Behaviors of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Members Subjected To

ARTICLE IN PRESS
Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 600619

www.elsevier.com/locate/tws
Behaviors of concrete-lled steel tubular members subjected to

combined loading
Lin-Hai Hana,, Guo-Huang Yaob, Zhong Taob
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China

College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian Province 350002, PR China
Received 17 January 2007; received in revised form 21 April 2007; accepted 21 April 2007
Available online 11 June 2007
Abstract
The present study is an investigation on the behaviors of concrete-lled thin-walled steel tubular members subjected to combined
loading, such as compression and torsion, bending and torsion, compression, bending and torsion. ABAQUS software is used in this
paper for the nite element analysis (FEA). A comparison of results calculated using this modeling shows generally good agreement with
test results. The FEA modeling is then used to investigate the inuence of important parameters that determine the ultimate strength of
the composite members under combined loading, such as compression and torsion, bending and torsion, compression, bending and
torsion. The parametric studies provide information for the development of formulae for calculating the ultimate strength of the
composite members subjected to combined loading.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Concrete-lled steel tubes (CFST); Concrete; Design; Torsion; Combined loading; Bearing capacity; Parametric analysis; Design method
1. Introduction
It is well known that concrete-lled thin-walled steel
tubes, e.g. such as the transmitting poles of electricity, the
columns (particularly at corners) of a tall building under
earthquake, may be subjected to torsion or combined
compression, bending and torsion in practice.
Several works deal with the behavior of concrete-lled
steel tubes (CFST) members under combined loading.
Gong [1] and Lee et al. [2] carried out 47 stub member tests
on CFSTs under compression and torsion. Xu et al. [3] and
Zhou [4] tested 27 long specimens under compression and
torsion, and tested four composite specimens under pure
torsion. All of their specimens were with circular sections.
It was found that the core concrete plays an important role
in the torsional resistance of the composite members. The
composite members have a high strength and good
plasticity under torsion. Behaviors of CFST columns under
combined loading were reported in [5,6], and in theses
works 12 CFST specimens with circular sections under
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62797067; fax: +86 10 62781488.
E-mail address: lhhan@tsinghua.edu.cn (L.-H. Han).

0263-8231/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.04.008
bendingtorsion and under compressionbendingtorsion,

respectively, were studied. The tested specimens showed
good plasticity, and the outer steel tubes could work with
the concrete core together.
The behaviors of concrete-lled thin-walled steel tubular
columns under combined loading have been theoretically
investigated and the results are presented in this paper. The
differences of this research program compared with the
similar studies carried out by the researches mentioned
above are as follows:
(1) CFST members with both circular sections and square

sections were studied. But seldom CFST members with
square sections under combined loading were reported
before.
(2) Three different loading combinations, such as compressiontorsion, bendingtorsion, compressionbendingtorsion were studied.
(3) A set of equations, which is suitable for the calculations
of bearing capacities of CFST members with circular
and square sections under combined loading were
suggested based on parametric studies.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 600619
Nomenclature
Ac
As
Asc
concrete cross-sectional area

steel cross-sectional area
cross-sectional area of the composite section,
Asc As+Ac
B
width of square steel tube
CFST concrete-lled steel tubes
D
diameter of circular steel tube
e
load eccentricity
fck
characteristic concrete strength (fck 0.67fcu
for normal strength concrete)
fcu
characteristic 28-day concrete cube strength
fscy
nominal compressive strength index of the
composite section
fy
yield strength of steel
i
radius of gyration of the composite section
p
i I sc =Asc
Isc
second moment of area for CFST cross-section
L
length of the composite member
M
bending moment
Mu
ultimate bending strength of composite section
N
axial load
Nu
compressive strength of the composite section
Han et al. [7] has studied the behavior of concrete-lled

steel tubes under pure torsion, and ABAQUS software was
used to perform nite element analysis (FEA). The FEA
modeling was then used to perform parametric analysis,
and formulae to calculate the ultimate torsional strength
were recommended. The research results reported in this
paper are part of a wider study concerning the behaviors of
CFST members subjected to combined loading. The aims
of this paper are three-fold: rst, ABAQUS software is
used to investigate the mechanism of CFST members under
combined loading. Second, the FEA modeling is used to
investigate the inuence of important parameters that
determine the ultimate strength of the composite columns
under different combined loading cases, such as compression and torsion, bending and torsion, compression,
bending and torsion. Third, based on the parametric
studies, formulae for the calculation of ultimate strengths
of the composite members are provided.
t
T
Tu
Wsct
Wscm
601
wall thickness of steel tube

torsional moment
torsion strength of composite section
torsional modulus of inertia of the composite
sections, given by pD3/16 and 0.208B3 for the
composite members with circular and square
sections, respectively
section modulus of the composite section, given
by pD3/32 and B3/6 for the CFST members
with circular and square sections, respectively
Greek letters
a
s
e
y
j
l
t
tscy
x
steel ratio ( As/Ac)

stress
axial strain
torsional rotation angle
stability reduction factor
slenderness ratio ( L/i)
torsional shear stress
nominal torsional strength index of the composite section
connement factor (x As fy /Ac fck)
III
III
III
II
A (T, M)
I
II
III
Compression and torsion
Bending and torsion

N
IV
(M, N)
IV
II
III
II(IV)
I
2.1. Finite analysis modeling
(T, N)
A(T,M,N)
2. Finite element analysis modeling and verications
ABAQUS software [8] was used in [7] for the FEA on

concrete-lled steel tubes (CFST) subjected to pure torsion.
The FE modeling is also used in this paper for the analysis
of the behaviors of composite members when torsion is
continued with different loading cases.
In [7], an elasticplastic model was used to describe the
constitutive behavior of the steel. A kind of damage
A (T, N)
III
(T, M)
Compression, bending and torsion
Fig. 1. A schematic view of loading paths of combined loading: (a)

compression and torsion, (b) bending and torsion, (c) compression,
bending and torsion.
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602
plasticity model dened in ABAQUS/Standard 6.4 was

selected in the analysis, where the connement factor
x (Asfy/Acfck) a(fy/fck), in which, a As/Ac is the steel
ratio, fy is the yield strength of the steel, fck is the
characteristic strength of the concrete equal to 0.67fcu for
normal strength concrete, fcu is the cube strength of the
concrete, and As and Ac are the cross-sectional areas of the
steel and core concrete, respectively; was used to descible
the increase as the plastic behavior due to the passive
connement of the steel tube. The models of concrete
in tension, interface of the steel and the concrete core
were also dened [7]. The steel tube and the concrete core
Axial compression
Axial compression
Bending
Bending
Torsion
Torsion
of the CFST were modeled using 8-node brick elements

(C3D8R), with three translation degrees of freedom at
each node. More details of the FEA modeling can be found
in [7].
2.2. Loading paths and boundary conditions
It is well known that there may be different loading
paths for a CFST member subjected to combined loading.
Fig. 1 shows several typical loading paths for members
subjected to compression and torsion, bending and torsion,
as well as compression, bending and torsion.
Fixed boundary conditions are applied to the bottom
surface of the member, and the top surface of the member
has no prescribed displacement boundary condition. The
axial load, bending moment and torsional moment are
applied to the top surface as shown in Fig. 2.
2.3. Verifications
Fixed boundary
Fixed boundary
Fig. 2. A schematic view of CFST under compression, bending and

torsion: (a) circular section and (b) square section.
2.3.1. Members under compression and torsion

The torsional capacity predicted using the FEA modeling are compared with 24 specimen test results obtained
from [1,3,4]. The detailed information of those tests is listed
in Table 1 (in which n is the level of axial load in the
column, which was dened as n No/Nu, where No is the
axial load applied in the column and Nu the axial
compressive capacity of the column).
The predicted torsional moment (T) versus rotation
angle (y) curves (plotted in solid lines) are compared with
the measured curves (plotted in dashed lines) in Fig. 3. The
predicted torsional capacities are compared with those
Table 1
Test data of CFST members under compression and torsion
No.
Specimen
number
Sectional dimension
D t L (mm)
fy (MPa)
fcu (MPa)
Test data
resources
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
CS2-102
CS3-102
CS4-102
CS5-102
CS2-114
CS3-114
CS4-114
CS5-114
CSS2
CSS3
CSS4
CSS5
CSM2
CSM3
CSM4
CSM5
CSL2
CSL3
CSL4
CSL5
102.4 1.6 406

102.4 1.6 406
102.4 1.6 406
102.4 1.6 406
114 4.5 387
114 4.5 387
114 4.5 387
114 4.5 387
114 4.5 800
114 4.5 800
114 4.5 800
114 4.5 800
114 4.5 1480
114 4.5 1480
114 4.5 1480
114 4.5 1480
114 4.5 2280
114 4.5 2280
114 4.5 2280
114 4.5 2280
242.3
242.3
242.3
242.3
280
280
280
280
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
301.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
27.4
27.4
27.4
27.4
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.85
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.85
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.85
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.85
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.85
[3]
[1]
[4]
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4
Measured
Predicted
4
()
4
()
24
24
18
18
18
12
Measured
Predicted
T (kN.m)
24
12
Measured
Predicted
0
3
6
()
12
6
()
18
T (kN.m)
18
T (kN.m)
18
12
Measured
Predicted
0
3
6
()
6
()
12
18
18
T (kN.m)
18
T (kN.m)
24
12
Measured
Predicted
Measured
Predicted
12
12
12
Measured
Predicted
12
16
()
24
18
18
T (kN.m)
24
12
Measured
Predicted
6
()
0
0
()
T (kN.m)
Measured
Predicted
0
24
12
24
12
4
()
0
0
12
0
0
Measured
Predicted
0
12
24
Measured
Predicted
0
0
24
4
()
12
24
12
0
0
Measured
Predicted
0
0
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
603
0
0
T (kN.m)
Measured
Predicted
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
8
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
12
16
()
12
6
Measured
Predicted
0
0
8
()
12
16
8
()
12
16
Fig. 3. Torsional moment (T) versus rotation angle curves (compression and torsion): (a) CS2-102, (b) CS3-102, (c) CS4-102, (d) CS4-114, (e) CS5-114, (f)
CSS2, (g) CSM2, (h) CSM3, (i) CSM4, (j) CSM5, (k) CSL2, (l) CSL3, (m) CSL4, (n) CSL5.
obtained form tests in Fig. 4. It can be found that generally

good agreement is obtained between the predicted and test
results.
2.3.2. Members under bending and torsion

The torsional capacity predicted using the FEA modeling is compared with 12 specimen test results obtained
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604
24
6
18
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
4.5
3
12
6
1.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
N/Nu
0.8
1.2
24
24
18
18
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
12
0.2
0.4
0.6
N/Nu
0.8
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
N/Nu
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
12
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
N/Nu
0.8
1.2
24
T (kN.m)
18
12
6
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
N/Nu
Fig. 4. Comparisons of load-bearing capacities between predicted model and test results (compression and torsion).
Table 2
Test data of CFST members under bending and torsion
No.
Specimen number
Sectional dimension D t L (mm)
fy (MPa)
fcu (MPa)
mo M/T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TB1-1
TB1-2
TB1-3
TB1-4
TB1-5
TB1-6
TB2-1
TB2-2
TB2-3
TB2-4
TB2-5
TB2-6
133 4.5 2000

133 4.5 2000
133 4.5 2000
133 4.5 2000
133 4.5 2000
133 4.5 2000
130 3 2000
130 3 2000
130 3 2000
130 3 2000
130 3 2000
130 3 2000
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
ARTICLE IN PRESS
40
40
30
30
30
20
Measured
Predicted
10
T (kN.m)
40
T (kN.m)
20
Measured
10
0
5
10
15
20
10
20
24
24
15
16
Measured
Predicted
5
10
15
T (kN.m)
20
16
20
10
15
20
15
T (kN.m)
20
T (kN.m)
24
15
10
Measured
Predicted
10
15
20
10
15
20
15
15
15
T (kN.m)
20
10
Measured
Predicted
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
Measured
Predicted
5
0
0
5
()
20
Measured
Predicted
0
20
20
10
()
Measured
Predicted
15
0
0
()
10
10
0
5
()
20
Predicted
0
25
20
0
0
32
Measured
Predicted
15
Measured
()
16
10
10
5
Measured
Predicted
()
()
32
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
15
()
T (kN.m)
Predicted
32
Measured
()
T (kN.m)
20
10
0
0
605
Predicted
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
()
10
15
20
()
10
15
20
()
Fig. 5. Torsional moment (T) versus rotation angle (y) curves (bending and torsion): (a) TB1-1, (b) TB1-2, (c) TB1-3, (d) TB1-4, (e) TB1-5, (f) TB1-6, (g)
TB2-1, (h) TB2-2, (i) TB2-3, (j) TB2-4, (k) TB2-5, (l) TB2-6.
40
DtL=13032000mm
fy=324.34MPa; fcu=33.3MPa [5]
fy=324.34MPa; fcu=33.3MPa [5]
T (kN.m)
30
T (kN.m)
30
DtL=1334.52000mm
20
Measured
10
20
10
Measured
Predicted
Predicted
0
0
0
10
20
M (kN.m)
30
40
12
18
24
M (kN.m)
Fig. 6. Comparisons of predicted TM interaction curves with test results (bending and torsion).
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606
from [5]. The detailed information for those tests is listed in

Table 2, where mo M/T, is the ratio of bending moment
to torsional moment during loading.
good agreement is obtained between the predicted and
tested results.
2.3.3. Members under compression, bending and torsion
The torsional capacity predicted using the FEA modeling is compared with 12 specimen test results obtained
from [6]. The detailed information for those tests is listed in
Table 3, where e is eccentricity of the axial load (N).
good agreement is obtained between the predicted and
tested results.
3. Members subjected to compression and torsion
3.1. Load versus deformation relations
Fig. 1(a) gives three loading paths for composite members
subjected to compression and torsion. Loading paths I and
III, which are popular in practice, are chosen in the
following analysis. The basic parameters in the calculations are D(B) 400 mm; L 1200 mm; fy 345 MPa;
fcu 60 MPa; a 0.1, where D and B are the diameter of
a circular steel tube and width of a square one, respectively,
L is the length of the composite member.
3.1.1. Loading path I
Fig. 9 shows normalized axial load (N/Nu) versus axial
strain (e) of composite members with different torsional
moment ratios (T/Tu), where Nu and Tu are, respectively,

the sectional compression and torsion capacities of CFST.
It can be found from Fig. 9 that, with the increase in
T/Tu, the ultimate strength of the composite members
decreases. But the changing of T/Tu has very moderate
inuence on the initial rigidity of the composite members.
Fig. 10 shows typical axial load (N) versus axial strain (e)
relation under loading path I. As can be seen, the Ne curve
can be divided into three stages:
Stage 1: Elastic stage (from point O to point A). During
this stage, steel and concrete bear load independently. The
steel tube begins to develop plasticity at point A.
Stage 2: Elasticplastic stage (from point A to point B).
During this stage, the Poissons ratio of concrete is larger
than that of steel, and lateral connement provided by the
steel tube begins to act on concrete core. Both the steel and
concrete are in complicated stress state. Most of the steel
section has yielded at point B.
Stage 3: Plastic stage (from point B to point C or C0 ).
During this stage, the Ne curve tends to decline after full
plasticity has been developed for the steel tube. On the
other hand, the curve might as well show a hardening effect
when the CFST member has a comparatively large value of
x (dashed line of BC0 in Fig. 10).
Fig. 11 shows the distributions of the longitudinal stress
(S33 in the gures) in the steel tubes and concrete cores of
the square composite sections (at the xed ends) when the
steel ber of the outer steel tube reaches its yielding
strength. The parameters of those example are
B 400 mm; L 1200 mm; fy 345 MPa; fcu 60 MPa;
a 0.1; T 400 kN m. It can be seen from Fig. 11 that, for
square sections, apparent stress concentration can be found
at the corners of the cross-sections.
3.1.2. Loading path III
The effect of axial load level (N/Nu) on normalized
torsional moment (T/Tu) versus torsional angle (y) curves
for circular composite members is quite similar to that for
square ones. For this reason, only curves for square
members in most cases are given in the following sections.
Table 3
Test data of CFST members under compression, bending and torsion
No.
Specimen
number
Sectional dimension
D t L (mm)
fy (MPa)
fcu (MPa)
e (mm)
N (kN)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TCB1-1
TCB1-2
TCB1-3
TCB1-4
TCB1-5
TCB1-6
TCB2-1
TCB2-2
TCB2-3
TCB2-4
TCB2-5
TCB2-6
133 4.5 450

133 4.5 450
133 4.5 450
133 4.5 450
133 4.5 450
133 4.5 450
130 3 450
130 3 450
130 3 450
130 3 450
130 3 450
130 3 450
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
324.34
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
100
200
300
0
15
40
65
80
95
0
30
60
50
50
50
ARTICLE IN PRESS
c
30
20
10
Measured
T (kN.m)
30
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
30
20
Measured
10
Predicted
6
12
18
24
30
Predicted
12
18
24
30
()
30
Measured
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
24
30
Measured
Predicted
Measured
18
f
30
20
12
()
e
30
T (kN.m)
Measured
10
0
0
()
10
20
Predicted
0
0
607
20
10
Predicted
20
10
Predicted
0
0
0
12
18
24
30
()
30
i
25
10
Measured
Predicted
15
Measured
10
Predicted
0
12
18
24
30
12
18
24
20
T (kN.m)
20
10
0
24
30
18
24
30
Measured
20
15
10
Measured
Predicted
15
10
5
Predicted
0
18
12
25
Predicted
12
()
Measured
10
l
25
Measured
15
30
k
25
25
()
15
30
0
0
()
24
0
6
18
Predicted
T (kN.m)
15
12
20
20
()
25
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
24
()
20
T (kN.m)
18
T (kN.m)
12
()
12
18
()
24
30
12
18
24
30
()
Fig. 7. T versus y curves (compression, bending and torsion): (a) TCB1-1, (b) TCB1-2, (c) TCB1-3, (d) TCB1-4, (e) TCB1-5, (f) TCB1-6, (g) TCB2-1, (h)
TCB2-2, (i) TCB2-3, (j) TCB2-4, (k) TCB2-5, (l) TCB2-6.
Fig. 12 shows T/Tu versus y for square composite

members under different axial load levels (N/Nu). It can be
seen that, with the increase in N/Nu, ultimate torsion
moment of a composite member decreases. However,
change in N/Nu has very moderate inuence on the initial
rigidity of composite members.
From Fig. 12, it can also be found that the shape of
typcial Ty curves under loading path III is quite similar to
that of Ne curves under loading path I, i.e. these Ne

curves can also be divided into three similar stages (OA,
AB and BC) as mentioned above [9].
Fig. 13 shows the normalized T/TuN/Nu interaction
curves for CFST members subjected to combined compression and torsion under loading paths I and III. The curves
were calculated by ABAQUS software with the following parameters: D(B) 400 mm; a 0.1; fcu 60 MPa;
ARTICLE IN PRESS
608
L 1200 mm. It can be seen from Fig. 13 that, the

torsional moment decreases with increase in N/Nu. The
degradation of T is not noticeable when the value of N/Nu
is less than 0.8.
It can also be found from Fig. 13 that, different loading
paths have only moderate inuence on the ultimate torsion
capacities of the composite members. This is also observed
from experimental results presented in [1] where circular
CFST members were tested both under loading path I and
loading path III. The reason may be twofold: rst, during
the loading process, the concrete core will be conned by
the outer steel tube, thus the brittleness of concrete can be
overcome to some extent. Second, due to the existence of
the core concrete, the local buckling of the steel tube is
delayed; thus, the composite member has better ductile
behavior on the whole.The normalized T/TuN/Nu interaction curves for CFST members with different slenderness
ratios (l) under loading path I are shown in Fig. 14. The
curves were calculated with the following parameters:
B 400 mm; a 0.1; fy 345 MPa; fcu 60 MPa. It can
be found that the member capacities decrease with increase
in member slenderness ratio (l).
30
The interaction between steel tube and core concrete is

analyzed for CFST members subjected to the combined
loading of compression and torsion under loading path III
in the following section.
Fig. 15 shows the changes of axial load ratio (nr is the
axial load carried by the steel tube or concrete core divided
by the total load applied on the member) for the steel tube
and concrete core during the loading process. It can be
found that the axial load is distributed between the steel
tube and concrete core according to their axial modulus
when the load is applied initially. After the torsion moment
is applied, there is a stress redistribution in the CFST
section. With the increasing of torsional moment, the
compressive stress in the concrete core increases, and that
in the steel tube decreases. At the same time, the hoop
stress in the steel tube increases. This leads to an increase of
connement on the concrete core. The shearing stresses in
both the concrete core and the tube increase with increase
in torsional moment, even after the steel tube has yielded.
However, the stress increases are quite limited after
yielding of steel tube. No decline in Ty curves is observed.
It is the interaction between steel tube and core concrete
that enables the composite member to have high loadbearing capacity and good plastic behavior.
The conning stress (p) versus axial strain (e) curves
under different loading paths are shown in Fig. 16.
Tuc(kN.m)
20
3.2. Analysis and discussion
10
C'
B
0
0
10
20
30
C
[T]
Tue(kN.m)
O
Fig. 10. Typical axial load (N) versus axial strain (e) relations.
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
N/Nu
N/Nu
Fig. 8. Comparisons of calculated load-bearing capacities (Tuc) and test

results (Tue).
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
5000
10000
()
15000
20000
5000
10000
()
15000
20000
Fig. 9. Effects of T/Tu on N versus e relations: (a) circular section and (b) square section.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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Fig. 11. Longitudinal stress distributions of square CFST members (compression and torsion): (a)steel tube and (b) concrete core.
1.2
1
T/Tu
0.8
0.6
N/Nu=
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0
()
Fig. 12. Effects of N/Nu on T versus y relations (square section).
The curves were calculated with the following parameters:

D(B) 400 mm, a 0.1, L 1200 mm, fy 345 MPa,
fcu 60 MPa. Since the distributions of conning stress
are non-uniform along the member length or around
the section perimeter, the conning stresses in several
points along the cross-section at the mid-span are selected
and presented in Fig. 16 for convenience of comparison,
where the solid lines represent the curves under loading
path I, and the dashed lines represent those under loading
path III. It can be seen from Fig. 16 that, there does exist
slight discrepancy between the pe curves under loading
paths I and III. However, the values of p are almost the
same when the members have developed their ultimate
strengths.
4. Members subjected to bending and torsion

4.1. Analysis on the load versus deformation relations
There are three typical loading paths for a CFST
member subjected to combined loading of bending and
torsion, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The loaddeformation
curves under different loading paths are analyzed in the
following section, where these curves were calculated with
the following parameters: D(B) 400 mm, a 0.1,
L 1200 mm, fy 345 MPa, fcu 60 MPa.

In loading path I we see that torsional moment (T) keeps
increasing with a constant bending moment (M). Torsional
moment (T) versus torsional angle (y) can be obtained in
this circumstance.
Fig. 17 shows the Ty curves under different bending
moment ratios (M/Mu), where Mu is the ultimate bending
strength for a member under pure bending. As can be seen,
with the increase of M/Mu ratio, the ultimate strength of
the composite members decreases. But the change of M/Mu
has very moderate inuence on the initial rigidity of
composite members.
Typical torsional moment (T) versus torsional angle (y)
curve under loading path I is shown in Fig. 18. It can be
clearly seen that the Ty curve can be generally classied
into three stages:
Stage 1: Elastic stage (from point O to point A). During
this stage, the interaction between the steel tube and
concrete core is moderate. Both the steel and concrete are
under unidirectional compression or tension and bidirectional shear. The steel tube begins to develop plasticity at
point A.
The increase in shear stresses of the steel tube and core
concrete tends to slow down at this stage. Most of the steel
section yields at point B.
Stage 3: Plastic stage (from point B to point C). During
this stage, considerable lateral connement provided by the
steel tube is acted on the concrete core. The Ty curve
shows a hardening effect even after a large torsional angle
has been attained.
Fig. 19 shows the distributions of the shear stress (S13 in
the gures) in the cross-sections (at the xed end) of
steel tube and concrete core of a square composite section
when the composite member reaches its ultimate strength.
It can be found that the distributions of shear stresses in
the steel tube and concrete core are not even due to the
combined action of bending and torsion. The shear stress is
almost symmetrically distributed along the bending direction for the steel tube. However, the shear stress distribution for the concrete core is not the case since the concrete
performs much better in compression than it does in
tension.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
T/Tu
T/Tu
610
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
Loading path I
Loading path I
0.2
0.2
Loading path III
Loading path III
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
Fig. 13. Effects of loading paths on T/Tu versus N/Nu relations (fy 345 MPa): (a) circular section and (b) square section.
However, mo has only moderate inuence on the elastic

stiffness of Ty curve.
1.5
Equation (2)
1.2
Theoretical model
=10
T/Tu
0.9
0.6
0.3
=60
0
0
0.3
0.6
N/Nu
0.9
1.2
Fig. 14. Effects of slenderness ratio (l) on T/Tu versus N/Nu (square
section).
1
0.8
Steel tube
nr
0.6
0.4
0.2
Concrete core
4.1.3. Loading path III

In loading path III we see that the bending moment (M)
keeps increasing with a constant torsional moment (T). In
this case, bending moment (M) versus bending angle (ym)
or bending deection (um) can be calculated using the FEA
modeling. Fig. 21 shows the effects of T/Tu on M versus ym
relations for square members. It can be seen from Fig. 21
that, the bending capacity decreases with increase in T/Tu.
However, T/Tu has only moderate inuence on the elastic
stiffness of Mym curve.
Just like the curve shown in Fig. 18 for a typical member
under loading path I, typical curves under loading path II
or III show similar trends and characteristics. They can
also be classied as elastic, elasticplastic and plastic
stages.
Fig. 22 shows the normalized T/TuM/Mu interaction
curves for CFST members subjected to combined bending
and torsion under three different loading paths. It can be
seen from Fig. 22 that, the different loading paths have
very moderate inuence on the ultimate capacities of the
composite members. This is attributed to the fact that the
concrete is conned by the outer steel tube, thus exhibits
ductile characteristics. Also, the concrete core can delay or
even eliminate the local buckling of the steel tube.
0
0
10
4.2. Analysis and discussions
()
Fig. 15. nr versus e relations.
4.1.2. Loading path II

Loading path II is proportional loading with a constant
ratio mo( M/T). Fig. 20 shows the effects of mo on T
versus y relations for square composite members. As can be
seen, the torsion capacity decreases with increase in mo.
The interaction between the steel tube and concrete core

is analyzed for composite members subjected to combined
loading of bending and torsion. During the loading
process, it is found that the bending moment is initially
distributed between the steel tube and concrete core
according to their bending modulus. After the torsion
moment is applied, there is a stress redistribution in crosssection of the CFST member. Bending moment carried by
the concrete core increases, and that by the steel tube
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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Point A
15
Point B
Point B
Point A
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
p (MPa)
p (MPa)
611
10
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
0
0
5000
10000
15000
()
5000
10000
15000
()
Fig. 16. Conning force (p) versus axial strain (e) relations: (a) circular section and (b) square section. ( indicates point corresponding to ultimate
strength).
The conning stress (p) versus torsional angle (y) curves

under loading path I (in solid lines) and path II (in dashed
lines) are shown in Fig. 23. For convenience of comparison, the conning stresses of points A and B at the midspan are selected. It can be seen from Fig. 23 that there
does exist slight discrepancy between the py curves under
different loading paths. However, the values of p are
almost the same when the members attain their ultimate
failure states, thus have no signicant inuence on the
ultimate strengths.
800
T (kN.m)
600
M/Mu=
400
0
0.2
0.4
200
5. Members subjected to compression, bending and torsion
0.6
0.8
5.1. Load versus deformation relations
0
0
10
()
Fig. 17. Effects of N/Nu on T versus y relations (square section).
800
T (kN.m)
600
400
A
200
DtL=4009.31200 mm
fy=345 MPa; fcu=60 MPa
0
0
10
()
Fig. 18. Typical T versus y relations.
decreases. However, the bending moment carried by the

steel tube increases slightly once again after the steel
undergoes strain hardening.
For a member subjected to the combined action of

compression, bending and torsion, a variety of loading
paths are possible. Examples of typical loading paths are
shown in Fig. 1(c). In the following section, the load
deformation curves under loading paths I and II are
selected for the analysis.
In loading path I we see that the eccentrically
compressive load increases to a xed N rst, then the
torsion moment (T) increases under the action of constant
N. This loading path is quite common in engineering
practice, such as members under eccentric compression
subject to torsion caused by seismic action, or torsion
members with non-uniform compressive prestress.
Fig. 24 shows the torsion moment (T) versus torsional
angle (y) curves with different values of axial loads. It can
be seen that, the torsional capacity decreases with increase
in N. Also, the change of N has very moderate inuence on
the initial rigidity of the composite members.
Typical Ty curve under loading path I is shown in
Fig. 25. As can be seen, the Ty curve can be divided into
the following three stages.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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Fig. 19. Shearing stress (txz) distributions (square section, M 400 kN m): (a) steel tube and (b) concrete core.
800
1.2
1
0.8
400
mo =
T/Tu
T (kN.m)
600
0
0.5
1
1.5
200
0.6
Loading path I
0.4
Loading path II
0.2
Loading path III
0
0
1000
M (kN.m)
800
600
T/Tu=
400
200
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
M/Mu
Fig. 20. Effects of mo on T versus y relations (square section,

fy 345 MPa).
m()
Fig. 21. Effects of T/Tu on M versus ym relations (square section,
fy 345 MPa).
Stage 1: Elastic stage (from point O to point A). In this

stage, steel and concrete bear load independently. The steel
tube begins to develop plasticity at point A.
During this stage, micro-cracks develop in the concrete
core, thus leading to the development of connement on
concrete core provided by the steel tube. The yielding of
steel occurs at the extreme ber at point B.
Fig. 22. T/Tu versus M/Mu relations with different loading paths (square
section).
Stage 3: Plastic stage (from point B to point C or D).

During this stage, the Ty curve shows a hardening effect
when the steel undergoes strain hardening. The curve may
also decline when the member has a large slenderness ratio
or a comparatively small value of connement factor (x). In
this case, the steel tube may have not developed its full
plastic strength.
Fig. 26 shows the distributions of the shear stress (S13 in
the gures) in the cross-sections (at the xed ends) of the
steel tube and concrete core of a square composite section
when the Ty curve enters plastic stage. The parameters of
the example are B 400 mm, a 0.1, L 1200 mm,
fcu 60 MPa, fy 345 MPa, e 500 mm, N 900 kN. It
can be found from Fig. 26 that the distributions of shear
stresses in the steel tube and concrete core are quite similar
to those shown in Fig. 19, where the composite member is
subjected to bending and torsion. However, the compression stress does have some effect in enhancing the shear
capacity of concrete which is a common phenomenon for
concrete.
5.1.2. Loading path II
Loading path II is shown in Fig. 1(c), where the torsion
moment T increases in proportion to the bending moment
M while the axial load N remains constant. This loading
path is expected when an axially compressed CFST column
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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Point A
p (MPa)
p (MPa)
Point B
2
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
Point B
1
4
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
Point A
0
0
0
()
()
Fig. 23. py relations of members subjected to compression-torsion under different loading paths: (a) circular section and (b) square section. ( Indicates
point corresponding to ultimate strength).
1000
N=600kN
T (kN.m)
750
N=0
N=900kN
500
N=1200kN
250
BtL=4009.31200mm;
fy=345MPa; fcu=60MPa
M/N=0.5
0
0
()
Fig. 24. Ty relations of members subjected to compressionbendingtorsion under loading path I (square section).
torsion moment mo ( M/T). It can be found from Fig. 27

that the load-carrying capacity decreases with the increasing of mo. The change of mo has only moderate inuence
on the initial rigidity of the composite members.
It was found that, similar to the composite members
under compressiontorsion and bendingtorsion, under
compressiontorsionbending, the stress distributions
have no obvious difference under different loading paths,
which demonstrates the moderate inuence of different loading paths on the member behavior. This is due
to the fact that (1) the connement provided by outer
steel tube overcomes the brittleness of the concrete and (2)
the local buckling of the steel tube is delayed or eliminated
due to the existence of the core concrete. Thus, the
composite action between the steel tube and its concrete core can enhance the structural behavior, and make
the composite members generally behave in a ductile
manner.
5.2. Analysis and discussion
T
B
D
A
O
Fig. 25. Typical T versus y relations for members subjected to
compressionbendingtorsion.
The conning stress (p) versus torsional angle (y) curves

under loading path I (in solid lines) and II (in dashed lines)
are shown in Fig. 28. For convenience of comparison, the
conning stresses of points A and B at the mid-span are
selected. It can be seen from Fig. 28 that there is slight
discrepancy between the py curves under different loading
paths. However, values of p are almost the same when the
members attain their ultimate failure states.
6. Simplied model
is subjected to the torsion and bending moments under

seismic action.
Fig. 27 shows typical Ty curves for square composite
members under different ratios of bending moment to
Since the loading path inuence is moderate as described

above, the simplied formulae of load-bearing capacity for
CFST members are derived only from calculated results
under loading path I.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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Fig. 26. Shearing stress distributions of square CFST members (compression, bending and torsion): (a) steel tube and (b) concrete core.
SI 1.294+0.267 ln(x), tscy (0.422+0.313a2.33)x0.134fscy;

for CFST members with square sections, SI 1.431+
0.242 ln(x), tscy (0.455+0.313a2.33)x0.25fscy [7]. Torsional
modulus of inertia of the composite sections Wsct can be given
by pD3/16 and 0.208B3 for the composite members with
circular and square sections, respectively.
For a member with a given slenderness
ratio
l (l L/i, i
p
is radius of gyration of CFST, i I sc =Asc , Isc is second
moment of area for CFST cross-section, the following
T/TuN/Nu interaction formula is

2
N 2:4
T
1,
(2)
jN u
Tu
900
T (kN.m)
600
300
0
0

Fig. 27. Torsional moment (T) versus torsional angle (y) relations for
members under loading path II (compression, bending and torsion)
(square section).
in which j is stability reduction factor for slender column

subjected to axial compression [11,12], and can be given as
8
1
lplo ;
>
< 2
j Al Bl C lo olplp ;
>
: D=l 352
l4l ;
p
6.1. CFST members subjected to compression and torsion

Fig. 29 shows the effects of steel yield strength (fy),
concrete strength (fcu) and steel ratio (a) on the T/TuN/Nu
interaction curves. It can be seen that these parameters
have only moderate inuence on the interaction curves
and are, therefore, ignored in the simplied model.
However, the slenderness ratio (l) has signicant inuence
on the T/TuN/Nu interaction curves, as can be seen in
Fig. 14.
The following formula is used to represent the T/TuN/Nu
cross-section interaction curves:
N
Nu
2:4
T
Tu
2
1,
(1)
in which Nu and Tu are the sectional capacities of CFST,

respectively. Nu is given by Ascfscy, where Asc is cross-sectional
area of the composite section, and fscy is nominal yielding
strength of the composite section subjected to axial compression. For circular sections, fscy (1.14+1.02x); for square
sections, fscy (1.18+0.85x) [10]. Tu SItscyWsct, in which,
for the composite members with circular sections,
The symbols were dened as

A
1 35 2lp lo E
,
lp lo 2
B E 2Alp ,
C 1 Al2o Blo ,
8h
i
0:3
235
25
a 0:05
>
>
< 13; 000 4657 ln f y
f ck 5
0:1
D h
i
0:3
>
>
25
a 0:05
: 13; 500 4810 ln 235
f
f 5
0:1
y
ck
for circular sections;

for square sections;
D
,
lp 353
( p
p 420x 550=1:02x 1:14f ck
p
lo
p 220x 450=0:85x 1:18f ck
for circular sections;

for square sections:
where the units for fy and fck (characteristic concrete

strength) are N/mm2.
The member strengths of CFSTs using Eq. (2) are
compared with the results obtained using FEA modeling in
Figs. 29 and 14, respectively. The calculated results are also
compared with the test results in Fig. 30. It can be found
ARTICLE IN PRESS
15
Point A
Point B
Point B
Point A
615
p (MPa)
p (MPa)
10
2
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
0
0
()
()
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
T/Tu
T/Tu
Fig. 28. p versus y relations with different loading paths: (a) circular section and (b) square section. ( Indicates point corresponding to ultimate strength).
0.6
fy=235MPa
fy=345MPa
fy=420MPa
Equation (2)
0.4
0.2
0.6
fcu=30MPa
fcu=60MPa
fcu=90MPa
Equation (2)
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
1.2
1
T/Tu
0.8
=0.05
=0.1
=0.15
=0.2
Equation (2)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
Fig. 29. Effects of parameters on T/Tu versus N/Nu relations (square section): (a) steel yield strength, (b) concrete strength, (c) steel ratio.
from the comparisons that the accuracy with which the

formula predicted is reasonable.
6.2. CFST members subjected to bending and torsion
Fig. 31 shows the effects of steel yield strength (fy),
concrete strength (fcu) and steel ratio (a) on the T/Tu
M/Mu interaction curves. It can be seen that these
parameters have only moderate inuence on the interaction

curves and are, therefore, ignored in the simplied model.
The following formula is used to represent the T/Tu
M/Mu interaction curves for CFST members subjected to
bending and torsion

2
M 2:4
T
1,
(3)
Mu
Tu
ARTICLE IN PRESS
616
24
8
Test results [3]
Equation (2)
18
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
6
4
12
6
2
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
N/Nu
24
24
Test results [4]

Equation (2)
Test results [4]

Equation (2)
18
T (kN.m)
18
T (kN.m)
Test results [1]

Equation (2)
12
12
6
6
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
0.2
0.4
N/Nu
24
0.8
1.2
Test results [4]

Equation (2)
18
T (kN.m)
0.6
N/Nu
12
6
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
N/Nu
1.2
Fig. 30. Comparisons of predicted interaction curves with test results.
where Mu is the ultimate bending strength, Mu

gmWscmfscy, rm 1.1+0.48 ln(x+0.1), for the CFST
beams with circular sections, rm 1.04+0.48 ln(x+0.1)
for the CFST beams with square sections; Section modulus
Wscm can be given by pD3/32 and B3/6 for the CFST
members with circular and square sections, respectively [13].
The member strengths of CFSTs predicted using
Eq. (3) are compared with the results obtained using
FEA modeling in Fig. 31, and compared with the test
results in Fig. 32. It can be found from the comparisons
that the accuracy with which the formula predicted is
reasonable.
6.3. CFST members subjected to compression, bending and

torsion
Fig. 33 shows the NM interaction curves of CFST
members with square sections subjected to compression,
bending and torsion with different T/Tu ratios. The
parameters of those examples are: B 400 mm, a 0.1,
l 40, fcu 60 MPa, fy 345 MPa.
As can be seen from Fig. 33 that the load-bearing capacity
decreases with the increasing of T/Tu ratio. However, the T/Tu
ratio does not affect the shape of the NM interaction curve.
Fig. 34 shows a typical normalized N/Nu(Z)
M/Mu(z)T/Tu(b) interaction relation for CFST sections
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.6
T/Tu
T/Tu
fy=235MPa
fy=345MPa
fy=420MPa
Equation (3)
0.4
0.2
0.6
fcu=30MPa
fcu=60MPa
fcu=90MPa
Equation (3)
0.4
0.2
617
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
M/Mu
1.2
0.2
0.4
1.2
0.6 0.8
M/Mu
1.2
1.2
1
T/Tu
0.8
=0.05
=0.1
=0.15
=0.2
Equation (3)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
M/Mu
Fig. 31. Effects of different parameters on T/Tu versus M/Mu relations (square section): (a) steel yield strength, (b) concrete strength, (c) steel ratio.
24
36
Test results (Han and Zhong, 1994)
Test results (Han and Zhong, 1994)
Equation (3)
Equation (3)
27
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
16
18
8
9
0
0
10
20
30
M (kN.m)
10
M (kN.m)
15
20
Fig. 32. Comparisons of predicted TM relations with measured results.
subjected to compression, bending and torsion. The

coordinates of the contraexure point A (Ze,ze,0) in
Fig. 34 can be calculated using
q
2:4
1 b2 Z o ,
(4a)
Ze
Be
q
1 b2 z o ,
2:4
(4b)
(
Zo
0:5 0:245x
xp0:4;
0:1 0:14x0:84
x40:4:
For CFST with square sections

Bo 1 0:14x1:3 ,
(
0:5 0:318x
Zo
0:1 0:13x0:81
x 0:4;
x40:4:
in which, for CFST with circular sections

Bo 0:18x1:15 1,
The cross-section interaction relation of NNuM/

MuT/Tu shown in Fig. 34 can be obtained by using
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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15000
15000
12000
9000
N (kN)
12000
N (kN)
Theoretical model
Simplified model
T/Tu=0
Bt=400mm9.3mm;
fy=345MPa; fcu=60MPa;
=40; T/Tu=0.4
9000
6000
0.4
6000
3000
0.6
0.2
3000
0.8
300
600
M (kN.m)
900
1200
0
0
300
600
900
1200
Fig. 35. Comparisons of predicted NM relations with simplied model.
M (kN.m)
30
Fig. 33. Effects of T/Tu on NM relations.
Tuc(kN.m)
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
Tue(kN.m)
Fig. 34. N/Nu(Z)M/Mu(z)T/Tu(b) relation.
Fig. 36. Comparisons of torsional capacities between simplied model

(Tuc) and test results (Tue).
regression method:
q
1 T=T u 2
(1) For N=N u X2Z0

2
N
M 2:4
T
a
1.
Nu
Mu
Tu
2:4
q
2:4
(2) For N=N u o2Z0
1 T=T u 2
"
#2:4

N 2
N
M
T 2
b
c
1,
Nu
Nu
Mu
Tu
(5a)
(5b)
in which, a 12Z0, b (1ze)/Z2e , c (2(ze1))/Ze.

Taking into account the slenderness effect, the interaction relation of NNuM/MuT/Tu for CFST members
can be determined as follows:
q
2:4
1 T=T u 2
(1) >For N=N u X2j3 Z0
1 N
a M
j Nu d Mu
2:4
T
Tu
2
1.
q
2:4
1 T=T u 2
(2) For N=N u o2j3 Z0
"
#2:4

N 2
N
1 M
T 2
b
c
1,
Nu
Nu
d Mu
Tu
(6a)
(6b)
where a 12j2Z0, b (1ze)/(j3Z2e), c (2(ze1))/Ze,

8
>
circular member;
< 1 0:4 NNE

d
>
: 1 0:25 NN
square member;
E
NE p EscAsc/l2; Esc is section modulus of the

composite sections in elastic stage [11,12].
ARTICLE IN PRESS
The member capacities predicted using the simplied

methods are compared with calculated results obtained
using FEA modeling, and the test results in Figs. 35 and 36
respectively. It can be seen that generally good agreements
are achieved.
The validity limits of Eqs. (5) and (6) are a 0.040.2,
x 0.25, l 10120, fy 235420 MPa, and fcu
3090 MPa.
7. Conclusions
The present study is an attempt to study the behaviors of
concrete-lled steel tubular (CFST) members subjected to
combined loading (such as compression and torsion,
bending and torsion, compression, bending and torsion).
Within the limitation of the research in this paper, the
following observations and conclusions can be drawn:
(1) ABAQUS software is used for the FEA of CFST
members subjected to combined loading. A comparison
of results calculated using the model shows generally
good agreement with test results.
(2) Loading paths have moderate inuence on the ultimate
strength of CFST members subjected to combined
loading.
(3) The FEA modeling is used to investigate the inuence
of important parameters that determine the ultimate
strength of the composite members under combined
loading.
(4) The parametric studies provide information for the
development of formulae for the calculation of the
ultimate strength of the composite members subjected
to combined loading.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in the paper is part of Project
50425823 supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the project supported by Start-Up Fund
619
for Outstanding Incoming Researchers of Tsinghua

University. Their nancial supports are highly appreciated.
References
[1] Gong A. Experimental study on concrete-lled steel tubular short
column under combined torsion and compression. Thesis for master
degree. Bejing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1989
[in Chinese].
[2] Lee G, Xu JS, Gong A, Zhang KC. Experimental studies on concretelled steel tubular short columns under compression and torsion. In:
Proceedings of the third international conference on steel-concrete
composite structures (I). Fukuoka, Japan: ASCCS; 1991. p. 1438.
[3] Xu JS, Zhou J, Lee G. Experimental studies on concrete-lled steel
tubular medium and long columns under compression and torsion.
In: Proceedings of the third international conference on steel-concrete
composite structures (I). Fukuoka, Japan: ASCCS; 1991. p. 15964.
[4] Zhou J. The experimental research of concrete-lled steel tubular
slender column under combined compression and torsion. Thesis for
master degree. Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture; 1990 [in Chinese].
[5] Han LH, Zhong ST. Theoretical analyses and experimental studies
for concrete-lled steel tubular (CFST) members subjected to bending
and torsion. Ind Construct 1994;24(2):37 [in Chinese].
[6] Han LH, Zhong ST. Study on the working mechanism and behavior
of concrete-lled steel tubular (CFST) members subjected to
compression, bending and torsion. J Build Struct 1995;16(4):329
[in Chinese].
[7] Han LH, Yao GH, Tao Z. Performance of concrete-lled thin-walled
steel tubes under pure torsion. Thin-Walled Struct 2007;45(1):2436.
[8] Hibbitt, Karlson & Sorensen Inc. ABAQUS/standard users manual,
version 6.4.1. Pawtucket, RI: Hibbitt, Karlsson, & Sorensen, Inc.;
2003.
[9] Yao G.H. Research on behaviour of concrete-lled steel tubes
subjected to complicated loading states. Dissertation for the doctoral
degrees in Engineering,. Fuzhou University, 2006 [in Chinese].
[10] Han LH, Yao GH, Zhao XL. Tests and calculations of hollow
structural steel (HSS) stub columns lled with self-consolidating
concrete (SCC). J Construct Steel Res 2005;61(9):124169.
[11] Han LH, Zhao XL, Tao Z. Tests and mechanics model for concretelled SHS stub columns, columns and beam-columns. Steel Compos
StructInt J 2001;1(1):5174.
[12] Han LH, Yao GH, Zhao XL. Behavior and calculation on concretelled steel CHS (circular hollow section) beam-columns. Steel
Compos StructInt J 2004;4(3):16988.
[13] Han LH. Flexural behaviour of concrete-lled steel tubes.
J Construct Steel Res 2004;60(2):31337.

Behaviors of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Members Subjected To

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ARTICLE IN PRESS

Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 600619

Behaviors of concrete-lled steel tubular members subjected to

Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China

E-mail address: lhhan@tsinghua.edu.cn (L.-H. Han).

bendingtorsion and under compressionbendingtorsion,

(1) CFST members with both circular sections and square

concrete cross-sectional area

Han et al. [7] has studied the behavior of concrete-lled

wall thickness of steel tube

steel ratio ( As/Ac)

Compression and torsion

Bending and torsion

2.1. Finite analysis modeling

2. Finite element analysis modeling and verications

ABAQUS software [8] was used in [7] for the FEA on

Fig. 1. A schematic view of loading paths of combined loading: (a)

plasticity model dened in ABAQUS/Standard 6.4 was

of the CFST were modeled using 8-node brick elements

Fig. 2. A schematic view of CFST under compression, bending and

2.3.1. Members under compression and torsion

102.4 1.6 406

L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 600619

obtained form tests in Fig. 4. It can be found that generally

2.3.2. Members under bending and torsion

Sectional dimension D t L (mm)

133 4.5 2000

L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 600619

fy=324.34MPa; fcu=33.3MPa [5]

fy=324.34MPa; fcu=33.3MPa [5]

from [5]. The detailed information for those tests is listed in

moment ratios (T/Tu), where Nu and Tu are, respectively,

133 4.5 450

Fig. 12 shows T/Tu versus y for square composite

that of Ne curves under loading path I, i.e. these Ne

L 1200 mm. It can be seen from Fig. 13 that, the

The interaction between steel tube and core concrete is

3.2. Analysis and discussion

Fig. 8. Comparisons of calculated load-bearing capacities (Tuc) and test

Fig. 12. Effects of N/Nu on T versus y relations (square section).

The curves were calculated with the following parameters:

4. Members subjected to bending and torsion

4.1.1. Loading path I

Loading path III

Loading path III

However, mo has only moderate inuence on the elastic

4.1.3. Loading path III

4.2. Analysis and discussions

Fig. 15. nr versus e relations.

4.1.2. Loading path II

The interaction between the steel tube and concrete core

The conning stress (p) versus torsional angle (y) curves

5. Members subjected to compression, bending and torsion

5.1. Load versus deformation relations

Fig. 18. Typical T versus y relations.

decreases. However, the bending moment carried by the

For a member subjected to the combined action of

Loading path III

Fig. 20. Effects of mo on T versus y relations (square section,

Stage 1: Elastic stage (from point O to point A). In this

Stage 3: Plastic stage (from point B to point C or D).

torsion moment mo ( M/T). It can be found from Fig. 27

The conning stress (p) versus torsional angle (y) curves