Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Earthquake-Response Analys PDF

Suramadu Bridge, Indonesia
Approach Bridge
CALCULATIONS
Vol II: Earthquake Response Analysis
Consortium of Chinese Contractors

CCCC Highway & Bridge Consultants Co., Ltd
November, 2006
CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

F6, Botai Mansion, Wangjing Xi Yuan No. 221, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
http://www.ccgbt.com
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CONTENTS
1
General................................................................................................................1
Earthquake-resistance Criteria of Approach Bridge.....................................5
Dynamic Calculation Model .............................................................................6
Dynamic Calculation Model .............................................................................7
3.1
Simulation of the Part above Foundation ...............................................................................7
3.2
Simulation of Pile Group Foundation ....................................................................................8
Analysis of Dynamic Property........................................................................ 11
4.1
Analysis of Dynamic Property at Surabaya Side ................................................................. 11
4.2
Analysis of Dynamic Property at Madura side ....................................................................13
Seismic Input....................................................................................................16
Nonlinear Time-History Analysis...................................................................23
Check of Structure Earthquake-resistance Performance............................42
7.1
Earthquake-resistance Performance of Main Girder ............................................................42
7.2
Earthquake-resistance Performance of Pier .........................................................................43
7.3
Check of Earthquake-response and Resistance of Pier ........................................................48
Conclusion ........................................................................................................55
Reference ................................................................................................................56
Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

Volume II: Earthquake Response Analysis

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1
General
Suramadu Bridge is an especially large bridge in Indonesia. Its approach bridges transverse
direction is formed by the eastern and western bridges. Its structure style is pre-stressed concrete
continuous box bridge and has V-style pile. The arrangement of the continuous beam is
40+780+40m,. Its the largest continuous length is 640m, and links with the main bridge by
V-style pier. The end of the continuous beam is 32m far away from the main bridges beam end.
The start pile number at Surabaya side is K1+457.5, and the end number is K2+129.5. At
Madura side, the start pile number is K2+947.5, and the end number is K3+619.5. The total
length at both sides is 1344m (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). In the transverse direction, the bridge has
bi-directional four-lane road, and its total width is 30m (see Fig. 3).
The approach bridge is formed by two pre-stressed concrete continuous box girders in
eastern and western side. Each box is 14.7m in width, and there is a 0.6m-width structure joint
between the two boxes flange girths. The box is a straight web plate and single-cell structure.
The width of the upper plate is 14.7m, and the floor plates width is 7.5m. The floor plate of box
is horizontal, but there is a 2% transverse slope in the floor plate. The web plates of the box are
different in height, and the height of box means the height of the boxs center. The height of span
center of two end and mid-span is 2.4m; in the root segment of the piers, the box is 4.4m high,
the other height of the main girder change with the 2nd parabola. In the closure segment of box,
the floor plate is 26cm thick, but in the root segment of the pier, the floor plate is 55cm thick; the
thickness of other segments floor plate change with the 2nd parabola. The thickness of the web
plate is 45cm or 60cm, and the concrete grade of the box is C50. The main girder of continuous
beam is single-cell with variable cross-sections. Fig.1 to Fig.3 are the plan view, side view and
the section of main girder.
The substructure of continuous beam is thin-wall hollow pier. The eastern and western piers
are independent, but the caps are integral. The transverse section of thin-wall hollow pier is
rectangular hollow section. Its width is 4m with 0.7m-thick wall along the bridge, and 7.5m with
0.6m-thick wall in transverse direction. In both directions, it has a 5050cm chamfer. The caps
of the approach bridge are rectangular style with the thickness of 3m or 3.5m. The foundation of
the approach is bored pile group with 1.8m in diameter. Each pier has 9 piles in both single


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bridges, and the pile plane is arranged in rectangle with 3 piles in both transverse and
longitudinal direction. The minimum distance among piles center is 4.5m.
No.45 and No.48 piers are V-style. The carriageway and the deck act on the cross beam of
the V-style pier directly. The V-style pier is integral with beam and formed by eastern and
western parts in transverse direction. The cantilevered edge of the upper box is the same as
continuous beam with 0.6m. The caps of V-style in eastern and western parts are integral with
solid rectangular section. The section is 25.8m (transverse) 36.8m (longitudinal) in plane. The
elevation of the caps bottom is 1.00m, and 5.5m in the top, so the height of the cap is 4.5m. The
foundation of the V-style pier is large diameter bored pile foundation. The No.45 and No.48 piers
have 35 piles with 2.2m in diameter respectively. The piles are rectangular in plane with 7 piles
in transverse direction and 5 piles in longitudinal direction. The distance among the piles is 5.5m.


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Fig.1 General arrangement of Suramadu approach bridge


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Fig. 2 Side view of Suramadu approach bridge
Fig. 3 1/2 Transverse arrangement of main girder in Suramadu approach bridge


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2
Earthquake-resistance Criteria of Approach Bridge

According to the current development of earthquake-resistance methods, two-level
earthquake-resistance method is applied on the earthquake-resistance research of Suramadu

Approach bridge. The premise of earthquake-resistance research is to clarify the protected
criteria.
Earthquake-resistance criteria of bridge engineering comprise not only the probability level
of earthquake action in site, but also the requirement and check objects of structural
performance.
The object of bridge earthquake-resistance is to decrease the seismic failure of bridge
engineering, to ensure the security of people lives and properties, and to reduce the economic
losses. On one hand, the economic investment used for earthquake-resistance of preseismic
shouldnt exceed the economic capability of development organization. On the other hand, the
damage extent of bridge designed with earthquake-resistance methods should limited into the
extent accepted by development organization during occurrence of earthquake. In other words, it
should be a reasonable balance between economy and security, which is a reasonable degree of
security principle for bridge earthquake-resistance design. Based on this principle, when
determining the earthquake-resistance protected criteria of bridge engineering, the following
three factors are mainly be considered:
(i) The significance of bridge;
(ii) After seismic failure, the loss of bridge structural performance may cause the secondary
harmful loss;
(iii)
The
maximum
economic
capability
of
development
organization
for
earthquake-resistance and hazard protection;

The basic earthquake intensity in the bridge foundation is VII degree. Suramadu Approach
Bridge, which is the key project in the transportation net, has much significance in politics and
economy. It will play a more important role in earthquake-resistance and hazard protection, so
the higher protected criteria is selected in earthquake-resistance design.
The earthquake-resistance criteria used in Suramadu Approach Bridge is represented in
Table 2.1 during the construction document design phase.


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Table 2.1 The earthquake-resistance criteria of Suramadu Approach Bridge
Bridge
Approach
bridge
Probability level of
protected
earthquake-resistance
Requirements of structural
performance
P1: 475 years return

period
The main structures are in limited

state of normal service.
Checking the stress of main

structures.
P2: 2500 years return

period
The main structures are in limited

state of bearing capability;
controlling the displacement or
deformation.
Checking the limited bearing

capability or considering
ductility of main structures;
checking the displacement or
deformation.
Structural checking object
According to characteristic of Suramadu Approach Bridge, the calculation procedure of

earthquake-resistance is shown in Fig. 2.1.
Fig. 2.1 the calculation procedure of

structure earthquake-resistance

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3
3.1
Dynamic Calculation Model

Simulation of the Part above Foundation
The calculation establishes a three-dimensional finite element model to analyze its dynamic
characteristics and seismic response. Select the whole bridge model of 40+780+40m
prestressed continuous beam situated at Surabaya side P36 ~ P45, the main bridge and
40+780+40m prestressed continuous beam situated at Madura side P48 ~ P57. The pile height
of continuous beams changes from 9.837m to 29.837m. The continuous beams of two bridges
share the same Pile cap and pile foundation, and set cross beam at the coping of two ends of
V-pier. So choose two bridges to establish model, as shown in Fig.3.1.
Fig.3.1 Dynamic calculation Graph of the whole bridge


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Table 3.1 Material characteristics of main beam
Component
Elastic modulus
(kN/m2)
Conversion density of the first

stage dead load (T/m)
Line density of the second stage

dead load (T/m)
Main beam
3.50107
2.5
6.0
2.5
Pier
3.3010
Pile cap
and pile
3.0107
2.5
Table 3.2 Section characteristics of main beam and pier

Component
Area A (m2)
Torsion inertia
moment J (m4)
Bending resistance
inertia moment I2 (m4)
Bending resistance
inertia moment I3 (m4)
Continuous main beam 0
25.1417
91.2698
217.2582
54.9089
17.0905
67.7837
179.0444
37.8999
16.0542
55.0912
170.1522
29.2401
15.1447
44.9516
162.3902
22.7772
14.0299
36.4714
153.2506
17.7445
13.0500
29.8187
145.3002
13.9888
12.5482
25.4374
141.1572
11.5822
12.1925
22.6770
138.3361
10.1109
11.9833
21.3214
136.8416
9.3978
11.9155
20.9714
136.4284
9.2154
V-pier main beam
12.096
19.9366
141.1182
9.3376
P37-P44
12.92
66.0307
87.6628
28.8411
P45
12.0000
58.2606
113.7600
22.0000
P48
12.0000
58.2606
113.7600
22.0000
P49-56
12.92
66.0307
87.6628
28.8411
Diameter 1.8m pile
2.5422
1.0306
0.5153
0.5153
Diameter 2.2m pile
3.8013
2.2998
1.1499
1.1499
Pier
3.2
Simulation of Pile Group Foundation

The pile foundation action of approach bridge is simulated by six springs; in the seismic
response analysis of long-span bridge, another common simulation method of pile foundation is:

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add springs of six directions on pile cap to simulate the action of pile foundation (such as
Fig.3.3), and through internal force of Pile cap bottom, inversely calculate the worst stress of
single pile by static method. The spring stiffness is confirmed by conditions of soil layers and
arrangement of piles through static equivalent principle, and the soil characteristics datum are
confirmed by m method. This method is very convenient.
(a) Elevation view
(b) Plan view
Fig.3.3 Six-spring model

The equivalent stiffness values of pile foundation are in Table 3.3, and the calculation
model is in Fig.3.3.


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Table 3.3 Equivalent stiffness values of pile foundation (consider scour)
Corresponding
pier number
Longitudinal
direction 1
(kN/m)
Lateral
direction
2 (kN/m)
Vertical
direction
3 (kN/m)
Wind 1
(kN/rad)
Wind 2
(kN/rad)
Wind 3
(kN/rad)
P37
187645
195176
2.03E+07
3.38E+08
1.46E+09
2.85E+10
P38
105834
110032
2.03E+07
2.90E+08
1.25E+09
2.85E+10
P39
82648
85684
2.03E+07
2.90E+08
1.25E+09
2.85E+10
P40
80286
83529
2.03E+07
2.63E+08
1.13E+09
2.85E+10
P41
62842
62003
2.08E+07
5.05E+08
1.03E+09
2.85E+10
P42
62355
61584
2.08E+07
4.74E+08
9.68E+08
2.85E+10
P43
65481
68143
2.03E+07
2.46E+08
1.06E+09
2.85E+10
P44
66520
69320
2.03E+07
2.40E+08
1.03E+09
2.85E+10
P45
190185
192661
2.21E+07
2.43E+09
6.33E+09
3.87E+10
P48
296581
301458
2.21E+07
2.28E+09
6.22E+09
3.87E+10
P49
110849
116001
2.03E+07
2.52E+08
1.08E+09
2.85E+10
P50
105789
110821
2.03E+07
2.38E+08
1.02E+09
2.85E+10
P51
109770
106909
2.08E+07
4.76E+08
9.33E+08
2.85E+10
P52
125326
122566
2.08E+07
5.00E+08
1.01E+09
2.85E+10
P53
121061
126937
2.03E+07
2.43E+08
1.04E+09
2.85E+10
P54
135691
141947
2.03E+07
2.66E+08
1.14E+09
2.85E+10
P55
146599
153451
2.03E+07
2.68E+08
1.15E+09
2.85E+10
P56
168108
175841
2.03E+07
2.84E+08
1.22E+09
2.85E+10

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4
4.1
Analysis of Dynamic Property

Analysis of Dynamic Property at Surabaya Side
In this section, we analyze the dynamic property at Surabaya side using ahead dynamic
analysis model. Table 4.1 gives t ahead 20 frequencies and periods of the structure. Fig. 4.1 and
Fig. 4.2 show the vibration modes of the longitudinal and transverse direction.
Table 4.1 Ahead 20 frequencies and periods at Surabaya side
Order
Frequency (Hz)
Period (sec)
Order
Frequency (Hz)
Period (sec)
0.17471
5.72380
11
0.64678
1.54613
0.32954
3.03455
12
0.69000
1.44928
0.33033
3.02730
13
0.75216
1.32951
0.40320
2.48014
14
0.78459
1.27455
0.46681
2.14219
15
0.83483
1.19785
0.48061
2.08070
16
0.83819
1.19304
0.51689
1.93464
17
0.86361
1.15793
0.52429
1.90734
18
0.88343
1.13195
0.53373
1.87362
19
0.99190
1.00817
10
0.62341
1.60409
20
1.00170
0.99830
The first order vibration mode makes the most important contribution to the longitudinal
earthquake-response. The following figure shows its vibration mode.

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Fig. 4.1 The first vibration mode

The second vibration mode makes the most important contribution to the transverse
Fig. 4.2 The second vibration mode

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4.2
Analysis of Dynamic Property at Madura side

In this section, we analyze the dynamic property at Madura side using ahead dynamic
analysis model. Table 4.2 shows ahead 20 frequencies and periods of the structure. Fig. 4.3 and
Fig. 4.4 show the vibration modes of the longitudinal and transverse direction.
Table 4.2
Ahead 20 frequencies and periods of the approach bridge at Madura side

Periodsec
11
Frequency
Hz
0.78460
3.02730
12
0.83686
1.19494
0.44310
2.25685
13
0.83827
1.19294
0.51276
1.95024
14
0.84875
1.17821
0.57596
1.73624
15
0.89201
1.12106
0.57905
1.72697
16
0.92445
1.08173
0.63450
1.57605
17
0.95739
1.04451
0.68615
1.45740
18
0.99432
1.00571
0.72843
1.37281
19
1.00219
0.99781
10
0.76231
1.31181
20
1.03339
0.96769
Periodsec
Order
Frequency
Hz
0.22474
4.44968
0.33033
Order
1.27454
The first order vibration mode makes the most important contribution to the longitudinal

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Fig. 4.3 The first vibration mode

The third vibration mode makes the most important contribution to the transverse

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Fig. 4.4 The third vibration mode

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5
Seismic Input
The seismic parameters of Approach Bridge are provided by China Earthquake
Administration Institute of Geophysics. China Earthquake Administration Institute of

Geophysics has provided two probability-level, return periods of earthquake are 475 years and
2500years respectively, which are seismic parameters at locations of two pylons maximum
scouring line. The seismic parameters of two probability levels are represented in table5.1.
Twelve seismic acceleration histories are provided to each input point. The two return periods
earthquake of 475 years and 2500years are selected as earthquake input according to the
protected standard selected by the proprietor in this report.
The response spectrum of seismic acceleration is selected as follows:
S a (T ) = Amax (T )
max = Amax M
Where, Amax is the peak value of seismic acceleration response spectrum, (T) is the
coefficient of response spectrum of seismic acceleration and max the maximum value of
seismic influence coefficient.
The formulation of response spectrum curve is represented as follows:
1
T T0
1 + ( m 1)
T1 T0
(T ) =
m
T2
m

T 0.04 s
0.04 sT T1
T1T Tg
Tg T 12 s
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Table5.1 Corresponding parameters of two probability levels
Item
Amax
Return period of 475 years (exceeding

probability of 50 years 10%)
Return period of 2500 years (exceeding

probability of 50 years 2%)
0.15
0.24
(g)
T1
(s)
0.15
0.15
Tg
(s)
0.35
0.40
2.5
2.5
1.1
1.1
0.38
0.6
max
(g)
NotesThe date in the table is the parameters of horizontal response spectrum, while the value of vertical
response spectrum is 2/3 of these values.
In this report, the acceleration response spectrum curves of two probability levels at the
location of P46 and P47 are given out, in which the damping ratio is 5%. Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2 are
acceleration response spectrum of long periodicity of the corresponding ground.
exceeding probability of 10% within 50 years
Horizon
Sa(T)
0.1
Vertical
0.01
0.1
10
T(s)
Fig. 5.1 horizontal and vertical design acceleration response spectrum at engineering
ground (return period 475 years, exceeding probability 10%, and damping ratio 5%)

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exceeding probability of 10% within 50 years
Horizon
Sa(T)
0.1
Vertical
0.01
0.1
10
T(s)
Fig. 5.2 horizontal and vertical design acceleration response spectrum at engineering
ground (return period 2500 years, exceeding probability 2%, and damping ratio 5%)
In addition, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Geophysics also provided twelve
fitted seismic acceleration history curves for the object of response spectrum. In this report, the
first group of horizontal and vertical acceleration history curves of two probability levels is also
provided in Fig. 5.3 to Fig. 5.6.

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0 .1 5
h o r iz o n 1
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
0 .1 5
h o r iz o n 2
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
0 .1 5
v e r tic a l
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
Fig. 5.3 Lateral and vertical design acceleration history curve at engineering ground
(return period 475 years, the first group)
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0 .1 5
h o r iz o n 2
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
(s )
0 .1 5
h o r iz o n 2
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
(s )
0 .1 5
v e r tic a l
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
(return period 475 years, the second group)

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0 .2 5
0 .2 0
h o r iz o n 1 - 1
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .2 0
-0 .2 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
0 .2 5
0 .2 0
h o r iz o n 1 - 2
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .2 0
-0 .2 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
0 .2 5
0 .2 0
v e r tic a l 1
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .2 0
-0 .2 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
(return period 2500 years, the first group)
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0 .2 5
0 .2 0
h o r iz o n
2 -1
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .2 0
-0 .2 5
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
(s )
0 .2 5
0 .2 0
h o r iz o n 2
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .2 0
-0 .2 5
0
10
20
30
40
(s )
0 .2 5
0 .2 0
v e r tic a l 2
Acceleration (g)
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
-0 .0 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .2 0
-0 .2 5
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
(s )
(return period 2500 years, the second group)
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6
Nonlinear Time-History Analysis

The architecture of construction documents design of this bridge is:
The longitudinal direction:
There are dampers between V-pier and continuous beam (parameter: C=3500 (2x1750),
=0.3, the unit: damping force: kN, acceleration: m/s2), the selection of dampers parameters are
finally due to optimized comparison;
The lateral direction:
There are lateral stoppers between V-pier and beam.
The nonlinear performance of longitudinal sliding supports is considered in the analysis of
time history analysis. The following Fig. 6.1 shows the lateral elastic stiffness is: (mobilizable
direction)
F(x)
(sh ear foce)
F max
-x y
K=
xy
-F m ax
f N
xy
( r el a t iv e di s p la c em e n t)
Fig.6.1 Restoring force model of sliding support

(f is the coefficient of sliding friction, N is the dead load of superstructure which the supports bear,, and
xy is yielding displacement)
In dynamic analysis model, the main beam is handled as spine beam, the beam and pier are
connected with the nonlinear support element, as a result, we merge the actual supports of pier
top into one, and adopt its paralleling form, that is to say, the yielding displacement is still 1mm,
N is the sum of vertical counterforce which multiple supports bearings.
The calculation of approach bridge aiming at the architecture of limiting scour and
construction documents design adopt the nonlinear time history method to analyze their seismic
response. The seismic input form is: longitudinal direction + vertical direction, lateral direction +
vertical direction, and consider the power-wasting effect of dampers and stoppers. To the two
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Calculations
probability levels, all of 6 groups of seismic acceleration time histories in each level are used in
seismic response analysis. According to the principle of earthquake motions randomness and
controlling calculations, we choose the maximum value of 6 groups of seismic response. The
results are in Table 6.1 ~ 6.18.
Table 6.1 In 475-year return period, the maximum value of internal force in each
controlling section which are controlled by maximum shear force (longitudinal direction +
vertical direction, 50-year exceeding probability is 10%)
Pier number Section position
Axial force P (kN)
Shear force Q2max (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
-762
-1449
-9629
P38
Pier bottom
-1709
-1082
-8974
P39
Pier bottom
3598
1144
11497
P40
Pier bottom
3254
3214
54697
P41
Pier bottom
-4256
-1648
-42953
P42
Pier bottom
-889
-3821
-23275
P43
Pier bottom
2208
2095
52672
P44
Pier bottom
-1896
-3661
-51182
V- pier root
-2846
-1924
-43380
V-Pile cap top
-3624
-3220
-110500
V- pier root
-2869
-1804
-29828
V-Pile cap top
-3288
-3024
-72282
P49
Pier bottom
-2492
-2040
-57321
P50
Pier bottom
-2331
-2297
-60049
P51
Pier bottom
-3158
-1660
-51674
P52
Pier bottom
-3701
-2091
-61386
P53
Pier bottom
-3766
-2920
-50373
P54
Pier bottom
-2903
-1138
-11355
P55
Pier bottom
-2012
-1099
-9122
P56
Pier bottom
-896
-895
-5946
P45
P48

24

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Calculations
controlling section which are controlled by maximum shear force (lateral direction +
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
-1229
-1258
-13040
P38
Pier bottom
-2937
-2022
-23776
P39
Pier bottom
-2701
-1868
-33621
P40
Pier bottom
-3262
-1731
-37180
P41
Pier bottom
-3022
-1643
-41072
P42
Pier bottom
-2689
-2039
-58965
P43
Pier bottom
-2038
-2270
-63191
P44
Pier bottom
-2467
-1853
-50777
V- pier root
-3006
-2520
-43715
V- Pile cap top
-4174
-3371
-67526
V- pier root
-2741
-2812
-44527
V-Pile cap top
-3613
-3839
-71913
P49
Pier bottom
-2439
-1519
-43124
P50
Pier bottom
-3215
-1974
-49718
P51
Pier bottom
-3667
-1942
-52977
P52
Pier bottom
-3155
-1984
-49013
P53
Pier bottom
-3119
-2293
-44948
P54
Pier bottom
-2595
-2834
-54679
P55
Pier bottom
-2701
-2430
-37311
P56
Pier bottom
-1161
-1198
-14937
P45
P48

25

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Calculations
Table 6.3 In 475-year return period, the seismic response of Pile cap center controlled by
maximum shear force (longitudinal direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding
probability is 10%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
-2549
-10311
-19258
P38
-4550
-6823
-17948
P39
7103
6333
22067
P40
7898
5445
103854
P41
-8074
-4269
-88470
P42
7686
4072
79624
P43
5443
3308
105066
P44
6046
3125
104170
P45
15369
10946
214830
P48
-12695
-10605
-207337
P49
-5242
-3561
-114492
P50
-6174
-3528
-119929
P51
-7106
-4037
-103165
P52
-6088
-4598
-122651
P53
-6448
-4581
-100739
P54
-5429
-6455
-22698
P55
-5515
-6908
-18243
P56
-3304
-6375
-11892

26

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Calculations
maximum shear force (lateral direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding probability
is 10%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
2972
3430
24838
P38
-7075
-3830
-44525
P39
-5387
-3618
-45919
P40
7997
3804
66051
P41
-5491
-4470
-81421
P42
-6067
-5950
-111296
P43
5247
5267
141876
P44
6534
4051
106390
P45
-13246
-11704
-231314
P48
14502
13407
227594
P49
-5042
-3564
-74393
P50
5242
4698
122806
P51
-6101
-5741
-110364
P52
-5493
-5388
-93172
P53
-5578
-5852
-93393
P54
5780
6235
96195
P55
5190
5460
58680
P56
-2742
-2916
-25128

27

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Calculations
controlled section which are controlled by maximum moment (longitudinal direction +
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
-762
-1449
-9629
P38
Pier bottom
-1709
-1082
-8974
P39
Pier bottom
3598
1144
11497
P40
Pier bottom
3254
3214
54697
P41
Pier bottom
3011
1581
46255
P42
Pier bottom
1386
2931
41300
P43
Pier bottom
2208
2095
52672
P44
Pier bottom
1928
2488
52227
V- pier root
-2773
-1904
-43396
V- Pile cap top
-3521
-3216
-110543
V- pier root
-2308
-1755
-35675
V- Pile cap top
-3195
-2934
-90366
P49
Pier bottom
-2492
-2040
-57321
P50
Pier bottom
-2331
-2297
-60049
P51
Pier bottom
-3158
-1660
-51674
P52
Pier bottom
-3701
-2091
-61386
P53
Pier bottom
-3766
-2920
-50373
P54
Pier bottom
-2903
-1138
-11355
P55
Pier bottom
-2012
-1099
-9122
P56
Pier bottom
-896
-895
-5946
P45
P48

28

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Calculations
controlling section which are controlled by maximum moment (lateral direction + vertical
direction, 50-year exceeding probability is 10%)
Pier No.
Section position
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
1260
904
18199
P38
Pier bottom
-2942
-1462
-37442
P39
Pier bottom
3829
1546
39330
P40
Pier bottom
3231
1575
41282
P41
Pier bottom
-3089
-1579
-44040
P42
Pier bottom
3252
1989
62036
P43
Pier bottom
2317
2025
71081
P44
Pier bottom
-2606
-1658
-62114
V- pier root
3310
2249
48891
V- Pile cap top
-4532
-3195
-80228
V- pier root
-2943
-2354
-54087
V- Pile cap top
-4806
-3330
-88796
P49
Pier bottom
-2481
-1436
-52510
P50
Pier bottom
2321
1872
61543
P51
Pier bottom
-3320
-1559
-58034
P52
Pier bottom
2985
1779
55527
P53
Pier bottom
3988
2152
54807
P54
Pier bottom
3798
2513
59838
P55
Pier bottom
-2829
-2260
-44603
P56
Pier bottom
-1290
-1113
-17483
P45
P48

29

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Calculations
maximum moment (longitudinal direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding
probability is 10%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
-2549
-10311
-19258
P38
-4550
-6823
-17948
P39
7103
6333
22067
P40
6219
4988
109331
P41
7571
4068
91789
P42
6173
3795
81921
P43
5443
3308
105066
P44
6046
3125
104170
P45
-18323
-10870
-250927
P48
-12695
-10605
-207337
P49
-5242
-3561
-114492
P50
-6174
-3528
-119929
P51
-7106
-4037
-103165
P52
-6088
-4598
-122651
P53
-6448
-4581
-100739
P54
-5429
-6455
-22698
P55
-5515
-6908
-18243
P56
-3304
-6375
-11892

30

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Calculations
maximum moment (lateral direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding probability is
10%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
-2761
-2638
-30245
P38
6788
2455
50256
P39
5839
3484
59639
P40
6332
3406
81996
P41
-5491
-4470
-81421
P42
6296
5023
119232
P43
5247
5267
141876
P44
-5073
-3820
-123454
P45
-13246
-11704
-231314
P48
-13192
-12714
-261857
P49
-5030
-3517
-105063
P50
5242
4698
122806
P51
-7601
-4646
-111175
P52
7582
4741
110342
P53
6320
4779
108296
P54
5783
5943
102044
P55
-4777
-3879
-75115
P56
-2745
-2577
-32010

31

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Calculations
Table 6.9 In 475-year return period, the maximum relative displacement between beam
and pier top (longitudinal direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding probability is
10%)
Pier number
Longitudinal displacement (m)
Pier number
P36
8.370E-02
P48
1.450E-02
P37
3.320E-02
P49
7.730E-03
P38
1.900E-02
P50
8.550E-03
P39
1.840E-02
P53
2.120E-02
P40
1.500E-02
P54
2.160E-02
P43
6.770E-03
P55
2.370E-02
P44
7.540E-03
P55
3.050E-02
P45
2.500E-02
P56
6.820E-02

32

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Calculations
controlling section which are controlled by maximum shear force (longitudinal direction +
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
-1727
-1659
-11025
P38
Pier bottom
-3441
-1599
-13263
P39
Pier bottom
-3799
-1722
-17660
P40
Pier bottom
-3898
-4104
-81379
P41
Pier bottom
5270
3863
114211
P42
Pier bottom
-2005
-5657
-60488
P43
Pier bottom
3940
3326
81272
P44
Pier bottom
-2860
-4975
-70246
V- pier root
-3342
-3357
-70530
V- Pile cap top
-3457
-5379
-180493
V- pier root
-3810
-3761
-89099
V- Pile cap top
-3987
-6102
-229530
P49
Pier bottom
-4408
-3433
-89948
P50
Pier bottom
3741
3551
89347
P51
Pier bottom
-5405
-3844
-117217
P52
Pier bottom
-3400
-5352
-91410
P53
Pier bottom
-5133
-4044
-57393
P54
Pier bottom
-5009
-1923
-16303
P55
Pier bottom
-4276
-1675
-13906
P56
Pier bottom
-1806
-1638
-8423
P45
P48

33

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Calculations
controlling section which are controlled by maximum shear force (lateral direction +
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
-1726
-2432
-21129
P38
Pier bottom
-3159
-3794
-50191
P39
Pier bottom
-5016
-3674
-71393
P40
Pier bottom
-5131
-3994
-84317
P41
Pier bottom
-4977
-3431
-67008
P42
Pier bottom
-5623
-3797
-86278
P43
Pier bottom
-3885
-4167
-105142
P44
Pier bottom
-3818
-3028
-90731
V- pier root
-5290
-4511
-73546
V- Pile cap top
-7610
-6769
-130812
V- pier root
-6117
-5042
-67291
V- Pile cap top
-7298
-7440
-126006
P49
Pier bottom
-4561
-3430
-98790
P50
Pier bottom
-4200
-4802
-133096
P51
Pier bottom
-4195
-5049
-101135
P52
Pier bottom
-5281
-4944
-122046
P53
Pier bottom
-5641
-4730
-102921
P54
Pier bottom
-5128
-4986
-90492
P55
Pier bottom
-3343
-4545
-70207
P56
Pier bottom
-1818
-2070
-21794
P45
P48

34

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Calculations
Table 6.12 In 2500-year return period, the seismic response of Pile cap center controlled
by maximum shear force (longitudinal direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding
probability is 2%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
-11806
-22050
-11806
P38
-10083
-26526
-10083
P39
-8989
-31323
-8989
P40
-8430
-162720
-8430
P41
8190
227255
8190
P42
7326
224875
7326
P43
6931
152105
6931
P44
6496
149620
6496
P45
19828
427157
19828
P48
21727
381252
21727
P49
7449
163443
7449
P50
7165
164739
7165
P51
-10209
-252655
-10209
P52
-11223
-307114
-11223
P53
9475
126323
9475
P54
10890
38290
10890
P55
-10532
-27813
-10532
P56
11666
21761
11666

35

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Calculations
by maximum shear force (lateral direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding
probability is 2%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
-5647
-6245
-38381
P38
-6686
-8417
-88374
P39
-9272
-9202
-141071
P40
-9828
-9795
-165797
P41
-11297
-9679
-139091
P42
11048
10728
188739
P43
-7608
-10144
-241840
P44
9158
7929
161843
P45
21780
22566
413427
P48
-19117
-25794
-451065
P49
-10757
-8226
-186729
P50
8677
10689
308642
P51
10941
13294
215532
P52
-11199
-12344
-244407
P53
10971
11834
202090
P54
-9364
-12045
-170345
P55
-6710
-10037
-130989
P56
-4294
-5760
-40291

36

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Calculations
controlling section which are controlled by maximum moment (longitudinal direction +
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
-1727
-1659
-11025
P38
Pier bottom
-3441
-1599
-13263
P39
Pier bottom
-3799
-1722
-17660
P40
Pier bottom
-3898
-4104
-81379
P41
Pier bottom
5270
3863
114211
P42
Pier bottom
3532
4200
112833
P43
Pier bottom
3940
3326
81272
P44
Pier bottom
2970
4032
77634
V- pier root
3334
3334
73948
V- Pile cap top
3457
5379
190337
V- pier root
-3810
-3761
-89099
V- Pile cap top
-4012
-6101
-229586
P49
Pier bottom
-4408
-3433
-89948
P50
Pier bottom
3741
3551
89347
P51
Pier bottom
-4303
-3791
-126511
P52
Pier bottom
-4884
-5131
-153742
P53
Pier bottom
-3841
-3655
-67898
P54
Pier bottom
5009
1923
19187
P55
Pier bottom
-4276
-1675
-13906
P56
Pier bottom
1806
1638
10881
P45
P48

37

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Calculations
controlling section which are controlled by maximum moment (lateral direction + vertical
direction, 50-year exceeding probability is 2%)
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
Pier bottom
1479
1482
36476
P38
Pier bottom
3160
2735
69152
P39
Pier bottom
-4717
-3672
-77094
P40
Pier bottom
5254
3738
90191
P41
Pier bottom
-4033
-2708
-94267
P42
Pier bottom
-5226
-3146
-115311
P43
Pier bottom
-3479
-3674
-131417
P44
Pier bottom
-4480
-2929
-105946
V- pier root
-4422
-4031
-86983
V- Pile cap top
-6597
-6013
-158940
V- pier root
4930
3464
97427
V- Pile cap top
6968
5282
174447
P49
Pier bottom
3663
2812
115376
P50
Pier bottom
4419
4170
155503
P51
Pier bottom
-4093
-3639
-148706
P52
Pier bottom
5262
4444
134716
P53
Pier bottom
5311
4518
110357
P54
Pier bottom
4360
4857
104478
P55
Pier bottom
3431
3740
82085
P56
Pier bottom
1527
1525
30665
P45
P48

38

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Calculations
by maximum moment (longitudinal direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding
probability is 2%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M3 (kN-m)
P37
-4206
-11806
-22050
P38
-6464
-10083
-26526
P39
-6893
-8989
-31323
P40
-8712
-8430
-162720
P41
10990
8190
227255
P42
9822
7326
224875
P43
8730
6017
160579
P44
9958
5695
154424
P45
-20854
-15580
-372621
P48
-20030
-19142
-514133
P49
-9596
-6550
-179755
P50
7868
6910
178537
P51
-9014
-10209
-252655
P52
-10445
-11223
-307114
P53
-6679
-6084
-135710
P54
10924
10890
38290
P55
-8511
-10532
-27813
P56
5220
11666
21761

39

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Calculations
by maximum moment (lateral direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding probability
is 2%)
Pier number
Axial force P (kN)
Moment M2 (kN-m)
P37
6105
4413
61101
P38
7724
5495
117203
P39
-9272
-9202
-141071
P40
-9828
-9795
-165797
P41
-9410
-8184
-172880
P42
-8894
-10332
-212387
P43
-9446
-9498
-256836
P44
-10732
-6705
-199108
P45
-20958
-18199
-458434
P48
21716
18303
508286
P49
9182
5954
229063
P50
8661
8413
286962
P51
11441
12789
263635
P52
11260
11367
248485
P53
9920
9590
208171
P54
-7749
-11532
-197410
P55
7827
8660
140373
P56
6268
4589
50953

40

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Calculations
Table 6.18 In 2500-year return period, the maximum relative displacement between beam
and pier top (longitudinal direction + vertical direction, 50-year exceeding probability is
2%)
Pier number
Pier number
P36
1.580E-01
P48
6.900E-02
P37
7.650E-02
P49
4.560E-02
P38
6.540E-02
P50
4.940E-02
P39
4.610E-02
P53
6.680E-02
P40
3.780E-02
P54
7.580E-02
P43
2.820E-02
P55
7.480E-02
P44
2.720E-02
P55
8.160E-02
P45
6.020E-02
P56
1.480E-01

41

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7
Check of Structure Earthquake-resistance Performance

The requirement of the Suramadu approach bridge: checking the stress of the main bearing
structures with 475-year return period earthquake; checking the bearing capacity of main bearing
structure with 2500-year return period earthquake. In this section, the earthquake-resistance
performance of the main girder, the piers and their piles foundation are especially discussed.
7.1
Earthquake-resistance Performance of Main Girder

Fig. 7.1 and Fig.7.2 show the stress under 2500-year return period earthquake and static
load respectively.
Fig. 7.1 Main girders envelope diagram under 2500-year return period earthquake
Fig. 7.2 Main girders envelope diagram under static load

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Through the initial checking, we can see: the stress in the 2500-year return period
earthquake is much lower than that under the static load. So the design is not controlled by the
2500-year return period earthquake load.
7.2
Earthquake-resistance Performance of Pier

The initial checking shows that the design is controlled by the bearing capacity under the
2500-year return period earthquake load but not the piers shear strength. So only the
bending-resistance capacity of the main structures under 2500-year return period earthquake load
is checked in this report.

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Table 7.2.1 Combination Results of the worst-case section (2500-year return period
longitudinal input+ vertical input)
Internal force under Dead
load
Pier
number
Section
P37
Internal force under

earthquake load
Combination results
Axial load
kN
Moment
kN-m
Axilal load
kN
Moment
kN-m
Axilal load
kN
Moment
kN-m
bottom
33069
1383
-1727
-11025
34796
12408
P38
bottom
36243
1486
-3441
-13263
39684
14749
P39
bottom
37240
1480
-3799
-17660
41039
19140
P40
bottom
38280
1476
-3898
-81379
42178
82855
P41
bottom
39439
1487
5270
114211
44709
115698
P42
bottom
40267
1473
-2005
-60488
42272
61961
P43
bottom
41635
1491
3940
81272
45575
82763
P44
bottom
39988
1381
-2860
-70246
42848
71627
Root of
V-pier
19146
50015
-3342
-70530
22488
120545
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
49934
230397
-3457
-180493
53391
410890
Root of
V-pier
19146
50015
-3810
-89099
22956
139114
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
49934
230397
-3987
-229530
53921
459927
P49
bottom
39988
1381
-4408
-89948
44396
91329
P50
bottom
41635
1491
3741
89347
45376
90838
P51
bottom
40267
1473
-5405
-117217
45672
118690
P52
bottom
39439
1487
-3400
-91410
42839
92897
P53
bottom
38280
1476
-5133
-57393
43413
58869
P54
bottom
37240
1480
-5009
-16303
42249
17783
P55
bottom
36243
1486
-4276
-13906
40519
15392
P56
bottom
33069
1383
-1806
-8423
34875
9806
P45
P48

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Table 7.2.2 Checking of intensity in the worst-case section (2500-year return period
longitudinal input+ vertical input)
Pier
Number
section
Axial
kN
Moment
kN-m
Resistance
kN
Resistance/Axial
P37
bottom
34796
12408
5.04E+05
14.48
P38
bottom
39684
14749
5.00E+05
12.59
P39
bottom
41039
19140
4.71E+05
11.48
P40
bottom
42178
82855
1.01E+05
2.39
P41
bottom
44709
115698
4.70E+04
1.05
P42
bottom
42272
61961
2.00E+05
4.74
P43
bottom
45575
82763
1.25E+05
2.75
P44
bottom
42848
71627
1.54E+05
3.58
Root of V-pier
22488
120545
4.51E+04
2.01
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
53391
410890
2.16E+05
4.05
Root of V-pier
22956
139114
4.51E+04
1.96
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
53921
459927
2.16E+05
4.01
P49
bottom
44396
91329
8.77E+04
1.97
P50
bottom
45376
90838
9.53E+04
2.10
P51
bottom
45672
118690
4.64E+04
1.02
P52
bottom
42839
92897
8.06E+04
1.88
P53
bottom
43413
58869
2.41E+05
5.55
P54
bottom
42249
17783
5.01E+05
11.85
P55
bottom
40519
15392
5.13E+05
12.66
P56
bottom
34875
9806
5.43E+05
15.56
P45
P48

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Table 7.2.3 Combination Results of the worst-case section (transverse input+ vertical input)
Internal force under Dead
load
Pier
number
Section
P37
Internal force under

earthquake load
Combination results
Axial load
kN
Moment
kN-m
Axilal load
kN
Moment
kN-m
Axilal load
kN
Moment
kN-m
bottom
33069
1383
-1726
-21129
34795
22512
P38
bottom
36243
1486
-3159
-50191
39402
51677
P39
bottom
37240
1480
-5016
-71393
42256
72873
P40
bottom
38280
1476
-5131
-84317
43411
85793
P41
bottom
39439
1487
-4977
-67008
44416
68495
P42
bottom
40267
1473
-5623
-86278
45890
87751
P43
bottom
41635
1491
-3885
-105142
45520
106633
P44
bottom
39988
1381
-3818
-90731
43806
92112
Root of
V-pier
19146
50015
-5290
-73546
24436
123561
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
49934
15429
-7610
-130812
57544
146241
Root of
V-pier
19146
50015
-6117
-67291
25263
117306
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
49934
15429
-7298
-126006
57232
141435
P49
bottom
39988
1381
-4561
-98790
44549
100171
P50
bottom
41635
1491
-4200
-133096
45835
134587
P51
bottom
40267
1473
-4195
-101135
44462
102608
P52
bottom
39439
1487
-5281
-122046
44720
123533
P53
bottom
38280
1476
-5641
-102921
43921
104397
P54
bottom
37240
1480
-5128
-90492
42368
91972
P55
bottom
36243
1486
-3343
-70207
39586
71693
P56
bottom
33069
1383
-1818
-21794
34887
23177
P45
P48

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Table 7.2.4 Checking of intensity in worst-case section (2500-year return period
transverse input + vertical input)
Pier
Number
section
Axial
kN
Moment
kN-m
Resistance
kN
Resistance / Axial
P37
bottom
34795
22512
5.07E+05
14.58
P38
bottom
39402
51677
4.02E+05
10.12
P39
bottom
42256
72873
3.39E+05
8.27
P40
bottom
43411
85793
3.01E+05
7.14
P41
bottom
44416
68495
3.67E+05
8.20
P42
bottom
45890
87751
3.11E+05
7.36
P43
bottom
45520
106633
2.46E+05
5.41
P44
bottom
43806
92112
2.82E+05
6.59
Root of V-pier
24436
123561
3.98E+05
17.70
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
57544
146241
1.47E+05
2.76
Root of V-pier
25263
117306
3.98E+05
17.34
Top of
V-piers Pile
cap
57232
141435
1.47E+05
2.73
P49
bottom
44549
100171
2.60E+05
5.86
P50
bottom
45835
134587
1.63E+05
3.59
P51
bottom
44462
102608
2.52E+05
5.51
P52
bottom
44720
123533
1.87E+05
4.35
P53
bottom
43921
104397
2.41E+05
5.56
P54
bottom
42368
91972
2.72E+05
6.44
P55
bottom
39586
71693
3.27E+05
8.06
P56
bottom
34887
23177
5.05E+05
14.47
P45
P48
Table 7.2.1 and 7.2.3 show the results of internal force combination of piers the worst-case
section respectively under 2500-year return period earthquake load in longitudinal and vertical
direction load. The bearing capacity is also checked. The resistance in the table is calculated by
current design code for highway bridges. Table 7.2.2 and 7.2.4 show the results of internal force

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combination of piers the worst-case section respectively under 2500-year return period
earthquake load and Dead load. And the bearing capacity is also checked. The results in the
tables show all piers resistance are much larger than the section internal force except that No. 41
and 51 piers resistance are little larger under the 2500-year return period earthquake load in
longitudinal and vertical direction; all piers resistance of the worst-case section is larger than the
internal force under the 2500-year return period earthquake load in transverse and vertical
direction. So the piers are working under the elastic period. The earthquake-resistance
performance is already met.
The
checking
shows
that
each
piers working
performance
meets
with
the
earthquake-resistance requirement.
7.3
Check of Earthquake-response and Resistance of Pier

According to the earthquake-resistance requirement, the section stress of each pier needs to
be checked under 475-year return period earthquake load; and the bending-resistance capacity of
each piles section needs to be checked under the 2500-year return period earthquake load.
Table 7.3.1 and 7.3.4 show the results of internal force combination in the bottom of the
Pile cap under the 475-year return period earthquake load in longitudinal and vertical directions
(dead load + earthquake load). The section stress of single pile is also given out. The stress in
tables is calculated by the current design code for highway bridges. Table 7.3.2 and 7.3.5 show
the results of internal force combination in the bottom of Pile cap under 475-year return period
earthquake load in transverse and vertical directions (dead load + earthquake load). The single
piles section stress result is also given out. The material of each pile is C30 concrete and
HRB335 steel bar. According to the code, the allowable stress of concrete under earthquake load
is 1.516.10=24.15MPa; and the allowable stress of steel bar under earthquake is
1.5325=487.5MPa. The results in tables show the piles working performance meet with
earthquake-resistance requirement.

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Table 7.3.1 Results of internal force combination in the bottom of Pile cap (475-year return
period, longitudinal input + vertical input)
Dead load
Foundation
Dead load + earthquake + 50% live load
P (kN)
Q3 (kN)
M2 (kN-m)
P (kN)
Q3 (kN)
M2 (kN-m)
P37
47929
2396
52641
10864
29197
P38
51103
2555
57927
7417
30507
P39
52100
2605
61520
6925
36533
P40
53140
2657
63396
6036
120233
P41
61787
3089
72227
4847
106830
P42
62615
3131
72617
5068
112175
P43
56495
2825
64197
3904
126986
P44
54848
2742
63047
3677
125481
P45
264959
13248
286884
11249
239612
P48
264959
13248
284209
10909
232118
P49
71844
3592
79238
4113
136652
P50
74120
3706
82553
4124
142729
P51
81622
4081
91044
5578
152705
P52
80771
4039
89225
5573
152390
P53
70372
3519
79178
5172
117980
P54
69006
3450
76751
7047
38008
P55
67691
3385
75480
7502
31631
P56
63570
3179
69037
6929
22614

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Table 7.3.2 Results of internal force combination in the bottom of Pile cap (475-year return
period, transverse input + vertical input)
Dead load
Foundation
Dead load + earthquake + 50% live load
P (kN)
Q2 (kN)
M3 (kN-m)
P (kN)
Q2 (kN)
M3 (kN-m)
P37
47929
2396
53064
3984
34777
P38
51103
2555
60452
4424
57083
P39
52100
2605
59804
4210
60384
P40
53140
2657
63495
4395
82430
P41
61787
3089
69645
5047
99782
P42
62615
3131
70998
6945
143847
P43
56495
2825
64001
5863
163796
P44
54848
2742
63534
4604
127700
P45
264959
13248
284760
12008
256095
P48
264959
13248
286016
13711
252376
P49
71844
3592
79038
4116
96553
P50
74120
3706
81621
5294
145607
P51
81622
4081
90038
7281
159904
P52
80771
4039
88630
6363
122911
P53
70372
3519
78308
6442
110634
P54
69006
3450
77102
6827
111505
P55
67691
3385
75156
6054
72069
P56
63570
3179
68475
3470
35849

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Table 7.3.3 Stress results of the worst-case load in single pile (475-year return period
earthquake load)
Section internal force
Foundation
Stress
Nmax (kN)
Nmin (kN)
M (kN-m)
h (MPa)
gl (MPa)
P37
9263.60
2584.35
5073.59
17.30
296.12
P38
9347.51
3334.23
4223.97
13.79
193.52
P39
9679.11
3561.58
3721.66
11.77
144.81
P40
10005.33
3426.25
3665.66
11.65
145.87
P41
10447.11
5070.77
4470.88
13.60
144.10
P42
10421.71
5156.46
4369.28
13.20
133.80
P43
7962.22
4924.72
3169.49
8.90
62.30
P44
9535.80
4292.71
2642.57
7.32
47.59
P45
10482.08
6355.93
4892.31
7.61
53.66
P48
10303.35
6317.47
6195.05
10.37
103.64
P49
8424.17
5174.61
3113.89
8.57
53.60
P50
8671.54
5222.40
3232.28
8.97
58.90
P51
10082.05
5296.04
4888.82
15.08
166.59
P52
10775.82
4318.95
3989.91
12.31
136.09
P53
8630.76
4855.28
3906.36
11.65
111.37
P54
8682.90
4501.93
4284.17
13.30
151.13
P55
9074.70
3525.41
3417.74
10.65
123.08
P56
8523.54
3332.05
3531.65
11.21
139.33

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Table 7.3.4 Internal force combination result of each piles Pile cap (2500-year return
period, longitudinal input + vertical input)
Dead load
Foundation
Dead load + earthquake load
P (kN)
Q3 (kN)
M2 (kN-m)
P (kN)
Q3 (kN)
M2 (kN-m)
P37
47929
2396
59561
11280
116906
P38
51103
2555
62112
8576
92423
P39
52100
2605
64583
7693
118008
P40
53140
2657
65964
7646
141837
P41
61787
3089
78768
7446
203881
P42
62615
3131
80533
6498
198763
P43
56495
2825
70195
6039
149918
P44
54848
2742
67695
5686
149053
P45
264959
13248
292283
16687
309341
P48
264959
13248
292034
19713
326366
P49
71844
3592
82802
7321
164914
P50
74120
3706
88031
8091
178811
P51
81622
4081
96300
8566
223103
P52
80771
4039
93312
11374
323633
P53
70372
3519
82024
10331
123613
P54
69006
3450
79511
10743
140145
P55
67691
3385
78959
11750
119066
P56
63570
3179
72089
12332
85187

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Table 7.3.4 Internal force combination result of each piles Pile cap (2500-year return
period transverse input + vertical input)
Dead load
Foundation
Dead load + earthquake load
P (kN)
Q2 (kN)
M3 (kN-m)
P (kN)
Q2 (kN)
M3 (kN-m)
P37
47929
2396
57715
6564
35308
P38
51103
2555
62611
7922
81589
P39
52100
2605
63286
8304
125540
P40
53140
2657
66134
8469
138806
P41
61787
3089
75993
9052
137450
P42
62615
3131
80464
10760
187165
P43
56495
2825
70327
7451
178385
P44
54848
2742
65625
6541
132911
P45
264959
13248
292393
21833
353317
P48
264959
13248
297187
26125
423031
P49
71844
3592
84998
8999
172822
P50
74120
3706
88508
10911
279088
P51
81622
4081
99421
15032
255958
P52
80771
4039
94138
11644
231832
P53
70372
3519
83564
11784
203098
P54
69006
3450
82491
12966
187323
P55
67691
3385
79085
10317
134340
P56
63570
3179
71967
5893
50080

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Table 7.3.6 Checking of bending-resistance capacity of single pile under the worst-case load
(2500-year return period earthquake load)
Foundation
Axial load (kN)
Moment (kN.m)
Bending-resistance
capacity (kN-m)
Bending-resistance
capacity / Moment
P37
2710.63
3912.94
8147.06
2.08
P38
3746.92
6516.12
9380.99
1.45
P39
2143.79
5639.16
10128.96
1.79
P40
3746.92
6516.12
9380.99
1.45
P41
3563.41
6126.55
11437.54
1.85
P42
3449.05
7666.14
8607.10
1.12
P43
3519.03
6207.95
9327.55
1.49
P44
4130.44
5341.62
12712.27
2.38
P45
5320.27
10710.56
16326.56
1.52
P48
5123.20
10885.50
15423.50
1.41
P49
3667.52
6083.97
11578.88
1.89
P50
2558.75
7156.53
8074.31
1.12
P51
3017.85
10021.37
10109.25
1.01
P52
1723.12
7188.65
7443.33
1.03
P53
2865.95
7398.21
10175.44
1.37
P54
2795.23
8027.18
8020.63
1.24
P55
1720.37
6775.47
7516.77
1.11
P56
1777.22
6899.62
9390.73
1.37
Table 7.3.4 and 7.3.5 show the internal force combination result of each piles Pile caps
bottom (dead load + earthquake load) under the 2500-year return period earthquake load in
conditions of longitudinal + vertical direction and transverse + vertical direction. The
bending-resistance capacity of single pile is also given out. The results in tables show that the
pile foundations working performance meet with the earthquake-resistance requirement.

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8
Conclusion
(1) According to above analysis, the structure is working in elastic period under 475-year
recurrence interval (10% in 50 year) earthquake load with longitudinal and vertical input or
transverse and vertical input.
(2) To the 2500-year recurrence interval (2% in 50year) earthquake load, in the longitudinal
direction, all the piers are working in elastic period with longitudinal and vertical input; with the
transverse and vertical input, the piers and structure are also all working in elastic period in the
transverse direction.
(3) To the 475-year recurrence interval (10% in 50year) earthquake load, with the
longitudinal and vertical input, the piles resistance is large than the requirement; with the
transverse and vertical input, the piles resistance is also large than the requirement. To the
2500-year recurrence interval (2% in 50year) earthquake load, the piles resistance is also large
than the requirement; and with the transverse and vertical input, the piles resistance is also large
than the requirement. On in all, the pile is all working in elastic period.

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Reference
[1] Fan Lichu: Earthquake-resistance of bridge. Peoples communications press, November 1997
[2] Fan Lichu, Hu Shide, Ye Aijun: Earthquake-resistance design of large span bridge. Peoples
communications press, July 2001
[3] Fan Lichu, Zhuo Weidong: Ductility earthquake-resistance design of bridge. Peoples
communications press, July 2001
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56

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Earthquake-Response Analys PDF

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Suramadu Bridge, Indonesia

Consortium of Chinese Contractors

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Earthquake-resistance Criteria of Approach Bridge.....................................5

Dynamic Calculation Model .............................................................................6

Dynamic Calculation Model .............................................................................7

Simulation of the Part above Foundation ...............................................................................7

Simulation of Pile Group Foundation ....................................................................................8

Analysis of Dynamic Property........................................................................ 11

Analysis of Dynamic Property at Surabaya Side ................................................................. 11

Analysis of Dynamic Property at Madura side ....................................................................13

Nonlinear Time-History Analysis...................................................................23

Check of Structure Earthquake-resistance Performance............................42

Earthquake-resistance Performance of Main Girder ............................................................42

Earthquake-resistance Performance of Pier .........................................................................43

Check of Earthquake-response and Resistance of Pier ........................................................48

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Fig.1 General arrangement of Suramadu approach bridge

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Fig. 2 Side view of Suramadu approach bridge

Fig. 3 1/2 Transverse arrangement of main girder in Suramadu approach bridge

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Earthquake-resistance Criteria of Approach Bridge

earthquake-resistance method is applied on the earthquake-resistance research of Suramadu

earthquake-resistance and hazard protection;

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

P1: 475 years return

The main structures are in limited

Checking the stress of main

P2: 2500 years return

The main structures are in limited

Checking the limited bearing

Structural checking object

According to characteristic of Suramadu Approach Bridge, the calculation procedure of

Fig. 2.1 the calculation procedure of

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Dynamic Calculation Model

Fig.3.1 Dynamic calculation Graph of the whole bridge

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Conversion density of the first

Line density of the second stage

Table 3.2 Section characteristics of main beam and pier

Continuous main beam 0

Continuous main beam 1

Continuous main beam 2

Continuous main beam 3

Continuous main beam 4

Continuous main beam 5

Continuous main beam 6

Continuous main beam 7

Continuous main beam 8

Continuous main beam 9

V-pier main beam