Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.seipub.org/rap
TheoryoftheQuantumHallEffect:Cyclotron
Resonance,KohnsTheoremandHubbard
Model
CorrectTheoryofHallEffect
KeshavN.Shrivastava*,
*
SchoolofPhysics,UniversityofHyderabad,Hyderabad500046India
keshav1001@yahoo.com
Abstract
A monolayer of carbon is called graphene. It exhibits
unusual properties in the Hall effect and in the cyclotron
resonance.Itisfoundthatitexhibitsfractionalchargeinthe
Hall effect. The interactions amongst electrons almost
become constant at low temperatures. Hence, the Kohns
theorem, which shows that the interactions do not play
much roleindetermining the cyclotron resonance, becomes
operativeatlowtemperatures.Theexperimentsongraphene
do not depend on the wave vector dependence of the
frequency. Hence whether the dispersion depends on k2 or
on k does not matter. The Hubbard model has been very
successfulinexplainingthegroundstateofseveralelectron
systems. We consider a triangle with three vortices. Each
vortexcanbeoccupiedbytwoelectrons.Byusingthespinin
aparticularway,wecanobtainnewfeaturesintheHubbard
model. There is a doubling in the PeierlsLuttinger phase
factorandeigenvaluesacquirehighermultiplicitiesthanare
known for the usual treatment of spin. The flux is
distributedontheareaofthetriangle.Thegrapheneconsists
of hexagons of carbon atoms but the Hall effect shows that
there are defects on which electrons form clusters so that
there is spin wave type behaviour. A cluster of electrons
showsspinwavesleadingtospindeviationofseveralper
cent.
This document gives formatting instructions for authors
preparingpapersforpublicationinthisjournal.Allauthors
must follow the instructions given in this document for the
papers to be published. You can use this document as both
aninstructionsetandasatemplateintowhichyoucantype
yourowntext.
Keywords
Graphene;KohnsTheorem;QuantumHalleffect;HubbardModel
Introduction
A monolayer of carbon atoms with hexagonal
structureis called graphene. Thereisno doubt that it
15
www.seipub.org/rap
willseethatsuchamodificationdependsonspinand
theangularmomentum.
whereNisthetotalnumberofparticles.Thevaluesof
the magnetic field for which levels are filled are
givenby,
1
2e
(12)
B
cA
where,
A
Kohns Theorem
2 2 N
(13)
L1 L 2
istheinverseareaoftheFermisurface.
Modification. The cyclotron resonance without the
Wefirstdefinethecyclotronfrequencyas,
interactioncanbeobtainedwithfractionalchargesby
eB
c
(1)
a
suitable modification of the unperturbed
mc
Hamiltonian.
In this way the Kohns theorem is
whereeisthechargeoftheelectron,Bisthemagnetic
retained, i.e., we can get the correct cyclotron
field in the z direction, m is the mass of the electron
resonance without the interaction. We replace the
and c is the velocity of light. The momentum of the
equation(1)by,
electronalongydirectionispi,y+(eB/mc)mxi,hencethe
1 eB
componentsare,
c g
(14)
2
mc
Pi [ p i , x , p i , y (eB / mc)mxi , p i , z ] (2)
whereg=(2j+1)/(2l+1)sothat(10)ismodifiedto,
sothattheHamiltonianis,
1
1
En= (n ) c g .(15)
1
N 2
2
2
H=
i 1 Pi U (3)
2m
The equation (15) explains all of the graphene data
For a twodimensional electron gas confined to a
correctly [14] and as we see, there is no interaction
rectangle, L1L2 in the xy plane, the singleparticle
and the Kohns theorem is obeyed in spite of the
Hamiltonianis,
modification.
1
eB
H1=
[ px2 ( p y
mx) 2 ] (4)
Interactions.AsoriginallysuggestedbyKohntheorem,
2m
mc
the interactions play no role in determining the
whoseeigenfunctionsare,
cyclotron frequency. Then what happened to the
n,k exp(iky )u n ( x k / s1 ) (5)
interactions? There are two types of cyclotron
resonances, (i) E E c where E and E are
where
eB
withinoneband.Inthatcase,theinteractionsaregone
(6)
s1
c
inthegvaluewhichdoesnotconstituteaninteraction.
istheinversearea.Eachlevelhasadegeneracy,
Hence, the Kohn theorem is well obeyed. (ii) It is
s1
eB L1 L 2
possible that interactions should be added as an
g 1 L1 L 2
(7)
c
energysothatoneparticleisinthevalencebandand
sothat,
the other is in the conduction band so that the
hc
transition requires an extra energy produced by the
cg 1 eBL1 L2 or g 1 B(2 L1 L2 ) .(8)
interaction. The resonance then occurs at a modified
e
frequency, E E c . As far as the
Hence,g1isanumberequalto1or2.Ingeneral,g1is
aninteger.Thenthharmonicoscillatoreigenfunction
experiments are concerned this will give rise to a
oftheHamiltonian,
modifiedgvalue, E E =(1/2)g .Thegap
1
2
Thenumberoffilledlevelsis .Thehigherlevelsare
empty,
n , k (n ) c .(10)
g1=N(11)
16
1
H=
( p x 2 2 s1 2 x 2 ) (9)
2m
isunandtheeigenvaluesofn,kare,
www.seipub.org/rap
| k 3 j 1e ikj | j (21)
(| 1 | 2 | 3 )
3
1
(| 1 exp(i 2 / 3) | 2 exp(i 4 / 3) | 3 )
3
1
(| 1 exp(2 / 3) | 2 exp(i 4 / 3) | 3 )
(22)
andtheireigenvaluesare,
E1 E 2 | t | cos(2 / 3) g * B H . z S z
E 2 E 2 | t | cos[2 ( 1) / 3] g * B H . z S z
E 3 E 2 | t | cos[2 ( 1) / 3] g * B H . z S z
(23)
where,
1 1 0
(24)
2 0 1
zSz
hc (16)
e
Thetotalfluxiswhichisevenlydistributedsothat,
1
3
hc
e (25)
12 (17)
B. A
Similarly,
whichintheHubbardmodelbecomes,
1
3
23 31 . (18)
B. A 312
TheHubbardHamiltonianforthissystemis,
hc
e (26)
Inordertopredicttheplateauscorrectly,wereplaceg
by,
1
s
2 j 1
2
g2
2l 1
2l 1 (27)
E1( ) E 2 | t | cos(2 / 3)
t ij ( B ) t ij exp(2i ij ) .(20)
E1( )
17
www.seipub.org/rap
fortheCoulombinteraction,whetheritappliestothe
data or in what way it enters into the theory? The
repulsive Coulomb interaction between electrons is
givenby,
Hc= ij '
e2
(35)
rij
so that E1(+) has two values and E1() also has two
values. Hence E1 splits into 4 values instead of the
usual2,withsimilarsplittingforE2andE3of(23).
Peierls-Luttinger Phase
Thephasefactoris,
12
2l 1 .Thefluxquantizesas,
1
l s
2
(l
1
s )e
2
Forl=0,s=1/2,thereisadivergencesothattheareaof
thequantizedfluxbecomesverylargeforthenegative
sign.For,l=0,s=1/2andpositivesign,
B.A/3=12.hc/e(31)
Forl=1,s=1/2,withpositivesign,
B. A
3 hc
(32)
12
3
2 e
whereasforl=1,s=1/2,andnegativesign,
B. A
hc
12 .3 .(33)
e
3
18
eB
ij e 2
hc
1/ 2
(36)
whichvariesasB1/2.Usually,thedistancebetweentwo
electrons enters the Coulomb interaction rather than
the distance upto which flux is quantized. Therefore
(36)ismuchsmallerthan(35)buttheadvantageisthat
there is a quantized field instead of the Coulomb
repulsion. If the cyclotron resonance shift is
proportional to the B1/2, then we can conclude that
electronsareconfinedwithintheareainwhichfluxis
quantizedandtherearenoelectronsoutsidethisarea
and there is a reduced Coulomb interaction. If the
experimental data does not give the square root
dependent shift, then it means that there is no
Coulomb interaction as such except that which might
be absorbed in the unperturbed Hamiltonian by a
transformation.Inthecaseofspecialpropertiesofspin
withbothsignsinthetotalangularmomentumj=ls,
there is no interaction and all the interpretation is
based on the unperturbed Hamiltonian [1221].
Similarly, Kohns theorem requires no interaction to
appearin the cyclotron resonance. If the Hamiltonian
is H = gBB.s, there is no interaction and the
unperturbed Hamiltonian is sufficient to explain the
data except that some effect of the interaction is
absorbedinthegvalue.Itwasfound[24]byThomas
in1926,thatthederivativeoftheCoulombinteraction,
Vc, appears in the coupling constant of the spinorbit
interaction,
R
c
(r )
1 d
Vc (37)
2m c r dr
1
2 2
with
Hso= k (rk ) L k .S k (38)
which is small compared with the Coulomb
interaction, Vc. If the experimental data shows that
shiftisproportionaltoB1/2,thenitmeansthatthereis
interactionsothatKohnstheoremdoesnotapply.On
the other hand, if data did not give B1/2, then there is
nointeractionandKohnstheoremapplies.Theshiftof
the cyclotron resonance measured [6] in a sample of
www.seipub.org/rap
Henriksen,E.A.,CaddenZimansky,P.,Jiang,Z.,Li,Z.Q.,
Tung,L.C.,Schwartz,M.E.,Takita,M.,Y.J.Wang,Y.
J.,KimP.andStormer,H.L.,Phys.Rev.Lett.104(2010)
067404.
Hubbard,J.,Proc.R.Soc.A240(1957)539;A243(1959)336.
Jiang,Z.,Zhang,Y.,Stormer,H.L.andKimP.Phys.Rev.
Lett.99(2007)106802.
Kohn,W.,Phys.Rev.123(1961)12421244.
Luttinger,J.M.,Phys.Rev.84(1951)814.
Peierls,R.,Z.Phys.80(1933)763.
Radhika Devi V. and Shrivastava, K.N., Spectrochimica
ActaA95,172176(2012).
Shrivastava, K. N., AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 1017(2008), p. 422
428.
Shrivastava,K.N.,Proc.SPIE(USA)7155(2008)71552F.
Conclusions
Shrivastava,K.N.,AIPConf.Proc.1150(2009)5967.
Shrivastava, K. N., Phys. Lett. A113 (1986) 435; 115 (1986)
495(E).
Shrivastava,K.N.,Phys.Lett.A326(2004)469472.
Shrivastava,K.N.,Mod.Phys.Lett.B,13(1999)1087.
Shrivastava,K.N.,Mod.Phys.Lett.B14(2000)1009.
Shrivastava,K.N.,AIPConf.Proc.1169(2009)4854.
Shrivastava,K.N.,AIPConf.Proc.1169(2009)241246.
Shrivastava,K.N.,AIPConf.Proc.1250(2010)2730.
Shrivastava,K.N.,AIPConf.Proc.1250(2010)261264.
Shrivastava, K.N., Introduction to quantum Hall effect,
ISBN1590334191,NovaSci.NewYork(2002).
Shrivastava, K.N., Quantum Hall Effect: Expressions,
NovaSciencePublishers,NewYork,2005,ISBN159454
3992.
Shrivastava,K.N.,AIPConf.Proc.1325,1619(2010).
Shrivastava,K.N.,Proc.Conf.HonourMurrayGellManns
80thBirthday,QuantumMechanics,ElementaryParticles,
QuantumCosmologyandComplexity,ISBN13978981
4335607, ISBN 109814335606, World Scientific Pub.
REFERENCES
Co,PteLtd,Singapore,(2011).pp511517.
Shrivastava,K.N.,Int.J.Mod.Phys.B25,13011357(2011).
(WorldSci.)10[IssueNo.3]507514(2011).
R.RazaliandM.Narahari,ISBN9780735410947].
Essler,F.H.L.,Frahm,H.,Gohmann,F.,KlumperA.and
M.Narahari,ISBN9780735410947].
CambridgeUniversityPress,2005.
19
www.seipub.org/rap
HewasProfessorintheUniversityofHyderabadfrom1978
till2005.HeservedasProfessorintheUniversityofMalaya
from2005till2011.HeworkedinU.S.A.for5+1/2yearsand
inUK,Japan,theNetherlands,SwedenandSwitzerlandfor
varying lengths of times. He has published 230 papers
withinthelast45years.Heistheauthorofseveralbooks.(i)
Superconductivity:Elementary topics, World Scientific Pub.
Co.Singapore2000,(ii)IntroductiontoquantumHalleffect,
Nova Science Publisher, New York 2002 and (iii) Quantum
Halleffect:Expressions,NovaSciencePublishers,NewYork
2005.
Tsui,D.C.,StormerH.L.andGossard,A.C.,Phys.Rev.Lett.
48(1982)1559.
Thomas,L.H.,Nature117(1926)514.
VonKlitzing,K.,Dorda,G.,andPepper,M.,Phys.Rev.Lett.
45(1980)494.
Zabidi, N. A., Kassim, H. A. and Shrivastava, K. N., AIP
Conf.Proc.Vol.1017(2008),p.326.
20