetrov morf retaw gniniameR 3
,sniard foor( tniop.wnooliftrceevloloc retawniaR 1
.)cte ,srettug
-wolf" leets sselniats - telnI gnihtoomS 4
etandim
nailereotltifexceivtreodv "eghntim
srleatcne retawniaR 2
ti sa retaw gndim
ht0f9
oe
elcbnisesluobPr(ut.dessecorp si
etorecvniide%
.knat eht sre)t.nkenat egarots ot
VORTEX FILTER
REMOVES LARGE
rG
AND FINEedaDEBRIS
knaT egarotS
4
knaT egarotS
110
COLLECTION
HOUSEHOLD DEMAND
STORAGE
111
ROOF
SUPPLY
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
WATER STORAGE
LAGOON INTAKE
FINAL TREATMENT
Chlorine
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Guard Filter
ULTRAFILTRATION
STORAGE TANK
112
ROOF
DRINKING WATER
BRINE DISPOSAL
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
PUMP
LAGOON INTAKE
113
SUPPLY
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
PUMP
STORAGE TANK
PIPE 40m-50m DEEP
114
ROOF
4-HR
LIATED METSYS GNITSEVRAH RETAWNIAR
LIATED METSYS GNITSEVRAH RETAWNIAR
ELACS OT TON
.TIK NOITACIFIRUP & KNAT ERUSSERP ,PMUP ELBISREMBUS ,KNAT DNUORG EVOBA
.TIK NOITACIFIRUP & KNAT ERUSSERP ,PMUP ELBISREMBUS ,KNAT DNUORG EVOBA
4-HR
ELACS OT TON
PURIFICATION KIT
tiK noitacifiruP
VU
erusserP
knaT
PRESSURE TANK
erusserP
knaT
tnioP noitcelloC
tiK noitacifiruP
VU
leveL
rotacidnI
telnI yrallixuA
)deriuqer sa ezis(
wolfrevO
wolfrevO
ISP 54
elbisrembuS
pmuP deeF
COLLECTION POINT
ROOF GUTTER
noitcuS gnitaolF
retliF
noitcuS gnitaolF
retliF
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
WATER IS FILTERED
1
THROUGH A
VORTEX FINE FILTER.
POSSIBLE 90% IS
MOVED
INTO THE
wolfrevO
STORAGE
TANK.
3
tnioP noitcelloC
1
retliF eniF xetroV
tneV
leveL
rotactiedlnI yrallixuA )deriuqer sa ezis(
)deriuqer sa ezis(
tneV
)deriuqer sa ezis(
wolfrevO
hctiwS taolF
retaw wol(
)ffo-tuc
ISP 54
hctiweSlbtiasorelFmbuS
reptam
wuwPol(deeF
)ffo-tuc
telnI gnihtoomS
telnI gnihtoomS
ot retlif xetrov morf retaw gniniameR 3
.wolfrevo
-wolf" leets sselniats - telnI gnihtoomS 4
etanimile ot ecived "gnimlac
ti sa retaw gnimocni eht fo ecnelubrut
.knat eht sretne
edarG
ot retlif xetrov morf retaw gniniameR 3
,sniard foor( tniop.wnooliftrceevloloc retawniaR 1
.)cte ,srettug
-wolf" leets sselniats - telnI gnihtoomS 4
etandim
nailereotltifexceivtreodv "eghntim
srleatcne retawniaR 2
ti sa retaw gndim
ht0f9
oe
elcbnisesluobPr(ut.dessecorp si
etorecvniide%
.knat eht sre)t.nkenat egarots ot
VORTEX FILTER
REMOVES LARGE
rG
AND FINEedaDEBRIS
knaT egarotS
4
knaT egarotS
RAIN HARVESTING
Rainfall all year round
Back up water supply
The physical and chemical
properties of rainwater are
often superior to those of
groundwater or surface water
CONS
ROOF
DESALINATION
North-east and South-west
winds
Secure source of water
Safe and purified water
SUPPLY
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
WATER STORAGE
LAGOON INTAKE
FINAL TREATMENT
Chlorine
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Guard Filter
ULTRAFILTRATION
STORAGE TANK
BOREHOLE
In most cases borehole water
does not require treatment
The only operating cost is the
electrical supply for the pump
SUPPLY
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
PUMP
STORAGE TANK
PIPE 40m-50m DEEP
115
BAD SMELLS
OPERATION
AIR VENT
FAN
BARREL
RESULT
10 40 litres compost per person and year, which
can be used to improve the soil.
COSTS
116
COLLECT
STORE
USE
117
BAD SMELLS
TOILET
FAN
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
SEPTIC TANK
118
AIM:
AN EFFICIENT STANDALONE SYSTEM
POWERED BY PV PANELS
119
STANDALONE SYSTEM
ROOF
CHARGE
CONTROLER
BATTERY
INVERTER
4-HR
LIATED METSYS GNITSEVRAH RETAWNIAR
LIATED METSYS GNITSEVRAH RETAWNIAR
ELACS OT TON
.TIK NOITACIFIRUP & KNAT ERUSSERP ,PMUP ELBISREMBUS ,KNAT DNUORG EVOBA
.TIK NOITACIFIRUP & KNAT ERUSSERP ,PMUP ELBISREMBUS ,KNAT DNUORG EVOBA
4-HR
ELACS OT TON
PURIFICATION KIT
tiK noitacifiruP
SUPPLY
VU
erusserP
knaT
PRESSURE TANK
erusserP
knaT
VU
leveL
rotacidnI
tnioP noitcelloC
tiK noitacifiruP
tneV
)deriuqer sa ezis(
tneV
leveL
rotactiedlnI yrallixuA )deriuqer sa ezis(
)deriuqer sa ezis(
telnI yrallixuA
)deriuqer sa ezis(
wolfrevO
wolfrevO
PUMP
FLOATATION
TECHNOLOGY WITH
BARRELS
ISP 54
elbisrembuS
pmuP deeF
wolfrevO
noitcuS gnitaolF
retliF
ISP 54
hctiweSlbtiasorelFmbuS
reptam
wuwPol(deeF
)ffo-tuc
hctiwS taolF
retaw wol(
)ffo-tuc
COLLECTION POINT
ROOF GUTTER
VORTEX FILTER
REMOVES LARGE
rG
AND FINEedaDEBRIS
knaT egarotS
4
knaT egarotS
noitcuS gnitaolF
retliF
4
telnI gnihtoomS
STORAGE
TANK
telnI gnihtoomS
587 LITRES
PER
ot retlif xetrov morf retaw gniniameR 3
,sniard foor( tniop.wnooliftrceevloloc retawniaR
ot retlif xetrov morf retaw gniniameR 3
.)cte ,srettug
.wolfreBARREL
vo
WATER IS FILTERED
1
THROUGH A
VORTEX FINE FILTER.
POSSIBLE 90% IS
MOVED
INTO THE
wolfrevO
STORAGE
TANK.
3
tnioP noitcelloC
1
retliF eniF xetroV
edarG
1
120
Powered by Qty
Load
Total Load
(see below)
(Watts)
(Watts)
AIR CONDITIONING/VENTILATION
Fans
DPN
10
10
100
600
PV-Direct
1
1
70
500
70
500
4
4
280
2000
1500
1500
1500
2000
2000
2000
1
1
1
1
100
20
10
150
100
20
10
150
8
6
2
2
800
120
20
300
20
4
10
40
200
160
8
12
1600
1920
WATER SUPPLY
Water delivery
Borehole pump
PV-Direct
DPN
DPN
POWER TO SOCKETS
Computer
Television
DVD player
Projector
DPN
DPN
DPN
DPN
LIGHTING
LED fluorescent
LED fluorescent
DPN
DPN
11,140 Wh
or 11.14 kWh
121
210W PV panel
5000 Inverter
AC Power
SCHOOL DEMAND
11,140Wh per day
ENERGY COLLECTION
2,955.5W of total PV capacity needed
DC Power
24V Capacity
Battery Bank
(91471 Wh)
STORAGE / DISTRIBUTION
2,955.5W / 175W = 20 modules
Actual requirement:
20 Solar Modules of 175Wp, 17.4V, multicrystalline
silicon
24 Deep cycle batteries 210AH, 12V, deep cycle
VRLA
1 Inverter 5000W, 230VAC pure sine wave inverter
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
122
Isi Etomi:
Canoe Stop
Student project:
Water Hyacinth Harvesting
123
Student Project:
Amphibious Dwelling
Student project:
Amphibious Dwelling
124
2J CONCLUSIONS
125
FLOATING BUILDING
PHOTOVOLTAICS
ROOF
S
FURNITURE
SHELL
FRAME
GREEN AREAS
TOILET
FLOATING
PLATFORM
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
126
PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION
8
1
FLOTATION PLATFORM
SERVICES AREA
ACCESSIBILITY
PLANTING AREAS
TOILET
CLASSROOMS
5
2
4
1
127
BUILDING ASSEMBLY
SITE
ROOF
FLOATING PLATFORM
FRAME
SHELL
128
SITE
ANCHOR POINTS
Aluminium
FLOATING
PLATFORM
SURFACE WATER
129
FLOTATION PLATFORM
BARRELS
Plastic
PLATFORM FRAME
Aluminium/Wood
FLOATING
PLATFORM
SURFACE WATER
130
ROOF
PHOTOVOLTAICS
20 panels 174Wp
ROOF 03
Aluminium/Thatch
ROOF 02
Bamboo joists
ROOF 01
hardwood beams
131
SHELL
SOUTH FACADE
Bamboo Louvres
WALLS
Bamboo/Aluminium
NORTH FACADE
Bamboo Louvres
132
FRAME
FRAME
hardwood
133
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
134
PV panels
Batteries
+
Supply
-
Green waste
Compost unit
Compost
Food
Rainwater
Storage
Filration
Shower
Washing
Greywater
Helophytes
Filter
Drinking
Cooking
Borehole
Toilet
Irrigation
Surface
water
Septic tank
& Bio-Rock
135
WATER
Rain and borehole water
is stored in a 1000 Liters
tank(1).The collected water
then passes to a vortex
filter and pressure pump.
Afterwards, this water could
be used for irrigation and
domestic use (2). For drinking
water further filtration is
necessary (3). All the grey
waste water that is produced
could be temporarily stored
in a grease trap tank and
then purified in a helophytes
filter (5). The effluent from 9
the constructed wetland is
then used to rinse the toilet
and as irrigation water for
the plants (6). The water for
sinsing the toilet is called
black water. Black water
settles into a septic tank (7)
before final purification is
carried out by a BIOROCK
filter (8). The purified water
then could be released in the
lagoon surface or be re-used
as grey water.
7
6
5
H 2O
4
3
H 2O
UV FILTERS
VORTEX FILTER
H 2O
136
ELECTRICITY
Generating electricity is one
of the most crucial aspects in
a stand alone system. Based
on the climate conditions
solar energy is our best
option to provide electrical
energy to the school.
Thus, we use PV Panels.
At the same time, as a
supplamentary system, there
could be the option of biogas production the toilet and
kitchen waste. The surplus
electrical production could
power near by houses.
137
FOOD
The idea is that the platform
could funtion as a food
production are (vegetables
agriculture). The plants are
watered with grey water (1)
filtered by the helophytes
filters (2). If insufficient stock
tain water can be made of
use (4). The organic waste
together with a portion of the
CH CO
waste water are collected
6
in a 1000 Liter tank (5) in
which methane is captured
for biogass production for
the possibillity of cooking (6).
The combination with black
water is possible but could
make the system significally
complex and harder to use
the remaining effluent as a
fertilizer for the vegetable
garden.
4
3
2
H 2O
138
SOCIAL, CULTURAL
AND EDUCATIONAL
NEEDS OF THE SCHOOL
AND BUILDING USE
3
140
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
141
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
142
1 SCHOOL*
1 SCHOOL*
8 TEACHERS
8 TEACHERS
32 STUDENTS PER TEACHER
50 N
50 NN
10,000
236,000
10,000 N
TEACHER
SALARY
PER MONTH
TOTAL
SCHOOL
REVENUE
PER MONTH
* Whayinna Nursery and Primary School is the
only school in Makoko with an English curriculum.
143
250 STUDENTS
1000+ CHILDREN ON WAITING LIST IN MAKOKO
7500 N
5000 N
Senior secondary 1
Junior secondary 1
Junior secondary 3
Primary 1
Primary 6
Nursery 1
2500 N
Nursery 3
Source:
Private and public schooling in low-income areas of Lagos State.
Tooley J., Dixon P., Olaniyan O. 2006
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
144
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
145
COMMUNITY PROGRAMS
EDUCATION
CULTURE
RECREATION
1 SCHOOL*
8 TEACHERS
COMMUNITY
50 N
10,000 N
TEACHER
SALARY
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER
CITIES PROJECT
PER MONTH
146
Photography:
NL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
147
BAALE
Community Leaders
SHAMAN
Spiritual and physical doctors
AREA BOYS
Gangs of unemployed youth
WORKING CLASS
Fishermen, traders, teachers, etc.
148
MAKOKO 1981
Source
Kentina Earth Sciences Interntional Canada 1981 in SNC-Lavalin (1995)
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
149
MAKOKO 2012
Photo
Lagos State Government Orthophotography
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
150
MAKOKO 2012
>100,000
~20,000
6-8
area approx. 0.8km2
per
~40,000
151
LAND AND
WATER USE,
REGULATIONS
AND POLICIES
4
152
153
154
1.
CONSTRUCTION PERMIT
The following documents must be submitted in
order to obtain a building/development permit
(the typical case being on land):
2.
3.
155
156
PERMISSIONS PROCESS
WATERCRAFT
PERMIT
CONSTRUCTION
PERMIT
SCHOOL
CONSTRUCTION
PERMIT
SCHOOL
OPERATION
PERMIT
NATIONAL INLAND
WATERWAYS AUTHORITY
PROCESS
1. REQUEST SITE SURVEY
2. COMPLETE PROPERTY
PURCHASE
3. SUBMIT DOCUMENTS:
application form
site survey
structural/architectural
drawings of the
proposed building
physical planning report
tax clearance certificate
PROCESS
APPLICATION MADE
CONCURRENTLY WITH
CONSTRUCTION PERMIT
PROCESS
1. SUBMIT DOCUMENTS:
application form
name and address of
institutions proprietor
type of institution
site survey
plan of buildings
number of classrooms
and proposed medium of
instruction
L x W x H x 128
= 288,000
COSTS + TIMEFRAME
1. 288,000 to the Lagos
State Government
LxWxH x 128 to the
Lagos State Government
2. Plus 28,800 (10%)
to the Town Planning
Authority
3. Plus 30,000 to the Local
Government
FURTHER DETAILS ON
THE PROCESS WILL BE
DETERMINED ONLY UPON
PRESENTATION OF THE
SITE SURVEY
COSTS + TIMEFRAME
THE COST OF THIS
PERMIT WILL BE
DETERMINED ONLY UPON
PRESENTATION OF THE
SITE SURVEY
COSTS + TIMEFRAME
COSTS NOT YET KNOWN
THIS APPLICATION
MUST BE MADE
AT LEAST TWELVE
MONTHS PRIOR TO THE
COMMENCEMENT OF
THE INSTITUTION
157
158
Makoko Community
NGOs
Government/
Authorities
Sponsors
Technical Partners
Architecture
& Building
Construction
Environmental &
Climatic
Dynamics
Energy &WATER
Infrastructure
Social &
Educational
Issues
Innovative Building
Solution
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT
159
MAKOKO
COMMUNITY
160
OUR INTEREST
NL TEAM
SPECIAL THANKS
Heinrich Bll Stiftung Monika Umunna and Christine K.
COLLABORATORS
NOTE
The information contained herein is based
on reliable sources and subject to further
verification, research and development.
161
162
163
OUR CULTURE
Commitment, expert and social competence,
and flexibility are features of our employees,
both in Germany and abroad. They are highly
qualified, team-oriented and, with their high level
of motivation, they constitute the most important
asset of the Foundation.
Equality of opportunity and respectful dealings
between women and men of different ages,
religions, ethnic origins and sexual orientations
are constitutive for the foundation. Intercultural
competence and a productive engagement with
diversity are part of our corporate culture.
164
165