Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004
Exam #1
Name __________________________________
Instructions. This exam is worth 100 points. The points allocated to each section are indicated
at the beginning of the section. Some sections allow a choice as to which questions are
answered. For these sections, do not answer more parts than requested. If all parts are
answered, consecutive questions will be graded beginning with the first part. In calculations, be
sure to report your answer with the correct number of significant figures.
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
velocity of light in a vacuum: 3.00x108 m/sec
Planck's constant: 6.626x10-34 Joule-sec
electron charge: 1.602x10-19 Coulomb
1 Joule = 1 Volt-Coulomb
Avogadro's constant: 6.022x1023 atoms/mole
1 nm = 10-9 m
1 cm = 10-2 m
1 mm = 10-3 m
1 m = 10-6 m
Equations
s = [3(yi-yG)2/(n-1)]
yG = 3yi/n
confidence interval = ts/n
sr = [3(yi-y^i)2/(n-2)]
y^i = mxi + b
= c
G = 1/
E = h
T = P/P0
A = -log10(T)
A = bc
ALOD = b + 3sr
CLOD = 3sr/m
CLOQ = 10sr/m
nq = c / vq (q = medium)
sin r = n/d - sin i
sin i / sin r = n2 / n1
Chemistry 325
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004
1. (40 points) Circle the correct answer for ten of the following:
a. The precision of an analytical measurement
(1) is described by calculating percent relative error.
(2) is related to the width of the population distribution of the measurement.
(3) is guaranteed to be high if the measurement also has high accuracy.
(4) none of the above.
b. The term "wavenumber"
(1) refers to the number of waveform cycles traveled by a photon in a fixed time.
(2) refers to a quantity often expressed in cm-1.
(3) refers to the product of frequency and Planck's constant.
(4) refers to the distance corresponding to one cycle of a waveform.
c. An instrument used to measure transmittance
(1) must have a monochromator.
(2) must have a detector for measuring light intensity.
(3) must have the ability to ratio the light intensities measured with and without the sample.
(4) all of the above.
d. The Beer-Lambert Law
(1) states that transmittance is linearly related to concentration.
(2) requires that the product of absorptivity and pathlength be known before absorbance can be
related to concentration.
(3) requires that absorptivity be independent of wavelength.
(4) cannot be used if more than one absorbing species is present in a sample.
e. A D2 arc lamp
(1) provides a continuous output in the infrared spectral region.
(2) is based on the flow of current through a tungsten filament.
(3) uses iodine to prevent the darkening of the lamp envelope.
(4) is based on ultraviolet light emission from excited D2 species.
Chemistry 325
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004
Chemistry 325
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004
k. A globar
(1) is a rod of SiC that is resistively heated to produce infrared light through emission of
blackbody radiation
(2) is based on the production of an electrical arc within a rod of crystalline SiC.
(3) is a type of ultraviolet light source commonly used in spectroscopy.
(4) employs a halogen gas to prolong its lifetime.
2. (40 points) Answer five of the following:
a. Name three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visible
Infrared
Ultraviolet, etc.
350 nm
Single-beam: one beam path through either reference or sample cell. Must alternate between reference and sample
measurements. Cannot adjust for changes in source intensity and detector sensitivity in real time.
Double-beam: two beam paths allow sample and reference cells to be mounted simultaneously. Optical chopper
alternates beam between reference and sample cells. Allows real-time adjustment for changes in source intensity
and detector sensitivity. Compatible with wavelength scanning.
Chemistry 325
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004
e. A 1.0x10-4 M solution is placed in a 1.00 cm pathlength cell and the absorbance is measured as
0.113 at 400 nm and 0.166 at 450 nm. Given that the concentration and pathlength are
identical, why does the absorbance change?
Absorbance is the product of absorptivity, path length and concentration. Absorptivity is a property of the analyte
and changes as a function of wavelength (i.e., the probability that the analyte absorbs varies with wavelength).
Chemistry 325
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004
3. (10 points) Compound X has an absorptivity of 703 g-1cm-1L. The transmittance of a solution
of X is measured in a 1.00 cm pathlength cell and found to be 20.6%. Compute the
concentration of the solution of compound X in g/L.
Chemistry 325
Instrumental Analysis
February 4, 2004