Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mixed farming
Mixed cropping
Crop rotation
Crop selection
Varietal improvement
Fruits and
vegetable
crops
Spices
Source
carbohydrates
proteins
Oils, fats and fatty
acids
Vitamins,
minerals,
Orange, apple,
proteins,
mango, cabbage,
roughage,
potato, brinjal etc.
carbohydrate
and fats
Chilly, turmeric,
Used for
Fodder crops
Oat, berseem
enhancing
palatability of
food
Green fodder to
the cattle
Crop Seasons:
Various crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and
photoperiod for their growth and completing their life cycle. In
northern India, there are following two distinct season crops:
Nutrient management:
Like other living organisms, plants also require inorganic elements
for building their structure and maintaining their metabolic process.
These inorganic elements are called nutrient. There are sixteen
nutrients which are essential for plants. Nutrients are supplied to
plants by air, water and soil.
Macronutrients: The essential elements, which are utilized by plants
relatively in large quantities, are called macronutrients.
Micronutrients: The essential elements, which are used by plants in
small quantities, are called micronutrients.
Source Nutrients
Type
Air
Macronutrient
Soil
Macronutrient
Macronutrient
Micronutrient
Types of manures:
Based on the kind of biological waste material used, the manures are
classified as:
1. Farmyard manure (FYM): It is the decomposed mixture of cattle
excreta (dung) and urine along with litter and leftover organic
matter such as roughage or fodder. The waste materials are
collected daily from the cattle shed and stored in a pit for
decomposition by the microorganisms (bacteria and fungi etc.).
FYM contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
2. Compost: It is a mixture of decomposed organic matter derived
from garbage, sewage, vegetable waste etc. the mixture is
decomposed in pits and the process is known as composting.
3. Vermicompost: The degradation of organic waste through the
consumption by the earthworms is called vermicomposting.
Earthworms used in vermicomposting are Dichogaster bolani
and Drawida willisi.
4. Green manure: It is prepared by cultivating fast growing green
manure crops like Sunhemp, Horse gram, Guar, Cow pea
before sowing of seeds. The fast growing crop is then ploughed
back under the soil. Green manure enriches the soil with
nitrogen, phosphorous as well as organic matter and provides
protection against erosion and leaching.
Fertilizers:
Fertilizers are commonly produced plant nutrients. Fertilizers supply
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. They are used to ensure good
vegetative growth, giving rise to healthy plants.
Type of Fertilizers
Availability of
Example
nutrient
Nitrogenous
fertilizers
Nitrogen
Phosphatic
fertilizers
Phosphorous
Single superphosphate,
Dicalcium phosphate
Two or more
Nitrophosphate, Ammonium
Complex fertilizers nutrients (N,
phosphate
P2O5, K2O)
Increase in yield
Optimum utilization of soil
Minimum pest infestation
No risk of crop failure
Farmers can harvest varieties of produce at the same time
Intercropping:
low input required crops. Thus while making selection of crops for
crop rotation, the following points should be considered:
Clean cultivation
Optimum time of sowing the crops
Use of pest resistant varieties
Crop rotation and multiple cropping
Cultural practices
Animal husbandry
The branch of agriculture which deals with the feeding, shelter, health
and breeding of domestic animals is called animal husbandry
Breeds of cow
Indigenous
breeds
Exotic
breeds
Jersey,
Sahiwal, Gir, Brown
Red Sindhi, Swiss,
Tharparkar Holsteinfriesian
Crossbreeds
Murrah, Meshsana
Karan
and Surti
Swiss,
karan Fries,
Frieswal
oats, barley, gram and their by-products like wheat, beans and
molasses etc.
Cattle need balanced rations containing all nutrients in
proportionate amounts. Besides such nutritious food material,
certain feed additives containing micronutrients promote the health
and milk output of dairy animals.
Diseases of cattle:
The diseases of dairy animals are broadly classified into:
1. Diseases caused by parasites (external parasites are tick mite,
lice and internal parasites are worms)
2. Communicable (infectious) diseases caused by pathogens like
bacteria, viruses, fungi etc.
3. Non-communicable (non-infectious) diseases caused due to
deficiency of nutrients or malfunctioning of body organs.
Poultry Farming
Exotic breeds
Assel, Burosa,
Chattisgarh and
kadaknath
White leghorn,
Black Minorca,
Rhode island red
and Light Sussex
Variety improvement:
It is done by cross-breeding indigenous breeds with exotic breeds.
The improved varieties are developed for the following desirable
traits:
Shelter:
Fish Production
Fish is a cheap source of animal protein for our food. Fish liver oil is
rich in vitamin A and D.
Basically fisheries are of two types:
1. Fin fishery includes capturing, management and exploitation of
cartilaginous and bony fishes.
2. Shell fishery includes capturing, management and exploitation
of crustaceans (prawns, crabs) and mollusks (oysters, mussels
etc.).
Depending up on the mode of obtaining fish, fisheries are of two
types:
1. Capture fishing: The fish is caught from water, both marine and
inland.
2. Culture fishing: it is cultivating, rearing and harvesting of fish.
Culture fishery is also called fish farming or pisciculture and
aquaculture.
Marine fisheries:
Culture of marine fin fishes, shell fishes and sea weeds is called
mariculture.
Inland fisheries:
Exotic varieties
Apis mellifera (Italian
bee)
Apis adamsoni (South
African bee)
It is gentle in nature.
It has high honey collection capacity.
It has more ability to protect itself from enemies.