CHAPTER

6 Transformer

protection

BYB.DAKERS
INTRODUCTION
Types of Fault and Effects

The increasing demand for power on distribution

and
transmission
systems throughout
the world has resulted
in transformers
of very large capacity. Whilst this has
certain economic advantages in maintenance
as well as
installation
and running costs, it creates the very real
danger that a transformer
fault will cause a large interruption to power supplies.
In general,
transformer
breakdowns
are relatively
few, but repair and replacement
of large transformer
units means considerable
expenditure
and time, and
further, if faulted units are not cleared quickly and selectively can cause serious damage and power system stability problems.
Protective schemes applied to transformers
thus play
a vital role in the economics and operation of a power
system. The percentage
cost of protection
compared
with the capital cost of the transformer
being protected
is extremely small making it totally uneconomic to apply
anything less than a complete scheme of protection,
to
large transformer
units.
This of course is not true of smaller transformer
units
where their loss may not be so important
to system
operation.
For these units the protection
applied must
be a balance against economic considerations.
The following notes give some guidance on the protection schemes
manufactured
by Reyrolle
Protection
Limited for application
to transformers.
It will be concluded from these notes and published literature
that
Reyrolle Protection
Limited manufacture
a complete
range of relays to protect transformer
units.

To design a protective scheme it is necessary to have an

intimate
knowledge
of the faults that have to be
detected.
With regard to transformers
fig. 1 shows the types of
fault that can be exoerienced.
1. Earth fault on H.V. external connections.
2. Phase to phase fault on H.V. external connections.
3. Internal earth fault on H.V. windings.
4. Internal phase to phase fault on H.V. windings.
5. Short circuit between turns H.V. windings.
6. Earth fault on L.V. external connections.
7. Phase to phase fault on L.V. external connections.
8. Internal earth fault on L.V. windings.
9. Internal phase to phase fault on L.V. windings.
10. Short circuit between turns L.V. windings.
11. Earth fault on tertiary winding.
12. Short circuit between turns tertiary winding.
internal fault.
13. Auxiliary transformer
14. Earth or phase to phase fault on L.V. connection of
auxiliary transformer.
15. Sustained system earth-fault.
16. Sustained system phase to phase fault.
Earth Faults

The following conditions

must exist for earth fault
current to flow:A path exists for current to flow into and out of the
windings i.e. zero-sequence
path.

W.V.
WNo\Nb
tERnA& wiu01ti
________"""'"'"'__""_,

LUbllNDW6

--______-____---___----___
MAIN TRAMSFORMER

- - &LIAltf

FIG. 1. TRANSFORMERFAULTS

104

5UfklES

?iqf=Ji
0

01

0,

K.

FIG.~~.VARIATIONOFFAULTCURRENTONDEL.TAAND
STARSIDESOFTRANSFORMERFORFAULTONSTAR
WINDING.

i\
\\
\
FIG. 2c.
DISTRIBUTION

Star Connection

ts
\\

__

FAULTCURRENTMAGN~TUDE
FOREARTHFAULTON
DELTA

Resistance

AND
WINDING.

Earthing

The fault current in this case is primarily determined

by the earthing resistance. The value of earth fault current is directly proportional
to the position of the fault in
the winding the curve being as shown in fig. 2b.
Delta Connection

Earthing Transformer

Fault current in this case is determined

by the impedance of the earthing transformer
windings. The distribution is as shown in fig. 2c.
0.2
u-

O'$

0.6

0.8

The above earth fault currents, particularly in the case

of solid earthing,
flow through the transformer
coils
causing them to try to assume a circular shape and thus
produce very high mechanical stresses which are proportional to the square of the current. In resistance earthing
the fault current is much reduced but consideration
must
be given to the possibility of flashover particularly if the
resistor is of the liquid type.

FIG. 2a.

FAULTCURRENT DISTRIBUTION&
MAGNITUDE
STARPOINT OFA
FOREARTHFAULTNEAR
33KVSOMVATRANSFORMER

That ampere
the windings.

turns balance

is maintained

between

Phase Faults

The magnitude of earth fault current is dependent on the

method of earthing, i.e. solid, resistance or transformer,
and transformer
connection,
i.e. star or delta.
Star Connection

Phase faults have a similar effect to that of an earth

fault on a solidly earthed transformer
since current is
only limited by transformer
winding impedance.

Solid Earthing

Transformer

The distribution
of fault current for this configuration
is shown in fig. 2a. It is only dependent
on transformer
winding impedance and thus is not directly proportional
to the position of fault. The reactance decreases very
quickly so that fault current is actually highest for a fault
near the neutral point.

Connections

and Fault Current Flow

Under fault conditions,

currents are distributed
in different ways according to the winding connections.
An
understanding
of the various fault current distribution
is
essential for the design of balanced differential
protection, the performance
of directional relays and setting of
105

FIG.

3a.

FLOW

OF FAULT

CURRENTS

IN TRANSFORMER

WINDINGS

applying the rule that the ampere turns produced by the

fault currents flowing in the transformers
secondary
windings are balanced by equivalent ampere turns in the
primary windings.

overcurrent
and earth fault relays. Figures 3a and 3b
show some typical examples. The current values shown
are for transformers
with equal phase voltages on primary and secondary
side. The currents are devised by
106

SOURCE

-------------,

-I

qEgrf
I-

SOURCL

!-

L--

f,

---e---m---

r -_-_-___

~------~~

*fq&
ve

11;

mPl
L________

+--vTi=
L-_ --_A

FIG.

3b.

FLOW

OF FAULT

CURRENTS

Having a knowledge
of the various connections
and
characteristics
of transformers
in terms of type of fault
and current expected on internal fault to give operation
and external faults to define stability limit, we can proteed to the methods employed to detect faults and the
Reyrolle Protection
range of relays for this purpose.

protective

schemes

applied

WINDINGS.

mers are generally based on the current balance prmciple of magnitude

comparison
of currents flowing into
and out of the transformer.
This principle can be used to protect the transformer
windings separately or as an overall unit. However, in
the latter case as we shall see later, certain refinements
are necessary.
To explain the basic principle consider a single phase
arrangement
as shown in fig. 4. It will be seen that under

Current Balance Principle

The differential

IN TRANSFORMER

to transfor-

107

quiescent
conditions,
magnetizing
conditions,
normal
load and through fault conditions that current circulates
between the two current transformers
which results in
no current flowing in realys Rl and R2. This is a stability
condition.
If we now consider an earth fault at X shown in fig.
4d it is seen that the balance is disturbed and current
flows in relays Rl and R2. As fault X approaches
Z
the transformer
acts as an auto-transformer
so that 12
increases and Ii decreases. The resultant current is sufficient to operate the relay for all positions of X, and
therefore
the whole of the windings can be protected
using this principle.
When the system is resistance
earthed (fig. 4e) I2
decreases as x approaches
Z. As a result the amount
of winding protected depends upon the relay sensitivity,
i.e. fault setting.

The main problem experienced

in designing a current
balance scheme is ensuring stability on through faults
which cause unequal saturation of the C.T.s during the
first few cycles after the fault initiation. This is overcome
by using a relay of high impedance,
as our type 4B3,
which has a high value stabilising resistor connected
in
the relay circuit.
This scheme has now been in use for many years, the
simplicity in application being that the performance
of
the protection on both fault setting and stability can be
calculated with certainty. This is shown in fig. 6.
Stability

For a given through fault current (I) the maximum

voltage that can occur across the relay circuit is given by:
VR

Three-phase

Where

Extending
the foregoing
principle
to three-phase
transformers
the connections
will be as shown in fig. 5.
Since both of these schemes only protect the transformer
on earth faults within the zone covered by the C.T.s; this
scheme of protection
is known as RESTRICTED
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION.
The Reyrolle Protection relay designed for this application
is the type
__
4B3.
-

P2

= +R

R = Maximum lead resistance

X = CT secondary resistance

This is based on the assumption of a worst condition

when one current transformer
completely saturates and
ceases to transform any part of the primary fault current,
whilst the other CT continues to transform accurately.
If the setting voltage of the relay is made equal to or
greater than this voltage the protection will be stable for
currents up to the through fault current level used in the

*
RI
b
-*

e
FIG. 4.

+ X)

PRINCIPLESOFSEPARATEWINDINGCURRENTBALANCESCHEMES

108

calculation.
The knee point voltage of the C.T.s is
designed to be at least twice this value in order to ensure
high speed operation
of the relay.

This may be necessary when the CT excitation currents and relay current give a primary setting too low in
relation to CT steady state errors.

0.

b.

FIG. 5a.

RESTRICTEDEARTHFAULTPROTECTIONSTARCONNECTED

WINDING.

c.

Fault Setting

This is given by:IFS = N (IR + IA + IB)

Where
IR = Relay circuit current
IA, IB = CT excitation
tage

at setting

currents

FIG. 6. PRINCIPLEOFMERZ-PRICECIRCULATINGCURRENT
(ORCURRENT-BALANCE)PROTECTIVE
SYSTEM:- USINGHIGHIMPEDENCERELAYS.

voltage

at relay setting

vol-

N = CT ratio.
Type 4B3 Relay

The primary fault setting can be adjusted to the level

required by adjustment of the relay circuit current using
resistors connected
across the relay circuit.

The circuitry of our type 4B3 relay is shown in fig. 7.

The operating element is a type B61 d.c. attracted armature relay energised
from a full wave rectifier.
The
capacitor, in conjunction
with the resistors, forms a low
pass filter circuit. The function of this is to increase the
setting in relation to harmonic frequencies thus retaining
stability under high frequency
currents which can be
produced in certain installations
during switching. The
variable resistor R2 to R6 enables the voltage setting to
be adjusted and the non-linear
resistor Ml limits the

MIN.
FIG. 5b.

RESTRICTEDEARTHFAULTPROTECTIONDELTACONNECTEDWINDING.

FIG. 7.

109

4B3

RELAYCIRCUIT.

-----

peak voltage output from the C.T.s during internal fault

and so protect the secondary
wiring which otherwise
may flash over and short circuit the relay resulting in
failure to trip.
Summarising:
separate
winding
current
balance
schemes are:(u) Unaffected
by load current, external
fault or
magnetizing
inrush currents.
(6) Unaffected
by the ratio of transformer
(c) Complete winding can be protected with solidly
earthed neutral but not when resistance earthed.
(d) Will not detect phase faults (three-phase
protection) shorted turns or open circuits.

ever, any mismatch in C.T.s will result in unbalance

current which will flow in the relay circuit. Since most
transformers
are equipped with tap changing the design
of an overall scheme for three phase transformers
must
take account of this mismatch under through fault conditions.
Therefore,
the application
of an overall differential
scheme to three phase transformers
requires a biased
relay to maintain stability during:(u) Tap Changing
(b) Magnetizing
inrush conditons,
when switching
transformer
on or when subjected to sudden loss
of load.
In both of these cases the out of balance current
tending to flow through the relay circuit may be several
times the basic fault setting. The method employed to
ensure that the relay remains stable under the above
conditions is by means of bias windings. The application
of a biased relay is shown in fig. 9, where it will be seen
that the bias is arranged to give an operating
setting
which is always greater by a suitable margin than the
expected maximum spill current. Usual practice is to
arrange the bias characteristic
as a slope of at least twice

Overall Differential Protection

The current balance principle can also be applied in an
overall unit protection to cover both primary and secondary windings. Fig.8 illustrates the principle in terms of
single phase. This shows that an overall scheme is
effected by magnetizing
current and internal fault current and remains balanced under normal load or through
fault current providing C.T. ratios are matched. How-

PI
P2

FIG. 8.

PRINCIPLEOFOVERALLCURRENTBALANCESCHEMES.

110

the slope of the spill current characteristic.

During internal faults the whole of the available secondary current will pass through the relay operating
circuit. Usually the secondary current will pass through
part of the bias winding so that it will produce what is
sometimes
referred
to as self bias and causes an
increase in setting. If for example the current required to
operate will be as indicated by curve 4. Relay operation
occurs at the point where curve 3 crosses curve 4.
The points to be considered
in setting a biased relay
are therefore:-

current, thereby preventing

the relay from operating
during magnetizing
conditions.
One thing to be considered
with harmonic
bias is
that harmonics
are also present during internal faults
due to CT. saturation.
To ensure that the relay will
operate under all internal fault conditions the harmonic
bias unit should preferably be designed to use only second harmonic
which predominates
in a magnetizing
surge.
Both of the above factors have been very carefully
optimised
in the design of Reyrolle
Protection
type
4C2 1 Duo-bias relays.

(a)

The graph of current required to operate under

external fault conditions must be well above the
graph of anticipated spill current. (Fig. 9b)
(b) The available operating current under internal
fault conditions must be well above the graph of
current required to operate. (Fig. 9d)

Type 4C21 Overall Biased Protection Relay

Figure 10 shows a single phase diagram of the 4C2 1
relay. Under load or through fault conditions,
the C.T.
secondary currents circulate through the primary winding of the bias transformer.
The rectified output of this
transformer
is applied to the bias winding on a transductor via a shunt resistor. Out of balance current flows
from the centre tap of the primary winding of the bias
transformer
energising
the transductor
input winding
and the harmonic-bias
unit.
The input winding and output winding of the transducter are inductively linked, but there is no inductive

Harmonic Restraint

The second reason, already mentioned,

for using a
biased relay for overall transformer
protection
is that
operating current may flow during a magnetizing surge.
This current is known to contain a high percentage
of
second and higher harmonics. It has been found convenient to use these harmonics and connect them into bias

FIG. 9.

APPLICATION

OFRESTRAINT

BIASTOPOWER-TRANSFORMER

111

PROTECTION.

FIG. 10.

DUO-BIAS RELAY - SINGLE PHASE.

linking between these and the bias-windings.

So long as
the protected
transformer
is sound the transductor
bias-winding
is energised by full-wave rectified current
which is proportional
to the load or through-fault
current, and this bias-current
saturates
the transductor.
Out-of-balance
currents
in the transductor
inputwinding, produced by power-transformer
tap-changing
or by current-transformer
mis-match,
superimpose
an
alternating m.m.f. upon the d.c. bias m.m.f., as shown in
fig. 11, but the resulting change in working flux-density

is small and consequently

the output to the relay is
negigible.
If the power-transformer
develops
a fault, the
operating-m.m.f.
produced
by the secondary
faultcurrent in the transductor
input-winding
exceeds the
bias-m.m.f. resutling in a large change in working fluxdensity. This allows transformer
coupling to be effective
between the input and output windings and thus operation of the relay.
Relay-operation
cannot occur unless the operating-

112

Earth Fault Sensitivity

--r---r----

9
I

When a power-transformer
is resistance-earthed,
the
current available on an internal earth-fault for operation
of a differential protection may be relatively low and the
percentage of the winding protected against earth-faults
may be inadequate.
This is a fundamental
point and
applies to all differential
protections.
In these circumstances it may be necessary to add some separate form of
earth-fault
protection.
Consider the delta/star-connected
transformer
shown
in fig. 13 in which the star-connected
winding may be
connected
to earth through a resistor. Suppose that a
fault occurs at a point F, p% from the neutral end of the
winding, and that the neutral-earthing
resistor is rated
to pass the full-load current of the star-connected
winding with a terminal fault. If the fault is fed from the delta
side of the transformer
then the current in the primary
winding of the faulty phase is:-

-p.c.M.W.

AL. m-w6AmctMJJf

I H.M.F.
Ok.-ma

I-

rl.tl.F.

FIG. 11. FLUXES DUE TO OPERATING

AND BIASING AMPERE-TURNS.

I,

T2

100

m.m.f. exceeds the bias-m.m.f.;

and as the bias-m.m.f. is
proportional
to the load or through-fault
current, the
required operating-m.m.f.
- and hence the required
operating current - is also proportional
to the load or
through-fault
current.
Fig. 12 shows the operating
characteristics
of the relay with the 20%, 30% and 40%
percentage-bias
slopes corresponding
to the 20%, 30%
and 40% shunt-resistor
tappings.
The harmonic-bias
unit is a tuned-circuit
which
responds
to the second-harmonic
component
of the
magnetizing
current. When magnetizing
inrush-current
flows through the relay-operating
circuit the rectified
output of the harmonic-bias
unit is injected into the
transductor
bias-winding
and restrains the relay.

100

Tl

Full-load
secondary current
Since
Full-load
Secondary current

TI
= __
T2

1
~
v/3

Full-load
primary current
Full-load
primary current

10

FIG. 12.

X!LX

BIAS CHARACTERISTICS OF DUO-BIAS RELAY.

113

On the other hand a restricted-earth-fault

relay on the
star-winding
would be energised
by the fault-current
passing through
the earthing
resistor via a neutral
current-transformer,
that is by
P
-X

can be combined
with the overall protection
as illustrated in fig. 14. A current transformer
is required, of
course, on the neutral-to-earth
connection.
The advantage of the restricted earth fault relay is that it is energized from a current transformer which sees the whole
of the fault current and not just the primary side equivalent of the fault current. Where the system is solidly
earthed an overall transformer
protection with a setting
of about 30% would give complete phase-to-earth
fault
protection of the delta winding and about 80% of the star
winding. In that case additional
restricted
earth fault
protection is not required for the delta winding, but if it
is fitted to the star winding it may detect faults much
nearer to the neutral end of the winding. On star windings at 132kV and above, it is usual practice to fit
restricted earth fault protection.
In addition to overall protection it is usual practice to
protect all but the smallest transformers
against interturn faults using a Buchholz relay. Severe faults are
detected from the resultant surge in oil and low current
faults by the measurement
of accumulation
of gas produced.
Back-up protection
is normally provided by IDMTL
overcurrent
relays, although in recent years this has
taken the form of a two-stage scheme. This comprises
one IDMTL relay energised from the C.T.s on the H.V.
side, the source of infeed. Operation
of this relay trips
the L.V. breaker and starts a time-delay relay. The setting of this time-delay
relay is such that it does not
operate before the L.V. breaker trips. If the fault persists
the time-delay
relay trips the H.V. breaker.
Since
IDMTL relays have a relatively
long reset time an
instantaneous
overcurrent
relay with a fast reset is connected in series so that the time lag is de-energised
as
soon as the fault is cleared.

Full-load
secondary current

100
Using the given expressions,
the amount of winding
protected
can be plotted graphically against the faultsetting, as shown in fig. 13. This demonstrates
that a
restricted-earth-fault
relay is a much more efficient
device for the detection of winding earth-faults
than a
differential relay; and, in addition, to cover a reasonable
percentage
of the winding, the latter would need to be
extremely
sensitive.
This, however,
is impracticable
because of the limitations
imposed by out-of-balance
current, due to tap-changing,
current-transformer
mismatching, and power-transformer
magnetization.
Although
tests on Duo-bias protection
have shown
that separate
high-set
overcurrent
relays are not
required to ensure tripping under heavy internal fault
conditions,
some customers
still demand them. Care
must be taken in setting high set relays because their
speed of operation
may cause them to have significant
transient overreach.
Some care must also be exercised
in choosing the
current transformer
ratios and connections.
The current
transformer
ratio must compensate
for the difference in
primary and secondary currents of the Transformer
and
their connections
must compensate
for the phase difference. Fig. 14 has illustrated a typical example.
The restricted earth fault relay can be operated from a
completely separate set of line current transformers
or it

FIG. 13.

PROTECTION

AGAINSTEARTH-FAULTS.

114

In the case of banked transformers

separate overcurrent back-up protection
is usually preferred.
The most usual questions asked on the application of
protection
to transformers
are:1.
2.

Clearly,
therefore,
the application
of an overall
scheme must be considered
in relation to the risk of
phase to phase faults.
Considering question 2, this is entirely a matter for the
user to decide in relation to loss of supply and consequently loss of revenue. In the experience
of Reyrolle
Protection
overall schemes are usually applied to all
transformers
of IOMVA and above.

What advantage does an overall scheme have over a

scheme of separate over-current
and earth fault.
What is the minimum size of transformer
to which
an overall scheme should be applied.

Considering
question
1, overall protection
gives
instantaneous
clearance
of phase faults, has a high
through fault stability whilst retaining a low fault setting
and is inherently discriminative.
Against this the degree
of protection
afforded by IDMTL overcurrent
relays is
very limited since the relay must be set above emergency
loading conditions which often means a setting of 200%
rating. In addition the time setting may have to be high in
order to grade with other overcurrent
relays on the
system.

Auto-Transformer

fb4ER TihnJsFORMEIz
4QM\# IYISlkv Kv! T1sB t: IS%

FIG. 14.

Protection

Fig. 15a indicates the scheme used to protect autotransformers.

Each phase winding forms a three-ended
primary zone and is protected,
therefore,
by three
C.T.s, one at each end, connected to form a circulating
current system. Three such systems share a common
neutral lead and form a complete phase and earth-fault
protection
of the transformer.
_

TYPICALARRANGEMENTOFDIFFERENTIALPROTECTIONWITH
SUPPLEMENTARYEARTH-FAULTPROTECTION.

115

132/2X K$ 120 WA
ALL CT: RATIOS

600/I
n

-Y
-0

FIG. 15.

APPLICATION

OVERALL
70

OF SLMPLE (UNBIASED)

DIFFERENTIAL

2751132 kV.

PROTECTION

AUTO-TRANStORMERS.

116

pivoted floats carrying mercury switches contained in a

chamber. This chamber is connected
in the pipe which
connects the top of the transformer
tank to the oil conservator. Under normal conditions the Buchholz relay is
full of oil, the floats are fully raised and the mercury
switches open.
This device relies upon the fact that an electrical fault
inside the transformer
tank will be accompanied
by the
generation of gas and, if the fault current is high enough,
by a surge of oil from the tank to the conservator.
Gas bubbles due to a core fault will be generated
slowly and collect in the top of the relay. As they collect,
the oil level will drop in the relay and the upper float will
turn on its pivot until the mercury switch closes. This is
used to give an alarm.
Similarly,
incipient
winding
insulation
faults and
interturn faults which produce gas by decomposition
of
insulation material and oil may be detected. Such faults
are of very low current magnitude
and the Buchholz
relay is the only satisfactory
method of detection.
Serious electrical faults, such as flashover between
connections
inside the main tank generate gas rapidly
and produce a surge of oil. This causes the lower float to
be forced over about its pivot, causing the lower mercury
switch to close. This is arranged to trip both the H.V. and
L.V. circuit-breakers.
In addition to the above, serious oil leakage will be
detected initially by the upper float which will give an
alarm and finally by the lower float, with will disconnect
the transformer before dangerous electrical faults result.
The Buchholz
relay is thus a versatile
protective
device and for certain types of faults the only protection
available. However, the time of operation of the surge

It should be noted that all the C.T.s are of the same

ratio and that there is no magnetizing
inrush problem
since the inrush appears as a through-fault
as far as the
protection is concerned. Fig. 15b shows the arrangement
of the auto-transformer
protection
when, as is commonly the case, the transformers
are arranged in pairs
banked on the H.V. side to a single 275kV switch. Five
sets of C.T.s now form the complete circulating current
system, a single set of three relays (one per phase) being
provided for the pair of transformers.
The isolator auxiliary switches shown in the CT. secondary
circuits
ensure that the isolation of either transformer
disconnects its C.T.s from the remaining C.T.s and relay, so
avoiding any possible interference
with the latter when
work is carried out on the isolated transformer.
It will be evident that since both transformers
are
protected
by the one scheme, discrimination
between
the transformers
is impossible. This is sometimes overcome for earth-faults
within the transformer
by the provision on each transformer
of a simple frame leakage
tank earth indication
relay, Type Bl or CFl
depending
on setting required.

Directional Overcurrent

Protection

Directional
overcurrent
relays are usually employed to
provide discrimination
on phase faults for two parallel
transformers
where there is no source on the L.V. side.
An analysis of the various fault conditions has shown
that a 90 connection
45 maximum torque relay is the
best arrangement.

Buchholz Relay
This device

is illustrated

in Fig. 16. It consists

FIG. 16.

USE

of two

OF BUCHHOLZ

GAS & OIL ACTUATED

117

RELAY.

float for a fault well down the winding may be appreciable (of the order of O-5 second). For severe electrical
faults on large transformers,
the Buchholz relay therefore serves as a back-up to other faster forms of protection.

Intertripping

Several methods of intertripping

will only consider those generally

are available,
used.

but we

Fault Throwing
If pilot cables are not available or considered
too
expensive to be used for intertripping
purposes,
then
intertripping
can be achieved by means of fault throwing
switches. This scheme is restricted
to cases where the
fault level is below certain limits.
The transformer
protective
relays first trip the L.V.
circuit-breaker.
This immediately
operates
a fault
throwing switch which is a spring-operated
switch (generally single-phase)
which applies single-phase
to earth
fault to the associated H.V. feeder. Feeder protection at
the remote end then operates
to trip the associated
circuit-breaker.

Schemes

In order to ensure operation of both the H.V. and L.V.

circuit-breakers
for faults within the transformer
and
feeder, it is necessary to operate both circuit-breakers
from protection normally associated with only one. The
technique
for obtaining this facility is known as intertripping. The necessity for intertripping
arises from certain types of faults producing insufficient fault current to
operate
the protection
associated
with one of the
circuit-breakers.
These faults are:Incipient faults in transformer
tank, which, as we
have seen, operate the Buchholz relay associated
with the L.V. breaker but fail to operate the
protection
associated with the H.V. breaker.

Post Office Pilot Intertripping

Hired Post Office pilots are normally used to transmit a
coded intertripping
signal initiated by the transformer
protective
relays and arranged
to trip the remote
circuit-breaker.
A complete Post Office pilot intertrip-

Earth-faults
on the L.V. winding of transformers
which have resistance earthing.

f
Y

0.98:0.578:0.57$:0.

CUT:]

_-_

FIG. 17.
TYPICALGRID-TRANSFORMER
PROTECTIVE
OVERALLDlFFERENTlALPROTECTlONSHOWlNGEFFECTOFEARTH
ON STAR WINDING SIDE.

118

SCHEME

USING
FAULT

FIG. 18. TYPICALPROTECTIONARRANGEMENTSFOR

GENERATOR-TRANSFORMERUNlTANDASSOCIATEDUNIl
AUXILIARYTRANSFORMER.

119

ping scheme can provide coded intertripping

in both
directions for duplicate feeders, using a single pair of
pilots.

Type of
Transformer

Other Forms of Protection

Depending
upon the transformer
connections
and circuit configuration
other forms of protection such as the
type B37 neutral displacement
relay and type Bl or
CF3 or TJM60 relay for standby earth fault protection
may also be required.
Each circuit must be considered
as a unit and the
protection
assessed accordingly.

1. Distribution
Rating ) SMVA

IDMTL
o/c
REF.

2. Distribution
Rating ( SMVA

Overall Differential
REF. each Winding

4C21
4B3

3. Two-Winding
Transmission

Overall Differential
REF. each Winding
IDMTL O/C
SBEF

4C21
4B3
TJMlO
CF3 or
TJM60

4. Gen/Transformer

Overall Differential
REF. each Winding
H.V. IDMTL O/C
L.V. IDMTL O/C
SBEF

4C21
4B3
TJMlO
TJMlO
CF3 or
TJM60

5. Auto

Overall
Current

4B3

General
The degree of protection
provided for any particular
arrangement
depends to a great extent upon the size and
functional importance
of the unit. A further important
factor is economics.
The following table gives a guide to the protection
applied to the various forms of transformers
usually
associated with power system installations:
Reyrolle Protection
have had many years of experience
in the design and application
of relay schemes for the
protection of transformers
and any advice required for a
particular installation
will readily be given.

120

Relay

Type of
Protection

Transformer

On
each
Winding

Circulating

TJMlO
4B3