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Chapter 1:
Mass
Energy
Physical Process
A transformation of a sample of matter, such as a change in its physical state, that does not alter the chemical identity of any substance in the sample.
Chemical Formula
A notation for representing elements and compounds; consists of the symbols of the constituent elements and subscripts identifying the number of atoms of each element in one molecule.
Chemical Equation
Notation in which chemical formulas express the identities and their coefficients express the quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction; a description of the identities and quantities of reactants (substances consumed during a chemical reaction) and products (substances formed).
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Bond
Filtration
A process for separating particles suspended in a liquid or a gas from that liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the particles.
Distillation
A separation technique in which the more volatile (more easily vaporized) components of a mixture are vaporized and then condensed, thereby separating them from the less volatile components.
Solid
Liquid
A form of matter that occupies a definite volume but flows to assume the shape of its containers.
Gas
A form of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape, and that expands to fill its containers; also known as vapor.
Meter
The standard unit of lengt h, named after the Greek met ron, which means ''measure,'' and equivalent to 39.37 inches.
Significant Figures
All the certain digits in a measured value plus one est imated digit . The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty with which the value is known.
Precision
Accuracy
Conversion Factor
A fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator but is expressed in different unit s, making the value of the fraction one.
Kelv in (K)
Absolute Zero 0K
The zero point on the Kelv in temperature scale; theoret ically the lowest temperature possible.
Chapter 2:
Beta (& beta;) Decay
The process by which a neut ron decays into a proton and a & beta; part icle.
Carboxylic Acid
Functional Group
A struct ural subunit in organic molecules that imparts characterist ic chemical and phy sical properties.
Nucleosynthesis
The natural format ion of nuclei as a result of fusion and other nuclear processes.
Nucleus
(of an atom)The positively charged center of an atom that contains nearly all the atom's mass.
Organic Compounds
Compounds containing carbon, and commonly including certain other elements such as hydrogen, oxy gen, and nit rogen.
Quarks
Radioactivity
The spontaneous emission of high- energy radiat ion and part icles by materials.
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Half-react ions
One of the two halves of an oxidat ionreduct ion react ion; one half-reaction is the oxidation component, and the other is the reduct ion component.
An H+ ion plus a water molecule,H2O; the form in which the hydrogen ion is found in an aqueous solut ion.
Ion Exchange
A react ion that takes place when an acid reacts with a base and produces a solution of a salt in water.
Oxidation
A chemical change in which a species loses electrons; the oxidation number of the species increases.
Oxidizing Agent
A substance in a redox reaction that accepts electrons from anot her species, thereby ox idizing that species; the oxidizing agent is reduced in the reaction.
Reducing Agent
A substance in a redox reaction that giv es up elect rons to another species, thereby reducing that species; the reducing agent is ox idized in the reaction.
Reduction
A chemical change in which a species gains electrons; the ox idat ion number of the species decreases.
Salt
The product of a neutralizat ion reaction; it is made up of the cation of the base in the react ion plus the anion of the acid.
Saturated Solution
A solut ion that contains the max imum concentration of a solut e possible at a giv en temperature.
Solubility
The maximum amount of a substance that dissolves in a giv en quant ity of solvent at a given temperature.
A solut ion that contains more than the max imum quantity of solute predicted to be soluble in a given volume of solution at a giv en temperature.
Titrat ion
An analyt ical method for determ ining the concentration of a solute in a sample by react ing the solute with a standard solut ion of known concentrat ion.
Zeolites
Natural cry stalline minerals or synthet ic materials consisting of three-dimensional networks of channels that contain sodium or other 1+ cations.
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6
Absolute Temperature
Temperat ure expressed in kelvins on the absolute temperature scale, on which 0 K is the lowest possible temperature.
The force exerted by the gases surrounding Earth on Earth's surface and on all surfaces of all objects.
The pressure capable of supporting a column of mercury 760 mm high in a barometer.
Chapter 8
Chapter 9