Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Mr A Bestbier
16968107
Supervisor: Mr WS Smit
2015
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Mr A Bestbier
Student Number: 16968107
Supervisor: Mr WS Smit
23 October 2015
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Contents
List of figures ......................................................................................................... vi
List of tables........................................................................................................ viii
Executive Summary .............................................................................................. ix
ESCA Outcomes ..................................................................................................... x
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................xii
1
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem formulation................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Motivation ............................................................................................... 2
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
6
16968107
Software ......................................................................................................... 31
8.1 Controlling shift registers ...................................................................... 32
8.2 Bluetooth setup and communication ..................................................... 33
8.2.1 Configuration in command mode .............................................. 33
8.2.2 Communication in data mode .................................................... 33
8.3
8.4
10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 41
iii
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
11 References ...................................................................................................... 42
Appendix A:
Techno-economic analysis....................................................... 44
A1. Time schedule........................................................................................ 44
A2. Budget and actual costs ......................................................................... 44
A3. Technical impact ................................................................................... 46
A4. Return on investment............................................................................. 46
A5. Potential for commercialization ............................................................ 46
Appendix B:
Appendix C:
Calculations .............................................................................. 49
C1. Engineering characteristics.................................................................... 49
C1.1
C1.2
C1.3
C1.4
C1.5
C1.6
C3.2
C3.3
C3.4
Appendix D:
Data sheets ................................................................................ 55
D1. Photo interrupter .................................................................................... 55
D2. Voltage regulator ................................................................................... 56
D3. RBD LEDs ............................................................................................ 57
D4. Shift registers ......................................................................................... 58
Appendix E:
Source code ............................................................................... 59
E1. loop() function ....................................................................................... 59
E2. displayFunction() function .................................................................... 60
E3. readSerial() function .............................................................................. 60
E4. shift() function ....................................................................................... 61
iv
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Appendix G:
Detailed drawings .................................................................... 63
G1. Shaft layout drawing ............................................................................. 63
G2. Base layout drawing .............................................................................. 63
G3. Rod layout drawing ............................................................................... 65
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
List of figures
Figure 1: Illusion of motion used in film industry [Eadweard Muybridge] .............................. 3
Figure 2: Path of vision from object to brain [Mike Wood] ...................................................... 3
Figure 3: Homemade rotating LED display [Vamsi Danda] ..................................................... 4
Figure 4: Rotating LED display kit [Beijiayue] ......................................................................... 5
Figure 5: AC generator principles [Wayne Storr]...................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Diagram of electromagnetic coupling principles [A. Bestbier] ................................. 6
Figure 7: Physical decomposition of rotating LED display ....................................................... 9
Figure 8: Orientation concepts, A and B ................................................................................. 10
Figure 9: Two methods of power transfer [A Bestbier] ........................................................... 11
Figure 10: CAD model of generated concept rotating display ................................................ 14
Figure 11: AC generator design diagram ................................................................................. 15
Figure 12: Cross section of AC generator................................................................................ 16
Figure 13: Flux density plots of AC generator ........................................................................ 16
Figure 14: Manufactured shaft with copper coils .................................................................... 17
Figure 15: Sectioned CAD drawing of AC generator (left) and actual AC generator (right) . 18
Figure 16: Oscilloscope reading of generator output ............................................................... 19
Figure 17: Schematic diagram of the rectifier and regulator circuit ........................................ 20
Figure 18: Plot of voltage over the capacitor versus time ....................................................... 21
Figure 19: Schematic diagram of a section of LED strip......................................................... 22
Figure 20: LED strip PCB layout............................................................................................. 22
Figure 21: Front and back of manufactured PCB .................................................................... 22
Figure 22: Schematic diagram of photo interrupter ................................................................. 23
Figure 23: Schematic diagram of complete spinning circuitry ................................................ 24
Figure 24: Voltage levels of photo interrupter gate in operation ............................................. 25
Figure 25: Base CAD drawing ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 26: CAD design of the rod............................................................................................ 28
Figure 27: Exploded CAD assembly of display ...................................................................... 29
Figure 28: Completed rotating LED display............................................................................ 30
Figure 29: Flow diagram of function sequence ....................................................................... 31
Figure 30: Flow diagram of shift() function ............................................................................ 32
Figure 31: Flow of information through the Bluetooth connection ......................................... 34
Figure 32: Flow diagram of the displays timing process........................................................ 35
vi
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
vii
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
List of tables
Table 1: Engineering characteristics .......................................................................................... 8
Table 2: Evaluation of orientation concepts ............................................................................ 10
Table 3: Evaluation of orientation concepts ............................................................................ 12
Table 4: Processor evaluation .................................................................................................. 13
Table 5: Costs of purchases and manufacturing ...................................................................... 45
Table 6: Contact details in case of an emergency .................................................................... 48
Table 7: Forward voltage drops for LEDs ............................................................................... 54
viii
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Executive Summary
Title of Project
Rotating LED display
Objectives
Design, build and test a rotating display prototype that relies on the memory of the human
eye to build up an image.
What (am I going to / did I) do that is new/unique?
The display will be durable and reliable, unlike previous attempts.
A unique user interface will be written to control the device wirelessly.
The display will not use slip rings to transfer power to the rotating circuitry; instead it will
use some kind of wireless power transfer method.
What are the (expected) findings?
The design and construction of a functioning rotating LED display prototype is the expected
end result.
A user must be able to control the image to be displayed by means of a user interface on a
personal computer.
A clear and stable image is expected to be displayed to the onlookers.
The display should be durable and reliable.
What value will/do the results have?
A working prototype will be built that can act as a stepping stone to a production model.
Subsystems developed during this project will be unique and possibly of value for future
projects.
The device will use electronics to demonstrate a physiological phenomenon in an
aesthetically pleasing and exciting way that will inspire people and capture the imagination.
If more than one student is involved, what part will/did I do?
No other students are involved.
Which aspects of the project will carry on after completion of my part?
The continuation of the project is not yet planned.
Future projects may be undertaken to optimise the display and to implement image
processing software to allow the user to display any image from the computer.
ix
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
ESCA Outcomes
1. Problem solving:
Analyses and defines the problem
Identifies the criteria for an acceptable solution
Identifies necessary information, engineering knowledge and
skills
Generates, analyses and evaluates possible approaches to
solution
Formulates and presents the solution in an appropriate form
2. Application of scientific and engineering knowledge:
Mathematical and numerical analysis models engineering
components
Communicates concepts, ideas and theories with the aid of
mathematics
Uses physical laws for the solution of engineering problems
3. Engineering design:
Designs components, systems or products as part of the project
Plans and manages the design process
Acquires and evaluates knowledge: applies correct principles,
evaluates and uses design tools
Performs analysis, quantitative modelling and optimisation
Alternatives were critically considered, evaluated and solution was
found
Techno-economic analyses
Projects result is functional and utilises knowledge from the
applicable areas
5. Engineering methods, skills and tools, Information Technology:
Uses appropriate engineering methods, skills and tools
Tests and assesses the results produced by the method, skill or tool
Creates computer applications as required by the discipline
6. Professional and technical communication:
Uses appropriate structure, style and language
Uses effective graphical support
8. Individual, team and multidisciplinary working:
Identifies and focuses on objectives
Works strategically
Executes tasks effectively
9. Independent learning ability:
Applicable independent research was conducted and sensibly used
Sources and evaluates information
Accesses and applies knowledge acquired outside formal instruction
Chapters
1.1
1.2, 3.1, 3.2
2
4.1, 4.2, 4.3
4.3
Chapters
5.2, 6.1
2, 3, 5, 6
Appendix C
5
Chapters
5, 6, 7, 8
4.3
2, 5, 6, 7, 8
5.2, 6.1
4
Appendix B
9.5
Chapters
5.2, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2
5, 6, 7
8, Appendix D
Chapters
All
chapters,
reports,
presentation
Chapters
1.2
All chapters
9
Chapters
2
References
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Name: ..................................................
Student no: ..................................................
Signature: ..................................................
Date: ..................................................
xi
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Mr Smit, supervisor of this project, for his guidance, leadership and
support.
I would also like to thank all the technical staff of the Electrical and Electronic Engineering
department who assisted me with the technical and practical aspects of the project, with
special thanks to Mr Petzer, Mr Brandt and Mr Pieterse.
xii
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
1 Introduction
The ability to transfer information and meaning is a central part of human existence. Since
the start of the electrical era a wonderful array of new ways of communication became
possible. Electrical screens form a major part of this revolution and there is a permanent need
for new and existing ways to display images electronically.
The purpose of this project is to investigate, design and build a display that relies on the
memory of the human eye in order to build up an image. The design consists of a spinning
rod with a strip of small and bright, tri-coloured light emitting diodes (LEDs) at the end. The
LEDs are turned on at the right moments to build up an image. A user is able to control the
image to be displayed through a user interface on a personal computer. This project will set
out to achieve the original objectives as described by the project definition and the study
leader.
This document is a design report. It will provide some technical background about the topic,
after which the design and manufacture procedure will be discussed. Lastly the rotating LED
display will be evaluated to see if it can display a clear and steady image in a reliable and
sustainable way.
Additional details about the problem were gained through discussions with the project
supervisor. Subsequent assumptions could be made about the problem, based on a
background of engineering knowledge and practical experience.
By compiling all these given and derived goals, a complete problem definition can be
formulated as follows:
Design and build a durable and reliable rotating LED display. The display should use the
memory of the human eye to build up an image by switching a strip of bright, tri-coloured
LEDs on and off while spinning them on a thin rod.
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
1.2 Objectives
In order to solve the problem defined above, certain objectives need to be set. Achieving
these objectives will lead to a successful solution to the problem. The primary objective is to
design and build a rotating LED display. Being a complex problem it can be divided into
various secondary objectives. The following are the secondary objectives that guided this
project:
This report will discuss the above-mentioned objectives and document the design and
implementation processes that accompany each. These objectives also serve as a definition of
the projects scope. All tasks necessary to reach these objectives are within the projects
scope. Design philosophies that guided this project include design for durability, reliability,
simplicity and efficient use of space and material.
1.3 Motivation
The motivation behind this project is to push the boundaries of the electronic display as it is
known today. The driving force is innovation and the creation of a unique prototype to inspire
and capture the imagination of onlookers. The rotating LED display and related technology
have many uses, which justifies the money and time that will be spent on this project. The
display can be used in the fields of advertising, display signs, entertainment and aesthetics.
A unique attribute of this rotating display is the fact that its physical form is notably smaller
than its apparent size when spinning. This means that when not in use this display will
occupy a fraction of the space of a normal display, as well as use far less LEDs than a
stationary LED display. Modified versions of the rotating LED display can be used on a
variety of spinning structures, like wheels, fans and wind turbines.
The distinctive sub-systems, algorithms and features developed in this project will lead the
way in creating better rotating LED display in future and may lead to useful contributions to
other fields of technology as well. In order to create the display various unique systems will
be developed that will also make a contribution to other fields of technology. These one-of-akind systems include the power supply used to power the spinning LEDs and the algorithms
used to control the LEDs.
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
2 Literature study
2.1 Physiological study
The rotating LED display relies on the apparent memory of the human eye. This
phenomenon is not completely understood by scientists. Various attempts have been made to
explain this effect of which the most recent is called flicker fusion [1].*
Flicker fusion is also associated with the science of films, where a series of discrete images
displayed in quick succession will appear to the viewer as a single image [1]. The black spaces
between successive images on a film reel is not perceived by the viewer, for a positive
afterimage of the previous image remains in vision [2]. The illusion of movement, like in a
film, is part of the short-range apparent motion theory [3], but is not part of the scope of this
project, since only stationary images will be displayed. Figure 1 shows an example of a series
of images that will cause the illusion of fluid motion when displayed in quick succession.
Sources are indicated by a number or name in square brackets. Refer to the number in the list of references.
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
The flicker fusion threshold is the frequency at which a flickering light appears completely
steady to a human observer. This frequency is of utmost importance to this project, for it will
be the minimum frequency at which the display should rotate. effect. The human flicker
fusion threshold highly depends on the brightness of the light source and varies substantially
from one individual to another. It is usually taken at 15 to 20 Hz [4] and modern movies are
recorded at 24 Hz. A display refresh rate of 60 Hz is used in CRT screens, which can cause a
faint flicker. Modern displays increase their refresh rate to up to 100 Hz to avoid flicker, but
most humans cannot detect flicker in refresh rates higher than 75 Hz [5].
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
The display should spin faster than the human flicker fusion
The display should have enough LEDs to display text
The device should display text in a stationary and stable fashion
The device should fit on a standard desk of display cabinet
The spinning electronics should be powered wirelessly
The device should be durable and reliable
The device should be controllable by a user on a computer in the same room
The device should run smoothly and silently
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Design goal
Reference
Relative
Importance
Spinning radius
100 mm
2%
Number of LEDs
16
6%
Display resolution
100x16
C1.1
5%
Light intensity
C1.2
5%
Rotational speed
20 Hz
14%
-4
C1.3
8%
-6
C1.4
10%
5x10 s
5x10 s
>5V
~ 0.54 A
C1.5
9%
~ 2.7 W
C1.5
9%
Motor torque
0.0482 Nm
C1.6
4%
0.9644 W
C1.7
6%
Lifetime
> 500 h
3%
Components used
Locally available
2%
Communication speed
3%
Communication protocol
Serial
2%
12%
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Orientation B
Orientation B is chosen because of all the advantages listed in Table 2. The main
consideration is the centre of gravity and the complexity of the support structure. Vibrations
and imbalances are a major threat to the display. Orientation B allows the motor to be fixed
securely to a base and minimal support structures are needed. This orientation also enables a
square image to be displayed 360 around a vertical axis.
10
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
4.2.2 Motor
An electric motor must be chosen to rotate the LED rod. A choice must be made between
brushed or brushless. Brushed motors are simpler to run than brushless for they are powered
by direct current (DC) and are cheaper. Brushless motors, on the other hand, have higher
torque for size ratios than brushed ones and are more durable [12]. Since durability is one of
the design goals, the brushless motor is chosen. The brushless motor is also more compact
and easier to attach a shaft to, because of its outrunner form.
4.2.3 Communication
A method of communication needs to be established so that a user can send commands to the
display. Three options are considered for this: serial over USB, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
Serial communication over USB depends on a cable connection to transfer data. The
processor will be spinning along with the rest of the display. This means that the display will
have to be stopped to connect a cable and update the image. This is neither practical nor
efficient.
The solution is to use wireless communication. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are two protocols used
to send data wirelessly via radio waves in the 2.4 GHz frequency range [13]. Both of these
protocols will work for this device. Bluetooth is chosen, because it is intended for medium
speed and personal area networks over short distances such as the one that will be necessary
for this device.
4.2.4 Power transfer
Two options to supply power to the spinning circuit were discussed in the literature study,
namely AC generation and inductive coupling. Both are based on the principles of
electromagnetic induction. These two options lead to the following two conceptual power
supplies shown in Figure 9:
Induction coupling
AC generation
Rotating coil
Secondary coil
Primary coil
Magnets
Figure 9: Two methods of power transfer [A Bestbier]
11
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Each method of power transfer will lead to a different direction of the structures design. For
the AC generator, some kind of structure needs to surround a rotating shaft to create a
stationary magnetic field. A shaft will connect the motor to the spinning rod. This shaft will
contain copper coils and will rotate inside the magnetic field. For the inductive coupling
method, there will be a stationary coil just above the motor and a spinning coil on the rotating
rod. The stationary coil will be connected to a AC power source and will induce voltage in
the coil spinning along with the rotating display. The strengths and weaknesses of both power
transfer methods are shown in Table 3. Strengths are highlighted with green and weaknesses
with red.
Table 3: Evaluation of orientation concepts
AC generation
Inductive coupling
No magnets needed
Simple design
Robust
Lighter
Well known
principle
Additional circuitry
generate AC current
and
understood
needed
to
Both types of energy transfer methods evaluated in Table 3 have their strengths and
weaknesses. There is no obvious choice. Since the main consideration for the choice of power
supply is power transfer, AC generation is a more suitable option to supply power to the
rotating display. Its higher power transfer in relation to inductive coupling is especially
attractive in this application.
The stationary magnetic field of the generator can by produced by permanent magnets or by
current carrying coils. Permanent magnets are preferred for this function, because they are
smaller and can produce a stronger magnetic field in this case. Furthermore, coils will need
an additional electric circuit to power them.
12
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
4.2.5 Processor
A variety of programmable microcontrollers are available that will work for this project. A
few of the options will be investigated in order to choose the best one. Processors are
evaluated in terms of speed, size, pins, memory and ease of use. Table 4 shows the results.
Table 4: Processor evaluation
Processor
Arduino
Mini [14]
Pro MSP430
LaunchPad [15]
Speed
16 MHz
16 MHz
32 MHz
40 MHz
I/O Pins
20
14
52
20
Memory
32 kB
16 kB
512 kB
64 kB
Size
33x18 mm
55x70 mm
30x100 mm
36x8 mm
Stand-alone
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Ease of use
Medium
Easy
Hard
Hard
[16]
After an analysis of all the available options it is decided to use the Arduino Pro Mini. It is
the smallest of the options that can operate without supporting hardware. This is important,
because space- and weight-carrying capability is limited on the spinning part of the display. It
is very versatile and relatively easy to install and program. There are abundant open source
libraries available and this device is easily connected to various peripheral devices. A 10-bit
analog-to-digital converter will be very helpful when reading outputs from sensors.
4.2.6 Position sensor
A sensor is needed to sense the angular position of the rotating rod. This sensor will have to
be able to alert the microcontroller each time the rod passes a specific position. Two sensors
are considered for this task: firstly, a photo interrupter, using an infrared emitter and receiver,
and secondly, a hall effect sensor that varies its output relative to a magnetic field. The photo
interrupter is chosen, because it has a fast enough switching time of 0.1 s, as shown by its
datasheet [Appendix D1], and because it will not be affected by the magnetic field of the
induction power supply.
13
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Upright rod
orientation
Arduino Pro Mini &
Bluetooth module
Photo
interrupter
AC generator
Base structure
Brushless
motor
14
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
5 AC generator design
An AC generator was chosen for the transfer of power to the rotating circuitry. This chapter
aims to design the AC generator. Figure 11 shows a diagram of the basic layout of the AC
generator.
Coil ends powering
display
Copper coils
Stationary magnet
Stationary magnet
15
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
In order to calculate the flux density, the structure of the shaft, magnets and laminated ring
needs to be modelled. Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) [20] is an open source
software that analyses the magnetic characteristics of structures. FEMM will be used to aid
the design of the AC generator. The main goal of this simulation is to calculate the average
flux density that passes through the coils as the shaft rotates. Figure 12 shown a cross section
through the AC generator. This is also the view that will be modelled using FEMM.
1018 Steel
Magnetisation direction
Air gap
16
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
( )
( )
17
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Figure 15: Sectioned CAD drawing of AC generator (left) and actual AC generator
(right)
18
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
To test the power transfer capacity of the generator, the ends of the spinning coil was
connected to an oscilloscope by means of a slip ring. The motor was powered up and a
voltage reading was made. Figure 16 shows a screenshot of the oscilloscope reading.
The signal seen in Figure 16 is as expected. The high frequency noise in the signal is due to
uneven contact made by the slip ring. The signal is that of an alternating voltage supply. The
peaks of the signal are somewhat more pointed due to the shape of the coils and the magnetic
field. The peak EMF is about 4 V which is significantly lower that initially planned. This is
primarily caused by the weaker magnetic field and also to some extent by losses in the system
due to inefficiencies ignored by the calculations.
The measured reduced peak EMF (Figure 16) is 14.25% smaller than the calculated peak
EMK (Appendix C2.2). Assuming that this trend will continue when the magnetic field
(
)
increased, the peak EMF when using all eight magnets will be
. This is more than the minimum required peak voltage for the power supply.
19
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
20
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
21
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Figure 19: Schematic diagram of a section of LED strip
Common anode RGB LEDs will be used, which means that the LED will light up if the
corresponding pin on the shift register is pulled low. The display will be powered by the 5V
power supply.
To reduce the size of the LED strip a printed circuit board (PCB) will be designed to hold the
components. Furthermore, surface-mount (SMD) resistors and shift registers will be used. A
5-pin header will be used to supply power and connect the LED strip to the controller. Eagle
PCBs free software [22] is used to design the PCB layout that is shown in Figure 20. This
layout is designed to be manufactured with a milling machine. Design considerations for
milling include the thickness of copper tracks, distance between tracks and the reduction of
the number of vias.
22
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
23
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
6.5 Controller
An Arduino pro mini will be used to control the display. This development board is based on
the ATmega328 integrated microcontroller. The board is supplied with 5V from the power
supply and is used to communicate with the LED strip, Bluetooth module and photo
interrupter sensor. The controller, power supply and Bluetooth module are soldered to a
prototyping board and wires are used to connect the LED and photo interrupter circuit. Figure
23 shows a schematic diagram of the complete spinning circuitry.
24
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
An electronic circuit is needed to control the brushless motor. The motor needs three phase
power which will be supplied by an electronic speed controller (ESC). The supplier suggests
a 10 ESC for the selected motor [24]. The RCTimer 12 A ESC with SimonK firmware is
chosen, because it has the correct current rating and is locally available. The ESC is supplied
with 12 V by a bench power supply. A pulse width modulated (PWM) signal is sent to the
ESC to control the speed of the motor. A programmable microcontroller will be used to
generate the PWM signal.
25
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
26
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
27
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
28
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Counterweight
Spinning circuitry
Rod
PCB
AC generator
LED strip
Shaft
Motor
Base
29
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
30
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
8 Software
This chapter concerns the development of the software to control the display. The same
modular approach for designing the hardware is also followed when designing the software.
The software can be divided into two main categories: Microcontroller software and user
interface software.
The microcontroller functions include controlling the shift registers, communication through
Bluetooth, reading from the sensor and timing the LED output. All these functions are done
by the on-board microcontroller. An open-source IDE specially developed by Arduino is used
to write C++ code and upload it to the microcontroller [26]. The IDE enables the programmer
to develop code in a simplified environment by only writing a setup() function and a loop()
function along with any custom functions in an .ino file. This file is compiled, linked with
standard libraries and then uploaded to the microcontroller.
The user interface software is written using open course software called Processing [27]. This
software will run on a personal computer (PC) loaded with a Windows 8 operating system.
Source code of the functions described in this chapter can be found in Appendix E. Headings
in the appendix will correspond with headings used in this chapter. Figure 29 shows a flow
diagram that illustrates the sequence in which functions are called in the microcontroller and
how events trigger certain actions. The individual functions will be discussed in the following
sections and reference can be made to this diagram to see how the different functions fit
together.
31
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
32
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
33
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
until it reaches the period of a pixel. When this happens the next pixel is displayed. This
process is repeated until all 100 horizontal pixels are displayed and then gets repeated when
the photo interrupter is triggered again. Figure 32 shows a flow diagram of the timing
process.
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
the user presses the Send button. Other inputs include selecting a colour, clearing the
display, reconnecting to the display, and quitting the interface program. Figure 33 shows a
screenshot of the two input methods available in the user interface program.
36
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
37
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
During the testing of the ESC it was found that the motor loses speed after some time,
although the PWM signal stays constant. This is due to the fact that the motor operates on the
threshold of its minimum speed. To prevent the speed loss from happening, a motor with a
smaller motor constant (Kv) can be selected. A motor with a Kv of 360 will be more suitable
for steady operation at 20 Hz.
To counter this loss of speed, a potentiometer is added to the microcontroller to allow the
user to manually vary the speed of the motor. The user can compensate for the loss of speed
over time by turning the potentiometer, thereby changing the PWM signal sent to the ESC.
38
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
39
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
40
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
10 Conclusion
This project aimed to achieve the original objectives as described by the project definition
and by the study leader: to design and build a display that relies on the memory of the
human eye in order to build up an image. The report documented the design and construction
of such a device.
Knowledge gained from the project problem statement and a literary study led the way to
generating various conceptual solutions to the different subsystems of the rotating LED
display. The best solution was chosen and synthesised to a final concept. The parts of the
final concept were designed, manufactured and constructed.
The evaluation of the various subsystems and the device as a whole led to the following
conclusions:
The mechanical structure designed, is strong and rigid enough to support the device. The
electronic circuit designed to control the LEDs functioned as planned with no alterations
from the initial design. The power transfer subsystem did not deliver enough power to the
spinning circuit because of variance in procured parts. This issue was bypassed by the
addition of a battery. The communication subsystem worked as planned, although a bit more
slowly. The data received are accurate and reliable each time. An intuitive and effective user
interface is used to send commands to the display.
The end product is a working prototype of an rotating LED display. The images displayed are
clearly visible in a stable position. The images also represent the users commands
accurately. Because of the functioning prototype, this project can be labelled as a success.
41
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
11 References
1) Simonson E, Broek J. Flicker Fusion Frequency: Background and Applications.
Physiological
Reviews.
1952
1
July;
32(3):349-378.
Available
at:
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/32/3/349. [Accessed March 2015].
2) Encyclopdia Britannica. S.v. Afterimage. Psychology. Last Updated 2-19-2015.
Available at: http://global.britannica.com/topic/afterimage. [Accessed March 2015].
3) Anderson J, Anderson B. The myth of persistence of vision revisited. Journal of Film and
Video. 1993 Spring; 45(1):3-12. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. Available at:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20687993?seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents. [Accessed March
2015].
4) Kang A. Dragonfly. PSY 486 : Vision & Perception Project. Flicker Fusion Frequency
(FFF).
2012
October
31.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
https://dragonfly486.wordpress.com/2012/10/31/flicker-fusion-frequency-fff/. [Accessed
June 2015].
5) Mineault P. Whats the maximal frame rate humans can perceive? 2011 November 20.
[ONLINE] Available at: http://xcorr.net/2011/11/20/whats-the-maximal-frame-ratehumans-can-perceive/. [Accessed June 2015].
6) Danda V. Propeller LED Display. 2012 30 March. Homemade Robo Blog. [ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://homemaderobo.blogspot.in/2012/03/propellerrotating-leddisplay.html#comment-form. [Accessed April 2015].
7) AliExpress.
POV
display
by
Beijiayue.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.aliexpress.com/item/DIY-electronic-learning-suite-LED-clock-turn-suiteLED-display-suite-POV-on-the-parts/32362609910.html. [Accessed April 2015].
8) Sadiku MNO. Elements of Electromagnetics (fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University
Press. 2007:386. ISBN 0-19-530048-3
9) Schmitt R. Electromagnetics explained (first ed.) Newnes Publishers. 2002:75. ISBN-13:
978-0750674034
10) Rare Earth Magnets by Amazing Magnets. Magnet Grade Chart, LLC. 2015. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.amazingmagnets.com/magnetgrades.aspx. [Accessed June
2015].
11) Wilson T. How Wireless Power Works. 2007 12 January. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/wireless-power.htm.
[Accessed
April 2015].
12) Dirjish M. Whats The Difference Between Brush DC And Brushless DC Motors. Feb
16,
2012.
Electronic
Design.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://electronicdesign.com/electromechanical/what-s-difference-between-brush-dc-andbrushless-dc-motors. [Accessed June 2015].
13) Bluetooth basics. Bluetooth Website. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Basics.aspx. [Accessed July 2015].
14) Arduino-ArduinoProMini. Arduino Pro Mini. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardProMini. [Accessed July2015].
15) Texas Instruments. MSP430 LaunchPad Value Line Development kit. 2015. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.ti.com/tool/msp-exp430g2. [Accessed July 2015].
16) Renesas Electronics America. RL78/G13 Product Overview. 2015. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://am.renesas.com/products/mpumcu/rl78/rl78g1x/rl78g13/index.jsp. [Accessed
July 2015].
42
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
17) Microchip Technology. Pic 18f4680 Data sheet. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/39625c.pdf. [Accessed July 2015].
18) Adam Hill. WiseGEEK website. What are neodymium magnets? Conjecture Corp. 2015.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-neodymiummagnets.htm#didyouknowout. [Accessed July 2015].
19) Chapman, SJ. Electrical Machinery Fundamentals. (5th edition). McGraw Hill. 2012:26
ISBN 978 007 108617 2
20) Finite Element Method Magnetics : HomePage. April 6 2014. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.femm.info/wiki/HomePage. [Accessed August 2015].
21) Linear Technology Design Simulation and Device Models. LTspice IV. 2015.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/#LTspice. [Accessed August 2015].
22) Cadsoft. EAGLE PCB. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cadsoftusa.com/eaglepcb-design-software/about-eagle/. [Accessed September 2015].
23) Sparkfun.
Bluetooth
Mate
Silver.
2015.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/12576. [Accessed July 2015].
24) 24) RC Hobby SA. Multi-Rotor Brushless Motor. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://quadcopter.co.za/index.php?route=product/product&path=18&product_id=51.
[Accessed June 2015].
25) Adams ME, Buckley DJ, Colborn RE. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (Rapra Review
reports). Rapra Technology Ltd. 1993:11. ISBN-10: 185957002X
26) Arduino.
Arduino
Software.
2015.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software. [Accessed October 2015].
27) Processing 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: https://processing.org/. [Accessed ].
28) Sparkfun.
Using
the
BlueSMiRF.
2015.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/using-thebluesmirf?_ga=1.36124195.247628218.1442428181. [Accessed October 2015].
43
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Appendix A:
Techno-economic analysis
44
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
The total actual cost can be calculated by adding the cost of the students own time, the cost
of purchased items and the cost of manufacturing processes. The rotating LED display project
was completed under budget.
Planned total cost: R198 910.00
Actual total cost: R189 777.00
45
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
46
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Appendix B:
Risk assessment
Appendix B documents the risk assessment for this project. This assessment takes into
account all laboratory or experimental setups and includes safety measures, safety procedures
and emergency evacuation procedures. Guidelines will be given to ensure safe conditions at
all times. These guidelines can be found on the department of Mechanical and Mechatronic
Engineerings website in the document: Safety procedures for laboratory setups. Sections of
Appendix B are copied directly from this document and credit goes to the writers of the
document and Stellenbosch University.
This project will make use of the Mechatronic laboratory for experimental setups to test the
various subsystems of the rotating LED display. The tests include the testing of the electronic
speed control and the AC generator.
Risks include:
People at risk:
47
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Emergency procedure:
The standard procedures of the laboratory used should be followed. The individual
conducting the experiment should familiarize himself/herself with the locations of emergency
exits, fire extinguishers and first aid kits. Table 6 can be referred to in the case of an
emergency.
Table 6: Contact details in case of an emergency
48
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
Appendix C:
16968107
Calculations
The minimum on time for a LED in 0.5ms. Shift registers must be able to keep up with this
speed .
C1.4 Maximum time to switch LEDs
The maximum allowable time to switch the LEDs to a new state must be so that it does not
interfere with the image displayed.
A maximum switch time goal is set to be 1% of the minimum on time for any LED.
49
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
50
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
51
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
52
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Use the standard value higher than 200F to ensure ripple is smaller than 0.2V.
Choose C = 220F.
53
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
A standard value of 120 is chosen for the red LEDs and 82 for the green and blue LEDs.
Slightly lower resistances are chosen to allow a larger than normal current to flow.
This will increase the brightness of the LEDs. The low duty cycle will prevent current
damage.
C3.4 Actual motor torque
The motor draws 0.75 A at 12V when spinning at 1200 rpm with its normal operating load.
The power and torque developed are to be calculated.
54
Final Report
2015
Appendix D:
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Data sheets
55
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
56
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
57
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
58
Final Report
2015
Appendix E:
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Source code
59
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
60
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
61
Final Report
Andre Bestbier
2015
16968107
Appendix F:
Final Report
2015
Appendix G:
Andre Bestbier
16968107
Detailed drawings
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
64
Final Report
2015
Andre Bestbier
16968107
65