Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

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ExactSolutionsforThermalProblems
Buoyancy,Marangoni,VibrationalandMagneticFieldControlledFlows
MarcelloLappa*1
Telespazio
ViaGianturco31,80046,Napoli,Italy
*1

marlappa@unina.it
temperature gradient along the direction in which
theyareassumedtobeinfinitelyextended),thenother
possiblevariantsandconfigurationsareconsideredin
thesectiononinclinedsystemsandsubsequentones.

Abstract
In general, the thermalconvection (NavierStokes and
energy)equationsarenonlinearpartialdifferentialequations
that in most cases require the use of complex algorithms in
combination with opportune discretization techniques for
obtainingreliablenumericalsolutions.Therearesomecases,
however,inwhichsuchequationsadmitanalyticalsolutions.
Such exact solutions have enjoyed a widespread use in the
literature as basic states for determining the linear stability
limits in some idealized situations. This review article
provides a synthetic review of such analytical expressions
for a variety of situations of interest in materials science
(especiallycrystalgrowthandrelateddisciplines),including
thermogravitational
(buoyancy),
thermocapillary
(Marangoni), thermovibrational convection as well as
mixed cases and flow controlled via static and uniform
magneticfields.

Analytic Solutions for Thermogravitational

and Marangoni Flows
y

Cold

Hot d

FIG.1SKETCHOFLAYEROFINFINITEEXTENTSUBJECTTO
HORIZONTALHEATING

In the following three subsections (focusing on the

Hadley flow, Marangoni flow and related hybrid
states) the horizontal boundaries are assumed to be
located at y=1/2 and 1/2, respectively. The velocity
components along y and z are zero (v=w=0) and the
componentalongxissolelyafunctionofy,i.e.u=u(y)
(whichmeanstheassumptionofplaneparallelflow
is considered). Temperature depends on x and y (i.e.
these solutions are essentially twodimensional).
Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers are defined as
Ra=GrPr=gTd4/ and Ma= RePr=Td2/,
respectively(whereisarateofuniformtemperature
increasealongthexaxis,disthedistancebetweenthe
boundaries, is the thermal diffusivity, is the
kinematic viscosity, T is the thermal expansion
coefficient,Prtheratiobetweenand,GrandRethe
Grashof and Reynolds numbers, respectively).
Referring velocity and temperature to the scales /d
andd,respectivelyandscalingalldistancesond,the
governing equations in nondimensional form
(incompressibleform)read

Keywords
ThermalConvection;NavierStokesEquations;AnalyticSolutions

Introduction
Finding solutions to the NavierStokes equations is
extremelychallenging.Infact,onlyahandfulofexact
solutions are known. For the cases of interest in the
presentarticle(buoyancy,Marangoni,vibrationaland
magnetic convection), in particular, these exact
solutions exist when the considered system is
infinitelyextendedalongthedirectionoftheimposed
temperature gradient or the orthogonal direction; in
general, such solutions are regarded as reasonable
approximations in the steady state of the flow
occurring in the core of real configurations which are
sufficiently elongated (the core is the region
sufficiently away from the end regions, where the
fluidturnsaround,tobeconsiderednotinfluencedby
such edge effects). Even though limited to cases of
great simpicity, these solutions have proven able to
yielddirectlyorindirectlyinsightsandunderstanding
thatwouldhavebeendifficulttoobtainotherwise.
Hereafter, first the attention is focused on the case of
systems subject to horizontal heating (or to

V 0

(1)

V
p V V Pr 2 V Pr Ra T i g
t
T
V T 2T
t

(2)
(3)

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Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

where ig is the unit vector along the direction of

gravity and the Boussinesq approximation has been
used for the buoyancy production term in the
momentumequation.

g2

to be supplemented with the proper boundary

conditions:
Kinematicconditions:

solid boundary: u=0 g1(y)=g2(y)=0

(4)

Adiabatic boundary: T 0 df1 df 2 0

y

p
Pr RaT
y

(6)

T 2T 2T

x x 2 y 2

Assumingsolutionsinthegeneralform(withMa=0or
Ra=0 for pure buoyancy or Marangoni flows,
respectively):

T x Ra f 1 ( y ) Ma f 2 ( y )

(10)

g1dy

dy 0

(17)

Before going further with the description of solutions

satisfying the system of equations (1117), it is worth
noting that some insights into their expected
polynomial order can be given immediately on the
basis of eq. (12). According to such equation, in fact,
d3g1/dy3=1forMa=0,whiled3g2/dy3=0forRa=0,which
leads to the general conclusion that the polynominal
expression for u will be of the third order for pure
buoyancy flow and of the second order for pure
Marangoni flow, while (on the basis of eqs. (11)) the
respective temperature profiles are of the fifth and
forthordersiny.

(8)

(9)

udy 0

whileeq.(4)canberewrittenas:

u Ra g 1 ( y ) Ma g 2 ( y )

0
V v

w
0

(15)

dy

Inaddition,itmustbetakenintoaccountthatsincethe
considered parallel flow is intended to model a slot
withdistantendwalls,continuityrequiresthatthenet
fluxoffluidatanycrosssectionoftheslotbezero),i.e.:

(7)

u
T
Ma
y
x

dy

Conducting boundary: T=x 1=2=0 (16)

Forthecaseconsideredhere(steadyflowwithu=u(y)
andv=w=0,asshowninFig.1)eqs.(1)(3)reduceto:
(5)

(14)

dy

Thermalconditions:

the derivative tangential to the interface and Vs the

surfacevelocityvector.

p
2u
Pr 2
x
y

(13)

free surface: eq. (8) dg1 0 and dg 2 1

where n is the direction locally perpendicular to the

consideredelementaryportionofthefreeinterface, S

ThermogravitationalConvection:TheHadleyflow
In line with the considerations above, in the case of
liquid confined between two horizontal infinite walls
with perpendicular gravity, eqs. (5)(7) admit as an
exactsolutionthefollowingvelocityprofile:

1, 2, g1 and g2 can be determined as polynomial

expressions with constant coefficients satisfying
specificequationsobtainedbysubstitutingeqs.(9)and
(10) into eq. (7) and into the equation resulting from
3
crossdifferentiationofeqs.(5)and(6)(i.e. d u Ra T ).
dy 3

(12)

dy

V S
Ma ST
n

Suchsystemofequationsread:
d 2 f1
g1
dy 2

(11b)

d 3g

d 3g2
Ra 31 1 Ma
0
dy 3
dy

In the presence of a free liquid/gas interface such

equations must be considered together with the
socalled Marangoni boundary condition, which
neglectingviscousstressinthegas(herethedynamic
viscosityofthegassurroundingthefreeliquidsurface
will be assumed to be negligible with respect to the
viscosityoftheconsideredliquid)reads

d 2 f2
dy 2

Ra 3 y
y
6
4

(18)

generallyknownastheHadleyflow(Hadley,1735)as
it was originally used as a model of atmospheric
circulation (see, e.g., Lappa, 2012) between the poles
and equator (from a technological point of view, this

(11a)

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

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1
Ma 2
3y y
4
4

solutionisalsostronglyrelevanttothemanufactureof
bulksemiconductorcrystals).

The corresponding temperature profile changes

according to the type of boundary conditions
considered.Foradiabaticwallsitreads:

For adiabatic interface and insulated bottom wall the

temperaturedistributioncanbeexpressedas:

Ra 4 5 2 5
T x
y y y
120
6
16

T x

(19a)

(20)

3 2 3
5
Ma 4
3
3y 2 y y y
48
2
2
16

(21a)

thatforconductingboundariesmustbereplacedwith:

whereasforconductingboundariesitbecomes:
Ra 4 5 2 7
T x
y y y
120
6
48

T x

(19b)

3 2 1
3
Ma 4
3
3y 2 y y y
48
2
2
16

(21b)

0.50

Thepolynomialexpressionsandgforsuchsolutions
areplottedinFigs.2.

0.40
0.30

0.50

0.20

0.40

0.10

0.30
0.20

0.00
-0.10

0.10

-0.20
0.00

-0.30
-0.10

-0.40

-0.20

-0.50

-0.30

-0.30

-0.20

-0.40

-0.005

0.000
Velocity

0.005

0.010

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.10

0.30

0.20

a)

0.00

0.10

-0.10

0.00

-0.20

-0.10

-0.30

-0.20

-0.40

-0.30

-0.50
-0.01

-0.40

0.00

0.01
Temperature

-0.50
-0.0004

0.0000
Temperature

0.0004

0.02

b)

FIGS. 3 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF

THERMOCAPILLARYCONVECTIONININFINITELAYERWITH
BOTTOM SOLID WALL AND UPPER FREE SURFACE: (a)
VELOCITY PROFILE g(y); (b) TEMPERATURE PROFILE (y) FOR
ADIABATIC (SOLID) AND CONDUCTING (DASHED)
BOUNDARIES.

0.0008

b)

FIGS. 2 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF

THERMOGRAVITATIONAL CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER
WITH TOP AND BOTTOM SOLID WALLS: (a) VELOCITY
PROFILEg(y);(b)TEMPERATUREPROFILE(y)FORADIABATIC
(SOLID)ANDCONDUCTING(DASHED)BOUNDARIES.

Thepolynomialexpressionsandgforsuchsolutions
areplottedinFigs.3.

MarangoniFlow

HybridBuoyancyMarangoniStates

Intheabsenceofgravityandreplacingtheuppersolid
wall with a liquidgas interface supporting the
development of surfacetensiondriven (Marangoni)
convection,theexactsolutionreads(Birikh,1966):

0.10

0.40

a)

0.50

-0.0008

0.00

0.50

-0.50
-0.010

-0.10
Velocity

As shown by eqs. (5)(7), under the considered

conditions(u0,v=w=0),thenonlinearconvectiveterm
of the momentum equation becomes zero and the

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Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

0.50

energy equation reduces to u=2T/y2, i.e. the

governing equations are linear; as a consequence,
more complex solutions can be built as superposition
(addition)ofothersimpleexistingsolutions.
Along these lines, in the presence of vertical gravity
andaliquidgasinterfacesupportingthedevelopment
of surfacetensiondriven (Marangoni) convection, the
velocity profile can be obtained as the sum of two
terms, the first term corresponding to the pure
buoyancydriven flow and the second term
representing the contribution of a pure
thermocapillarydrivenflow,whichprovidesasimple
theoretical explanation for the general form given by
eqs.(9)and(10).

0.40
0.30
0.20

0.10

-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
-0.50
-0.030

Ra 3
1
2
8y 3y 3y
48
4

-0.010
0.000
Velocity

0.010

0.020
a)

0.40
0.30
0.20

0.10
0.00
-0.10
-0.20

(22)

-0.30
-0.40

Hence, the resulting profile for mixed gravitational

Marangoniconvectionhastheform:
Ra 3
1 Ma 2
1
2
u
3y y
8 y 3y 3y
4
48
4
4

-0.50
-0.001

Theassociatedtemperaturedistributionis:
1 Ra 5
5
19
1

8 y 5 y 4 10 y 3 y 2 5 y 3 y
T x

48 20
2
16
2

3
3
5
1

Ma 3 y 4 2 y 3 y 2 y y
2
2
16
2

0.000

0.001
0.002
Temperature

0.003

b)

FIGS. 4 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF PURE

THERMOGRAVITATIONAL CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER
WITH BOTTOM SOLID WALL AND UPPER STRESSFREE
SURFACE: a) VELOCITY PROFILE g(y); b) TEMPERATURE
PROFILE (y) FOR ADIABATIC (SOLID) AND CONDUCTING
(DASHED)BOUNDARIES.

(23)

GeneralProperties

(24)

The present section is devoted to illustrate some

fundamentalpropertiesofthesolutionsintroducedin
theprecedingsectionswithrespecttothewellknown
Rayleighs condition, which so much attention has
enjoyed in the literature as a means for gaining
insightsintothefluiddynamicinstabilitiesofparallel
flows in the limit as Pr0 (Rayleigh, 1880; Lin, 1944;
Rosenbluth and Simon, 1964; Drazin and Howard,
1966).

The cases of adiabatic and conducting horizontal

surfacescanbeobtainedbysettinginthisrelation=0
and=1,respectively.
Equation(24)canbeextendedtothemoregeneralcase
inwhichthebottomisconductingandaBiotnumber
is introduced to describe heat transfer at the top free
surface by assuming =Bi/(1+Bi). The solutions for
symmetrical(topandbottom)conditionscanagainbe
recoveredaslimitingcaseswhenBi0andBi:
When Bi, in fact, 1 and eq. (24) reduces to the
conducting case; when Bi0 (0), it reduces to the
insulating boundary conditions for the temperature
profile.

-0.020

0.50

Theresultingshearflowissetupbyacombinedeffect
of buoyancy and viscous surface stress due to the
temperature dependence of surface tension. The first
contributionrelatedtopurebuoyancyflow,however,
exhibitssomedifferenceswithrespecttoeq.(18)asthe
upper solid wall considered earlier must be replaced
with a stressfree boundary (see Fig. 4); the velocity
profilereads:

0.00

Letusrecallthatsuchatheoremreads:Inashearflowa
necessary condition for instability is that there must be a
pointofinflectioninthevelocityprofileu=u(y),i.e.apoint
whered2u/dy2=0.
Thesecondderivativeofsolution(18)gives:

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

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d 2u
(25)
Ra y
dy 2
that means the profile has an inflection point at
midheight(y=0)andsatisfiestheRayleighsnecessary
condition.

Rayleighs necessary condition only if 0<W<1/4 (see

Fig.5).
TheInfinitelyLongLiquidBridge
For pure Marangoni flow, the equations of thermal
convectionadmitexactsolutionsalsoforthecaseofa
liquidbridgeassumedtobeinfinitelyextendedalong
the axial direction z (Xu and Davis, 1983). For such a
casethesolutionisaxisymmetricandreads:

For pure buoyancy flow with upper free surface, i.e.

solution(22),thesecondderivativereads:
d 2 u Ra
(26)
48 y 6

dy 2
48

Ma 2 1
r
2
2
2
Ma

T z
1 r2
32
w

that gives the inflection point at a sligtly different

position(y=1/8).
Theinflectionpoint,however,isnolongerpresentfor
thecaseofpureMarangoniflowsince:
d 2u
3
(27)
Ma 0
dy 2
2

(30)
(31)

The interface (adiabatic) is assumed to be located at

r=1. The Marangoni number is defined as
Ma=RePr=TR2/ (where is the rate of constant
temperature increase along the z axis, R is the radius
of the liquid bridge). Velocity and temperature are
referred to the scales /R and R, respectively
(moreover,alldistancesarescaledonR).

thatmeansMarangoniflowsolutionsofthetypegiven
by eq. (20) do not satisfy the Rayleighs necessary
condition.
The most interesting case in this regard is, perhaps,
given by the mixed state represented by eq. (23). In
suchacase:
d 2 u Ra
(28)

48 y 6 72W
dy 2
48

According to eq. (30), the velocity component along

the axis of the liquid bridge is solely a function of z
(w=w(z)).Temperatureisafunctionofbothaxialand
radialcoordinates(zandr).

thatmakesthelocationoftheinflectionpointalinear
functionofthenondimensionalparameterW=Ma/Ra:
12W 1
(29)
y
8

InclinedSystems
Thesolutionsgivenbeforeforthecaseofahorizontal
layeroffluidwithnoslipwallssubjectedtoauniform
temperature gradient along x can be extended to the
moregeneralcaseinwhichthelayerisinclinedbyan
angle 90 with respect to the horizontal direction
(seeFig.6).

0.50
W=0.1

0.40
0.30

W=0

W=0.25

0.20

0.10

Cold

0.00
-0.10

Inflection point

-0.20

-0.30

Hot

-0.40

FIG. 6 SKETCH OF A LAYER OF INFINITE EXTENT INCLINED

WITH RESPECT TO THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
(TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ALONG THE x DIRECTION;
ANGLEBETWEENTANDg).

-0.50
-0.12

-0.08

-0.04
Velocity

0.00

0.04

FIG. 5 VELOCITY PROFILE g1(y)+Wg2(y) FOR THE CASE OF

MIXED
THERMOGRAVITATIONALTHERMOCAPILLARY
CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER WITH BOTTOM SOLID
WALL AND UPPER STRESSFREE SURFACE: THE INFLECTION
POINTDISAPPEARSFORW=0.25.

Inparticular,theanalyticalsolutionforsuchacasehas
distinctexpressionsdependingontheprojectionofthe
temperature gradient to the gravity vector, i.e.
accordingtowhetherfromaglobalpointofviewthe
layer tends to behave as a system heated from below
orfromabove(dependingonthesignof90inFig.

The inflection point disappears when y>1/2, i.e. for

W>1/4. Accordingly, these solutions satisfy the

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bytheycomponentofbuoyancy(atlowvaluesofRa,
intheconductingregimethecrossstreamtemperature
gradient is vanishingly small and the vorticity is
generated by the crossstream component of gravity,
at a rate given by sin()T/x; this induces a cellular
flowwhoseydependencecoincidesfor=90withthe
profile(6)).

6), and depending on the type of thermal conditions

alongthewalls.
In the following these expressions are given first for
the case of adiabatic walls (eqs. (32)(35)); then the
configuration with conducting boundaries is
considered(eqs.(38)(41)).
Heating from below (0<<90)
Ra sin( ) sinh( 2y ) sin( ) sinh( ) sin( 2y )
u
2 2

16
sinh( ) cos( ) cosh( ) sin( )
T x

As Ra increases, the streamwise advection creates an

increasing(positive)temperaturegradientalongthey
axis,whichactsasanothersourceofmotionowingto
the presence of the streamwise component of
buoyancy; as explained before, this term produces
vorticity at a rate given by cos()T/y and hence its
effect greatly depends on the range of the inclination
angle.

(32)

1
sinh( 2y ) sin( ) sinh( ) sin( 2y )
tan( ) 2 y
2
sinh( ) cos( ) cosh( ) sin( )

(33)
Heating from above (90<<180)
u( y)

Ra sin( ) cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) sinh( ) cos( )

3 sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )
16

sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

3 sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )
T x

Whenheatingfromabove(>90)theeffectoftheaxial
buoyancy is to suppress the convection in the center
part of the layer, as long as cos()T/y>0 while
sin()T/x<0. ForlargeenoughRaand>90,the flow
is confined to small regions near the walls where
T/y0.

(34)

1
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) sinh( ) cos( )
tan( ) 2 y

2
sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

On the contrary, if the cavity is heated from below

(<90), both sources of vorticity have the same sign
andas Raincreasesa positivefeedback loop between
u(y) and T(y) occurs: any increment of the flow
intensity increases the crossstream temperature
gradient, which in turn, enhances the intensity of the
flow.

(35)

where

1
Ra cos( )1 / 4 for <90
2

(36a)

Ra cos( )1 / 4

(36b)

1
2 2

for >90

Forconductingboundariestheexpressionsforheating
frombelowandfromaboveread:

Interestingly,somefundamentalinsightsintothiskind
of solutions can be obtained (as noticed by Delgado
BuscalioniandCrespodelArco,2001)consideringthe
vorticityproduction term of the vorticity balance
equation.Forthepresentcasesuchtermreads:

T
sin( )
cos( )
Ra
y
x

Heating from below (0<<90)

Ra sin( ) sinh( 2y ) sin( ) sinh( ) sin( 2y )
u

16
2 sinh( ) sin( )

(38)

1
1 sinh( 2y ) sin( ) sinh( ) sin( 2y )
T x tan( ) 2 y

2
2
sinh( ) sin( )

(39)
Heating from above (90<<180)
cosh( 2y ) sin( 2y ) sinh( ) cos( )
Ra sin( )
u( y)

2
2
2
2
2
16
sinh ( ) cos ( ) cosh ( ) sin ( )

(37)

The evolution of these flow profiles with Ra is ruled

by the balance of dissipation and production of
vorticity by buoyant forces. According to eq. (37)
above, the production of vorticity due to the y and x
components of buoyancy are proportional to Ra
sin()T/xandRacos()T/y,respectively.

sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

2 sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

T x

The temperature ygradient is created by the flow

advection and at low enough values of Ra it is
negligibly small; therefore, at small Ra and for any
(not vertical) inclination the flow is generated solely

(40)

1
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) sinh( ) cos( )
tan( ) 2 y

2
sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

cosh( 2y ) sin( 2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

2
( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

sinh

(41)

withgivenbyeqs.(36).

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Cold

Ra 3 x
x
6
4

(43)

this profile is generally referred to as conduction

regimesolution(owingtotheassociatedtemperature
profilealongx,thatasmentionedbeforeislinear).

u
x

Hot

Convection with Vibrations

PureThermovibrationalFlow

FIG. 7 SKETCH OF A LAYER OF INFINITE EXTENT INCLINED

WITH RESPECT TO THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION WITH
HEATING APPLIED THROUGH THE BOTTOM WALL
(TEMPERATURE GRADIENT IMPOSED ALONG THE y
DIRECTION).

Letusrecallthatthermovibrationalconvectioncanbe
regarded as a variant of the standard
thermogravitational convection for which the steady
Earth gravity acceleration is replaced by an
accelerationoscillatingintimewithagivenfrequency
(Lappa,2004,2010).

Equations (32)(35) and (38)(41) provide analytical

solutions if the imposed T is parallel to the walls as
showninFig.6;thermogravitationalconvectioninan
inclinedlayer,however,alsoadmitsexactsolutionsif
the imposed T is primarily perpendicular to the
walls i.e. if such temperature gradient acts across the
thicknessofthelayer(i.e.layerwithupperandlower
wallskeptatuniformdifferenttemperaturesasshown
inFig.7).Suchasolutionreads:

y
Ra

sin( ) y 3
6
4

Disturbances induced in a fluid by a sinusoidal

displacement of the related container along a given
direction( n istherelatedunitvector)

s t bsin( t) n

(44)

wherebistheamplitudeand=2f(fisthefrequency)
induceanacceleration:

g t g sin( t)

(42)

(45)

withRa=gTd3/.

where g b 2 n ;whichmeansvibratingasystemwith

Thecorrespondingdistributionoftemperaturealongy
is governed by diffusion only and is approximately
uniformthroughouttheplaneofthelayer.

frequency f and displacement amplitude b

corresponds to a sinusoidal gravity modulation with
the same frequency and acceleration amplitude b2
and vice versa (accordingly, hereafter the terms
gravity modulation, periodic acceleration,
container vibration and gjitter will be used as

Velocity(u)tendstozero(asexpected)inthelimitas
0(insuchacase,infact,itisawellknownfactthat
convection arises only if a given threshold of the
Rayleighnumberisexceeded).
v

Cold

2
3
synonyms). This also means that Ra b T Td can be

regardedasavariantoftheclassicalRayleighnumber
with the steady acceleration being replaced by the
amplitudeoftheconsideredperiodicacceleration.

Ingeneral,thetreatmentoftheproblemispossiblein
terms of three independent nondimensional
parameters only, where the first is the wellknown
Prandtl number (Pr) and the others are the
nondimensional frequency () and displacement (),
definedas:

Hot

FIG. 8 SKETCH OF A TRANSVERSELY HEATED VERTICAL

CAVITY IN THE LIMIT AS THE VERTICAL SCALE OF MOTION
TENDSTOINFINITY.

Itisalsoworthnoticingthatfor=90onerecoversthe
idealized case of a transversely heated vertical cavity
(in the limit as the vertical scale of motion tends to
infinity,seeFig.8):

d 2

T T
d

(46)
(47)

where,obviously2=PrRa
In the specific case of sufficiently small amplitudes
(<<1)andsufficientlylargefrequencies(>>1)ofthe

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Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

T x f ( y)

vibrations, it is known (see the historical background

reported in Lappa, 2010) that, for given Prandtl
number, vibrational convection depends only on one
relevant dimensionless parameter, the socalled
vibrational Rayleigh number originally introducedby
Gershuni(GershuniandZhukhovitskii,1979):

w( y )
w 0
0

(b T Td ) 2 ( T Td ) 2 g
2 2

2
2
2 Pr

(48)

where T is the considered applied temperature

gradient.

d2 f
u 0
dy 2
dw df

cos( ) sin( )
dy dy

Under the assumptions of small amplitudes (<<1)

and large frequencies of the vibrations (>>1), the
Gershunis formulation leads to a closed set of
equations for the timeaveraged quantities. The time
averaged continuity and energy equations remain
formally unchanged (i.e. they correspond to eqs. (1),
and (3), respectively, with T T and V V ); the time
averagedmomentumequationmustberewrittenas:

w T n w T n

(57)

d2 f
u 0
dy 2

(58)

RaV

( bT d 2 )2
2

where is the rate of uniform

temperature increase along the x axis and boundary

conditionsaty=1/2:u=0(noslip)andd/dy=0or=0
foradiabaticorconductingwalls,respectively.
Notably, the dimensionless characteristic number of
theproblemtogetherwiththecomponentsoftheunit
vector n appearingintheseequationscanbegrouped
intwoparametersonly:

(50a)
(50b)

R1 Ra v cos( ) sin( )

(59)

R 2 Ra v cos ( )

(60)

ofwhich,thefirstonecanbeusedtoobtainconditions
corresponding to the existence of the socalled states
of quasiequilibrium (no timeaverage flow) by
simply setting it equal to zero (which leads to two
possible cases of quasi equilibrium: the wellknown
condition of vibrations parallel to the temperature
gradient (=0sin()=0R1=0) and vibrations
perpendicular to the temperature gradient
(=90cos()=0R1=0)).

FIG.9SKETCHOFLAYEROFINFINITEEXTENTSUBJECTEDTO
VIBRATIONS.

Following Birikh (1990), the mathematical problem

relatedtothederivationofananalyticsolutionforthe
conditions corresponding to Fig. 9 can be defined as
follows.
Assumingagenericplaneparallelflowsolutioninthe
form:

u ( y )
V 0
0

(56)

df
d 3u
cos 2 ( ) Ra v cos( ) sin( )
Ra v
3
dy
dy

with

where w appearing in the production term (the

mathematical details related to the derivation of this
termaregiveninLappa,2010)isanauxiliarypotential
functionsatisfyingtheequations:

(55)

that combining eq. (54) with eq. (56) can be cast in

compactformas:

V
p V V Pr 2 V Pr RaV ( w T )n w w
t
(49)

w 0

(53)

the original partial differential equations for

momentum, energy and the auxiliary potential
functionwgivenbeforecanbereducedtoasystemof
ordinary differential equations (here is the angle
betweentheshakingdirectionandthexaxis):
d 3u
dw
(54)
Ra v
cos( ) 0
3
dy
dy

RaV

(52)

Ingeneral,theanalyticformoftheplaneparallelflow
established in the layer for other values of not
corresponding to equilibrium (0, 90) must be
determinedbysolutionofthesystem(54)(56)withthe
additionalconstraints:

(51)

1/ 2

u ( y ) dy

1 / 2

and 1 / 2w ( y ) dy 0

(61)

1 / 2

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

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gravity and horizontal temperature gradients T o i x ,

AsillustratedindetailbyBirikh(1990),thisapproach
leadstothefollowingmathematicalexpressions:
R cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) sinh( ) cos( ))

u( y) 1 3
16 sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

3 sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

f ( y)

reduceto:
Ra v cos( ) sin( ) Ra 0

When requisites for mechanical quasiequilibrium are

not satisfied timeaverage fluid motion arises. Such
convective states are twodimensional and admit
analytic solution in the form of planeparallel flow.
Following the general concepts introduced before for
pure thermovibrational flows, these solutions can be
representedas

(62)

1
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) sinh( ) cos( )
tan( ) 2 y

2
sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

(63)

u( y)

forthecasewithadiabaticwalls
R
cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) sinh( ) cos( )

u( y) 1 2
16 sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

2
2
2
2
sinh ( ) cos ( ) cosh ( ) sin ( )
2

f ( y)

(64)

cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

2
( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

forthecasewithconductingwalls
where
1/ 4
1

Ra v cos 2 ( )
2 2

1 R1
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) sinh( ) cos( )
2y

2 R2
sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )
cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) cosh( ) sin( )
(69)
sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

(65)

forthecasewithadiabaticwalls
R cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) sinh( ) cos( ))
u( y) 1 2

16 sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

(66)

sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

2
2
2
2
sinh ( ) cos ( ) cosh ( ) sin ( )
2

ModulatedBuoyantFlows

(70)

1 R1
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) sinh( ) cos( )
2 y
2 R2
sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )
cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) cosh( ) sin( )
(71)
sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )
f ( y)

There have also been studies on the effect of time

modulated gravity (or vibrations) on systems with
basic buoyant convection induced by vertical static
(steady and uniform) gravity and horizontal
temperaturegradients

forthecasewithconductingwalls(seeFig.10)
where
1
(72)

R2 1 / 4
2 2
(73)
R1 Ra v cos( ) sin( ) Ra

The simplest model for this kind of flows is the

canonical layer of infinite horizontal extent already
examinedbeforeforpurebuoyancy(theHadleyflow)
andvibrationalflow(purethermovibrationalflow).

R 2 Ra v cos 2 ( )

Byanalogywiththeanalogousproblemtreatedforthe
pure thermovibrational case, let us start the related
discussionbyobservingthatundertheeffectofhigh
frequency vibrations (in the framework of the
averaged formulation discussed before) also this
system admits solutions corresponding to quasi
equilibrium, i.e. states in which the mean velocity is
zero. These states are made possible by a perfect
balanceofthestaticcomponentofthebodyforceand
pressuregradientestablishedintheliquid.Therelated
mathematical (necessary) conditions of existence for
the specific case considered here, i.e. vertical steady

(68)

f ( y)

sinh

R1 cosh(2y ) sin( 2y ) sinh( ) cos( )

16 3 sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) cosh( ) sin( )

3 sinh( ) cosh( ) sin( ) cos( )

1
sinh( 2y ) cos(2y ) sinh( ) cos( ))
tan( ) 2 y

2
sinh 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) cosh 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )

(67)

(74)

0.50
0.40

Ra v =1000

0.30
0.20

0.10

Ra v =0

0.00
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
-0.50
-0.010

-0.005

0.000
Temperature

0.005

0.010

a)

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Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

0.50

Following the general concepts introduced earlier,

such solution (see Figs. 12) can be expressed as the
superposition of two components, i.e. the steady
Marangoni component proportional to Ma (Td2/)
and a periodic vibrational component proportional to
Ra (b2Td4/=2/Pr, where is the rate of
uniformtemperatureincreasealongthexaxis):
(75)
u Mag M ( y ) Ra g B ( y ) exp(it )

0.40
0.30
0.20

0.10
0.00
-0.10

Ra v =0

T x Maf M ( y ) Ra f B ( y ) exp(it )

-0.20

Rav =1000

-0.30

where, as already reported in the case of pure

Marangoniflow,foradiabatichorizontalwalls:

-0.40

1
1
g M ( y) 3 y 2 y
4
4
1
3
3
5
f M ( y) 3 y 4 2 y 3 y 2 y
48
2
2
16

-0.50
-0.0002

0.0000
Temperature

(76)

0.0002

(77)

b)
FIG. 10 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF MIXED
THERMOGRAVITATIONALTHERMOVIBRATIONAL
(AVERAGE) CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER WITH TOP
AND BOTTOM SOLID CONDUCTING WALLS (=0, Ra=1): (a)
VELOCITYPROFILEu(y);(b)TEMPERATUREPROFILE(y).

and,asanalyticallydeterminedbySureshandHomsy
(2001):

MixedMarangoni/ThermovibrationalConvection

g B ( y ) mc1 exp( m ) mc2 exp( m ) c3

(78)

m2
(79)

Likebuoyancyflow,alsothethermalMarangoniflow
canbestronglyaffectedbyimposedvibrations.Sucha
case is considered in this section (surfacetension
inducedflowinteractingwithvibrationaleffectsinthe
absence of a static acceleration component, i.e. Ma0,
RaorRav0andRa=0).

and:
f B ( y ) d1 exp(n ) d 2 exp( n ) d 3 exp(m )
d 4 exp( m ) d 5 / m 2 n 2 forPr1

(80a)

( d 2 d 4 ) exp( m ) d 5 / m 4 forPr=1

(80b)

f B ( y ) ( d1 d 3 ) exp( m )

Interesting results along these lines deserving

attention are due to Suresh and Homsy (2001), who
considered the infinite parallel Marangoni flow
subjected to gravitational modulation at low
frequencies (where the averaged model is not
applicable) for the case in which finitefrequency
vibrationsareperpendiculartothelayer(=90),(Fig.
11; they assumed as base unmodulated Marangoni
flow the popular return flow solution given by eq.
(20) and employed a quasisteady approach, in the
limitofverylowforcingfrequency).

with

1
2

(81a)

1/ 2

i
m
Pr
1/ 2
n i

c1

(81b)
(81c)

exp( m)(m 2 1) m 1
2m 4 ( m cosh( m) sinh( m))
2

exp( m)( m 2 2 1) m 1
2m 4 ( m cosh( m) sinh( m))
c3 m(c2 c1 )
c2

c 4 (c1 c 2 )

(82a)
(82b)
(82c)
(82d)

ifPr1
d1

m2
1
(c1 c 2 ) exp(n) c1 exp(m)

2n sinh( n) n 2 m 2

c 2 exp( m)

d2
FIG. 11 SKETCH OF FLUID LAYER OF INFINITE EXTENT WITH
UPPER FREE SURFACE SUBJECTED TO VIBRATIONS

s t bsin( t)n WITHARBITRARYDIRECTION.

10

1 exp( n)

m2n2

m2
1
(c1 c 2 ) exp(n) c1 exp(m)

2n sinh( n) n 2 m 2

c 2 exp( m)

(83a)

1 exp( n)

m2n2

(83b)

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

mc1
n m2
mc
d4 2 2 2
n m
c
d 5 32
n

d3

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Solutions in the Presence of Static and

Uniform Magnetic Fields

(83c)

(83d)

In many material processing techniques, a magnetic

fieldiscommonlyusedtocontroltheliquidflows.Its
action can lead to the braking of the flow (i.e. the
reductionoftherateofconvectivetransport)ortothe
dampingofpossibleoscillatoryconvectiveinstabilities.
Forthesereasons,anumberoftheoreticalstudieshave
appeared during recent years concerning the effect of
magnetic fields on the basic flow motion in several
geometrical models of semiconductor growth
techniques.

(83e)

ifPr=1
d1

1
2 sinh( m)c1 m(c1 exp(m)
4m sinh( m)

c 2 exp( m))
d2

2(1 exp( m))

m4

(84a)

1
2 sinh( m)c 2 m(c1 exp(m)
4m sinh( m)

c 2 exp( m))

c1
2
c2
d4
2
c3
d5 2
m
d3

2(1 exp( m))

m4

(84c)

The present section illustrates the effect of a constant

magnetic field (static and uniform) on the
fundamental solutions for gravitational and
Marangoniconvectionintroducedinearliersections.

(84d)

PhysicalPrinciplesandGoverningEquations

(84b)

Themotionofanelectricallyconductingmeltundera
magneticfieldinduceselectriccurrents.Lorentzforces,
resulting from the interaction between the electric
currentsandthemagneticfield,affecttheflow.

(84e)

withthehorizontalboundarieslocatedaty=1/2.

In the following, as stated in the title of the present

subsection, the physics of the problem and the
introductionofthecorrespondingmodelequationsare
considered for the simple and representative case of
constantmagneticfields.
A uniform magnetic field with magnetic flux density
(alsoreferredtoasmagneticinduction)Bogeneratesa
damping Lorentz force through the aforementioned
electric currents induced by the motion across the
magnetic field that in dimensional form can be
expressed as F L J f B where J f is the electrical
a)

current density. Like other body forces (e.g., the

buoyancy forces), an account for this force can be
yielded simply adding a relevant term to the
momentumequation.
Following this approach, scaling the magnetic flux
density with Bo and the electric current density J f
with eVrefBo, the momentum equation including the
Lorentzforce,canbewritteninnondimensionalform
(assuming as usual Vref=/d) and in the absence of
phasetransitionsas:
V
p V V Pr 2 V Pr RaT i g Pr Ha 2 J f i Bo
t
(85)
whereHaisthesocalledHartmannnumber

b)
FIGS. 12 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF MIXED
MARANGONITHERMOVIBRATIONAL
CONVECTION
IN
INFINITE LAYER WITH ADIABATIC BOUNDARIES (Pr=1, Ma=1,
=90,Ra=5,=1).

11

www.seipub.org/rap

Ha Bo d e

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

1/ 2

FIELD WITH VERTICAL, STREAMWISE OR SPANWISE

DIRECTION.

(86)

In the case of vertical field, the analytic solution (see,

e.g.,Kaddecheetal.,2003)reads:

eistheelectricalconductivityandiBotheunitvector
inthedirectionofBo.

Thenondimensionalelectriccurrentdensity J f canbe
expressedviatheOhmslawforamovingfluidas:

J f E V i Bo

T x

(87)

whereEistheelectricfieldnormalizedbyVrefBo.Since
(see Lappa, 2010), in many cases of technological
interest) the unsteady induced field is negligible, in
particular, the electric field can be written as the
gradientofanelectricpotential:
E e

Ra
Ha 2

sinh( Hay )
y3

2
2 Ha sinh( Ha / 2) 6

(92)

(93)

with the horizontal boundaries located at y=1/2 and

theparametergivenby:

(88)

1
cosh( Ha / 2)

8 2 Ha sinh( Ha / 2)

(94a)

foradiabaticboundariesand

Theconservationoftheelectriccurrentdensitygives:
J

Ra sinh( Hay )

Ha 2 2 sinh( Ha / 2)

(89)

1
1

24 Ha 2

(94b)

which combined with eq. (88) leads to a Poisson

equationfortheelectricpotential:

forconductingboundaries.

2 e V i Bo i Bo V

If a horizontal magnetic field parallel to the applied

temperature gradient (magnetic field applied along
the xdirection) is considered, there is no direct effect
of the field on the parallel flow in the layer as the
velocity is parallel to the field direction ( V i Bo 0 ),

(90)

Finally,themomentumequationcanberewrittenas:
V
p V V Pr 2 V Pr RaT i g
t

(91)

Pr Ha 2 e V i Bo i Bo

which (taking into account eqs. (87)(90)) leads to the

vanishingoftheproductiontermineq.(91).Thebasic
flow is, hence, the flow without magnetic field given
byeq.(18).

BuoyantConvectionwithaMagneticField
Thesimplestmodelinsuchacontextistheflowinan
infinite planar liquid metal layer confined between
two horizontal solid walls driven by a horizontal
temperature gradient (the canonical infinite Hadley
flow whose general properties have been treated in a
previoussectionintheabsenceofmagneticfields).

For a magnetic field still horizontal but directed

spanwise to the basic flow (i.e. a magnetic field
applied along the zdirection), the basic parallel flow
inthelayerisstilltheflowwithoutmagneticfield.
A justification for such a behavior is not
straightforward as one would assume, and deserves
somespecificadditionalinsights.

Notably, for electrically insulating horizontal walls

such a flow admits analytical expression even in the
casesinwhichitissubjectedtoamagneticfieldwith
direction vertical or parallel to the applied
temperaturegradient,orevendirectedspanwisetothe
basicflow(seeFig.13).

First of all, it has to be noted that as long as we

consider the basic flow as being horizontally
homogeneous, the electric field induced by the liquid
motion is uniform and directed perpendicular to the
planeofthelayer.Zerocirculationofthisfield(related
tothefundamentalirrotationalnatureofelectricfields
when steady magnetic fields are considered) implies
thatnoelectriccurrentsclosingwithintheliquidlayer
canbeinduced,buttheelectricimpermeabilityofthe
horizontalboundariesalsoprecludesthepossibilityof
any electric current passing normally through the
layer; thereby, insulating horizontal walls lead to a
separation of electric charges over the depth of the
layer, so giving rise to an electrostatic field which

FIG. 13 SKETCH OF LIQUID LAYER UNDER THE EFFECT OF A

HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT AND A MAGNETIC

12

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

www.seipub.org/rap

cancelsthatinducedbytheliquidmotion.Asaresult,
there is no electric current induced by a horizontally
uniform basic flow in a coplanar magnetic field and,
therefore, there is no direct influence of the magnetic
fieldonthebasicflow.

AkademiiNaukSSSR,MekhanikaZhidkostiiGaza,No.
4,pp.1215,JulyAugust,1990.
DelgadoBuscalioniR.andCrespodelArcoE.,(2001),Flow
and heat transfer regimes in inclined differentially
heatedcavities,Int.J.HeatMassTransfer,44:19471962.

MarangoniFlowwithaMagneticField

Drazin P. and Howard L.N., (1966), Hydrodynamic

Notably, like the Hadley flow discussed before, also

the infinite surfacetensiondriven flow admits
analytical expression under the effect of a magnetic
field.

stability of parallel flow of inviscid fluid, Adv. Appl.

Mech.,9:189.
GershuniG.Z.andZhukhovitskiiE.M.,(1979),Freethermal
convection in a vibrational field under conditions of

Inparticular,ifthemagneticfieldisparalleltothefree
surface, i.e. satisfies Biy=0 (hereafter referred to as
coplanar field), then, following the same arguments
alreadyprovidedfortheinfiniteHadleyflow,itcanbe
concludedthatthefieldhasnoinfluenceonthebasic
flow, and consequently the parallel flow remains the
sameaswithoutit(thisisexactlythereturnflowgiven
byeq.(20)).

weightlessness,Sov.Phys.Dokl.,24(11):894896.
Hadley G., (1735), Concerning the cause of the general
tradewinds,Phil.Trans.Roy.Soc.Lond.,29:5862.
KaddecheS.,HenryD.andBenHadidH.,(2003),Magnetic
stabilization of the buoyant convection between infinite
horizontalwallswithahorizontaltemperaturegradient,
J.FluidMech.,480:185216.

By contrast, if the magnetic field is perpendicular to

the free surface the analytic solution (neglecting
exponentially small terms for strong magnetic field
Ha>>1)becomes(Priedeetal.,1995):
1
1

u Ma
exp y Ha

2
Ha
1
1
1

exp y Ha
2
2
Ha 2
Ha

LappaM.,(2010),ThermalConvection:Patterns,Evolution
andStability,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,700pp.ISBN13:
9780470699942, ISBN10: 0470699949, John Wiley &
Sons,Ltd(2010,Chichester,England).
Lappa M., (2004), Fluids, Materials and Microgravity:
Numerical Techniques and Insights into the Physics,

(95)

538 pp, ISBN13: 9780080445083, ISBN10: 00804

4508X,ElsevierScience(2004,Oxford,England).

1
1
y y 1

exp y Ha
T x Ma

2
3
2
2
Ha
Ha

1
y
1

exp y Ha
2
Ha 3 Ha 4

Lappa M., (2012), Rotating Thermal Flows in Natural and

IndustrialProcesses,540pp.ISBN13:978111996079
9, ISBN10: 1119960797, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2012,

(96)

Chichester,England).
Lin C.C., (1944), On the stability of twodimensional

where, as usual, the horizontal boundaries are

assumed to be located at y=1/2 and Ma= Td2/ (
being the rate of uniform temperature increase along
the x axis and d the depth of the layer), Ha=Bod
(e/)1/2.

parallelflows,Proc.NAS,30(10):316324.
Priede J., Thess A., Gerbeth G., (1995), Thermocapillary
instabilities in liquid metal: Hartmann number versus
Prandtlnumber,Magnetohydrodynamics,31(4):420428.
Rosenbluth M.N. and Simon A., (1964), Necessary and

REFERENCES

sufficient conditions for the stability of plane parallel

inviscidflow,Phys.Fluids,7(4):557558.

Birikh R.V., (1966), Thermocapillary convection in a

Suresh V. and Homsy G.M., (2001), Stability of return

horizontal fluid layer, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 7: 43

thermocapillary flows under gravity modulation, Phys.

49.

Fluids,13:31553167.

BirikhR.V.,(1990),Vibrationalconvectioninaplanelayer

Xu J.J. and Davis S.H., (1983), Liquid Bridges with

with a longitudinal temperature gradient, Fluid

thermocapillarity,Phys.Fluids,26(10):28802886.

Dynamics, 25(4): 500503. Translated from Izvestiya

13

www.seipub.org/rap

Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

Marcello Lappa is Senior Researcher and Activity

Coordinator at Telespazio (formerly, Microgravity
Advanced Research and Support Center).He has about100
publications(mostofwhichassingleauthor)inthefieldsof
fluid motion and stability behavior, organic and inorganic
materials sciences and crystal growth, multiphase flows,
solidification, biotechnology and biomechanics, methods of
numerical analysis in computational fluid dynamics and
heat/mass transfer, high performance computing (parallel
machines). In 2004 he authored the book Fluids, Materials
and Microgravity: Numerical Techniques and Insights into
thePhysics(2004),ElsevierScience,thatowingtothetopics
treated is currently used as a reference book in the field of
microgravity disciplines and related applications. He is
EditorinChief (2005present) of the international scientific
Journal Fluid Dynamics and Materials Processing (ISSN
1555256X). In 2010 he authored the book Thermal
Convection: Patterns Evolution and Stability (2010), John
Wiley&Sons,inwhichacritical,focusedandcomparative
study of different types of thermal convection typically
encountered in natural or technological contexts

14

(thermogravitational,
thermocapillary
and
thermovibrational) was elaborated (including the effect of
magnetic fields and other means of flow control). He
extendedthetreatmentofthermal convection to the caseof
rotating fluids in a subsequent book (Rotating Thermal
Flows in Natural and Industrial Processes, John Wiley &
Sons, 2012), expressly conceived for a broader audience of
students (treating not only fluid mechanics, thermal,
mechanicalandmaterialsengineering,butalsometeorology,
oceanography, geophysics and atmospheric phenomena in
othersolarsystembodies).Inrecentyears,hehastakencare
oftheactivities(atTelespazio)forpreparationandexecution
of space experiments in the field of fluids onboard the
International Space Station (ISS) in direct cooperation with
NASA on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Related activities include: design of the mission scenario
(Mission Operation Implementation Concept); development
of all the products required to manage the payload
(procedures, payload regulations, joint operation interfaces,
payload technical support concept, certification of flight
readiness);coordinationofexperimentscienceteams.