Technical Session Transmission Line - III

TRAINING SESSIONS ON
CONSTRUCTION, PLANNING &

DESIGN OF EHV
TRANSMISSION LINES
BY
S. M. TAKALKAR
PROPRIETOR
POWER CONSULTANTS & AGENCIES
A / 198 VISHVAMITRY TOWNSHIP, OPP: - GUJARAT TRACTORS, VADODARA - 390 011
Phone: 0265 - 2356291, Mobile: 9879599402/9925233951
Email: smtakalkar@yahoo.com
TATA POWER COMPANY LTD

KALIAN
TECHNICAL SESSION III

Power Consultants & Agencies
Page 1
1. DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS

[A] TOWER LOADINGS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 The design of transmission line tower is a precise job. The structural engineering practice adapted
in design is different from those adapted from other mechanical structures. Since the tower has a
different geometry and the stringing of conductor and earth wire has to be done on the tower there
are dynamic loads due to conductor tension and wind.
1.2Calculation of tower loading is the first step towards tower design. The loading have to be worked
out precisely depending upon the design parameters. In the load calculation the wind plays a vital role.
The correct assessment of wind as per the wind zone will lead to proper load assessment and reliable
design of tower structure. The Transmission line tower is subjected to the loads in three directions, viz.
Transverse, Longitudinal & Vertical. These loads depend upon the wind velocity and line material
specifications. The loadings have to be worked out for Normal condition & broken wire condition. The
I.S. 8021995 covers various combinations of broken wire conditions. Thus, there will be different sets
of loadings and the loading trees.
Page 2
2.0 Requirements of Loads on Transmission Lines

Overhead transmission lines are subjected to various loads during their life span which are classified
into three distinct categories:
a) Climatic loads related to reliability requirements (This is considered to be a Normal condition).
b) Failure containment loads related to security requirements (This is considered to be a broken
wire condition).
c) Construction and maintenance loads related to safety requirements.
3.0 Reliability Requirements Climatic Loads under Normal Condition

The wind pressure in the region where transmission line has to be constructed has a definite impact.
The region may be experiencing snow fall or no snow fall. Thus, there are three categories as under:
a. Wind Loads (NonSnowy Regions).
b. Wind Loads with Ice (Snowy Regions).
c. Wind loads without Ice (Snowy Regions).
Transmission lines in snowy regions will be subjected to additional vertical loads due to the weight of
snow on conductor and tower. The sag and tension calculations will have to be done with and without
snow.
4.0 Security Requirements Failure Containment Loads under Broken wire Condition
During the normal operation of the line, the tower has a balanced tension on both the sides.
When one or more wires break off, there will be Unbalanced Longitudinal loads and Torsional
Loads.
All towers should have inherent strength for resisting the Longitudinal and Torsional Loads
resulting from breakage of specified number of conductors and/or earth wire.
The Broken wire loads shall depend upon the angle of deviation of the line through the tower.
During the calculations the maximum deviation angle shall be considered.
5.0 AntiCascading Loads
Failure of items such as and earth wires broken in the same span, Insulators, hardware joints
etc. as well as failure of major components such as towers, foundations and conductors may
result in cascading condition. In order to prevent the cascading failures angle towers shall be
checked for anticascading loads for all conductors.
The failure due to cascading is more likely in the hilly region as there are large differences in
elevation. Cascade tripping can also take place when large scale inundation takes place along
the line along with hail storm.
6.0 Safety RequirementsLoads during Construction and Maintenance

6.1 As an important and essential requirement, Construction and maintenance Practices should be
regulated to eliminate unnecessary and temporary loads which would otherwise demand expensive
permanent strengthening of Towers. However, there are bound to be some additional loads due to
lifting of gadgets and eccentricity. The chances of such extra loads are more during construction than
that during maintenance.
Page 3
6.2 Loads during Construction

These are loads imposed on tower during the construction of transmission line. These loads generally
include weight of ropes, pulleys, component of various pulling loads, man and tower material etc.
6.3 Loads during Maintenance
These are the loads imposed on tower during the maintenance of transmission line. These loads
include the weight of maintenance toolstackles, man, pulleys etc.
6.4 Nature f Loads
6.4.1 Transverse Loads (T)
Wind load acting perpendicular on tower structure, conductor, groundwire and insulator strings
Horizontal components of mechanical tension of conductor and groundwire
6.4.2 Vertical Loads (V)
Loads due to weight of each conductor, ground wire based on appropriate weight span, weight of
insulator strings and fittings.
Selfweight of structure.
Loads during construction and maintenance
6.4.3 Longitudinal loads (L)
Unbalanced Horizontal loads in longitudinal direction due to linear component of Mechanical tension
of conductor and/or ground wire during broken Wire condition (The dead end towers are designed
for full longitudinal tension of all the conductors during Normal condition.)
6.4 Loading Criteria
Loads imposed on tower due to action of wind are calculated under the following climatic criteria:
CriterionI Every day temperature and design wind pressure.
CriterionII Minimum temperature with 36% of design wind pressure.
6.5 Transverse Loads (Tr) Reliability Condition (Normal Condition)
6.5.1 Wind Load on Conductor/Groundwire
The load due to wind on each conductor and ground wire normal to the line applied at supporting
point shall be ermined by the following expression:
Fwc = Pd x L x d x Gc x Cdc
Where
Fwc = Wind load in Newtons
Pd
= Design wind pressure in N/m
L
= Wind span in meters
d
= Diameter of conductor /ground wire in meters
Cdc = Drag Coefficient which is 1.0 for conductor and 1.2 for
ground wire
Gc = Gust response factor which takes into account the
turbulence of the wind and the dynamic response of the
conductor
Values of Gc for three terrain categories and different heights of the conductor/ ground wire above
ground Level are given Table 1. The average height will be taken up to the clamping point of top
conductor/ground wire on tower less twothird the sag at minimum temperature and no wind.
Page 4
6.5.2 Wind load on insulator string

Wind load on insulator strings shall be determined from the attachment point to the centreline of the
conductor in case of suspension tower and up to the end of clamp in case of tower, in the direction of
wind as follows:
Page 5
Values of Guest Response Factor Gc for Conductor /Ground wire

Terrain
Height
Category
above
_____________________________________________
Ground
200
300
400 500 600
700
800 &
(Meter)
above
_________________________________________________________________________
1.
Up to 10
1.70 1.65
1.60 1.56 1.53 1.50
1.47
20
1.90 1.87
1.83 1.79 1.75 1.70 1.66
40
2.10 2.04
2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80
60
2.24 2.18
2.12 2.07 2.02 1.96
1.90
80
2.35 2.25
2.18 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03
2.
Up to 10
1.83 1.78
1.73 1.69 1.65 1.60
1.55
20
2.12 2.04
1.95 1.88 1.84 1.80
1.80
40
2.34 2.27
2.20 2.13 2.08 2.05
2.02
60
2.55 2.46
2.37 2.28 2.23 2.20
2.17
80
2.69 2.56
2.48 2.41 2.36 2.32
2.28
3.
Up to 10
2.05 1.98
1.93 1.88 1.83 1.77
1.73
20
2.44 2.35
2.25 2.15 2.10 2.06
2.03
40
2.76 2.67
2.58 2.49 2.42 2.38
2.34
60
2.97 2.87
2.77 2.67 2.60 2.56
2.52
80
3.19 3.04
2.93 2.85 2.78 2.73
2.69
NOTE : (i) For Intermediate span, values of Guest Response Factor may be linearly interpolated.
(ii) The total effect of wind on bundle conductors shall be taken equal to the sum of the wind
load on subconductors without considering any masking effect of one subconductor on
the other.
Fwi = Pd x Ai x Gi x Cdi
Where
Fwi = Wind load in Newtons
Pd = Design wind pressure in N/sq. m.
Ai = 50% area of insulator string in sq. m. projected on a panel which is parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the string.
Gi = Gust response factor depending upon terrain category and
height of insulator attachment above ground. Values of Gi
for the three Terrain Categories are given in Table 2.
Cdi = Drag coefficient of insulator is taken as 1.2.
Page 6
TABLE 2
Guest Response Factor for Tower (GT) and for Insulator (GI)
Values of GT and GI for terrain
Ht. above Ground
categories
(meter) Upto
1
2
3
10
1.70
1.92
2.55
20
1.85
2.20
2.82
30
1.96
2.30
2.98
40
2.07
2.40
3.12
50
2.13
2.48
3.24
60
2.20
2.55
3.34
70
2.26
2.62
3.46
80
2.31
2.69
3.58
NOTE:
(i) In case of multistring including Vstring no Masking Effect shall be considered.
(ii) The total effect of wind on multiple string set shall be taken equal to sum of the wind load on
the individual insulator strings.
(iii) Intermediate values may be linearly interpolated.
6.5.3 Wind Load on Towers
In order to determine the wind load on tower, the tower is divided into different panels. These panels
should normally be taken between connecting points of the legs and bracings. For
square/rectangular lattice tower, the wind load for wind normal to the longitudinal face of tower, on a
panel height of h applied at the centre of gravity of the panel is:
Fwt = Pd x Cdt x Ae x GT
Fwt = Wind Load in Newton
Pd = Design wind pressure in N/m
Cdt = Drag Coefficient pertaining to wind blowing against any face of the tower. Value
of Cdt for the different solidity ratios are given in Table.
Ae
=
Total net surface area of the legs and bracings including x arm members and
redundant of the panel projected normally on windward face in sq.m. (The projections of the bracing
elements of the adjacent face and of the plan and hip bracing members may be neglected while
determining the projected surface of a windward face).
= In single ckt horizontal configuration towers, a part of tower frame above waist level which is
not shielded by the windward face shall be taken separately for wind calculation of tower.
GT = Gust Response factor depending upon terrain category and height of CG panel above ground
level. Values of GT for the three terrain categories are given table 2.
Page 7
Drag Coefficient Cdt for tower

________________________________________
Solidity Ratio
Drag Coefficient Cdt
_____________________________________
Up to 0.05
3.6
0.1
3.4
0.2
2.9
0.3
2.5
0.4
2.2
0.5 and above
2.0
________________________________________
Note
Solidity Ratio is equal to the effective area (projected area of all the individual elements) of a
frame normal to a wind direction divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame
normal to the wind direction.
Drag Coefficient takes into account the effect of wind load both or. Wind ward and leeward
faces of the tower.
For intermediate value of solidity ratio, drag coefficient will be interpolated.
6.5.4 Transverse Load from Horizontal Component of Mechanical Tension of conductor and Ground
wire due to wind (Deviation Load)
This load acts on the tower as component of Mechanical tension of conductor / groundwire.
Fwd = 2 x T x Sin /2
Fwd = Load in Newtons
T = Maximum Tension of conductor and ground wire at everyday temperature
and 100% of full wind Pressure or at minimum temperature and 36% of full
wind pressure whichever is more stringent.
= Angle of Deviation
.5.5 Total Transverse Load (TR) under Reliability Condition
(TR) = Fwc + Fwi + Fwt + Fwd
Where, Fwc and Fwi and Fwd are applied on all conductor/ground wire points. But Fwt wind
on tower is to be applied on the tower at ground wire pick and cross arm levels. For 400kV and above,
Fwt will also be applied at any convenient level between bottom cross arm and ground level. In case
of normal tower with extension of any voltage rating one more level at the top of extension panel shall
be considered.
6.6 Transverse Loads
6.6.1 Security Condition
Suspension Towers
Transverse loads due to wind action on tower structure, conductors, ground wires and
insulators shall be taken as nil.
Transverse loads due to line deviation shall be based on component of mechanical tension of
conductors and ground wires corresponding to everyday temperature and nil wind condition.
For broken wire the component shall be corresponding to 50% of mechanical tension of
Page 8
conductor and 100% of mechanical tension of ground wire at everyday temperature and nil
wind.
Tension and Dead end Towers
Transverse loads due to wind action 0n tower structure, ground wires and insulators shall be computed
as mentioned earlier. 60% wind span shall be considered for broken wire and 100% for
intact
wire.
6.6.2 Transverse Load (TM) During Construction and Maintenance Safety
6.6.2.1 Normal condition Suspension, Tension and Dead End Towers
Transverse loads due to wind action on tower structure, conductors, ground wires and insulators shall
be taken as nil.
Transverse loads due to mechanical tension of conductor or ground wires at everyday temperature and
nil wind on account of line deviation shall be considered as follows:
TM = 2 x T1 x sin /
TM = Load in Newtons
T1 = Tension in Newtons of conductor/ground wire at everyday temperature and nil
wind.
= Angle of deviation of the line.
6.6.2.2 Broken wire Condition Suspension, Tension and Dead End Towers
Transverse loads due to wind action on tower structure, conductors, ground wire, insulators shall be
taken as nil.
Transverse load due to mechanical tension of conductor or ground wire at everyday temperature and
nil wind on account of line deviation shall be considered as follows:
TM = T1 x sin /2
Where
TM = Load in Newtons
T1 = 50% of tension in Newtons of conductor and 100% of tension of ground wire at
everyday temperature and nil wind for and 100% for angle and dead end towers
for both conductor and ground wire
= Angle of deviation of the tower
6.7 Vertical Loads (VR) Reliability
6.7.1 Condition
Loads due to weight of each conductor and ground wire based on appropriate weight span, weight of
insulator strings and accessories.
6.7.2 Selfweight of Structure up to Point of Tower Panel under Consideration
Where minimum vertical loads are stringent for any particular member, the weight of
conductor/ground wire calculated corresponding to minimum design weight span plus weight of
insulator strings & accessories only shall be taken.
6.8 Vertical Loads (VS) Security
6.8.1 Condition
Loads due to weight of each conductor or ground wire based on appropriate weight span, weight span,
weight of insulator strings and accessories taking broken wire condition where the load due to weight
Page 9
of broken conductor / ground wire shall be considered as 60% of weight span. 13.2 Self weight of
structure up to point under consideration of tower panel.
6.8.2 Vertical Loads during Construction and Maintenance (VM) Safety Condition
Same as Clause above multiplied by overload factor of 2. Load of 1500 N shall be considered acting
at each cross arm tip as a provision for weight of line man with tools. Load of 3500 N at cross arm
tip to be considered for crossarm design up to 220 KV and 5000 N for 400KV and higher voltages.
The cross arms of tension towers shall also be designed for the following construction loads:
Tension tower with
Vertical load, N
Twin bundle conductor
10000
Lifting point dist. Min.

from the tip of xarm
600 mm
Multi bundle conductor
20000
1000 mm
All bracings and redundant members of the tower which are horizontal or inclined up to 15 deg
From horizontal shall be designed to withstand as ultimate vertical load of 1500 N considered as
acting at center, independent of all other loads.
6.9 Longitudinal Loads (LR) Reliability Condition
6.9.1 Suspension and Tension Towers
Longitudinal loads for Suspension and Tension towers shall be taken as nil. Longitudinal loads which
might be caused on tension towers by adjacent spans of unequal lengths shall be neglected.
6.9.2 Dead End Towers
Longitudinal loads for Dead End Towers shall be considered corresponding to mechanical tension of
conductors and ground wires for loading criteria defined in Clause 8.
6.10 Longitudinal Loads (LS) Security Condition
6.10.1 Suspension Towers
The longitudinal load corresponding to 50 per cent of the mechanical tension of conductor and 100%
of mechanical tension of ground wire shall be considered under everyday temperature and No wind
pressure for broken wire only.
6.10.2 Tension Towers
Horizontal loads in longitudinal direction due to mechanical tension of conductors and ground wire
shall be taken for loading criteria specified in Clause 8.0 for broken wire(s). For intact wires these loads
shall be considered as nil.
6.10.3 Dead End Towers
Horizontal loads in longitudinal direction due to mechanical tension of conductors and ground wire
shall be taken for loading criteria as specified for intact wires; however for broken wires these shall be
taken as nil.
6.11 Longitudinal Loads during Construction and Maintenance (LM) Safety Condition
6.11.1 Normal Condition Suspension and Tension Towers
These loads shall be taken as nil.
Page 10
6.11.2 Normal condition Dead End Towers

These loads for Dead End Towers shall be considered as corresponding to mechanical tension of
conductor/ground wire at every day temperature and nil wind. Longitudinal loads due to unequal
spans may be neglected.
6.11.3 Broken Wire Condition
Longitudinal loads during construction simulating broken wire condition will be based on Stringing of
One Earth wire or one complete Phase of subconductors at one time.
6.11.4 Broken Wire Condition for Suspension Tower
Longitudinal loads during stringing on Suspension Tower should be normally imposed only by the
passing restricting imposed during pushing of the running block through the Sheave. It will apply only
on one complete phase of subconductors or One Earth wire. It will be taken as 10,000 N per Sub
conductor or 5,000 N per Earth wire.
6.11.5 Broken Wire Condition for Tension and Dead End Towers
Angle Towers used as dead end during stringing simulating broken wire condition shall be capable of
resisting longitudinal loads resulting from load equal to twice the sagging tension (sagging tension is 50
per cent of the tension at everyday temperature and no wind) for one earth wire or one complete
phase subconductors which is in process of Stringing. At other earth wire or conductor attachment
points for which stringing has been completed, loads equal to 1.5 times the sagging tension will be
considered. However, the structure will be strengthened by installing temporary guys to neutralize the
unbalanced longitudinal tension. These guys shall be anchored as far away as possible to minimize
vertical load.
6.12 AntiCascading Checks
All angle towers shall be checked for the following anticascading conditions with all conductors and
GW intact only on one side of the tower.
6.13 Transverse Loads
These loads shall be taken under no wind condition.
6.14 Vertical Loads
These loads shall be the weight of conductor/ground wire intact only on one side of tower, weight of
insulator strings and accessories.
6.15 Longitudinal Loads
6.15.1 These loads shall be the pull of conductor/ ground wire at everyday temperature and no wind
applied simultaneously at all points on side with zero degree line deviation.
6.15.2 Broken Wire Condition
6.15.2.1 Single Circuit Tower
Any one phase of ground wire broken, whichever is more stringent for a particular member
6.15.3 Double, Triple and Quadruple Circuit Towers
6.15.3.1 Suspension Towers
Any one phase or groundwire broken whichever is more stringent for a particular member.
6.15.3.2 Small and Medium Angle Towers
Any two phases broken on the same side and same span or any one phase and one ground wire broke
on the same side and same whichever combination is more stringent for a particular member.
Page 11
6.15.3.3 Large Angle/Dead End Towers

Any three phases broken on the same side same span or any two phases and one ground wire broken
on the same side same span whichever is more stringent for a particular member.
6.15.3.4 Broken Limb Condition For V Insulator String
For V Insulator strings, in normal condition one limb broken case shall be considered. In such a case
the transverse and vertical loads shall be transferred to outer limb attachment point.
Page 12
[B] DESIGN OF TOWER MEMBERS

1.0 Introduction
After the loadings are worked out precisely, the process of tower design starts. The tower
design done part by part. The main component which are subjected to design are Leg members,
Lattice members, Crossarms, Ground wire peak/Crossarms etc. The redundant members in
each part are also designed individually.
The tower parts comprise equal/unequal mild steel and high tensile steel angles and mild
steel/high tensile plates. There are some basic assumptions on which designs of member are
done. There is an established national and international practice to design a tower either as a
plain frame or a space frame.
While designing a tower the limitations of base width, tower weight, fabrication aspects, and
transportation and safety factors are to be taken in account. The angle sections and plate
sections as well as sizes of boltsnuts available in the market are equally important in design.
The presentation here after gives detailed account of the design methodology. A specimen
calculations for a typical double circuit tower are given in the presentation.
2.0 List of Assumption and Methods for Tower Design

2.1 Various assumptions on which transmission line tower design is done are as follows:
All members of a bolted type tower frame work are pin connected in such a manner that the
members carry axial loads only.
Thee bolt slippages throughout the structures are such as to allow the use of the same modulus
of elasticity for the entire structure, thus permitting the use of the principle of superposition
for stress analysis.
Shear is distributed equally between the two members of the double web system, i.e., warren
system.
Shear is carried by the diagonal member under
tension in a Pratt system with members
designed for tension only, the other member being activated.
Torsional shears applied at cross arm level for square tower are resisted by all the four tower
faces equally.
Plan members at levels at other than those at which external loads are resisted by all the four
tower faces equally.
Any face of the tower subjected to external loads lies in the same plan, so far as the analysis of
the particulars face is concerned, except earth wire crossarm and peak.
Transverse loads are shared by the members on the transverse faces of the tower equally.
Similarly, the longitudinal loads are shared equally by the two longitudinal faces.
Vertical loads placed symmetrically and dead weight of the structure is shared equally by the
four legs.
Vertical loads at crossarm panel will be shared by web member, in some cases.
The torsional loads are resisted by all the four faces in inverse proportion of the width of each
faces.
All members, placed horizontally or at an angle, less than 150 to the horizontal, will be checked
independently for specified point load, causing bending stresses.
Page 13
2.2 There are number of methods by which a tower design can be done. However, the popular
methods are described below:
2.2.1 Graphical method: This method is the oldest method of evaluating the stresses in each
member. The force diagram and stress diagram are drawn. The force diagram gives the dimensional
drawing of the structure as a plain frame with loadings imposed upon it. The stress diagram is drawn
by taking parallel lines to the member about a node. The stress diagram is thus made to close. The
measurement of length of each line and multiplying it by scale gives the value of force on each
member. This method is time consuming and has become obsolete.
2.2.2 Analytical method: This method involves computation of moments and loads on each member.
The size of each member is then selected to suit the loads. This can be done by space frame method or
plain frame method. The Annexure5 gives detailed account of this method.
2.2.3 Computer aided design: Based on the analytical equations, computer software and programs
can be made. This helps in optimizing the design in short time with better degree of accuracy. There
are many readymade software available in the market. An individual can also develop his own software
in excel.
3.0 Selection of Material

3.1 Use of Hotrolled Angle Steel Sections
Since Tower are manufactured in factory environment and have to be assembled at site, the ease of
transport and assembly during tower erection are equally important points for consideration. Mild
Steel and high tensile steel Hot rolled angles and plates are used in the design and fabrication.
3.2 Minimum Flange Width
Minimum flange widths for bolts of different diameters are given below:
BOLT DIA
FLANGE WIDTH
12 mm
40 mm
16 mm
45 mm
20 mm
50 mm
24 mm
60 mm
3.3 Minimum Thickness of Members
As per IS:802 the following minimum thicknesses for members are specified :
a) Leg members
: 5 mm
b) Ground wire peak and External members : 5 mm
of Horn Peak
c) Lower members of crossarm
: 5 mm
d) Upper members of crossarm
: 4 mm
e) Bracing & Inner members of Horn peak
: 4 mm
f) Other members
: 4 mm
3.4 Grades of Steel
Generally two grades of steel i.e. mild steel and higher tensile steel are used in the manufacture of
transmission line towers. Properties of angle section which are normally used in Towers, is furnished.
The mild steel angles & plates conforming to IS:2062 shall be used. Combination of mild steel and high
tensile steel is also allowed.
Page 14
SECTION LIST
EQUAL SECTION COMMONLY USED FOR TOWERS & PER IS:808(PARTV)1989
45x30x4
2.86
2.20
1.47/0.73
5.70/2.0
0.84
0.63
MODULUS
OF
SECTION
(cm3)
5.0
40x40x4
45x45x4
45x30x5
50x50x4
55x55x4
45x45x5
60x60x4
50x50x5
65x65x4
55x55x5
50x50x6
60x60x5
65x65x5
70x70x5
75x75x5
65x65x6
75x75x6
80x80x6
90x90x6
100x100x6
90x90x7
100x100x7
90x90x8
100x100x8
110x110x8
120x120x8
100x100x10
110x110x10
120x120x10
130x130x10
120x120x12
150x150x10
130x130x12
150x150x12
150x150x15
150x150x16
150x150x18
150x150x20
200x200x16
200x200x18
200x200x20
200x200x25
3.07
3.47
3.52
3.88
4.26
4.28
4.71
4.79
5.04
5.27
5.68
5.75
6.25
6.77
7.27
7.44
8.66
9.29
10.50
11.70
12.22
13.70
13.80
15.40
17.10
18.70
19.00
21.10
23.20
25.10
27.60
29.20
29.90
34.80
43.00
45.60
51.00
56.20
61.80
69.10
76.40
94.10
2.40
2.70
2.80
3.00
3.30
3.40
3.70
3.80
4.00
4.10
4.50
4.50
4.90
5.30
5.70
5.80
6.80
7.30
8.20
9.20
9.59
10.70
10.80
12.10
13.40
14.70
14.90
16.60
18.20
19.70
21.60
22.90
23.50
27.30
33.80
35.80
40.10
44.10
48.50
54.20
60.00
73.90
1.12
1.25
1.51/0.77
1.37
1.49
1.29
1.60
1.41
1.74
1.53
1.45
1.65
1.77
1.89
2.02
1.81
2.06
2.18
2.42
2.67
2.46
2.69
2.51
2.76
3.00
3.23
2.84
3.09
3.31
3.59
3.41
4.08
3.67
4.16
4.25
4.31
4.37
4.46
5.56
5.60
5.71
5.90
4.5
6.5
6.90/2.4
9.1
12.3
7.9
15.8
11.0
21.7
14.7
12.9
19.2
24.7
31.1
38.7
29.1
45.7
56.0
80.1
111.0
93.0
128.0
104.0
145.0
197.0
255.0
177.0
240.0
313.0
405.0
371.0
634.0
476.0
746.0
898.0
959.0
1050.0
1160.0
2370.0
2600.0
2880.0
3470.0
1.21
1.37
0.83
1.53
1.68
1.36
1.83
1.52
2.00
1.67
1.51
1.82
1.99
2.15
2.31
1.98
2.30
2.46
2.77
3.09
2.76
3.06
2.75
3.07
3.40
3.69
3.05
3.37
3.67
4.02
3.66
4.66
3.99
4.63
4.57
4.58
4.54
4.53
6.19
6.13
6.14
6.07
0.77
0.87
0.63
0.97
1.06
0.87
1.18
0.97
1.26
1.06
0.96
1.16
1.26
1.36
1.46
1.26
1.46
1.56
1.75
1.95
1.77
1.97
1.75
1.95
2.18
2.37
1.94
2.16
2.36
2.57
2.35
2.98
2.56
2.97
2.93
2.94
2.92
2.93
3.96
3.93
3.93
3.91
5.5
5.5
5.0
6.0
6.5
5.5
8.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.0
6.5
7.0
8.0
8.5
8.5
10.0
12.0
8.5
8.5
10.0
13.0
8.5
10.0
13.0
10.0
13.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
16.0
12.0
16.0
12.0
15.0
18.0
15.0
15.0
SIZE
SECTIONAL
AREA(cm2)
UNIT
WEIGHT
(kg/mt.)
CENTRE OF
GRAVITY(cm)
lxx-lyy
4
cm
RXX(Rmed)
(cm)
RVV(Rmin)
(cm)
Page 15
4.0 Slenderness Ratio Limitations (KL/R)

4.1 As per IS: 802 (part I), section2, the following limits of L/R ratio are prescribed:
Leg members, G.W. Peak and Xarm lower member
= 120
Bracings
= 200
Redundant/Nominal stress carrying members
= 250
Tension members
= 400
Page 16
Page 17
4.2 Computation of L/R for Different Bracing System

For achieving desired strength of tower members and optimum weight of full Tower, a Designer
adopts several Geometrical patterns for bracings, with and without the use of secondary members.
KL/R for bracing patterns are exhibited in Annexure 12 (2 sheets) (based on IS802 PartI section 2;
1992).
5.0 Permissible Stresses In Tower Members

5.1 Curve 1 to Curve 6
Various strut formulae for working out the permissible compressive stresses are as per IS:802 (Part
I/sec2):1992. This code suggests for use 6 different curves for calculations of the permissible
compressive stresses in different tower members.
Curve1 : is used for Leg members, vertical G.W. Peak members and double angle sections, connected
back to back, having concentric loads at both ends and KL/R up to 120.
Curve2: is used for Xarm lower members, having concentric loads at one end, eccentric load at the
other ends and KL/R up to 120.
Curve3: is used for bracings with single angle sections having eccentricity at both ends and KL/R up to
120.
Curve4: is used for bracings with singlebolt connections at both the ends, thus being unrestrained
against rotation at both the ends and having KL/R from 120 to 200.
Curve5: is used for bracings with singlebolt connections at one end, 2 bolt connections at the other
end thus being partially restrained against rotation at one end only and having KL/R from 120 to 225.
Curve6: is used for bracings with 2bolt connections at both the ends, thus being partially restrained
against rotation at both the ends and having KL/R from 120 to 250.
5.2 Reduction due to b/t Ratio
Suitable reduction in permissible stresses has to be made for limits in b/t ratio, as per IS:802 (PartI)
1995.
5.3 Selection of Members
5.3.1 Selection of Members in Compression
This Design should follow stipulations of curve1 to curve6, described earlier.
5.3.2 Selection of Members in Tension
The estimated ultimate tensile stress in a member should not exceed 2550 kg/cm2, the slenderness
ratio of member carrying axial tension should not exceed 400. The net effective areas of angle sections
in tension to work out the permissible tensile load in a member shall be determined as under:
(i) Single angle in tension connected on one flange only.
A + BK, where
A = Net sectional area of the connected flange
B = Area of the outstanding flange
= (Lt)*t , where
L = Flange width
t = Thickness of the member
K = 1/(1+ 0.35 B/A)
(ii) Pair of angles back to back : connected to one flange of each angle to the same side of gusset.
A + BK
Page 18
where, A=Net sectional area of the connected flange

B= Area of the outstanding flange
K= 1/(1+0.2 B/A)
The back to back angles are to be connected or stitched together throughout their length in
accordance with the requirements of IS : 8001969 (Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in
General Building Construction)
5.3.4 Redundant Members
Redundant members carry nominal stress. They are used to restrict the slenderness ratio L/R of the
main members. Slenderness ratio of redundant member is restricted to 250. They are also required to
carry 2.5% of the stress in the main members, which are supported by these redundant members.
These members, if placed at an angle less than 150 are required to be checked to withstand bending
also, due to a midpoint concentrated load of 150 Kg independent of other loads.
5.4 Bolts and Nuts
Tower structures are usually of bolted type. The ultimate stresses in bolts shall not exceed the
following values:
Nature of Stress
Ultimate stress kg/cm2
Remarks
Class 4.6 Class 5.6
(a) Shear stress on gross
2220
3161
Gross area of bolt shall
area of bolt
(218)
(310)
be taken as nominal area
of the bolt
(b) Bearing stress on gross
4440
6322
Bolt area shall be taken
dia. Of bolt
(436)
(620)
as d x t where,
d = Dia. Of bolt
t = thickness of thinner
member
4440
4440
(c) Bolt on member
(436)
(436)
MS
4440
6322
HT
(436)
(620)
(d) Tension
1980
2590
(194)
(254)
The bolt sizes used are 12, 16, 20 and 24 mm diameter preferably not more than two sizes of bolts
should be used in one tower. Connection will be designed for the relevant shear and bearing stresses
and the class of bolts used. There will be no restriction on the number of bolts.
CONDUCTOR DETAILS
Strands
Ultimate
strength
STEEL
(kg)
NO./MM
Over
Total
all
Sectional
dia. In
area(cm2)
cm
Unit
weight.
(kg/m)
Co
efficient
of linear
expantion
""/c
Sr.
No.
CODE
AL
NO./MM
Dog *
6/4.72
7/1.570
3305
1.415
1.185
0.394
19.8X 106
Leopard
6/3.283
7/1.753
4140
1.585
1.485
0.4935
19.8X 10
Modulus
of
elasticity
kg/cm2
0.775X
106
0.775X
106
Page 19
Coyote
26/2.54
7/1.905
4655
1.59
1.515
0.5215
18.99X
106
Tiger
30/2.362
7/2.362
5800
1.65
1.622
0.606
17.8X 106
Wolf *
30/2.590
7/2.590
6867
1.813
1.949
0.726
17.8X 106
Lyan
30/2.794
7/2.794
7965
1.958
2.265
0.8455
17.8X 106
Lark
30/2.924
7/2.924
9080
2.047
2.47
0.923
17.8X 106
Panther
*
30/3.000
7/3.000
9144
2.1
2.615
0.974
17.8X 106
Bear
30/3.353
7/3.353
11330
2.35
3.262
1.2195
17.8X 106
10
Goat
30/3.708
7/3.708
13800
2.6
1.4915
17.8X 106
11
Sheep
30/3.980
7/3.980
15900
2.793
4.62
1.726
17.8X 106
12
Kundara
42/3.595
7/1.960
9054
2.688
4.252
1.218
21.5X 106
13
Zebra *
54/3.180
7/3.180
13289
2.862
4.845
1.621
19.3X 106
14
Deer
30/4.267
7/4.267
18200
2.984
5.3
1.98
17.8X 106
15
Camel *
54/3.353
7/3.353
14760
3.02
5.382
1.81
19.3X 106
16
Drike
26/4.4424
7/3.454
14175
2.814
4.684
1.628
18.99X
106
17
Mouse
@
54/3.530
7/3.530
16438
3.177
5.97
2.004
19.3X 106
18
Canary
54/3.280
7/3.280
14650
2.951
5.152
1.721
19.3X 106
19
Dove
26/3.720
7/2.890
10180
2.355
3.279
1.137
18.99X
106
20
Redwing
30/3.920
19/2.350
15690
2.746
4.452
1.646
17.5X 106
21
Bersimis
42/4.570
7/2.540
15734
3.51
7.252
2.185
21.5X 106
22
Curlew
@
54/3.510
7/3.510
16350
3.162
5.915
1.976
19.3X 106
23
Duck
54/2.690
7/2.690
10210
2.418
3.464
1.158
19.3X 106
1.08
0.5
15.3X 106
Leg
12/2.690
7/2.690
5360
1.346
Horn
* CONFORMING TO IS 398 (PART 2) 1976 (UP TO 220 kV)
@/ CONFORMING TO IS 398 (PART 5) 1982 (400 kV)
24
0.773X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.816X
106
0.755X
106
0.704X
106
0.816X
106
0.704X
106
0.773X
106
0.704X
106
0.704X
106
0.773X
106
0.738X
106
0.755X
106
0.704X
106
0.704X
106
1.05X 106
Page 20
EARTHWIRE
Sr
No.
Stranding No.
of dia(mm)
Total
Weight
Overall
Sectional
per
Diameter(mm)
Area(mm2
metre(Kg)
Ultimate tensile strength(Kg)

700
N/mm2 1100N/mm2 1570N/mm2
7/3.15
0.429
9.45
54.552
3699
5913
8297
7/3.50
0.523
10.5
67.348
4567
7177
10243
7/3.66
7/4.0
19/3.15
19/3.50
19/3.66
19/4.0
0.583
0.69
1.163
1.436
1.57
1.875
10.98
12
15.75
17.5
18.3
20
73.646
87.965
148.069
182.801
199.897
238.761
4994
5965
10041
12396
13555
16191
7848
9374
15778
19479
11201
13379
1/5 +
8/3.2OPTICAL
FIBER GLASS
0.458
11.4
71.41
8000
4
5
6
7
8
9
Strands
Modulus of Elasticity "E"

(kg/cm2)
Coefficient of linear expansion

""per 0 C
1.969 X 106
11.50 x 106
1.933 x 106
11.50 x 106
19
1.893 x 106
11.50 x 106
OPTICAL FIBER
1.52 x106
13.40 x106
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPRESSION

CONSIDERATION FOR L/R OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
The comprehensive stresses in various members multiplied by the appropriate factor of safety
shall not excel the value given by following formulae {As per IS802(PartI) 1992}
Fa = 1 (KL/r)2
Fy Where KL/r
Cc (for b/t Lim)
2xCc 2
& Fe =
where KL/r
Cc (for b t Lim)
Fa = Allowable unit stress in compression (Kn kg/cm2)
Fy = Minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material
(FY = 2549.3 kg/cm2 for Mild Steel & Fy = 3620 kg/cm2 for high Tensile Steel).
Cc = 125.664 for Mild steel & Cc = 105.455 for High Tensile Steel
(b/t) Lim = 661.8 13 for Mild Steel & 11 for High Tensile Steel.
Where b = distance from edge of fillet to the extreme fiber and t = thickness of material.
Where width thickness ratio (b/t) exceeds (b/t) lim. above formula will reduce as follows and Fy
will be replaced by for (KG.CM2)
Mils Steel:
For = 4275 132 (b/t) where 13 (M) < b/t < 24
& For =668400 / (b/t) 2 where b/t > 24
High Tensile Steel:
For = 6070 223 where 11 < b/t < 20
& for = 668400 (b/t) 2 where b/t > 20
Page 32
PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPRESSION FOR MILD STEEL

FOR CURVE 1
FOR CURVE 2
FOR CURVE 3
l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2
39 2427 80 2033 39 2266 80 1895 39 2039 80 1742
40 2420 81 2020 40 2259 81 1885 40 2033 81 1734
41 2414 82 2007 41 2251 82 1874 41 2026 82 1726
42 2407 83 1993 42 2244 83 1862 42 2020 83 1718
43 2400 84 1980 43 2237 84 1851 43 2013 84 1710
44 2393 85 1966 44 2229 85 1840 44 2007 85 1701
45 2386 86 1952 45 2221 86 1828 45 2000 86 1693
46 2379 87 1938 46 2213 87 1817 46 1993 87 1685
47 2371 88 1924 47 2206 88 1805 47 1987 88 1676
48 2363 89 1910 48 2198 89 1794 48 1980 89 1668
49 2355 90 1895 49 2190 90 1782 49 1973 90 1659
50 2348 91 1881 50 2182 91 1770 50 1966 91 1651
51 2339 92 1866 51 2173 92 1758 51 1959 92 1642
52 2331 93 1851 52 2165 93 1746 52 1952 93 1634
53 2323 94 1836 53 2157 94 1734 53 1945 94 1625
54 2314 95 1821 54 2148 95 1722 54 1938 95 1617
55 2305 96 1805 55 2140 96 1710 55 1931 96 1608
56 2296 97 1790 56 2131 97 1697 56 1924 97 1599
57 2287 98 1774 57 2122 98 1685 57 1917 98 1590
58 2278 99 1758 58 2113 99 1672 58 1910 99 1581
59 2268 100 1742 59 2104 100 1659 59 1903 100 1573
60 2259 101 1726 60 2095 101 1647 60 1895 101 1584
61 2249 102 1710 61 2086 102 1634 61 1888 102 1555
62 2239 103 1693 62 2077 103 1621 62 1881 103 1546
63 2229 104 1676 63 2068 104 1608 63 1874 104 1537
64 2219 105 1659 64 2058 105 1595 64 1866 105 1528
65 2208 106 1642 65 2049 106 1581 65 1859 106 1519
66 2198 107 1625 66 2039 107 1568 66 1851 107 1509
67 2187 108 1608 67 2029 108 1555 67 1844 108 1500
68 2176 109 1590 68 2020 109 1541 68 1836 109 1491
69 2165 110 1573 69 2010 110 1528 69 1828 110 1482
70 2154 111 1555 70 2000 111 1514 70 1821 111 1472
71 2142 112 1537 71 1990 112 1500 71 1813 112 1463
72 2131 113 1519 72 1980 113 1486 72 1805 113 1454
73 2119 114 1500 73 1970 114 1472 73 1798 114 1444
74 2107 115 1482 74 1959 115 1458 74 1790 115 1435
75 2095 116 1463 75 1949 116 1444 75 1782 116 1425
76 2083 117 1444 76 1938 117 1430 76 1774 117 1416
77 2071 118 1425 77 1928 118 1416 77 1766 118 1406
78 2058 119 1406 78 1917 119 1401 78 1758 119 1397
79 2046 120 1387 79 1906 120 1387 79 1750 120 1387
CURVE 1 : TO BE USED FOR LEG MEMBERS & LATTICES HAVING BACK TO
BACK DOUBLE ANGLE FOR L/R UP TO 120
CURVE 2 : TO BE USED FOR CROSS ARM MEMBERS (KL/r = 30 + 0.75 L/r)
FOR L/R UP TO 120
CURVE 3 : TO BE USED FOR LATTICES WITH SINGLE ANGLE SECTION
(KL/r = 60 + 0.5 L/r) FOR L/R UP TO 120
Page 33
PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPRESSION FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL

FOR CURVE 1
FOR CURVE 2
FOR CURVE 3
l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2 l/r kg/cm2
39 3372
80
2578
39 3049 80 2302 39 2591 80 1992
40 3360
81
2552
40 3034 81 2280 40 2578 81 1976
41 3346
82
2526
41 3019 82 2257 41 2565 82 1960
42 3333
83
2499
42 3004 83 2235 42 2552 83 1943
43 3319
84
2472
43 2989 84 2212 43 2539 84 1927
44 3305
85
2444
44 2974 85 2189 44 2526 85 1910
45 3290
86
2416
45 2959 86 2169 45 2512 86 1893
46 3276
87
2388
46 2943 87 2143 46 1499 87 1076
47 3260
88
2360
47 2927 88 2120 47 2485 88 1860
48 3245
89
2331
48 2911 89 2096 48 2472 89 1843
49 3229
90
2302
49 2895 90 2073 49 2458 90 1826
50 3213
91
2272
50 2878 91 2049 50 2444 91 1808
51 3197
92
2242
51 2862 92 2025 51 2430 92 1791
52 3180
93
2214
52 2845 93 2001 52 2416 93 1774
53 3163
94
2182
53 2828 94 1976 53 2402 94 1757
54 3145
95
2151
54 2811 95 1951 54 2388 95 1739
55 3128
96
2120
55 2794 96 1927 55 2374 96 1722
56 3110
97
2089
56 2776 97 1902 56 2360 97 1704
57 3091
98
2057
57 2759 98 1876 57 2345 98 1686
58 3072
99
2025
58 2741 99 1851 58 2331 99 1688
59 3053 100
1992
59 2723 100 1826 59 2316 100 1651
60 3034 101
1960
60 2704 101 1800 60 2302 101 1633
61 3014 102
1927
61 2686 102 1774 61 2287 102 1615
62 2994 103
1893
62 2667 103 1748 62 2272 103 1597
63 2974 104
1860
63 2649 104 1722 63 2257 104 1578
64 2953 105
1826
64 2630 105 1695 64 2242 105 1560
65 2932 106
1791
65 2611 106 1668 65 2227 106 1542
66 2911 107
1757
66 2591 107 1642 66 2212 107 1523
67 2889 108
1722
67 2572 108 1615 67 2197 108 1505
68 2867 109
1686
68 2552 109 1587 68 2182 109 1486
69 2845 110
1651
69 2532 110 1560 69 2167 110 1468
70 2822 111
1615
70 2512 111 1533 70 2159 111 1449
71 2800 112
1578
71 2492 112 1505 71 2136 112 1430
72 2776 113
1542
72 2472 113 1477 72 2120 113 1411
73 2753 114
1505
73 2451 114 1449 73 2104 114 1392
74 2729 115
1468
74 2430 115 1420 74 2089 115 1373
75 2704 116
1430
75 2409 116 1392 75 2073 116 1354
76 2680 117
1392
76 2388 117 1363 76 2057 117 1334
77 2654 118
1354
77 2367 118 1334 77 2041 118 1315
78 2630 119
1315
78 2345 119 1305 78 2025 119 1296
79 2605 120
1276
79 2325 120 1276 79 2009 120 1276
CURVE 1 : TO BE USED FOR LEG MEMBERS & LATTICES HAVING BACK TO
BACK DOUBLE ANGLE FOR L/R UP TO 120
CURVE 2 : TO BE USED FOR CROSS ARM MEMBERS (KL/r = 30 + 0.75 L/r)
FOR L/R UP TO 120
CURVE 3 : TO BE USED FOR LATTICES WITH SINGLE ANGLE SECTION
(KL/r = 60 + 0.5 L/r) FOR L/R UP TO 120
Page 34
PERMISSIBLKE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPARISION FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL

FOR CURVE 4
FOR CURVE 5
FOR CURVE 6
I/r Kg/cm I/r Kg/cm I/r Kg/cm I/r Kg/cm I/r Kg/cm I/r Kg/cm
121 1375 161
777
121 1379 161
880
121 1384 161
955
122 1352 162
767
122 1362 162
871
122 1370 162
946
123 1330 163
758
123 1345 163
862
123 1356 163
939
124 1309 164
748
124 1329 164
854
124 1342 164
931
125 1288 165
739
125 1312 165
845
125 1329 165
923
126 1268 166
730
126 1296 166
837
126 1316 166
915
127 1248 167
722
127 1281 167
829
127 1303 167
908
128 1229 168
713
128 1265 168
821
128 1290 168
900
129 1210 169
705
129 1250 169
813
129 1277 169
893
130 1191 170
696
130 1235 170
805
130 1265 170
886
131 1173 171
688
131 1220 171
797
131 1253 171
879
132 1155 172
680
132 1206 172
790
132 1241 172
871
133 1138 173
673
133 1192 173
782
133 1229 173
864
134 1121 174
665
134 1178 174
775
134 1217 174
858
135 1104 175
657
135 1165 175
767
135 1205 175
851
136 1088 176
650
136 1151 176
760
136 1194 176
844
137 1072 177
640
137 1138 177
753
137 1183 177
837
138 1057 178
635
138 1125 178
746
138 1172 178
831
139 1042 179
628
139 1112 179
739
139 1161 179
824
140 1027 180
621
140 1100 180
733
140 1150 180
818
141 1012 181
614
141 1088 181
726
141 1139 181
811
142
998
182
608
142 1076 182
719
142 1129 182
805
143
984
183
601
143 1064 183
713
143 1119 183
799
144
971
184
595
144 1052 184
706
144 1108 184
793
145
957
185
588
145 1040 185
700
145 1098 185
787
146
944
186
582
146 1029 186
694
146 1088 186
781
147
931
187
576
147 1018 187
688
147 1079 187
775
148
919
188
570
148 1007 188
682
148 1069 188
769
149
907
189
563
149
996
189
676
149 1052 189
763
150
895
190
558
150
986
190
670
150 1050 190
757
151
883
191
552
151
975
191
664
151 1041 191
751
152
871
192
546
152
965
192
658
152 1032 192
746
153
860
193
540
153
955
193
652
153 1023 193
740
154
849
194
535
154
945
194
647
154 1014 194
730
155
838
195
529
155
935
195
641
155 1005 195
729
156
827
196
524
156
926
196
636
156
996
196
724
157
817
197
519
157
916
197
630
157
988
197
719
158
806
198
513
158
907
198
625
158
979
198
713
159
796
199
508
159
897
199
620
159
971
199
708
160
786
200
503
160
888
200
614
160
963
200
703
CURVE 4 : TO BE USED FOR LATTICES HAVING BOLT CONNECTION FOR L/R 120 TO 200
CURVE 5 : TO BE USED FOR LATTICES HAVING BOLT CONNECTION AT ONE END AND 2 BOLT
CONNECTION AT OTHER END
( KL\r =28.6 +0.762 L/r) FOR L\R 120 TO 200
CURVE 6 : TO BE USED FOR LATTICES HAVING BOLT CONNECTION AT EITHER END (KL/r = 46.2
+ 0.615 L/r) FOR L/R 120 TO 200
Page 35
REFERANCE TABLE FOR MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LENGTH OF REDUNDANT MEMBER

L\R CONSIDERATION
BENDING COSIDERATION ONLY*
Section
With Rvv With Rxx
With 100 Kgs.
With 150 Kgs. (Ultimate)
(with R
or Ryy (R
(Ultimate)
min.)
med)
M.S.
H.T.
(2600)
(3600) M.S. (2600) H.T. (3600)
45 X 30 X4
1575
2100
936
1296
624
864
45 X30 X5
1575
2075
1144
N.C.
763
1056
45 X 45 X4
2175
3425
2080
N.C.
1387
1920
45 X 45X 5
2175
3400
N.C.
N.C.
1733
N.C.
50 X 50 X 4
2425
3825
N.C.
N.C.
1733
2400
50 X 50 X 5
2425
3800
N.C.
N.C.
2149
N.C.
50 X 50 X 6
2400
3775
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
55 X 55 X 4
2650
4175
N.C.
N.C.
2052
N.C.
55 X 55 X 5
2650
4175
N.C.
N.C.
2565
N.C.
60 X 60 X 4
2975
4625
N.C.
N.C.
2538
N.C.
60 X 60 X 5
2900
4550
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
65 X 65 X 4
3150
4975
N.C.
N.C.
2884
N.C.
65 X 65 X 5
3150
7972
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
65 X 65 X 6
3150
7950
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
70 X 70 X 5
3400
5375
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
75 X 75 X 5
3650
5775
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
75 X 75 X 6
3650
5750
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
80 X 80 X 6
3900
6150
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
90 X 90 X 6
4374
6925
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
* Redundant Member to be checked for 2.1/2 % cost stress & bending indipendantly
N.C. = Not critical for bending considerations, therefore , L/R lengths to be used
Notes : 1 Maximum L/R redundants should not excced 250
2 Intermidiate Stress values can be obtained by Interpollation
3 Redundants considered with one bolt connection at either end
Page 36
DIMENSION FOR HEXAGONE BOLTS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES

all dimensions milimeters
?
?
Z
X' according to IS: 1369 1961 "dimensions for screw, threads, run outs and undercuts"
"z" according to IS : 1368 1967 dimensions for ends of bolts and screws (first revision)"
SIZE
d
s
e
k
r
d0
b
M12
12
19
20.88
8
1
15.2
20
Nom
Nom
min
Nom
Max.
Max.
M16
16
24
26.17
10
1
19.2
23
M20
20
30
32.95
13
1
24.4
26
M24
24
36
39.55
15
1
48.4
30
ULTIMATE STRENGTHS OF BOLTS

Bolts & nuts conforming to IS: 6639
Mechanical properties conform to IS : 1367
(FOR PROPERTIY CLASS 4.6/4)
Ultimate shearing stress = 2220 Kg/ cm
Ultimate bearing stress = 4440 Kg/ cm
Shearing Strength for one bolt
Bolt dia(in
mm)
12 mm
16 mm
20 mm
24 mm
Bearing strength for one bolt (in Kg)
single
double
Shear (kg) Shear (kg)
2511
4464
6975
10043
5022
8929
13948
20086
3 mm
3.175mm(
1/8*)
4 mm
5 mm
6 mm
7 mm
1598
2131
2664
3197
1692
2256
2820
3383
2132
2842
3553
4263
2664
3552
4440
5328
3197
4263
5328
6394
3730
4973
6216
7460
(FOR PROPERTIY CLASS 5.6/5)

Ultimate shearing stress = 3165 Kg/ cm
Ultimate bearing stress = 6322 Kg/ cm
Shearing Strength for one bolt
Bolt dia(in
mm)
12 mm
16 mm
20 mm
24 mm
single
double
Shear (kg) Shear (kg)
3575
6356
9931
14300
7150
12712
19862
28600
Bearing strength for one bolt (in Kg)

3 mm
3.175mm(
1/8")
4 mm
5 mm
6 mm
7 mm
2276
3035
3793
4552
2409
3212
4015
4818
3035
4046
5058
6070
3793
5058
6322
7587
4552
6070
7587
9104
5311
7081
8851
10621
Page 37
NOMINAL LENGTHS & CLAMPING LENGTHS FOR M12, M16, M20, & M24 BOLTS
AS PER IS : 6639 1972
Unit weights and clamping lengths
Designation
Nominal lengths
(in mm)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
M 12 Bolt
Grip
Unit wt
Lengths
(kg)
(mm)
0.062
10 14
0.0664
15 19
0.0708
20 24
0.0753
25 29
0.0797
30 34
0.0843
35 39
0.0886
40 44
0.093
45 49
0.0975
50 54
0.102
55 59
0.107
60 64
0.111
65 69
0.116
70 74
0.12
75 79
M 16 Bolt
Grip
Unit wt
Lengths
(kg)
(mm)
0.117
6 10
0.125
11 15
0.133
16 20
0.141
21 25
0.149
26 30
0.157
31 35
0.164
36 40
0.17
41 45
0.18
46 50
0.188
51 55
0.196
56 60
0.205
61 63
0.212
66 70
0.22
71 75
M 20 Bolt
Grip
Unit wt
Lengths
(kg)
(mm)
0.222
8 12
0.234
13 17
0.247
18 22
0.259
23 27
0.272
28 32
0.284
33 37
0.296
38 42
0.309
43 47
0.321
48 52
0.334
53 57
0.346
58 62
0.358
63 67
0.371
68 72
M 24 Bolt
Grip
Unit wt
Lengths
(kg)
(mm)
0.369
9 13
0.387
14 18
0.405
19 23
0.423
24 28
0.44
29 33
0.458
34 38
0.476
39 43
0.494
44 48
0.511
49 53
0.529
54 58
0.547
59 63
0.565
64 68
SPACING OF BOLTS AND EDGE DISTANCE ON FINISHED MATERIAL

Thickness of spring Washer
BOLT Dia
(mm)
12
16
20
24
Weight (kg)
Thickness
(mm)
0.004
0.009
0.015
0.026
2.5
3.5
4
5
Hole
Dia.(mm)
13.5
17.5
21.5
25.5
Bolt
Spacing
(mm)
32
40
48
60
Edge distance (Min)

Hole Centre to
Hole Centre to Sheared
Rollled or Swan Edge
or Flame cut Edge (mm)
(mm)
16
20
20
23
25
28
33
38
Page 38
2. DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER FOUNDATION

1.0 Introduction
This is one the major and time consuming activity in the EHV Transmission Line construction. The
transmission line work is believed to have started with the foundation work, particularly the excavation
work. This activity is further fragmented in to the followings Soil investigation/ trial pits. Classification
of soil/ rock and selection of type of foundation is to be adopted. Preparation/ study of excavation plan
suitable for the proposed type of foundation. Actual excavation of soil/blasting of rock. Stub
setting/adjustments/cutting and Template setting. Placement of reinforcement, where required.
Adjusting the form boxes, shuttering etc., Concrete work using the form, Back filling the excavated soil
(not rock), Removal of stub setting Template and Curing of the concrete work.
All the above activities are complimentary to each other and need to be strictly followed.
2.0 Philosophy of Foundation Design
All the loads of tower (transverse, vertical and longitudinal) are ultimately transferred to
mother earth via foundation/footing. The foundation has therefore to support the tower
faithfully throughout its life span.
The loads on the foundation derived from the tower are correspondingly down thrust, uplift
and side thrust. The bearing capacity of the soil should be sufficient to take care of total
downward load or down thrust on the footing otherwise settlement may take place. The
downward load includes the vertical component of tower loads plus the self weight of the
concrete work. For evaluating the concrete weight the difference between the weight of
concrete and weight of soil displaced is to be taken. Thus the base area of the footing shall be
such that pressure on the soil due to downward thrust does not exceed the allowable safe
bearing pressure of the soil.
The uplift or upward load on the footing/foundation has to be counteracted by the anchorage
provided by the weight of the concrete plus the weight of the soil contained in an inverted
frustum of cone. Thus the width and the depth of the footing should be selected in such a way
that foundation becomes safe against upward forces.
Since the tower structure is a sloping one, the vertical load, longitudinal load and transverse
load will create a horizontal sheer force at the top of chimney under normal condition and
broken wire condition. This sheer force is supposed to be absorbed by the soil surrounding the
chimney. If the soil surrounding the chimney is not strong enough or if the depth of the
foundation is higher, the part or full of sheer force will get transmitted to the footing and create
a toe pressure. The footing will be designed for the same.
In case of submerged soil the density of soil shall be considered after deducting the density of
water from it.
The rocky locations will have to be cast with friction type or rock anchor type foundation.
The undercut type foundation will be able to give higher anchorage.
Depending upon the width of the footing, PCC type or RCC type foundation shall be designed.
For the foundation of special towers detailed soil investigation shall be resorted to.
For the towers located in the midst stream of the river or creek, pile foundation shall be
adopted. Similarly in the treacherous soil augured or pile foundation shall be resorted to.
Page 39
Spread footing or pyramid type footing shall be selected based on the size of the footing
required for that particular tower.
3.0 Approach to Foundation Design

3.1 Stability analysis is required to be done which includes check for bearing capacity, check for uplift
resistance, check for overturning and check for sliding. Normally the broad based tower is not
susceptible to overturning; however narrow based towers may need this check invariably. Check for
sliding relates to the horizontal sheer on the top of foundation.
3.2 The structural design of foundation includes structural design of chimney and structural design of
footing or the base slab. The size of the chimney shall be adequate structurally to take care of
horizontal sheer and the cantilever bending movement as well as breakage due to upward loads under
stringent condition. The following checks will be necessary to ensure the safety of the chimney:
Escape of stub from the chimney concrete during excessive loading due to sheering of the
cleats or cleat bolts.
Failure of chimney along with tower stub leaving behind the footing.
Punching of the chimney into the concrete under downward load.
Considering the stub not taking part into the process of resisting the upward load (the
reinforcement to be designed for the combined effect of compression plus sheer force).
3.3 The design of base slab shall be done covering the following:
The step type PCC footing shall be done keeping the punching sheer in view i.e. 45 Degree
sloping shall be done from the junction of chimney and footing to the edge of footing.
If the cost of step type footing or the volume of step type footing becomes excessive the
alternative would be to go in for a single slab RCC type footing.
The reinforcement design keeping the cantilever effect at the edge of the footing. The
comparison and tension reinforcement shall be designed independently for each step or slab.
The toe pressure due to sheer force at the top of chimney shall be added to the direct pressure
and thus the bottom most slab or step shall be designed with the reinforcement accordingly.
3.4 The concrete technology shall include the following:
Concrete mix M 20, M 15, M 10.
The density of concrete 2300 Kg. per m3. And 2400 Kg. per m3 for PCC and RCC respectively.
Strength of M 15 at the end of 28 days shall be 15 N per m2.
Properties of steel Conforming to IS 1786 having yield strength of 415 N per m2.
The water cement ratio shall not be more than .6 for M 15 and .5 for M 20.
4.0 Classification of Foundation

4.1 The foundation can be broadly classified as
4.1.1 According to the type of soil
A. Normal dry soil foundations: When soil is dry k& I s having a clay contents up to 10% to
15% and there of good cohesive in the soil.
B. Wet soil foundation: When water table is above foundation level up to 1.5 meter below
ground level.
C. Partially submerged foundations: When water table is within 1.5 & 0.75 meter below
the ground level.
Page 40
D. Fully submerged foundations: When water table is within 0.75 meter below the ground
level.
E. Blackcotton soil foundation: When the soil is cohesive but having inorganic clay
exceeding 155 and having a swelling and shrinkage property.
F. Partial blackcotton foundation: When top soil up to 1.5 meter is black cotton and there
after it is normal dry cohesive soil.
G. Soft rock/fissured rock foundations: When the decomposed rock which can be
excavated without blasting.
H. Hard rock foundation: When the excavated needs blasting.
I. Sandy soil foundation: Soil with negligible cohesion with clay content ranging from 05 to
10%.
4.1.2 According to structural arrangement.
A. P.C.C. type: The stub is embedded I pyramid or steps & chimney without any steel
reinforcement.
B. R.C.C. spread footing type: When the width of the footing is wide this is used or
economy & reliability.
C. Block type: It consists of chimney & block of concrete. This is deployed in soft rock &
hard rock.
D. Undercut type: Undercut type of 150mm to 250mm at the footing level provides good
anchorage. This is suitable for normal soil & soft rock / fissured rock.
E. Grouted rock anchor type: In addition to the chimney & block of concrete anchor bars
are grouted in the holes drilled below the footing level. Suitable for hard rock only.
F. Augur type / under reamed pile type: Suitable for highly cohesive & clayey dry soil. It is
faster & economical in construction.
G. Other type of foundations such as steel grillage type and steel plate are not being used
these days.
H. Pile type: When the location of tower is in the flowing water region (River bed, creek
etc.) or a very unstable mud, the insitu cast pile foundations are used.
I. Well type: When the tower location is in the river bed having turbulent flow, this
foundation will be very useful.
4.2 When the tower is to be founded on hill slopes bench cutting and retaining wall is to be
provided for clear access to the water as well as prevention of soil erosion around the
foundation. Stone revetment and pitching are provided to the tower footing located on the
river bed or creek shores or the places of stagnant water, to protect the foundation and the
tower legs.
4.3 The concrete used in the foundation is of following class:
A. 1:3:6 mix for leveling course at the footing level.
B. 1:2:4 mix for structural concrete for normal tower & classified soil foundations.
C. 1:1.5:3 mix for pile, well, trestle or very tall tower foundations.
4.4 The tor steel bars are used for main reenforcement and mild steel bars can be used for
nominal reenforcement and stirrups.
4.5 The concrete Technology is based upon the provisions of IS456.
Page 41
Page 42
Page 43
The foundation must faithfully support the tower structure against all possible design loads.
The design parameters should be selected based on the real classification of soil.
The stability of foundation and strength of the concrete should be the prime requirement of a
reliable foundation.
Page 44
Page 45
5.0 Design of Foundation

5.1 Design of foundation is as important as the tower design. In many case the failure of tower occurs
because of the failure of foundation. The loads in the tower include the following:
The compression or downward thrust due to the weight of line material, self weight of tower,
tension of conductor & wind action on line material & the towers & broken wire condition .
The tension or uplift is due to the action of wind on line material & on the broken wire
condition.
Lateral forces or side thrust in the longitudinal directions due to the wind action and the broken
wire condition.
5.2 Design parameters or foundation include the following:
Parameters of soil and rock such as limit bearing capacity of soil, density of soil, angle of earth
frustum, bond between rocked and concrete and water table.
Structure arrangement of foundation such as PCC, RCC, Pyramid type, or step type, undercut
type or rawanchor type, pile type or well type etc.
5.3 The details of soil and rock parameters are appended herewith. Soil is broadly classified as cohesive
or noncohesive. The other way of classification is normal soil, black cotton soil, partial black cotton
type, submerged type, marshy soil etc. as per the content of the soil the same can be classified as soft
murrum, hard murrum, clinker mixed soil, sandy soil etc. The rock can be classified as soft rock, hard
rock and fissured rock.
5.4 Design criteria include stability, reliability and security of foundation. The foundation must
faithfully support the tower under normal condition or operation. The foundation should stand firmly
against the abnormal condition such as cyclone & broken wire condition. The foundation should also
afford security from floods earthquake etc.
5.5 The design generally revolves round the following:
Resistance against down thrust.
o The down thrust has to be resisted by the soil or rock though its bearing capacity. Thus
the loads are equated to the limit. Bearing capacity of the soil/rock.
Resistance against uplift:
o The upward forces of the tower are to be resisted by the weight of the concrete and the
weight of the soil covered in the inverted frustum of cone rising from the footing toe the
ground level. The angle of cone depends upon the type of soil.
Lateral soil resistance:
o The lateral forces on the tower on the transverse & longitudinal direction get on the top
of the concrete footing. They cause a bending moment & consequent toe pressure at
the footing level. This toe pressure is added in the downward load for designing the
footing. The passive resistance of the soil is also instrumental in resisting the side thrust
or lateral loads.
In case of rock the uplift is also resisted by the friction between rock & the concrete (skin
friction).
In case of soft rock & fissured rock, the undercut provides lot of anchorage against upward
forces. Rock anchors provided in the footing can also add to the upward forces.
Page 46
6.0 Design Parameters

The parameters of various type of soil are given here under for preparation of design. In case of
composite strata the values shall be taken individually for each layer.
Sr. No.
Type of Soil
Angle of
Earth
Frustum
Unit Wt. Of
Soil (kg/M3)
Unit bearing
capacity
(kg/m2)
Normal Dry Soil

(a) Without Undercut
(b) With undercut
30
30
1440
1600
25,000
25,000
Wet Soil due to presence of sub

soil water/surface water
15
940
12,500
Black Cotton Soil

(a) In Dry Portion
(b) In wet Portion
0
0
1440
940
12,500
12,500
Sandy Soil
(a) With Clay Content 0 5 %
(b) With Clay Content 5 10 %
10
20
1440
1440
25,000
25,000
Fissured Rock / Soft Rock

(Without Undercut)
(a) In Dry Portion
(b) In Wet Portion
20
10
1700
940
62,500
62,500
Hard Rock
___
_____
1,25,500
Normal Hard Dry Soil

(Murrum) with Undercut
30
1600
40,000
Limit Bond Stress between concrete and reinforcement steel deformed bars in tension of grade Fe:
415. Confirming IS: 17861985 or IS: 11391966
As per IS: 456.
(A)
With M: 15 Mix.
16 kg/cm2
(B)
With M: 20 Mix.
19.5 kg/cm2
Note: For bars in compression the above values shall be increased by 25 %.
Limit Bond Stress between Concrete and Stubs in Tension
(A)
With M: 15 Mix.
10 kg/cm2
(B)
With M: 20 Mix.
12 kg/cm2
Note: For bars in compression the above values shall be increased by 25 %.
Page 47
Limit Bond Stress between Rock and Concrete Confirming IS: 17861985 or IS: 11391966
As per IS: 456.
(A) In Fissured Rock
1.5 kg/cm2
(B) In Hard Rock
4.0 kg/cm2
Limit Bond Stress between Hard Rock and Grout 2.0 kg/cm2
7.0 Soil Investigation / Trial Pits

7.1 This includes detailed soil investigation at various locations such as railway crossings, major road
crossings, power line crossings, river/creek crossings and for the locations where an abrupt change in
soil strata is observed. It should be ensured that the soil investigation activities are completed along
with the preliminary survey work and much before the commencement of construction activities. It
should be noted that soil investigation is not required at all the locations. Depending upon the length
of the line, soil investigation shall be carried out at an interval of 5 to 8 Km. along the route. The
investigation report should include the details of sub soil water table, type of soil encountered, bearing
capacity of soil possibility of submergence and other soil properties needed for design of foundation.
This exercise helps in broad estimation of foundation cost & quantity of excavation work, concrete
work & reinforcement work.
7.2 Soil Investigation at Normal Locations
One bore hole of 150 mm dia. shall be drilled at the centre point of the tower. Standard penetration
Test (S.P.T.) shall be carried out at 1.5 m interval or change of strata up to the required depth which is
taken as 2.5 times below the depth of foundation (Normally 3 to 4 m) below existing surface elevation
or refusal whichever occurs earlier. (By refusal it shall mean that a standard penetration blow count.
N of 100 is recorded for 30 cm travel.) Refusal whenever occurs shall be included in the report.
7.3 Soil Investigation at special locations having tall towers
Locations at the river banks/ river beds/ creek crossing/ mid stream of river and such type of places
where standards type of foundation cant be adopted. special soil investigation shall be carried out
drilling two holes (150mm dia.) on diagonally opposite legs of the proposed tower location considering
the considering the likely base width of the tower (in case of special towers, it can be considered as 20
m). S.P.T shall be carried out at every 1.5 m. Interval or at change of strata till refusal is met, subject to
maximum of 40 m below the exiting surface elevation. The soil sample shall be collected at every 2.5 m
interval or at change of strata whichever occurs earlier.
7.4 Preparation of Soil Test Reports
Following should be noted for the preparation of soil test reports.
Grain size analysis.
Nomenclature of soil
Atterbergs limit (liquid and plastic limit only)
Triaxial sheer Test results containing information about angle of internal friction and cohesion.
S.P.T. results containing information about natural moisture content, Specific gravity and Bulk
unit weight.
Consolidation test.
Unconfined test.
Unconsolidated compression test.
Page 48
Presence of carbonates, sulfate, nitrates and organic matters and any other harmful chemicals
obtained from chemical test on soil sample.
For rocky soil core recovery and crushing strength of the rock shall be furnished.
The bearing capacities of soil at 3, 4, & 5 m below the existing surface elevation for normal
investigation and at 3, 6, & 9 m below the existing surface elevation for special soil investigation
shall be furnished considering approximate base width of the foundations.
7.5 Special soil investigations
Scouring depth in case of the locations is on the bank of river/creek or at mid stream. Silting factor in
case of midstream and river/creek bank locations where submergence is envisaged. Depth of fill, if any,
Details of water table, water struck (whether it is a surface water or subsoil water), Compressibility of
subsoil stratification, Settlement characteristics of the shallow foundations. The summary of above
test results stratawise in a combined tabular form with all the relevant graphs, charts, tables, diagrams
and photographs, if any, shall be furnished in Test reports. The test report shall include bore logs of
each bore hole clearly identifying the stratification and type of soil stratum with depth unto the
refusal. The location of water table shall be identified in bore log. The value of SPT at depth where
conducted and various laboratory tests conducted from samples collected at various depth shall be
clearly shown against the particular stratum. The report should contain specific recommendation for
the type of foundation and likely settlement.
Page 49
8.0 Design Calculation for Normal DRY Soil Foundation

Foundation Load Calculation
N.C 32 C F.W
33.480 X (209 + 98) = 10278
29.050 X (1406 + 303) = 49.46
23.850 X (1406 + 471) = 44766
18.575 X (1406 + 1500) = 53979
U.V.L.
Total moment = 158669 Kg.m
BWC (TCB + MCB ) 32 F.W

33.480 X 307 = 10278
29.050 X (703 + 401 + 1975 +303)=98247
23.850 X (1406 + 471) = 44766
18.575 X (1406 + 1500) = 53979
340 X 4 = 1360
Total moment = 208630 Kg.m
Overturning moment at + 6m level :

158669 + (8535X 6) =209879 Kg.m
Overturning moment at + 6m level :

208630 + (10208 X 6 ) = 269878 Kg.m
Foundation Loads:
At + 0 M level
N.C
158669
13.2
12.02
1776
858
14858
9513
B.M (Kg.m)
2XW
Div. loads
D.V.L
Self Weight
Down thrust
Uplift
Side Thrust (trans)
(7278/(4 X 6.6 )) +
(1234/4)
=
584
(?fb/ 4 X W) + (Wind load /4)

Side Thrust (Long)
? fb /(4 X W)
At + 0 M level
BWC
208630
13.2
15805
1691
858
18609
13440
(15946 / (4 X 6.6)) +
(1234 /4)
=
913
15096 / (4 X 6.6)
= 572
N.C
209879
16.04
13.085
1776
1170
16254
10280
(18828/ (4 X 8.021))
+ (502/4)
= 712
BWC
269878
16.04
16825
1691
1170
19960
14158
(27496/(4 X 8.021)) +
(502 /4)
= 983
15096 / (4 X
= 471
Check for Uplift:

Ws1 = 1600 X (1.9 X 1.2 + 2 X 1.9 X 1.2 X tan 30 + /3 X 1.2 X tan30)
=12951 Kg
A1 = 1.9 + 4 x 1.9 X 1.20 X tan 30 + X 1.2 X tan 30
= 10.38340 m
A2 = 1.9 + 4 X 1.9 X (1.2 X tan 30 + 0.5 X tan10) + X (1.2 X tan 30 + 0.5 X
tan10)
= 11.461647 m
WS = 0.5 X 1600 X (A1 + A2 + (A1.A2)/3 = 8734 Kg.
i.e. Total Weight of Soil = WS + WS = 12951 +8734 = 21685 Kg.
Overload of Concrete = O.L.C. = (0.45 X 20 + 1.9 X 0.25) X 2300 + (1.4 X 0.275 + 0.85 X 0.275 +
0.45 X 1.15 ) X 700
=3686 Kg.
Page 50
i.e. Total anchorage against uplift = 21685 + 3686 = 25371 Kg.

F.O.S = (N.C.) = 25371 /10280 = 2047 > 2.2
( B.W.C.) = 25371 / 14158 = 1.79 > 1.65
.. Hence ok
8.1 Check for Down thrust:
Maximun down thrust = 16254 X 2.2 + 3686 = 39445 Kg.
Maximun ( Ultimate) Soil Bearing Capacity = 1.9 X 12500 X 1.2
= 99275 Kgs
> 39445 Kgs
. Hence ok
8.2 Check for Uprooting of stub:
Maximum Uplift = 14158 X 1.65 = 23361 Kgs
Resistance against uplift due to stub cleat
15 X 9 X 4 X 70 4.5 X 1 X 9 X 15 +1.2 X 0.5 X 2 X 4440 = 42521
> 23361 kgs
. Hence ok
8.3 Check for side thrust
Stub section 90 X 90 X 8 having C/S Area = 13.79 cm & moment of inertia = 104.2 cm
Chimney Size : 450 mm X 450 mm
i.e. 45 X 45 cm
Weight of Soil = 1600 Kg/m ,
Angle of Repose = 30
Moment of Inertia of Composite section of chimney with stub
= 18 X 104.2+ 45 /12
= 343594 cm
Area = 18 X 13.79 X +45
= 2273 cm
i.e. Z (Section modulas ) of Composite section
= I /y
= 343594/(45/2)
= 15271 cm
Side thrust ( Trans ) = 983 Kg.
983 = X LT X 1600 X (1 + sin 30/1sin 30) X 0.45
LT = 0.91 mt ( Depth at With max. pressure will act )
i.e. Lever arm = LT + 20 = 2.61 mt
i.e. moment due to side thrust in trans. Direction =
989 X 2.81 = 2562 Kg.mt
Side thrust ( Long ) = 471 Kg.
471 = X LT X 1600 X ( 1 + sin 30 / 1 sin 30 ) X 0.45
LL = 0.436 ( Depth at which maximum pressure will take place)
i.e. Level arm = LL + 2.0 = 2.29 mt
i.e. Moment due to side thrust in long direction = 471 X 2.29 = 1079 kg.m
i.e. Total bending moment = 2562 + 1.79 = 3641 Kg.m
Page 51
i.e. Bending Stress = M/Z = (3641 X 100) /1527.1

=23.84 Kg/cm
Allowable bending stress = (50 X 2.2 ) / 1.65 = 66.67 Kg/cm > 23.84 Kg/cm
Hence ok
C.L.
External Chimney
section x -x
DRY BLACK COTTON.
NORMAL DRY
4 - 16 Bars
22 nos of 6 183 c/c
ELEVATION
Notes:
1. Stub angle = 90 X 90 X 8
2. Cleat 1 no. 45 X 45 X 5 connected with 2 12 bolts
3. Concrete mix for slab & chimney = M150
4. Excv. Vol. per tower = 28.2 m
5. Conc. Vol per tower = 8.86 m
Reinforcement = 129 kgs
Page 52
EXCAVATION PLAN
T.T
DA + 0 mt Ext.
DA + 3 mt Ext.
DA + 6 mt Ext.
A
1900
1900
1900
Excavation Dimensions
B
C
D
1950
7274
9174
1950
7984
9884
1950
8695
10595
E
10287
11291
12297
F
12974
13978
14984
Reinforcement Schedule : (DA 2)

Mark
Shape
350
350
Length
Nos. Per
Tower
Weight / m Total Weight

(kg/ m)
per tower
16
3.95
4 X 4 = 16
1.58
99.86
1.508
22 X 4 = 88
0.22
29.19
3850
Dia in mm
100
Total Weight of Reinforcement
= 129.05 Kgs
Page 53
3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTOR

1.0
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.0
The behavior of the conductor against electrical forces & parameters and that against
mechanical forces of parameters is different. As a matter of fact, the conductor is
manufactured with some mechanical loads, parameters and characteristics
imposed/built in during the process.
The stringing span of the conductor determines its mechanical characteristics in the
field.
As a matter of fact the tower structure design is based on the mechanical properties of
conductor which are obtained through laboratory test. The properties of conductor
which affect the tower design are modulus of elasticity (E) coefficient of linear
expansion (), the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the weight per meter (W), cross
sectional area and the diameter.
The Creep, Sag & tension and stringing chart govern the behavior of the conductor
during service span of the EHV. The presentation hereunder gives account of various
mechanical properties and calculations which are basically required while selecting the
conductor for EHV, line. The presentation also briefs about conductor catenaries, sag
template curves & tower spotting.
Conductor Creep
2.1
As is known, the creep of the conductor is the result of the readjustment of the conductor over
a span of period. The factors which affect the creep are innumerable. For ACSR Conductor, the
proportion of steel in the total conductor plays an important role. Another factor is the
everyday temperature & next is the time in hours. The percentage tension with respect to the
UTS of the conductor at everyday temperature (termed as every day tension) is also important
factor for the development of creep.
2.2
The conductor creep due to the initial stresses of manufacturing, transport and storage is seen
immediately after the conductor is paid out and hung on the rollers attached to
Towers/Supports of the line. It is therefore customary to give an initial tension to the conductor
which is higher than the final tension to be applied to the conductor as per stringing charts.
After this initial tension, the conductor is allowed to hang on the rollers on support for 72
hours. The conductor takes natural catenary while it stretches. The conductor is then given
final tension & transferred to hardware.
2.3
After the conductor is transferred to the Hardware, the line is ready for energization. The
conductor creep then becomes a function of time, the tension and the temperature. The
calculations are given hereunder
2.4
Creep Calculation
The sample calculations (and applicable formula) for some ACSR conductors which are regularly
used in India are given below. The creep is calculated for 1 year, 5 years, 10 years & 20 years.
The calculations are based on everyday temp. 32c and everyday tension 22% of UTS of MOOSE
Conductor and 25% of UTS of ZEBRA Conductor, PANTHER Conductor & DOG Conductor.
Page 54
FORMULA:
e = 0.01165 (t) 0.2 (1.434 Wa) (Pa) 1.15 (106.58 + Qa)
Where,
e = creep in mm/km.
Wa = (Unit wt. of steel core / Unit wt. of Conductor)
(A)
(B)
Creep For ACSR Moose Conductor

Wt. of steel
= 540 kg/km
Conductor Wt = 2004 kg/km
Wa = (540/2004)
= 0.269461
t = Time in Hour.
For 1 year = 24 x 365 x 1 = 87,60 Hrs.
For 5 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 43,800 Hrs.
For 10 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 87,600 Hrs.
For 20 years = 24 x 365 x 20 = 1, 75,200 Hrs
Pa = Everyday Tension in percentage of UTS.
22% UTS for MOOSEQa = Everyday temp. 32c.
1) For 1 year
e1 = 0.01165 x (8760)0.2 x (1.434 0.269461) x (22)1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (6.1447) x (1.164539) x (34.977234) x (138.58)
= 404.07 mm/kM
Say 404 mm/kM
2) For 5 years
e15 = 0.01165 x (43800)0.2 x (1.434 0.269461) x (22)1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (8.47802) x (1.164539) x (34.977234) x (138.58)
= 557.52 mm/kM
Say 558 mm/kM
3) For 10 years
e10 = 0.01165 x (87600)0.2 x (1.434 0.269461) x (22)1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (9.7386963) x (1.164539) x (34.977234) x (138.58)
= 640.42 mm
Say 640 mm/kM
4) For 20 years:
e20 = 0.01165 x (175200)0.2 x (1.434 0.269461) x (22)1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (11.18682438) x (1.16439) x (34.97728397) x (138.58)
= 735.65 mm
Say 736 mm/kM
Creep For ACSR Zebra Conductor
Wt. of steel
= 435 kg/km
Conductor Wt
= 1621 kg/km
Wa = (435/1621)
= 0.26835
t = Time in Hour.
For 1 year = 24 x 365 x 1 = 87,60 Hrs.
Page 55
For 5 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 43,800 Hrs.

For 10 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 87,600 Hrs.
For 20 years = 24 x 365 x 20 = 1, 75,200 Hrs.
25% UTS for ACSR ZEBRA
Qa = Everyday temp. 32c.
1) For 1year
e1 = 0.01165 x (8760)0.2 x (1.434 0.26835) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (6.1447) x (1.16565) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 468.51 mm/kM
Say 469mm/kM
2) For 5 years
e5 = 0.01165 x (43800)0.2 x (1.434 0.26835) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (8.47802) x (1.16565) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 646.42 mm/kM
Say 647mm/kM
3) For 10 years
e10 = 0.01165 x (87600)0.2 x (1.434 0.26835) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (9.738696269) x (1.16565) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 742.54 mm/kM
Say 743mm/kM
4) For 20 years
e20 = 0.01165 x (175200)0.2 x (1.434 0.26835) x (25) 1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (11.18682438) x (1.16565) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 852.96 mm/kM.
Say 853 mm/ kM
(C) Creep For ACSR Panther Conductor
Wt. of steel
= 387 kg/km
Conductor Wt
= 974 kg/km
Wa = (387/974)
= 0.39733
t = Time in Hour.
For 1 year = 24 x 365 x 1 = 87,60 Hrs.
For 5 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 43,800 Hrs.
For 10 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 87,600 Hrs.
For 20 years = 24 x 365 x 20 = 1, 75,200 Hrs
25% UTS for ACSR PANTHER
1) For 1 year
e1 = 0.01165 x (8760)0.2 x (1.434 0.39733) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (6.1447) x (1.03667) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 416.67 mm/kM
Say 417 mm/kM
Page 56
2) For 5 years
e5 = 0.01165 x (43800)0.2 x (1.434 0.39733) x (25) 1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (8.47802) x (1.03667) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 574.9 mm/kM.
Say 575 mm/ kM
3) For 10 years
e10 = 0.01165 x (87600)0.2 x (1.434 0.39733) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (9.738696269) x (1.03667) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 660.38 mm/kM
Say 660 mm/kM
4) For 20 years
e20 = 0.01165 x (175200)0.2 x (1.434 0.39733) x (25) 1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (11.18682438) x (1.03667) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 758.58 mm/kM.
Say 759 mm/ kM
(D)
Creep for ACSR Dog Conductor

Wt. of steel
= 107 kg/km
Conductor Wt
= 394 kg/km
Wa = (107/394)
= 0.27157
t = Time in Hour.
For 1 year = 24 x 365 x 1 = 87,60 Hrs.
For 5 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 43,800 Hrs.
For 10 years = 24 x 365 x 10 = 87,600 Hrs.
For 20 years = 24 x 365 x 20 = 1, 75,200 Hrs.
25% UTS for ACSR DOG
1) For 1 year
e1 = 0.01165 x (8760)0.2 x (1.434 0.27157) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (6.1447) x (1.16243) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 467.22 mm/kM
Say 468 mm/kM
2) For 5 years
e5 = 0.01165 x (43800)0.2 x (1.434 0.27157) x (25) 1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (8.47802) x (1.16243) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 644.64 mm/kM.
Say 645 mm/ kM
3) For 10 years
e10 = 0.01165 x (87600)0.2 x (1.434 0.27157) x (25)1.15x (106.58 + 32)
= (0.01165) x (9.738696269) x (1.162426) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 740.49 mm/km
Page 57
Say 740 mm/kM

4) For 20 years
e20 = 0.01165 x (175200)0.2 x (1.434 0.27157) x (25) 1.15 x (106.58 + 32)
= 0.01165 x (11.18682438) x (1.162426) x (40.51641492) x (138.58)
= 850.66 mm/km.
Say 851 mm/kM
Table of Creep For ACSR Moose & Zebra Conductors
Conductor
Years :
MOOSE
ZEBRA
PANTHER
DOG
1
404
469
417
468
Creep in MM/Km.
5
558
647
575
645
10
640
743
660
740
20
736
853
759
851
It is seen that the creep do not increase linearly with the time.
3.0
Sag & Tension Calculations
3.1 It is wellknown that S = WL2 /8T where S=Sag in M, W= Wt. of the Conductor in Kg/ M L= Span in
M & T= Tension in kg. Thus, sag is inversely proportional to the tension and directly proportional to the
square of the span & the weight of the conductor. It is pertinent to note that the tension is directly
proportional to the wind pressure P and inversely proportional to the temperature t. Thus, when wind
pressure increases, the tension on the conductor will increase and when temperature increases the
catenaries length of the conductor will increase by virtue of the coefficient of linear expansion
(alpha). The increase in catenary length will increase the sag and therefore the tension will reduce.
Other way to say is that the increase in catenary length will reduce tension on the conductor/wire and
therefore increase the sag. The modulus of elasticity E has direct relation with the catenary length.
Thus, sag is also directly proportional to E. Thus, the relations can be summarized as follows: Sag S is
directly proportional to the L2 (span) & W (unit weight of conductor) Sag S is inversely proportional to
Tension T, but directly proportional to the temperature t. Sag S is inversely proportional to wind
pressure P but directly proportional to modulus of elasticity E. The minimum operating temperature in
the plains in India is 0 degree C & the maximum temperature around 45 degrees; and everyday
temperature is considered around 32 degree C. In the hilly region the minimum temperature can be as
low as 40 degree C and maximum temperature can be 30 degree C with everyday temperature
ranging from 5 degree to 10 degree C. The surface and body temperature of the conductor depends
upon the ambient temperature along the route of the transmission line and on the amount of current
which is flowing to the conductor.
3.2 The design of transmission line tower structures depend upon sag and tension calculations of the
conductor & the earth wire. The most stringent condition for tower structure design is as follows:
a)
Maximum Sag:
b)
Maximum Tension:
With W & L being constant between two towers, the sag is inversely proportional to the tension T. It is
important to note that the tension T depends upon the temperature and wind velocity/wind pressure.
Page 58
When temperature increases, the conductor material expands depending upon the coefficient of
linear expansion () of the conductor, which is derived by a laboratory test. Thus, when the
temperature rises, the conductor will expand, which will in turn increase the length of catenary. The
sag will increase when temperature rises. Contrary to this, when temperature decreases, the catenary
length will reduce and sag will decrease. The sag is inversely proportional to the tension whereas sag is
directly proportional to the temperature. Other way of putting it is, tension is inversely proportional to
the temperature. When wind velocity increases, additional stress is imposed on the conductors. This
stress gets converted into tension. Thus, the wind velocity/pressure is responsible for increase
/decrease in Sag. The relation is in inverse proportion.
3.3 Sag Tension Calculation for ACSR Moose Conductor
Data for Calculations
1)
Overall diameter (m) .. D
= 3.18 X 102
2)
Cross section area (m) A
= 5.97 X 104
3)
Ultimate Tensile Strength (Kg).U
= 16438
4)
Unit weight (Kg/m)..W = 2.004
5)
Modulus of elasticity (Kg/m) ..E
= 7.04 X 109
6)
Coefficient of linear expansion (/C)...
= 1.93 X 105
7)
Span of Conductor (m).L = 400
8)
Wind pressure (Kg/m) .P = 229
9)
Sag of Conductor (m) .S
= Unknown
Basic Equations
We have,
G = L q E / 24
.
. (1)Where,
G = variable operator
= Density of conductor = w/A (Kg /m/m)
w = Weight of conductor per metre
A = Area of conductor per m
(q) = 1 + (p / w) ; (q = Resultant load )
p = Wind Force (Kg) = (P X D)
Further,
Also G = f {f (k tE)}. .. (2)
Where,
f = Stress on conductor (Kg/m2)
k = Constant.
t = Temperature (C)
Calculations
= w/A
= 2.004 / (5.97 X 104)
= 3356.7839 (Kg /m/m)
Different wind conditions are as follows.
No wind (P1)
33% of full wind (P2)
Full wind (P4)
Accordingly we can get value of q at different wind conditions as follows,
Page 59
(q1) = 1 + (p1 / w)
= 1 + (0 / 2.004)2
=1
(q2) = 1 + (p2 / w)
= 1 + (229 X 3.18 X 102 X 0.33 / 2.004)2
= 2.4379
(q3) = 1 + (p3 / w)
= 1 + (229 X 3.18 X 102 X 0.66 / 2.004)2
= 6.7519
(q4) = 1 + (p4 / w)
= 1 + (229 X 3.18 X 102 X 1 / 2.004)2
= 14.2047
Now, for different wind conditions we have to obtain values of G1, G2, G3 & G4 as follows.
G1 = (l X X q1 X E) / 24
No Wind
2
2
9
= (400 X 3356.782 X 1 X 7.04 X 10 ) / 24
= 5.2884 X 1020
G2 = (l X X q2 X E) / 24
33% of Full Wind
2
2
9
= (400 X 3356.782 X 2.4379 X 7.04 X 10 ) / 24
= 12.8926 X 1020
G3 = (l X X q3 X E) / 24
66% of Full Wind
2
2
= (400 X 3356.782 X 6.7519 X 7.04 X 109) / 24
= 35.7387 X 1020
G4 = (l X X q4 X E) / 24
Full Wind
2
2
= (400 X 3356.782 X 14.2047 X 7.04 X 109) / 24
= 75.1206 X 1020
Different starting conditions are as follows
IS 802 (1978)
* Every day temperature (32C) and No wind pressure F.O.S. = 4.0 or more than 4.0.
* Every day temperature (32C) and 100%l wind pressure F.O.S. = 2.5 or more than 2.5.
* Minimum Temperature (0 C) & 66% wind pressure F.O.S. = 2.5 or more than 2.5.
* Prescribed sag at any temperature and wind pressure.
IS 802 (1995)
Now, working tension
T = (U / F.O.S.) . (3)
Also Stress
f = T / A . (4)
Further, Sag
S = (WL2 / 8T) ... (5)
Normally for designs of tower the starting condition for sagtension calculation is
* F.O.S. = 4.0 at Every day temp. and No wind.
Therefore, T = U / 4.0 = 16438 / 4 = 4109.5 kg.
Now, f = 4109.5 / (5.97 X 104)
= 6.88 X 106 Kg/m2
Page 60
Substituting this value of f in eqn (2) and considering G = G1 and taking every day temp. =
32oC, the value of K can be found out as follows.
G1 = f {f (k tE)}
= (6.88 X 106 )2 X [6.88 X 106 {k (1.93 X 105 X 32 X 7.04 X 109)}]
Therefore, k = 70597.63635
Now, This k is constant for a particular conductor span (or Equivalent Span) but it is
independent of temperature and wind pressure variations.
Now for tower design there are three unknowns to be found out as follows.
IS 802 (1978)
* Every day temperature (32C) and 100%l wind pressure F.O.S. = 2.5 or more than 2.5. }}
IS 802 (1995)
* Sag at 75oC (maximum temp.) and no wind
Now, let us find out
Tension at 320C (Every day temp.) and full wind
For full wind take G = G4
Therefore, 75.1206 X 1020 = f {f (k tE)}
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 32 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 {f2 X ( 4277306.364)}
= f3 + f2 X (4.27 X 106)
Now, solving this quadratic eqn (By trial and error), we get
f = 18.2599 X 106 Kg/m2
Now, from this stress (f) we can find value of tension and sag as follows.
T=fXA
= 18.2599 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 10901 Kg
Accordingly, Sag = S = WL2 / 8T
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 10901)
= 3.67 m
Tension at 00C (minimum temp.) and 66% wind
For 66% wind take G = G3
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 0 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 + f2 X ( 70597.63635)
f = 15.3125 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
Page 61
= 15.3125 X 106 X 5.97 X 104

= 9141.56 Kg
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 9141.56)
= 4.38 m
Tension at 750C (maximum temp.) and no wind
For no wind take G = G1
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 75 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 + f2 X (10.12 X 106)
f = 5.76 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
= 5.76 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 3438.72 Kg
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 3438.72)
= 11.65 m
A Specimen of Sag & Tension chart is given below
POWER CONSULTANTS & AGENCIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRES
NAME
STRANDS IN ALUMINIUM
STRANS IN STEEL
SPAN
DIAMETER
SECTIONAL AREA
UNIT WEIGHT
MODULAS OF ELASTICITY
COEEF. OF LINEAR EXPANSION
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
WIND PRESSURE DETAILS

BASIC WIND SPEED Vb
SAG TENSION CALCULATION.

UNITS
GROUND WIRE
M
M
SqM
KG/M
KG/SqM
PER DG
KG
CONDUCTOR
Moose
54/3.530
7/3.530
400
3.177E02
5.970E04
2.004
7.040E+09
1.930E05
16438
UNITS
m/sec
CONDUCTOR
50
GROUND WIRE
Page 62
WIND ZONE
RELIABILITY LEVEL (Table1)
TERRAIN CATEGORY (Table3)
Gc FOR Cond.
Cdc
Pd =
WIND ON COND. = Pd x Cdc x Gc
SR
NO.
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
WIND
FACT
0.000
0.360
1.000
0.000
0.750
1.000
0.000
1.000
WIND PRES
0.00
73.20
203.34
0.00
152.50
203.34
0.00
203.34
m
Kg/SqM
KG/SqM
CONDUCTOR
TEMP
SAG
C
M
0
8.278
0
6.235
0
3.685
32
9.753
32
4.777
32
3.976
75
11.633
75
4.367
5
2
2
1.975
1.000
103
203
TENSION KG
4841.766
6427.872
10876.920
4109.367
8389.646
10079.792
3445.313
9178.692
FOS
AVAIL
3.395
2.557
1.511
4.000
1.959
1.631
4.771
1.791
FOS REQD
1.428
4.000
1.428
As stated above, the value of constant K is fixed for a given span or equivalent span but is independent
of temperature and wind pressure. Therefore, it will work out Sag & tension for any given temperature
or wind pressure or any given combination using the value of K derived for a particular span/equivalent
span.
3.4 It may be noted that the starting condition for the calculations of sag and tension is very important.
The following instances will exhibit the averment:
a)
It is normally a practice to keep the sag of earth wire at 90% that of conductor at 0C and no
wind condition. Thus, for the tower design it is necessary to calculate the sag of conductor at
0C and no wind and have multiply this sag by 0.9 to obtain the sag of earth wire at 0C & no
wind. Therefore the starting condition of sag & tension calculations from earth wire will be the
given sag at 0C. From this sag tension T will be worked out and from tension the value of stress
f will be worked out. This value of f will be used to find out the value of K from equation of G1.
This value of K will then be used for working out the sag & tension at different wind pressure
and temperature combinations.
b)
In case of special river crossing tower, the factor of safety of Conductor is taken higher than (25
to 35%) the normal span of the line. To be precise, the factor of safety on conductor for river
crossing span shall be taken as 5.0 or 5.5 at 32 degree C and no wind condition as against the
4.0 taken for the normal run of the line. Therefore the starting condition for the sag tension
calculation for river crossing towers will be 32 degree C and no wind factor of safety equal to
5.0/5.5 from this, the tension will be worked out by dividing the UTS of conductor by the factor
of safety. Once the tension T is known, the stress f will be worked out dividing the value of T by
Page 63
c)
d)
(e)
cross sectional area of the conductor. This value of f is then to be equated to value of G1 to
obtain the value of K. Once the value of K is obtained the sag and tension calculations can be
done for various formulations of sag & tension.
It is pertinent to note that factor of safety of 4 means working tension equal to 25% of UTS. The
factor of safety of 5 means 20% working tension of the conductor. As described in the above
for river crossing span which are double or more than double the factor of safety and conductor
is kept higher. The other way of telling the story is that for longer span the working tension on
the tower conductor is kept low to safeguard the towers. This however increases the height and
cost of the tower.
It may be interesting to know that when the span becomes abnormally low the sag becomes
insignificant. If the practice of allowing 20% to 25% of UTS is continued for such small spans
also, the design of structure would change. Therefore, in case of the conductor deployed in
switchyard the working tension is kept to the value not exceeding 5% of UTS. If the bus bar
span between two gantries is very low (10 to 15 M) the working tension on the conductor may
be as low as 2% to 2.5% or UTS depending upon the type of conductor and bundle
configuration.
It may be interesting to know that the I.S.802 (1978) for tower design was based on the factor
of safety method. The loads considered were safe loads. The revised IS 802(1995) for tower
design suggests probabilistic loads (ultimate loads). The difference is in wind pressure
calculations. With different loading approach the basis of sag and tension calculation has also
undergone change. The same is indicated below:
Suppose that the minimum temperature is 0 C, maximum temperature 75 C & everyday
temperature = 32 C. The sag tension calculations will be done as follows:
IS 802 (1978)
(a)
The starting condition: 32 C No wind Factor of Safety = 4.0 (minimum)
(b)
Working out the Sags & tensions at: 32 C 100% wind pressure
0 C 66% wind pressure
and 75 C No wind
(c)
The tensions at 32 C 100% wind and 0 C 66% wind shall not exceed 40% of UTS
(d)
The Safe wind pressures on conductor & tower body are taken as per respective wind
zone from which the line is passing.
IS 802 (1995)
(a)
The starting condition: 32 C No wind Factor of Safety = 4.0 (minimum)
(b)
Working out the Sags & tensions at: 32 C 100% wind pressure
0 C 36% wind pressure
and 75 C No wind pressure
(c)
Ultimate wind velocity on conductor, insulators & tower body is taken as per respective
wind zone from which the line is passing. The wind velocity is then converted into wind
pressure by a specific equation:
Pd = 0.6 Vd where Pd = design wind pressure in N/M 2 and Vd = design wind speed in
M/Sec.
Page 64
Page 65
6.52
6.29
5.28
,No wind condition

(0.36 full wind condition)
,Full wind condition
, No wind condition
, Full wind condition
,No wind condition

,Full wind condition
0 C
0 C
0 C
32 C
32 C
32 C
75 C
75 C
75 C
SAG CALCULATION (Calculation for A.C.S.R. ZEBRA conductor)

Enter Span-(m)
Enter cross section area-(m^2)
Enter U.T.S.-(Kg)
Enter Weight-(Kg/m)
Enter E-(Kg/m^2)
Enter -( C )
Enter wind pressure-(Kg/m^2)
0.36 wind Pressure-(Kg/m^2)
Enter Overall Diameter-(m)
8.22
7.86
6.38
SAG-(M)
5.28
5.14
4.48
LOADING CONDITION
FINAL TABULATION:
350
2.62E-04
9144
0.974
8.16E+09
1.78E-05
4.50E+01
1.62E+01
2.10E-02
5.04
4.82
3.91
4.00
3.86
3.24
OK
OK
OK
Span-(m)
350
Wind pressure-45
Starting condit
= 25% U.T.S, i.e F.O.S 4.0 at 32 c no wind for cond
Check U.T.S = 70% i.e F.O.S 1.428 @ 32 C & Full wind for conductor.
Check U.T.S = 70% i.e F.O.S 1.428 @ 0 C & 0.36 Full wind for conductor
Basic wind speed -Vb=44 m/sec
wind zone = 3
Reliability level = 2 (Table-1)
Terrain categary = 1 (Table-3)
Gc @ 25 m = 2.055 (Table-7)
Pd = 757 N/m (Table-4)
Wind on conductor = 757/9.81*2.055 kg/m = 37.55 kg/m
Sag Tension Calculations Required conforming to IS 802 (part1/sec1) : 1995
1814.25
1896.72
2338.04
2286.11
2370.92
2822.63
A.C.S.R DOG CONDUCTOR

TENSION-(Kg) F.O.S.
2822.47
3.24
2901.89
3.15
3330.81
2.75
3.5 Sag tension calculations for Earthwire

The sag & tension calculations for Earthwire are done Exactly in the manner in which they are
done for conductor. However, the maximum surface temperature of Earthwire is considered
to be 53 C.
4.0
Strining Chart
4.1
During the Stringing of Conductor/Earthwire it is necessary to maintain design tension and the
sag on the tower. Towers are designed at particular condition of sag and tension as 32 degree
no wind, 32degree full wind, 0 degree 36% wind, etc. It may be noted that stringing operations
are done under no wind conditions and therefore the values of sag and tension will be given for
the range of temperature which is likely to be in that particular region between morning hours
and evening hours. For the plain region in India the stringing chart can be prepared for a
temperature range of 5 degree to 45 degree. It may be noted that the maximum sag for which
the tower is designed is normally 75 degree to 90 degree C but this is the sum of ambient
temperature and the temperature rise due to heating of conductor while it carries the current.
The stringing charts are always prepared after the tower foundation work is over and actual
spans along with the angle point are known. To be precise, the tower schedule is to be
prepared showing the type of tower (suspension or tension) and the spans between the towers.
For the purpose of preparing stringing charts it is necessary to know the equivalent span
between two tension locations. The equivalent span can be worked out by the formula:
LEQ = [( L13 + L23 + L33 + . + Ln3 ) / ( L1 + L2 + L3 + . + Ln )]1/2
Where L1, L2, L3Ln are individual spans of towers between two tension towers.
LEQ is equivalent span between two tension towers
Once the equivalent span is calculated as above, the stringing chart follow the pattern of sag
tension calculation indicated in 4.0 above. It is pertinent to note that the sag tension
calculations are done with equivalent span equal to the normal design span of the line, whereas
the stringing charts are prepared on the equivalent span which is worked out on the actual
tower schedule. Further the sag tension calculations are prepared for three or four
temperatures and three or wind pressures by making various combinations, whereas the
stringing charts are prepared at no wind condition with a spectrum of temperature between 0
degrees to 50 degree with an interval of two degrees to five degrees.
The most valid technical reasons for preparing the stringing charts and bringing them
meticulously during the stringing operation are as follows:
Once the stringing charts are made available to the stringing crew members, they have not to
calculate anything at site. They have to simply observe the ambient temperature at site when
final tension is to be given. Once the specified tension is given corresponding to the site
ambient temperature, the conductor catenary will not cross the limits of maximum sag and
maximum tension for which a tower is designed. While preparing the stringing charts, It is
customary to keep before eyes the values of sag & tension for which the towers are designed,
Thus, correct application of stringing chart during the stringing operations will ensure that at no
point of time the sag of the conductor will go beyond the maximum permissible in the design
and thus ensuring the required ground clearance under any thermal loading of the conductor
for which the tower is designed. Further it will also ensure that at no given point of time the
4.2
4.3
Page 66
15.00
17.00
19.00
21.00
23.00
25.00
27.00
29.00
31.00
33.00
35.00
37.00
39.00
41.00
43.00
45.00
47.00
49.00
51.00
53.00
55.00
57.00
59.00
61.00
63.00
65.00
67.00
1570.18
1552.81
1535.61
1518.56
1501.70
1485.01
1468.49
1452.15
1435.99
1420.01
1404.22
1388.61
1373.19
1357.96
1342.92
1328.07
1313.41
1298.94
1284.68
1270.60
1256.72
1243.04
1229.55
1216.26
1203.16
1190.27
1177.55
TEMPRATURE TENSION
C
KG
IN
SPAN
LOC.
310
3.282
3.319
3.356
3.394
3.432
3.470
3.509
3.549
3.589
3.629
3.670
3.711
3.753
3.795
3.837
3.880
3.924
3.967
4.011
4.056
4.101
4.146
4.191
4.237
4.283
4.330
4.376
53 TO
LOCATION NO.
54
54
53
TO
330
3.719
3.761
3.803
3.846
3.889
3.932
3.977
4.021
4.067
4.112
4.159
4.205
4.253
4.300
4.349
4.397
4.446
4.496
4.546
4.596
4.647
4.698
4.750
4.801
4.854
4.906
4.959
55
TO
67
55
TO
320
3.497
3.536
3.576
3.616
3.657
3.698
3.739
3.781
3.824
3.867
3.911
3.954
3.999
4.044
4.089
4.135
4.181
4.227
4.274
4.322
4.369
4.418
4.466
4.515
4.564
4.613
4.663
56
56
330
3.719
3.761
3.803
3.846
3.889
3.932
3.977
4.021
4.067
4.112
4.159
4.205
4.253
4.300
4.349
4.397
4.446
4.496
4.546
4.596
4.647
4.698
4.750
4.801
4.854
4.906
4.959
TO
57
57
326
3.630
3.670
3.711
3.753
3.795
3.838
3.881
3.925
3.969
4.013
4.059
4.104
4.150
4.197
4.244
4.291
4.339
4.387
4.436
4.485
4.535
4.585
4.635
4.686
4.737
4.788
4.840
TO
58
58
325
3.607
3.648
3.689
3.730
3.772
3.814
3.857
3.901
3.944
3.989
4.034
4.079
4.125
4.171
4.218
4.265
4.313
4.361
4.409
4.458
4.507
4.557
4.607
4.657
4.708
4.759
4.810
TO
59
59
310
3.282
3.319
3.356
3.394
3.432
3.470
3.509
3.549
3.589
3.629
3.670
3.711
3.753
3.795
3.837
3.880
3.924
3.967
4.011
4.056
4.101
4.146
4.191
4.237
4.283
4.330
4.376
TO
60
60
228
1.775
1.795
1.815
1.836
1.856
1.877
1.898
1.920
1.941
1.963
1.985
2.008
2.030
2.053
2.076
2.099
2.122
2.146
2.170
2.194
2.218
2.243
2.267
2.292
2.317
2.342
2.367
TO
61
61
310
3.282
3.319
3.356
3.394
3.432
3.470
3.509
3.549
3.589
3.629
3.670
3.711
3.753
3.795
3.837
3.880
3.924
3.967
4.011
4.056
4.101
4.146
4.191
4.237
4.283
4.330
4.376
TO
62
62
325
3.607
3.648
3.689
3.730
3.772
3.814
3.857
3.901
3.944
3.989
4.034
4.079
4.125
4.171
4.218
4.265
4.313
4.361
4.409
4.458
4.507
4.557
4.607
4.657
4.708
4.759
4.810
TO
63
63
TO
325
3.607
3.648
3.689
3.730
3.772
3.814
3.857
3.901
3.944
3.989
4.034
4.079
4.125
4.171
4.218
4.265
4.313
4.361
4.409
4.458
4.507
4.557
4.607
4.657
4.708
4.759
4.810
STRINGING CHART FOR 7/3.15 EARTHWIRE FOR 220KV TRANSMISSION LINE

64
64
TO
226
1.744
1.764
1.784
1.804
1.824
1.844
1.865
1.886
1.907
1.929
1.951
1.972
1.995
2.017
2.040
2.062
2.085
2.109
2.132
2.156
2.179
2.203
2.228
2.252
2.276
2.301
2.326
65
65
TO
280
2.678
2.707
2.738
2.769
2.800
2.831
2.863
2.895
2.928
2.961
2.994
3.028
3.062
3.096
3.131
3.166
3.201
3.237
3.273
3.309
3.345
3.382
3.419
3.457
3.494
3.532
3.570
66
66
TO
220
1.653
1.671
1.690
1.709
1.728
1.748
1.767
1.787
1.807
1.828
1.848
1.869
1.890
1.911
1.933
1.954
1.976
1.998
2.020
2.043
2.065
2.088
2.111
2.134
2.157
2.181
2.204
67
conductor tension increases beyond a specified limit for which the tower is designed. The
stringing chart also ensures that each and every tower (except dead end tower) remains in
balance condition in spite of the fact that stringing operation is done on each tower with
variable temperature at the time of final tension (during the day or days apart).
Page 67
Page 68
15.00
17.00
19.00
21.00
23.00
25.00
27.00
29.00
31.00
33.00
35.00
37.00
39.00
41.00
43.00
45.00
47.00
49.00
51.00
53.00
55.00
57.00
59.00
61.00
63.00
65.00
67.00
3745.72
3691.02
3637.78
3585.89
3535.35
3486.08
3438.11
3391.41
3345.91
3301.63
3258.46
3216.45
3175.51
3135.64
3096.83
3058.99
3022.17
2986.27
2951.29
2917.18
2883.99
2851.58
2820.04
2789.31
2759.23
2729.97
2701.38
TEMPRATURE TENSION
oC
KG
IN
191
192
LOCATION NO.
191 TO 192
300
4.869
4.941
5.013
5.086
5.158
5.231
5.304
5.377
5.450
5.523
5.597
5.670
5.743
5.816
5.889
5.962
6.034
6.107
6.179
6.251
6.323
6.395
6.467
6.538
6.609
6.680
6.751
LOC.
SPAN
315
5.368
5.447
5.527
5.607
5.687
5.767
5.848
5.928
6.009
6.090
6.170
6.251
6.331
6.412
6.492
6.573
6.653
6.733
6.812
6.892
6.971
7.051
7.130
7.208
7.287
7.365
7.443
TO
193
TO
311
5.232
5.310
5.387
5.465
5.543
5.622
5.700
5.779
5.857
5.936
6.015
6.093
6.172
6.250
6.328
6.407
6.485
6.563
6.641
6.718
6.795
6.873
6.950
7.026
7.103
7.179
7.255
313
5.300
5.378
5.457
5.536
5.615
5.694
5.774
5.853
5.933
6.012
6.092
6.172
6.251
6.331
6.410
6.489
6.568
6.647
6.726
6.805
6.883
6.961
7.039
7.117
7.194
7.272
7.348
TO 194 194 TO 195
195
310
5.199
5.276
5.353
5.430
5.508
5.586
5.664
5.742
5.820
5.898
5.976
6.054
6.132
6.210
6.288
6.366
6.443
6.521
6.598
6.675
6.752
6.829
6.905
6.981
7.057
7.133
7.208
TO 196
315
5.368
5.447
5.527
5.607
5.687
5.767
5.848
5.928
6.009
6.090
6.170
6.251
6.331
6.412
6.492
6.573
6.653
6.733
6.812
6.892
6.971
7.051
7.130
7.208
7.287
7.365
7.443
196 TO 197
197
311
5.232
5.310
5.387
5.465
5.543
5.622
5.700
5.779
5.857
5.936
6.015
6.093
6.172
6.250
6.328
6.407
6.485
6.563
6.641
6.718
6.795
6.873
6.950
7.026
7.103
7.179
7.255
TO 198
198
307
5.098
5.174
5.250
5.326
5.402
5.478
5.555
5.631
5.708
5.784
5.861
5.937
6.014
6.090
6.167
6.243
6.319
6.395
6.471
6.546
6.622
6.697
6.772
6.847
6.921
6.995
7.069
TO 199
312
5.266
5.344
5.422
5.501
5.579
5.658
5.737
5.816
5.895
5.974
6.053
6.132
6.211
6.290
6.369
6.448
6.527
6.605
6.683
6.761
6.839
6.917
6.994
7.071
7.148
7.225
7.302
199 TO
200
TO 201
310
5.199
5.276
5.353
5.430
5.508
5.586
5.664
5.742
5.820
5.898
5.976
6.054
6.132
6.210
6.288
6.366
6.443
6.521
6.598
6.675
6.752
6.829
6.905
6.981
7.057
7.133
7.208
200
311
5.232
5.310
5.387
5.465
5.543
5.622
5.700
5.779
5.857
5.936
6.015
6.093
6.172
6.250
6.328
6.407
6.485
6.563
6.641
6.718
6.795
6.873
6.950
7.026
7.103
7.179
7.255
201 TO 202
STRINGING CHART FOR ACSR ZEBRA CONDUCTOR FOR 220kV D/C TRANSMISSION LINE
193
206
312
5.266
5.344
5.422
5.501
5.579
5.658
5.737
5.816
5.895
5.974
6.053
6.132
6.211
6.290
6.369
6.448
6.527
6.605
6.683
6.761
6.839
6.917
6.994
7.071
7.148
7.225
7.302
202 TO
203
310
5.199
5.276
5.353
5.430
5.508
5.586
5.664
5.742
5.820
5.898
5.976
6.054
6.132
6.210
6.288
6.366
6.443
6.521
6.598
6.675
6.752
6.829
6.905
6.981
7.057
7.133
7.208
203 TO 204
310
5.199
5.276
5.353
5.430
5.508
5.586
5.664
5.742
5.820
5.898
5.976
6.054
6.132
6.210
6.288
6.366
6.443
6.521
6.598
6.675
6.752
6.829
6.905
6.981
7.057
7.133
7.208
204 TO
205
SHEET NO.
310
5.199
5.276
5.353
5.430
5.508
5.586
5.664
5.742
5.820
5.898
5.976
6.054
6.132
6.210
6.288
6.366
6.443
6.521
6.598
6.675
6.752
6.829
6.905
6.981
7.057
7.133
7.208
205 TO 206
4.4 Data for Calculations

1) Overall diameter (m) .. D
= 3.18 X 102
2) Cross section area (m) A
= 5.97 X 104
3) Ultimate Tensile Strength (Kg).U
= 16438
4) Unit weight (Kg/m)...W = 2.004
5) Modulus of elasticity (Kg/m) ....E
= 7.04 X 109
6) Coefficient of linear expansion (/C).
= 1.93 X 105
7) Equivalent Span of Conductor (m).LEQ
= 400
8) Wind pressure (Kg/m) ...P = 229
9) Sag of Conductor (m) ...S
= Unknown
Basic Equations
We have,
G = LEQ q E / 24
.
. (1)
Where,
G = variable operator
= Density of conductor = w/A (Kg /m/m)
w = Weight of conductor per metre
A = Area of conductor per m
(q) = 1 + (p / w) ; (q = Resultant load )
p = Wind Force (Kg) = (P X D)
Further,
Also G = f {f (k tE)}. .. (2)
Where,
f = Stress on conductor (Kg/m2)
k = Constant.
t = Temperature (C)
Calculations
= w/A
= 2.004 / (5.97 X 104)
= 3356.7839 (Kg /m/m)
Different wind conditions are as follows.
No wind (P1)
Full wind (P4)
Accordingly we can get value of q at different wind conditions as follows,
(q1) = 1 + (p1 / w)
= 1 + (0 / 2.004)2
=1
(q2) = 1 + (p2 / w)
= 1 + (229 X 3.18 X 102 X 0.33 / 2.004)2
= 2.4379
(q3) = 1 + (p3 / w)
= 1 + (229 X 3.18 X 102 X 0.66 / 2.004)2
= 6.7519
Page 69
(q4) = 1 + (p4 / w)
= 1 + (229 X 3.18 X 102 X 1 / 2.004)2
= 14.2047
Now, for different wind conditions we have to obtain values of G1, G2, G3 & G4 as follows.
G1 = (LEQ X X q1 X E) / 24
No Wind
2
2
9
= (400 X 3356.782 X 1 X 7.04 X 10 ) / 24
= 5.2884 X 1020
G2 = (LEQ X X q2 X E) / 24
33% of Full Wind
2
2
9
= (400 X 3356.782 X 2.4379 X 7.04 X 10 ) / 24
= 12.8926 X 1020
G3 = (LEQ X X q3 X E) / 24
66% of Full Wind
2
2
9
= (400 X 3356.782 X 6.7519 X 7.04 X 10 ) / 24
= 35.7387 X 1020
G4 = (LEQ X X q4 X E) / 24
Full Wind
2
2
9
= (400 X 3356.782 X 14.2047 X 7.04 X 10 ) / 24
= 75.1206 X 1020
Different starting conditions are as follows
IS 802 (1978)
* Every day temperature (32C) and 100%l wind pressure F.O.S. = 2.5 or more than 2.5. }}
IS 802 (1995)
Now, working tension
T = (U / F.O.S.) . (3)
Also Stress
f = T / A . (4)
Further, Sag
S = (WLEQ2 / 8T) ... (5)
Normally for designs of tower the starting condition for sagtension calculation is
* F.O.S. = 4.0 at Every day temp. and No wind.
Therefore, T = U / 4.0 = 16438 / 4 = 4109.5 kg.
Now, f = 4109.5 / (5.97 X 104)
= 6.88 X 106 Kg/m2
Substituting this value of f in eqn (2) and considering G = G1 and taking every day temp. = 32oC, the
value of K can be found out as follows.
G1 = f {f (k tE)}
= (6.88 X 106 )2 X [6.88 X 106 {k (1.93 X 105 X 32 X 7.04 X 109)}]
Therefore, k = 70597.63635
Now, This k is constant for a particular conductor span (or Equivalent Span) but it is independent of
temperature and wind pressure variations.
Now for stringing chart, sag & tensions are to be found out for different temperature at an interval of
2.5oC or 5oC and with no wind condition as follows.
Page 70
Tension at 00C (minimum temp.) and no wind

= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 0 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 {f2 X (70597.63635)}
f = 8.11 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
= 8.11 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 4841.67 Kg
Accordingly, Sag = S = WLEQ2 / 8T
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 4841.67)
= 8.27 m
Tension at 2.50C and no wind
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 2.5 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 + f2 X ( 269082.36)
= f3 f2 X 269082.36
f = 7.99 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
= 7.99 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 4770.03 Kg
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 477.03)
= 8.4 m
Tension at 50C and no wind
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 5 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 f2 X ( 608762.36)
= f3 + f2 X 608762.36
f = 7.88 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
= 7.88 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 4704.36 Kg
Page 71

= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 4704.36)
= 8.52 m
Tension at 7.50C and no wind
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 7.5 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 f2 X ( 948442.3637)
= f3 + f2 X 948442.3637
f = 7.78 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
= 7.78 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 4644.66 Kg
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 4644.66)
= 8.63 m
Similarly we can find out for maximum temp.
Tension at 750C and no wind
= f2 [f {70597.63635 (1.93 X 105 X 75 X 7.04 X 109)}]
= f3 f2 X ( 10119802.36)
= f3 + f2 X 10119802.36
f = 5.77 X 106 Kg/m2
T=fXA
= 5.77 X 106 X 5.97 X 104
= 3444.69 Kg
= 2.004 X 4002 / (8 X 3444.69)
= 11.63 m
In above calculations the equivalent span is taken as 400 mtrs. In actual practice there may be n spans
between two tension towers having spans L1, L2, L3 Ln.
The equivalent span has to be worked out using formula shown above. The above set of calculations
should be repeated to work out the values of Tensions at different temperatures from 00C to 450C/50
0
C (Maximum ambient temperature) at an interval of 2.00C to 2.5 0C or 5 0C. These values of Tensions
will be based on the equivalent span (which may not be existing on any one of n spans). This tension
will be applied to the conductor at particular (actual) field temperature at the time of final tensioning
of conductor/Earth wire.
Page 72
Now, Sag = WL2 / 8 T

If L is equivalent span, the above formula would look like
Sageq = WL2 eq. / 8 Teq (eq. stands for equivalent)
As stated above Teq is the tension derived from equivalent span, but it is actually applied between two
Tension towers. However, Seq. is fictitious as Leq is not the actual span between any of n spans.
Therefore to work out the actual Sag in individual spans between two tension locations, we will use the
following equation:
Sagact = Sageq x ( Lact)2/ (Leq )2 ( eq. = Equivalent; act = actual.)
Applying above equation, one can find out actual sag in any span out of n spans for which the
equivalent span is worked out. It may be noted that when we move to next set of Tension location, the
Leq, Sag eq & Teq will change & therefore, the values of Sag act will also change. In short, the stringing
charts are to be worked out independently for the spans between each set of tension locations. If both
the adjacent towers are Tension locations then Leq = Lact & Sageq = Sagact
5.0
Preparation of Sag Template
5.1 Sag Template is a very important tool for the surveyor by the help of which the position of tower
can be decided on the Survey Chart so as to conform to the limitations of specified minimum ground
clearance required to maintained as per I.E. Rules, between the line conductor to ground telephone
lines, buildings, streets, navigable canals, power lines, or any other object coming under or near the
line and the limitation of vertical load coming on any particular tower.
5.2 Sag Template consists of a set of parabolic curves drawn on a transparent paper, a celluloid or
acrylic clear sheet duly cut in between the curves to allow surveyor to see through them on the Survey
Charts place underneath it. The set of curves consist of:
Cold or Uplift Curve Showing sag of conductor at minimum temperature and still wind.
Hot or Maximum Sag Curve Showing maximum sag of conductor under still air and
maximum temperature and still wind including sag tolerances allowed if any or under maximum
ice condition.
Ground clearance CurveDrawn parallel to hot curve and at a distance equal to specified
minimum ground clearance.
Tower footing CurveFor normal tower drawn parallel to hot curve under ground clearance
curve and separated by a distance equal to maximum sag at design span.
5.3 In erecting an overhead line all the spans cannot be kept equal because of the profile of the ground
and proper clearance considerations. A constant tension is calculated which will be uniform
throughout the Section. For calculating this uniform tension an equivalent span or ruling span for the
whole section of the line is chosen. The ruling span is then calculated by the following formula.
LU = [ L13 + L23 + L33 + .......... / L1+ L2 ++ L3 + ...........]1/2
Where LU = ruling span
L1+ L2 ++ L3 ............ etc. are different spans in a section.
The Cold and Hot Template Curves are plotted as parabola, to the same scale as the survey chart for
the minimum and maximum sags for the ruling span (normal design span being considered as
theoretical ruling span).
Page 73
6.0
Application of Sag Template for Tower Spotting
6.1 The Sag Template is applied to the profile by moving the same horizontally while always ensuring
that the vertical axis is held vertical. The structure positions are marked where the tower footing curve
cuts the profile, while the ground clearance curve is just clear and above the profile. The ground
clearance curve shall not only clear the route centre line profile but also the profile to the left or right
of the centre line up to a distance equal to maximum cross area spread on either side. Besides normal
ground clearance, the clearance between power conductor and objects like, other power or
telecommunication lines, houses, trolley wires, roads, railway tracks, canal embankments etc. shall be
checked. Extra clearance can be got either by reducing the span or providing extension to tower body
depending on which alternative is most economical. The weight span on either side of a tower can be
easily obtained by marking the low points of sags in two adjacent spans and then reading the distance
between the two. On inclined spans, null point may be outside the span. This indicates that the total
weight of conductor is taken up by the higher tower and the lower is being pulled up by a force equal
to the weight of conductor between lower support and the null point. Should the upward pull of the
uphill span becomes greater than downward loan of the next adjacent span, actual uplift will be caused
and the conductor would tend to wing clear of the tower upwards. For any easy check of whether a
tower is under uplift or not, the following method may be adopted. The Template is applied
horizontally until the tops of alternate supports coincide with the Cold Curve. If the support is under
uplift and has to be extended so as to be above it and in case requisite standard body extension do not
suffice for doing this, a tower which is designed to take uplift will have to be used. However, for the
stability of the line it is not desirable to place a tower in such a position where it is always under
permanent uplift condition.
6.2 The intermediate spans shall be as near as possible to the normal design span. In case an individual
span becomes too short on account of undulations in ground profiles one or more line supports of the
Section may be extended by inserting standard body extensions.
6.3 In other countries longer stretches of transmission lines in straight run are constructed without
Section towers. In India Sections may be provided after every 15 tangent towers. To be in line with the
construction practices in other countries this aspect needs review in future.
7.0
Structural Limitation Charts/ Towers Spotting Data
Since each tower is designed to withstand a definite load only in each of transverse, vertical and
longitudinal directions the surveyor must know these limitations for the various types of towers
available for use on line. These limits are given in a chart from called Structure Limitation Chart or
Tower Spotting Data which is prepared by the design department. These charts define the limits for
permissible ruling span, weight span, wind span, individual span and the degree of line deviation
allowed on each tower. These charts are made for normal towers only. For all special crossings
individual tower checking is essential by the design department. Specimen Tower Spotting Data is as
shown below:
Page 74
Tower Spotting Data/Structure Limitation Chart For 400kv Double Circuit Transmission Line
NORMAL SPAN 400 Mtrs.
1. Vertical loads
2. Max. Deviation
3. Max. Individual span
4. Weight span G.W.
i) Effect one span
ii) Effect both span
Weight span cond
i) Effect one span
ii) Effect both span
5. Permissible sum at
adjacent spans for reduced
angle of deviasion
6. Design long tension

G.W.
Cond
7. Broken Wire condition
TEMP RANGE
03280
2
600
15
600
Max.
360
600
2800
1838
0876
360
600
15800
14837
13875
12913
11950
10988
91025
81063
71101
61139
51176
WIND RANGE
Kg/m
T
DOWNWARDS
30
600
Min
120
200
120
200
30800
29837
28873
27910
26947
25984
241020
231057
221095
211132
201169
75/150
L
60
600
60800
59833
58866
57899
56937
55966
54999
531033
521067
511101
501135
491169
100%
Long component of full wind.
50%
do
Three cond or two
one cond. Or
Any two cond.
cond + GW broken
G.W. broken
or one cond.
conductor
& GW brokenn cond.
Conductor
Earthwire
8. Sag tension values
considered in design
tension(Kg)
sag (Mtr)
Tension(Kg)
sag (Mtr)
Conductor.
4972
1685
02/3rd F.W.
3160
1847
32C F.W
80C NO wind
13.06
10.20 (63C)
NOTES: ALL SPANS IN METERS AND ALL LOADS ARE IN KG
CLIENTS APPROVAL :
Page 75
Approved By Chief Engieer (TR) G.E.B. Vadodara

Vide their letter No. TR III/400 K.V./12/Tata/7724
Dated 5/8/92
DETAILS OF
TOWER SPOTING DATA
400KV D/C
TRANS LINE (SARDAR
SAROVARASOJ)
CLIENT : GEB VADODARA

Dgn by
SPCN.NO.TR III/400 K.V./12
Date
Order No.
Check by
APRVd By.
Drg.No.
Structure Limitation Chart/ Tower Spotting Data
(FOR 400Kv TRANSMISSION LINES)
A MKD A
B MKD B
C MKD C
Sr. No.
Tower Type
1.
2.
Max. Angle Deviation

Vertical Load Limitations on
Weight Span
Ground wire effect
(a) Both Spans
2
Max. (Min.)
15
Max. (Min.)
15 to 30
Max.(Min.)
60
Max. (Min.)
600 (200)
600
(0 )
600
600
(b) One Span
360 (100)
360
(200)
300 (200)
360 (300)
Conductor effect
(a) Both Spans
600 (200)
600
(0 )
600
600
(b) One Span
360 (100)
360
(200)
300 (200)
360 (300)
Weights
Ground wire effect
(a) Both Spans
350 ( 117)
350
(0 )
350
350
(b) One Span

Conductor effect
(a) Both Spans
210 (58 )
210 (117)
210 (117)
210 (175)
2405 (802)
2405 (802)
2405 (0)
2405 (0)
(b) One Span
1443 (401)
1443 (802)
1443 (802)
1443 (802)
4.
Permissible sum of adjacent

span for various deviation
angles
2 800
1838
0878
15800
14876
13956
121034
11112
101190
30800
29874
28952
271028
261104
251182
60800
59868
58936
5100
561074
551174
Design
(a) Ground wire
(i) 32 Full wind
1574
1561 / 1574
1520 / 1574
1363 / 1574
2.1
2.2
3.
3.1
3.2
(0 )
(0 )
(0 )
D MKD D
(0 )
(0 )
(0 )
Page 76
(ii) 0 x 2/3 Full wind
1525
1521 /1525
1473 / 1525
1321 / 1525
(b) Conductor
(i) 32 Full wind
(ii) 0 x 2/3 Full wind
4470
4582
8864/8940
90869164
8635/8940
8852/9164
7742/8940
7936/9164
TOWER TYPE
18 m and 25 m Extension
for Tower type A marked A
(i) Both
Spans
(ii)One Spam
6A.
18m & 25 m
Extension for tower
type D marked D
a) Maximum 300 m
Wind Span
(b)Deviation
0 degree
Angle
Vertical load Limitation on Weight span of
Conductor/Ground wire.
Maximum
600
Minimum
200
360
100
(a)Maximum wind span

(b)Deviation Angle
Vertical Load Limitation on
weight span of conductor
/ground wire
Maximum
(i) Both Spans
()600
(ii)One Spam
()360
400 m
40 degree
Minimum
0
()300
Way leave
clearance 26
meters either side
from Centre of line
of tower.
Electrical Clearance 17.90 m
for Railway
Crossing
Minimum clearance 5.490 m
between power
line to power line
crossing
Page 77
Notes:
1) Vertical loads on individual spans are acting downwards for suspension tower.
2) Broken Wire condition: As per specifications requirement.
3) Maximum sum of adjacent span for various angle of deviation are subjected to the condition that
maximum live metal clearance and minimum ground clearances are available.
4) Maximum deviation angle for dead end tower:
a) Line side and slack span side: 15 degree on either side.
b) For river crossing Anchoring with longer wind span with 0 degree deviation on crossing span
and 30 degree deviation on either side.
5) Angle Tower type B, C & D are designed for following unbalance tension resulting from
unequal Ruling span of 200 m & 400 m on each side of the tower for normal condition only.
6) Tower type C to be used at Transposition Tower with 0 degree deviation.
7) Tower type B to be used at Section Tower. The number of consecutive span
between two sec.
Temperature
At 32 degree Celsius (without Wind)

At 0 degree Celsius (without Wind
8.0
Unbalanced Tension
Ground wire
80
85
Conductor
983
376
Deciding Tower Type and Preparation of Tower Schedule
8.1 In order to decide the tower type for a particular location following information is required:
- Angle of line deviation on tower.
- Whether it is to be used as section tower or dead end tower
- Sum of adjacent spans.
- Weight span on tower.
8.2 Weight Span
The analytical method for calculating weight span is given below.
Distance of Null point or Low point of conductor from centre of span is given by formula
X = T/w x h/l
Where
X = distance of low point from centre of span in M
T = conductor tension in kg.
h = difference between conductor support levels in M
w = unit weight of conductor in kg/m, and l = span length in M
Weight Span
For towers A, right hand side only.
a=X
For tower B, left hand side only.
B=+X
Page 78
Similarly, weight span for the other side of the towers can be calculated and total weight span
obtained.
If the sum of a and b calculated for a particular tower is negative, the tower is under uplift.
Maximum weight span is obtained under the conditions of minimum temperature and no wind.
8.3 Check Survey
Object Check survey is carried out for the following
i)
To reconfirm the work carried out during detailed survey.
ii)
To locate and peg mark the tower position on ground corresponding to the route profiles.
iii)
To give direction pegs.
9.0 Conclusion
9.1 Design of Transmission line tower is very precise & time consuming job. It requires lot of input and
considerations of Engineering and Atmospheric details.
9.2 The foundation design for towers depends upon the type of soil, rock or combination thereof. The
water content in the soil has also to be given due weight age while designing the foundation.
9.3 The Mechanical parameters of conductor and earth wire play important role in the design of
towers and foundation.
**********
Page 79
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Technical Session Transmission Line - III

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Technical Session Transmission Line - III

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TRAINING SESSIONS ON

CONSTRUCTION, PLANNING &

TATA POWER COMPANY LTD

TECHNICAL SESSION III

1. DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS

Power Consultants & Agencies

2.0 Requirements of Loads on Transmission Lines

3.0 Reliability Requirements Climatic Loads under Normal Condition

5.0 AntiCascading Loads

6.0 Safety RequirementsLoads during Construction and Maintenance

6.2 Loads during Construction

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6.5.2 Wind load on insulator string

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Values of Guest Response Factor Gc for Conductor /Ground wire

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Drag Coefficient Cdt for tower

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Twin bundle conductor

Lifting point dist. Min.

Multi bundle conductor

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6.11.2 Normal condition Dead End Towers

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6.15.3.3 Large Angle/Dead End Towers

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[B] DESIGN OF TOWER MEMBERS

2.0 List of Assumption and Methods for Tower Design

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3.0 Selection of Material

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4.0 Slenderness Ratio Limitations (KL/R)

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4.2 Computation of L/R for Different Bracing System

5.0 Permissible Stresses In Tower Members

where, A=Net sectional area of the connected flange

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Ultimate tensile strength(Kg)

Modulus of Elasticity "E"

Coefficient of linear expansion

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PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPRESSION

PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPRESSION FOR MILD STEEL

PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPRESSION FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL

PERMISSIBLKE AXIAL STRESS IN COMPARISION FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL

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REFERANCE TABLE FOR MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LENGTH OF REDUNDANT MEMBER

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DIMENSION FOR HEXAGONE BOLTS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES