Assessment of C u r r e n t and Advanced NOx C o n t r o l Technology

f o r Coal-Fired U t i l i t y B o i l e r s *
by
R. E.

Thompson, T.

w.

Sonnichsen

KVB, I n c . , T u s t i n , C a l i f o r n i a

92680

and
Dr.

H.

Huang

Argonne N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , Argonne, I l l i n o i s

60439

INTRODUCTION
NOX is the remaining major or c r i t e r i a p o l l u t a n t t h a t h a s not been e f f e c t i v e l y
reduced to emission l e v e l s approaching 10% or l e s s of t h o s e from a n u n c o n t r o l l e d
s t a t i o n a r y combustion s o u r c e . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e a t t h e p r e s e n t i n c o a l - f i r e d
u t i l i t y b o i l e r s because of t h e conversion o f fuel-bound n i t r o g e n i n t h e c o a l t o NO
d u r i n g t h e combustion p r o c e s s .
However, c o a l i s o u r l a r g e s t n a t u r a l f o s s i l f u e l
r e s o u r c e and DOE is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r developing methods o f u t i l i z i n g c o a l i n a n
environmentally a c c e p t a b l e manner.
An i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n meeting f u t u r e energy
needs and achieving n a t i o n a l energy independence is our a b i l i t y to expand t h e use of
c o a l i n e l e c t r i c a l power g e n e r a t i o n . C o n s i s t e n t w i t h i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , EPA h a s
e s t a b l i s h e d r e s e a r c h g o a l s f o r NOx e m i s s i o n s with c o a l of 200 ppm by 1980 and 100 ppm
by 1985. I f it i s e v e n t u a l l y shown t h a t comparable l e v e l s a r e necessary t o maintain
a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s and c o s t - e f f e c t i v e methods e x i s t , then t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f more
s t r i n g e n t new s o u r c e performance s t a n d a r d s (NSPS) i n t h e mid-1980's e x i s t s f o r coalf i r e d u t i l i t y boilers.

For t h e reasons o u t l i n e d above, a need e x i s t e d t o conduct a comprehensive s t a t e o f - t h e - a r t review o f a l l p o t e n t i a l combustion m o d i f i c a t i o n methods f o r NOx c o n t r o l on
c o a l - f i r e d u n i t s . Combustion m o d i f i c a t i o n h a s i n t h e p a s t been t h e m o s t c o s t - e f f e c t i v e
approach t o l i m i t i n g NOx formation and emissions. With the emergence of s e l e c t i v e
gas-phase NOx decomposition methods, it was d e s i r a b l e to a l s o conduct a review of t h e
m o s t r e c e n t developments i n t h a t f i e l d .
NOX FORMATION

C o n t r o l of NOx formation d u r i n g c o a l combustion is p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t because

nitrogen-bearing compounds i n t h e c o a l are o x i d i z e d i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s of t h e flame
zone t o produce " f u e l n i t r o g e n NOx".
I m p o r t a n t parameters i n t h i s p r o c e s s a r e l o c a l
s t o i c h i o m e t r y , temperature, and t h e r e s i d e n c e time a t t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s p l u s t h e mixing
c o n d i t i o n s f o r supplemental a i r a d d i t i o n and carbon burnout.
Combustion m o d i f i c a t i o n s a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e formation of "thermal NOx" a t high
combustion temperatures due t o t h e thermal f i x a t i o n of n i t r o g e n and oxygen i n t h e
combustion a i r .
Important p a r a m e t e r s t h a t a f f e c t peak flame temperature a r e l o c a l
oxygen a v a i l a b i l i t y , f u e l - a i r mixing p a t t e r n s , t h e p r e s e n c e of h e a t absorbing i n e r t
combustion products, combustion a i r p r e h e a t , l o c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r t o a d j a c e n t cooled
s u r f a c e s , e t c . Both burner and f u r n a c e d e s i g n a r e very important f a c t o r s i n t o t a l
NOx e m i s s i o n s s i n c e they i n f l u e n c e b o t h t h e r m a l and f u e l - r e l a t e d NOx.
*This s t u d y w a s conducted f o r Argonne N a t i o n a l Laboratory under C o n t r a c t 31-109-38-3726
as p a r t of an ongoing program, Environmental C o n t r o l I m p l i c a t i o n s of Coal U t i l i z a t i o n
f o r Power Generation, being conducted i n t u r n f o r DOE.
188

NOx CONTROL METHODS

One of t h e purposes of t h e s t u d y w a s t o n o t o n l y summarize t h e t e c h n i c a l p e r f o r mance of v a r i o u s NOX c o n t r o l methods, b u t a l s o t o p o i n t o u t and q u a n t i f y some of t h e
more important o p e r a t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h , t h e s e methods.
The s t u d y was
p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h t h e following c o n t r o l methods and o p e r a t i o n a l concerns.
Methods ( o r F a c t o r s )

Low excess a i r
Staged combust i o n
Flue g a s r e c i r c u l a t i o n
Corbina t i o n met hods
bituminous/
Coal type
subbituminous
wall f i r e d ,
B o i l e r design
t a n g e n t i a l , cyclone
conventional,
Burner design
low-NOx, advanced concepts

Concerns
C o s t of combustion m o d i f i c a t i o n s
Furnace w a l l c o r r o s i o n
Tube w a l l e r o s i o n
Carbon c a r r y o v e r
Combust ion s t a b i l i t y
Load r e s t r i c t i o n s
Secondary p o l l u t a n t s
Energy p e n a l t i e s
Retrofit applications
Impact on a u x i l i a r y equipment
o p e r a t i o n and maintenance

Available NOx emissions t e s t program d a t a was examined f o r t h e most p r e v a l e n t

b o i l e r d e s i g n s and t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of v a r i o u s combustion c o n t r o l measures i s
summarized i n Table 1. The c o n t r o l method having t h e l a r g e s t NOX r e d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l
( s h o r t of r e b u r n e r i n g w i t h new low-NOx b u r n e r s ) w a s s t a g e d combustion, accomplished
e i t h e r by removing b u r n e r s from s e r v i c e o r by t h e u s e of o v e r f i r e a i r ( d r i v i n g t h e
remaining i n - s e r v i c e b u r n e r s f u e l - r i c h ) .
I n t h e NOx Assessment F i n a l Report (1)
f o r Argonne National Laboratory, NOx r e d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l summary graphs were prepared
f o r each of t h e v a r i o u s c o n t r o l methods.
Although space l i m i t a t i o n s p r e c l u d e showing
a l l of t h i s s u p p o r t i n g d a t a used i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of Table 1, some examples f o r
burner-out-of-service o p e r a t i o n a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 1, 2 , and 3.
I t should be emphasized t h a t t h e r e a r e l a r g e u n i t - t o - u n i t v a r i a t i o n s i n c o a l f i r e d u t i l i t y b o i l e r NOx emissions, even w i t h i n t h e same b o i l e r design type. This
i s due t o v a r i e d b o i l e r geometry w i t h s i z e , age, and c o a l type. B o i l e r o p e r a t i n g
p r a c t i c e , maintenance, p u l v e r i z e r s e t t i n g s , and c o a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t e n vary from
p l a n t t o p l a n t even w i t h i n t h e same u t i l i t y .
Frequently a p l a n t i n t h e northeastern
U . S . may o b t a i n c o a l simultaneously from t w o or t h r e e s o u r c e s . Therefore, i t i s n o t
unusual t o s e e b a s e l i n e NOx emissions vary by a s much a s 500 ppm f o r a given b o i l e r
type (e.g., h o r i z o n t a l l y opposed f i r e d ) . Because of t h i s wide v a r i a t i o n i n b a s e l i n e
emissions, it f r e q u e n t l y i s more convenient t o e x p r e s s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a g i v e n
NOx c o n t r o l i n terms of a p o t e n t i a l p e r c e n t a g e NOx r e d u c t i o n a s i n Table 1 and
Figures 1 through 3 . However, it is a l s o recognized t h a t many u t i l i t y . a n d government
groups a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e lowest a t t a i n a b l e " s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t " NOx emission l e v e l s
a s summarized i n t h e t a b l e below.

STATUS OF COAL-FIRED UTILITY BOILER NOx CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

FOR NEW UNITS AND RETROFIT APPLICATIONS
Lowest A t t a i n a b l e NOx Emission Levels
New Units
Retrofit
ppm a t 3% O2
lb/MBtu
ppm a t 3% o2
lb/mtu
Wall-Fired
S i n g l e Face F i r e d
H o r i z o n t a l l y Opposed
Tangential

300-350
300-350
250-300

0.45
0.45
0.45

189

400-500
400-600
250-350

0.6
0.6
0.4

For new units, t h e s e emission l e v e l s a r e based on t h e m o s t r e c e n t low-NOx b u r n e r

d e s i g n s (e.g., d u a l r e g i s t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s or o v e r f i r e a i r on t a n g e n t i a l u n i t s ) f r e q u e n t l y employed i n combination w i t h a compartmentalized windbox and l i b e r a l f u r n a c e
volumes.
R e t r o f i t emission l e v e l s shown can be reached by r e b u r n e r i n g o r i n some
c a s e s by c a r e f u l l y a p p l i e d s t a g e d combustion f i r i n g modes.
Although it i s c u r r e n t l y
that
p o s s i b l e to a t t a i n t h e s e NOX l e v e l s w i t h some c o n s i s t e n c y , t h i s does =mean
a l l e x i s t i n g u n i t s can be modified to t h e s e l e v e l s r e g a r d l e s s of b o i l e r age, d e s i g n ,
coal type, etc.

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

P r e v i o u s assessment s t u d i e s have n o t p r o p e r l y e v a l u a t e d t h e numerous o p e r a t i o n a l

f a c t o r s t h a t a r e of major importance t o t h e u s e r i n s e l e c t i n g and implementing a
combustion m o d i f i c a t i o n technique. F i v e major t o p i c a r e a s were examined a s p a r t o f
t h e c u r r e n t study:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Problems in d e s i g n , i n s t a l l a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n and maintenance of a NOx

c o n t r o l technique
A p p l i c a b i l i t y of a given t e c h n i q u e f o r r e t r o f i t
Impact of l o w NOx modes on o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s
E f f e c t of NOx c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e s on t h e performance of a u x i l i a r y equipment
P o s s i b l e energy p e n a l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h implementation of a given method

Some o f t h e more important c o n c l u s i o n s a r e o u t l i n e d below by c o n t r o l method.

A.

.
.
.
.

.
B.

Operational Factors

Low Excess A i r and Staged Combustion--

Low excess a i r o p e r a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e w i t h NOx r e d u c t i o n s o f up t o 15% and a

b o i l e r e f f i c i e n c y improvement i f c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n is p a i d t o combustion
u n i f o r m i t y i n t h e burner region.
Reductions of 35% a r e p o s s i b l e w i t h s t a g e d
combust i o n .
Close c o n t r o l of l o c a l and o v e r a l l a i r / f u e l r a t i o and r i g o r o u s combustion
equipment maintenance is e s s e n t i a l to t h e s u c c e s s of b o t h methods.
O v e r f i r e a i r p o r t c o n f i g u r a t i o n s or b u r n e r p a t t e r n s r e s u l t i n g i n flame impingement and p o t e n t i a l tube w a l l c o r r o s i o n must be avoided.
New d e s i g n s s h o u l d i n c o r p o r a t e adequate p u l v e r i z e r and fan c a p a c i t y t o
accommodate l o w NOx modes.
Conservative windbox, f u r n a c e and c o n v e c t i v e
s e c t i o n d e s i g n s a r e recommended.
Carbon carryover and p a r t i c u l a t e l o a d i n g s a r e no g r e a t e r than normal o p e r a t i o n
i f t h e excess a i r i s p r o p e r l y e s t a b l i s h e d and maintained (as r e q u i r e d ) f o r a l l
l o a d s , f u e l t y p e s , and b o i l e r c o n d i t i o n s .
N o s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n secondary p o l l u t a n t s o r impact on a u x i l i a r y equipment
has been noted b u t more d a t a i s needed.

Operational Factors

- Flue

Gas R e c i r c u l a t i o n - -

F l u e g a s r e c i r c u l a t i o n w a s found to be a r e l a t i v e l y u n a t t r a c t i v e NOx c o n t r o l
method f o r some of t h e r e a s o n s l i s t e d b e l o w ( 2 ) :

.
.

NOx r e d u c t i o n s of 15% o r l e s s do n o t compare f a v o r a b l y w i t h r e d u c t i o n s of 25%

t o 35% with s t a g e d combustion (20% of t h e b u r n e r s o u t o f s e r v i c e ) .
A measurable e f f i c i e n c y p e n a l t y o c c u r s (approximately 0.5%) w i t h f l u e g a s
r e c i r c u l a t i o n due t o t h e a u x i l i a r y l o a d of t h e fans.
P o t e n t i a l problem a r e a s i n c l u d e tube e r o s i o n , flame s t a b i l i t y , f a n v i b r a t i o n ,
and i n c r e a s e d maintenance.

190

C.

Operational F a c t o r s

Corrosion, Slagging and Fouling--

Staged combustion and low e x c e s s a i r o p e r a t i o n a r e t h e most a t t r a c t i v e techniques

f o r NOx c o n t r o l b u t t h e major unresolved i s s u e concerns whether t h e s e Operating modes
with f u e l - r i c h b u r n e r combustion zones tend t o a c c e l e r a t e b o i l e r t u b e wall corrosion.
Because of t h e importance of t h i s p o s s i b l e d e t e r r e n t , a major s u b s e c t i o n of t h e f i n a l
r e p o r t was devoted t o t h i s t o p i c .
Since t h e more widespread a p p l i c a t i o n of low NOX o p e r a t i n g modes t e n d s to hinge
on t h i s i s s u e , t h e " f a c t s " concerning c o r r o s i o n tend t o b e i n a s t a t e of d i s p u t e b u t
some of t h e more important o b s e r v a t i o n s and r e c e n t f i n d i n g s a r e o u t l i n e d below:

.
.
.
.
.

High temperature f i r e - s i d e c o r r o s i o n of water w a l l s i n t h e r a d i a n t s e c t i o n of

p u l v e r i z e d c o a l - f i r e d b o i l e r s i s g e n e r a l l y confined t o a r e a s of flame impingement and/or s l a g buildup.
The s l a g d e p o s i t on a r e l a t i v e l y c o l d t u b e w a l l i s u s u a l l y coupled t o a l o c a l l y
reducing atmosphere caused by flame impingement.
TWO t y p e s of c o r r o s i v e a t t a c k have been i d e n t i f i e d i n boilers f i r i n g c o a l s with
a p p r e c i a b l e s u l f u r c o n t e n t ; a l k a l i i r o n b i s u l f a t e and i r o n s u l f i d e modes o f
a t t a c k . The s u l f a t e - t y p e a t t a c k predominates o v e r t h e s u l f i d e type.
Deposits found on corroded t u b e s o f t e n p o s s e s s high a l k a l i c o n t e n t , high SO
c o n t e n t , and high water s o l u b i l i t y . D e p o s i t s f r e q u e n t l y a r e p a l e , b l u i s h w h t e
with a g l o s s y "enamel" appearance.
Slaqqing, f o u l i n g , and c o r r o s i o n problems have f r e q u e n t l y been solved i n t h e
p a s t w i t h maintenance or a d j u s t m e n t s t o t h e p u l v e r i z e r , c o a l d i s t r i b u t i o n p i p e s ,
and enforced replacement s c h e d u l e s f o r t h e burner i m p e l l e r s .
Numerous c o r r o s i o n measurements i n low NOX o p e r a t i n g modes have been made i n the
p a s t w i t h a i r - c o o l e d c o r r o s i o n probes.
These s h o r t term tests r a i s e many quesMore e x t e n s i v e long-term tubet i o n s concerning t h e v a l i d i t y of t h i s technique.
panel t e s t s a r e necessary t o r e s o l v e c o r r o s i o n concerns.

COST OF COMBUSTION MODIFICATIONS

One of t h e most important f a c t o r s i n a d d i t i o n t o NOx r e d u c t i o n e f f e c t i v e n e s s and
o p e r a t i o n a l l i m i t a t i o n s from t h e u t i l i t y o p e r a t o r ' s s t a n d p o i n t i s t h e c o s t of combustion
modifications.
Numerous c o s t a n a l y s e s have been conducted under EPA s p o n s o r s h i p f o r
new u n i t s and r e t r o f i t a p p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g t h o s e by Combustion Engineering ( 3 )
and A. D. L i t t l e ( 4 ) . T o t a l c o s t s have been broken down by annual c a p i t a l , operat i o n a l , and f u e l c o s t s .
The r e l a t i v e c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s of NOx emissions c o n t r o l
on a 600 MW c o a l - f i r e d u n i t i s shown i n F i g u r e 4. With c u r r e n t technology, t h e c o s t
e f f e c t i v e n e s s r a p i d l y becomes u n a t t r a c t i v e a t emission levels approaching 0.4 lb/MBtu.
ADVANCED NOx CONTROL CONCEPTS

The t w o most promising advanced NOx c o n t r o l c o n c e p t s now undergoing r e s e a r c h

and development a r e t h e s e l e c t i v e gas-phase NOx r e d u c t i o n f l u e g a s t r e a t m e n t systems
and new advanced b u r n e r / b o i l e r d e s i g n s .
s t u d i e s by Exxon and KVB have demonstrated NOx r e d u c t i o n s up t o 90% when ammonia
i s i n j e c t e d i n t o f l u e g a s streams i n t h e v i c i n i t y of 1750 O F . Laboratory-scale f e a s i b i l i t y t e s t s w i t h ammonia i n j e c t i o n f o r c o a l a p p l i c a t i o n s has shown t h a t 50% t o 80%
NOX r e d u c t i o n s a r e p o s s i b l e f o r t h e c o a l s t e s t e d .
F u l l s c a l e commercialization
.tudies are c u r r e n t l y underway and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a f u l l s c a l e u t i l i t y boiler
demonstration t e s t i n t h e next t w o o r t h r e e y e a r s is very l i k e l y .
Advanced b u r n e r / b o i l e r d e s i g n concepts have c o n c e n t r a t e d on combustion methods
t h a t w i l l minimize t h e conversion of fuel-bound n i t r o g e n t o NOx. Based on r e c e n t
l & o r a t o r y and s u b s c a l e t e s t s a t EPA and EPRI c o n t r a c t o r ' s f a c i l i t i e s , t h e a t t a i n ment of EPA's r e s e a r c h g o a l s of 200 ppm by 1980 and 100 ppm by 1985 a r e v e r y l i k e l y .

191

his does n o t mean t h a t a l l o p e r a t i o n a l problems w i l l be s o l v e d and p r o d u c t i o n u n i t s

w i l l be a v a i l a b l e by t h a t time. However, r e c e n t r e s e a r c h programs a t B&W, KVB,
Aerotherm, and EER a r e e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e p r o p e r s t o i c h i o m e t r y , temperature, and residence times necessary t o l i m i t NOx formation t o l e s s t h a n 200 ppm i n t h e s e i n i t i a l
s t a g e s of d i r e c t c o a l combustion.
Research i s c o n t i n u i n g i n t o more complex problems
of secondary a i r a d d i t i o n , carbon burnout, and containment of f u e l - r i c h combustion
c o n d i t i o n s without e x t e n s i v e m a t e r i a l s c o r r o s i o n problems.
I n conclusion, continued p r o g r e s s i s b e i n g made t o reduce NOx emissions from
d i r e c t c o a l combustion through low NOx b u r n e r d e s i g n s , c u r r e n t l y capable of l i m i t i n g
emissions t o 0.6 lb/MEtu and r e s e a r c h d e s i g n s expected t o meet approximately 0.25
lb/MBtu emission g o a l s by 1980.
REFERENCES

1.

Thompson, R. E., Sonnichsen, T. W., Shiomoto, G. H., and Muzio, L. J., "Assessment
of NOx Control Technology f o r Coal-Fired U t i l i t y B o i l e r s , " KVB Report 16400-709,
September 23, 1977.

2.

Thompson, R. E . and McElroy, M. W., " E f f e c t i v e n e s s of G a s R e c i r c u l a t i o n and Staged

Combustion i n Reducing NOx on a 560 EIW Coal-Fired B o i l e r , " EPRI FP-257,
September 1976.

3.

Blakeslee, C. E. and S e l k e r , A. P., "Program f o r Reduction of NOx f r o m T a n g e n t i a l l y

August 1973.
Coal-Fired B o i l e r s , Phase I , " EPA 650/2-73-005,

4.

Standard Support (EIS V o l .

l), EPA 450/2-76-030a,

192

1977.

TABLE 1. COMBUSTION

Basic Wcchanisi
o f COntrOl

MODIFICATION ASSESSMENT SUMMRY

Biased F i r i n q

aurncrs a u t
Of scrvice

I ~ C T F ~ S Cf u c l / n i r
r a t i o LO m a p r i t y
>f burncrs

ocrcase f u c l / a i r
a t i o t o active
,umers

'

overfirc A i r
~ n c r e n s ef u e l / a i r
r a t i o to burner9
by d i v c c t i n g conbustion a i r

Flu0 Gas
Pccirculatio"
mduce peak
t1aimc tempera:"re

NOx Reduction
Porcntiol
S i n g l o Pace

Fired
-

Typical
mximvm

0-15%

1%

58
78

30%
35%

158

25%
358

30%
588

30%

301

Horizontally
*sed
Fired
Typical

0-15%

5\

naximur.

15%

88

14\

17%

Tangcntially
Fired

Typical
Haxinm

0-101
10%

4s\

30%
35%

* 0/0.64

-_

0.2/0.75

-_
__

0.2/0.75

Elodiflcatio"
Cost I$/kw)
Ncv/RctrofiC
S i n g l e Face

Fired
-

H O r

Fired

*sed

Z O/O.G4

--

Tangcntiala
Fired

Prirmry
Limitati0"S
Limiting
factor^ I n

Slagginq, smkc,
f l a m instability

carbon c a r r y o v e r

EffecCIVCneSS
Rctrofit
Limitations

Combvsrio" controls and i n s t r u wntation

Energy
Penaltien

k Y inCeeDLc
slightly

Secondary
POIl"za"t*
operational
and m i n t e n ance Considerations

Impact OD
Auxilialy
Equipmnt

*-sed

No e f f e c t Mdition.1 cornbustion controls,

increased
maintenance
NO"=

Q.2/O.lS

3cgree o f b i a s i n g
*all s l a q g i n g and
:OTrOEion

WgreE of s t a ? i n g ,
! a l l slagginq and
'orrosion

Degrce Of s t a g i n g ,
wall slngging and

.orLon c a r r y o v c r ,

Carbon carryover.
flamc S t a b i l i t y
smke

flame S t a b i l i t y ,

:arbon c a r r y o ~ c r .
.lam stability,

Imke

.make

PulYcrizer and
fan c a p a c l f y ,
f l e x i b i l i t y in
coal f e e d system

'ulVCr1zer

None

No e f f e c t '
Udditionul corntrustion c o n t r o l s .
increased
msintcnanoe

and
an c a p a c i t y ,
. l c x i b i l i t y of
mal feed system

cozrosion

None

No e f f e c t '

'lame
itability

NO

effect'

A d d i t i o n a l cornb u s t i o n COntrOlS,
increased
maintenance

rmace

1.5% due t o
r u x i 1 i a r y fan
Loadings

No e f f e c t +
rube e 1 0 5 i O " .

on l i d i t e d a v a i l a h l o d a t a

193

NO"=

10

effect.

minima1

fan vibration,
increased
~intcnance
tncreased fan
Loading

NO"*

indbox confjqr a t i o n s . flaw

Lability

and
indbox configr a t i o n , fan
apacity

Furnace c o n f i g u r a tion. fan cspaciti

NO"=

i d d i t i o n a l conwstion controls,
.nCre&ed
laintenance

m c h 1css Cost
:ffccLivC Lhan
itaging

>*e reported

60

50

40
CQ

t
I

I
0

Crist 6

Edwards 2

Xercer 1

Johnston 2

Widows Creek 5
Shawmee 10

fi

$30
\

a
20

15

10

20

25

30

35

% BOOS

Figure 1.

NOx reduction potential of BOOS for single facefired units.

40

I
0

3o

Gaston 1

ltarlee Branch 3

Four Corners 4

Hatfield 3

dp

on 20
z
0
a
z

% BOOS

Figure 2.

NOx reduction potential of BOOS for horizontally

opposed units.

194

50

40

30

Q
.

0
\

20

10
%

Figure 3.

15
BOOS

20

25

30

NOx reduction potential of BOOS for tangentially

fired units.
Capital Investment ($/kW)

Federal NOx Standard

for Coal-Fired
- - - - - - - -----Units
- - - - - --

'0.5

0.4

Figure 4.

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Annual Production Cost (mills/kWh)

0.5

Cost effectiveness of NOx emissions control of a

600 MW steam electric generator (4).

195