Arch 3819: Renaissance and Baroque Rome

Chronology of Rome
Four main parts

Ancient Rome
753 BC 576 CE
753 509 BCE is Archaic Rome, Age of kings
509 31 BCE is Republican Rome
31 476 CE is Imperial Rome

Early Christian/Medieval Rome

4th to 14th century (313 1377)
When popes take control
The shrinking of Rome (50,000 people)

Renaissance/Baroque Papal Rome

Renaissance: 1450 1600
Baroque: 1600 1750

Modern Rome
1870 present
1870 1922: Roman Capitali, The Third Rome
1922 1943: Fascist Rome
1948 present

List of Popes
1404 1406 Innocenzo VII, Migliorati
1406 1409 Gregorio XII, Correr
1409 1416 Alessandro V, Filarcis
14177 1431 Martino V, Colonna
1431 1447 Eugenio IV, Condulmero

1447 1455 Niccolo V, Parentucelli

1455 1458 Callisto III, Borgia
1458 1464 Pio II, Piccolomini
1464 1471 Paolo II, Barbo
1471 1484 Sisto IV, della Rovere
1484 1492 Innocenzo VII, Cibo
1492 1503 Alessandro VI, Lanzol-Borgia
1503 Pio III, Piccolomini
1503 1513 Giulio II, della Rovere
1513 1521 Leone X, Medici
1522 1523 Adriano VI, Florensz
1523 1534 Clemente VII, Medici
1534 1549 Paolo III, Farnese
1550 1555 Giulo III, Ciochchi del Monte
1555 Marcello II, Cervini
1555 1559 Paolo IV, Carafa
1559 1565 Pio IV, Medici
1565 1572 Pio V, Ghislieri
1572 1585 Gregorio XIII, Boncompagni
1585 1590 Sisto V, Peretti
1590 Urbano VII, Castagna
1590 1591 Gregorio XIV, Sfondrati
1591 Innocenzo IX, Facchinetti
1592 1605 Clemente VIII, Aldobrandini
1605 Leone XI, Medici
1605 1621 Paolo V, Borghese

1621 1623 Gregorio XV, Ludovisi

1623 1644 Urbano VIII, Barberini
1644 1655 Innocenzo X, Pamphili
1655 1667 Alessandro VII, Chigi
1667 1669 Clemente IX, Rospigliosi
1669 1676 Clemente X, Altieri
1676 1689 Innocenzo XI, Odescalchi
1689 1691 Alessandro VIII, Ottoboni
1691 1700 Innocenxo XII, Pignatelli
1700 1721 Clemente XI, Albani
1721 1724 Innocenzo XIII, Conti
1724 1730 Benedetto XIII, Orsini
1730 1740 Clemente XII, Corsini
1740 1758 Benedetto XIV, Lambertini
1758 1769 Clemente XIII, Rezzonico
1769 1774 Clemente XIV, Cancanelli
1775 1799 Pio VI, Braschi

16th Century
New street systems are implemented
Straight streets, street linkage

Pope Julius II 1503 1513

One of the greatest papal patrons
Via Julia, Via del Rugala
Ponte Sisto
Via Sistina

Sixtus V erected obelisks

Created a Christiaan capital upon erecting historical monuments
Linked basilicas with streets to aid in pilgrimage

Piazza Venezia
Center of Anciant Rome eventually abandoned
Monument is created for Victor Emmanuel
Competition included site and program
Roman forum
Horse statue
Major Arteries come off the piazza, decided before the monument was built
Deadline for monument was 1911, 50th year anniversary

Fascism
Mussolini installed Palazzo Venizia
Demolitions happened quickly, before designs had been decided

Post-war
Little physical changes
Large Political debate

Monument Victor Emmanuel is rededicated to civil war memorial, also becoming a

WWII memorial

Palazo Venezia, Now the National Library of Archeology

Church of San Marco

Cardinal Barbo? became pope eventually, expanding the house

Created the palace to look like antiquity ruins
No ornamentation
Logia faade
Flatter order of column at the top
Engaged column and flat column

Lucrenza The talking statues

Usually posted political subject matter

San Maria Aerocelli

Augustus had a vision of Christs birth
Replaced twice, current started in 1280
Columns were recycled, spolio columns, tried to be matched
Wasnt always a religious assembly
Was the biggest interior space in Capitoline hill
Military victory significance against ottomans hense military inscriptions
Chandeliers

Castel SantAngelo
130 AD
Very clear demarcation
Hadrians Mausoleum
Becomes Fortress of Rome from 270 1870 with building of Aurelian wall
Central core, outer wall with square base
Originally had no Bastions
Apparition of the angel to Gregory the great

Archangel Michael sheathing his sword, signaling the end of the plague

800 walling of the Vatican, physically linking the two

1300 Castle in private lands
There was often conflict between papacy and occupants of the castle
Renaissance popes rapidly transform the castle
16th century apartments
1527 sack of Rome, Pope Clement VII, Medici
Cardinal Farnese creates sumptuous interiors
17th century
Bridge by Bernini
Adorned by Angels along the bridge, each angel holding a different Christian artifact

Descending a stair to go into the castle, marking the rising of the ground plane
Upper tier planted with cypress trees
Raffaello da Montelupo Sculptor of the Angel
Michaelangelo Designed church window
White ground Grotteche (discovered in the golden house of Nero)

Palace Rooms
Masonry vault, undecorated, fresco
Marble pavements usually after the Renaissance
Lower part of the wall painted as a base, mimicking architecture
Columns rise from the base, gilded bronze painted
Bedroom 0 gilded wood ceiling
Lower wall maybe be painted or covered with cloth

Chronology of St. Peters

64: Saint Peters Martyrdom
319 329: construction of Constantinian basilica
1450: ROSSELINOS project for Nicholas V who moved the papal seat to S.P
1505: Julius II commissioned tomb from Michelangelo to be located in Rossellino
Choir. BRAMANTE appointed architect for new St. Peters, proposing a
superimposition of square and Greek crosses
1506: Cornerstone laid, modified Bramantesque project characterized by
longitudinal extension. Peruzzi, Sangallo
1513: Death of Julius II, election of Leo X
1314: Continued expansion of the masterplan by Bramante, till his death in 1514.
Replaced by RAPHAEL, second architect Giuliano da Sangallo
1516: Antionio da Sangallo the Younger named second architect
1519: Definitive version of Raphaels scheme
1520: Death of Raphael, replaced by ANTONIO DA SANGALLO, second architect
Peruzzi
1539 1546: Model of Sangallo project built
1546: Death of Sangallo the Younger, replaced by Michelangelo. Radically
redesigned the basilica, returning to Greek cross plan
1564: Pirro Ligorio appointed architect
1567: Vignola appointed architect
1574: Giacomo della Porta appointed architect
1588 1590: Pope Sixtus V, Dome built according to della Portas design, of a more
elevated profile than Michelangelos
1608 1815: Carlo Maderno appointed architect, nave and faade executed
1656: Berninis Piazza design begun

Vatican
Michelangelo, Bernini
Sabmont columns in the balcony (?)

Baldachin, Bernini Bronze

Built off center so the tomb of Saint Peter corresponded to front columns
Masonry bases, inpost blocks and cloth
Base, 3 sections of column, capital
Wood understructure
Carried by angels

Reliquary St. Helen, Constantines Mother (right) and St. Veronica (left)
Apse Throne of St.Peter seems to float
Was originally small, but got bigger as Bernini worked on it
Roof of the space is mostly mosaic, dome is plaster

Musei Vaticani
Vast courtyard, antiquities line the edge
Julius II wants grandiose, but the wings eventually blocked off the grand spaces
Only a semicircular shape is built, but two stories tall and vaulted half dome.
Original pinecone moved here

Sistine Chapel
Temple of Sixtus IV
Dimensions of Solomon temple
Moses + Christ ??

Phase I + II
Sistine Ceiling Michelangelo
1508 1512 originally to pain the 12 prophets

Strongly illusionistic
Ignudi nude figures that sit atop the columns
Adam and God, Adam and Eve, expulsion, Noa
Composition changes half way across the ceiling, becoming stronger
Jonah looks strained, uncomfortable
Upon renovation, colours shone through

Phase III
Raphael designs tapestries to hang on the wall

Phase IV
The Last Judgement Michelangelo
1530 1540
No architectural armature
No perspective
Tiers of figures that form horizontal bands
The damned are on the sinister side of Christ (left)
Most figures were nude but draperies were put on, act of censorship

Horse Rampway Brumante

Each column is different, granite column shafts with travertine base and capitols
Stacking of the orders
Sculptors of ancient Greece are well celebrated
Many statues are Roman replicas in marble
Romans were culturally conquered by the Greeks

Room of the animals

Too many animals

Museo Pio Clementino

Deeper blue is the original 15th century building
Octagonal courtyard Brumante 1500-1510
The holy of holy contained the most famous pieces ??

Simonetti stair the Grand stair, gilded Hercules statue at the top
Circular room resolves the acute angle axis
Apollo Belvedere - Greek classical (Hadrianic in date, originally bronze), perfection
Laocoon Greek Helenistic, drama, emotion
Perseus Canova, was supposed to replace the Apollo Belvedere
Discovered and was immediately recognized by Michelangelo

Belvedere Torso fragmented statue, never restored

Sala Rotunda Resolving round room, Pantheon look alike

larger than life statues

Tapestries movable decorations

Nicholas V created the masterplan for St.Peters

Fra Angelico, Domician Friar
Commissioned by Nicholas V to make a small chapel
Tapestries decorated on the lower wall

Two tiers of Narratives

Cross vault Evangelists

Four Evangelists
Lion Mark
Ox Luke
Eagle John
Angel Matthew

Each wall is divided in half by, in this case, columns

Top tier Saint Steven
Saint Peter and Saint Steven / Saint Steven giving food

Second Tier less space

Representing patrons as part of history
Pope giving Saint Lawrence gold / Saint Lawrence distributing gold

Why did Fra Angelico come to Rome?

Angelico comes to Rome, and speaks Rome idiom ??
No matter the age, Rome will impact you

Raphael Loggia Commissioned by Medici family

Originally open air
13 bays, containing 4 panel stories from the old Testament

Raphael rooms

Sala di Constantino (Room 4)

Columns anchor the corner of the rooms
Ceiling triumphant Christianity with shattered statue of Mercury beneath Christs
Base
1.
2.
3.
4.

The appearance of a cross to Constantine

Battle of Milvian Bridge
Baptism of Constantine by Pope Silvestro
Constantine giving the ruling of Rome to Pope Silvestro, never actually
happened

Stanza di Eliodor (Room 2)

1511 - 1514
History, drama, etc.
4 Narratives
1. Eliodoro stealing from the treasure, Divine intervention, Pope Julius II
witnessing the occurrence
2. Saint Peter chained up in prison, and an angel saving him
3. Leo the great meets Atilla the Hun, Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the sky
bearing swords, Leo X appears twice in the painting
4. Julius II, on his knees
Stanza della Segnatura (Room 1)
No narratives
1. School of Athens - Truth. Plato (pointing to heavens/theory), Aristotle
(Pointing to the ground/reality)
2. The Parnassus Dwelling of Apollo. Beauty, Dante and Virgil flank
Homer, Michelangelo, Sappho
3. Cardinal virtues fortitude, prudence, temperence
4. Two tiered drawing One earth, one heavenly, an image of the church
Stanza dellIncendio del Borgo (Room 3) 9th Century
1. Fire in the Borgo /Burning of Troy
2. Crowning of Charlemagne by Leo III, but actually Leo X crowning
Francis
3. Oath Leo III

4. Battle of Ostia

Palazzo Walk
Palazzo Cancelleria (1485)
Pope Sixtus IV, Julius II
On the Papal rout, Via del Pellegrino, Road of the Pilgrims
Built according to existing street network
View of the Palazzo originally blocked

Front was travertine, the main faade, more precious and important
Side was brick, with shops lining the ground floor
Much of the shop revenue came from the church, so when the church moved, shop
keepers were granted shop revenue from around where the new church was
Displayed coat of arms: Julius IIs oak tree
May indicate either the Patron or the Reigning Pope
Helmet at the top indicates the rank
Travertine wraps around the corner, implying a tower
Balcony Cardinal Riarios coat of arms
Church is moved into the palace

Faade is broad
More than three levels
Formal, symmetry, regularity in the faade
Interior much more complex

Piano nobile the most important floor

Used for reception, VIP rooms

Better decorated Stylized rosette
Column orders begin on this floor
Elaborately decorated window frame, made of marble
Frieze in Latin
Heredic imagery

Upper story, everything is simplified

Sixtus V redoes portal 100 years later, becomes much more three dimensional
Corte Imperiale Napoleonic period, used as the imperial court
Grand courtyard
Staircase is the only hint of irregular faade
Loggia vs interior rooms the question of space
Centered courtyard entrance, odd number of columns
If rectangular, one side odd, one side even
Free standing columns carrying arches first motif
Piers and half columns second motif (colloseo, Teatro Marcello, Palazo Venizia)
Corner condition some simple column: in this casae, thickened columns
Double height loggias on all four sides
Third floor shifts to brickwork and plasters
All columns are spolia

Confiscated and becomes a papal residence

Floating capital depicting a lily (Franese family flower)
The Vatican owns the space now, part of the Vatican state

Palazzo Caffarellini Vidoni (1515 1525)

Ministry of Public Function
Capacity was augmented
Scale changes
Last bay was not restored
Bottom restored in a different colour. Why??

Palazzo Maccarani (1520)

Giulio Romano (Pippi) great Roman artist, worked with Raphael
Starts with Brumante as a model
Mannerist architecture
Unorthodox and unusual solutions
Rustication sustains engaged columns above
No Frieze
Second floor no details, an abstraction

Palazzo Baldassini (1510 1520)

Exposed corner and rustication gives it significance
No rusticated base
Engaged columns around the portal
Medium sized palace by Antonio da Sangallo
Human sized
Centered entrance to courtyard
One loggia, always on entrance side
Courtyard uses the stacking of the orders

Almost a cube
Doric frieze: triglyps and metopes

Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne Peruzzi (1532 1535)

Offset columns around portal
Centered on portico, but offset upon entering courtyard
Barrel vaulted entry
Massimo has been at this site since around 1200
Rebuilt following 1527 sack of Rome
Sacrificed loggia for more interior space
Privileged to keep the street portico defining the entrance
Faade Columns below, rustication above
Trabiated
Courtyard has same motif
Brings light by cutting holes in the walls

Palazzo Leroy (1523)

Smallest Sangallo
Solid wall window
Greatest tiny palace
Tripartite, Palladian arch

Palazzo Farnese (1517 Cardinals Palace, 1534 Papal palace)

Sangallo
Houses were taken out to create a path to the palace
1534 becomes papal house?

Sangallo changes to Michelangelo

Constructed front to back
Corner framing rustication
Michelangelo redesigns the entrance, cornice, and courtyard
Stacked orders:
Corinthian plasters
Ionic engaged columns
Doric engaged columns

Palazzo Spada (1540)

Giulio Merisi da Caravaggio
Faade covered by statues
17th century coat of arms (sword)
Else, from 16th century Capo di Ferro phase