ABSTRACT

1. The Internet Process Addiction Test: Screening for Addictions to Processes

Facilitated by the Internet
The Internet Process Addiction Test (IPAT) was created to screen for potential
addictive behaviors that could be facilitated by the internet. The IPAT was created with
the mindset that the term "Internet addiction" is structurally problematic, as
the Internet is simply the medium that one uses to access various addictive processes.
The role of the internet in facilitating addictions, however, cannot be minimized. A new
screening tool that effectively directed researchers and clinicians to the specific
processes facilitated by the internet would therefore be useful. This study shows that
the Internet Process Addiction Test (IPAT) demonstrates good validity and reliability.
Four addictive processes were effectively screened for with the IPAT: Online video game
playing, online social networking, online sexual activity, and web surfing. Implications
for further research and limitations of the study are discussed.
Keyword:Internet Addiction

2. Epidemiology of Internet Behaviors and Addiction Among Adolescents in Six

Asian Countries.
Internet addiction has become a serious behavioral health problem in Asia. However,
there are no up-to-date country comparisons. The Asian Adolescent Risk Behavior
Survey (AARBS) screens and compares the prevalence of Internet behaviors
and addiction in adolescents in six Asian countries. A total of 5,366 adolescents aged
12-18 years were recruited from six Asian countries: China, Hong Kong, Japan, South
Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Participants completed a structured questionnaire
on their Internet use in the 2012-2013 school year.Internet addiction was assessed
using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Revised Chen Internet
Addiction Scale (CIAS-R). The variations in Internet behaviors and addiction across
countries were examined. The overall prevalence of smartphone ownership is 62%,

ranging from 41% in China to 84% in South Korea. Moreover, participation in online
gaming ranges from 11% in China to 39% in Japan. Hong Kong has the highest number
of adolescents reporting daily or above Internet use (68%). Internet addiction is
highest in the Philippines, according to both the IAT (5%) and the CIAS-R
(21%). Internet addictive behavior is common among adolescents in Asian countries.
Problematic Internet use is prevalent and characterized by risky cyberbehaviors.

3. Suicide Risk in College Students: The Effects of Internet Addiction and Drug
Use.
This study aims to identify the factors in suicide risk among college students by
examining the direct and indirect effects of drug use, internet addiction, gender, and
alcohol use on suicide risk. The sample of the study is composed of 975 students
studying at different faculties of Ahi Evran University during the academic year 20112012. They were selected through convenience sampling. This study used the
University Form of Risk Behaviors Scale and Internet Addiction Scale as the data
collection instruments. A path analysis was conducted to view the effects of independent
variables on suicide risk. Results showed that college students' suicide risk is predicted
by drug use and Internet addiction; and while gender and alcohol use do not have a
direct significant effect on suicide risk, their indirect effects are significant. According to
these results, suicide risk in university students is predicted by other risk behaviors.
Thus, the importance of demonstrating the causal relationship between risk behaviors is
discussed in the light of literature.

4. Risk Factors of Internet Addiction among Internet Users: An Online

Questionnaire Survey.

Backgrounds: Internet addiction (IA) has become a major public health issue
worldwide and is closely linked to psychiatric disorders and suicide. The present study
aimed to investigate the prevalence of IA and its associated psychosocial and
psychopathological determinants among internet users across different age groups.
Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey initiated by the Taiwan Suicide
Prevention Center. The participants were recruited from the general public who
responded to the online questionnaire. They completed a series of self-reported
measures, including Chen Internet Addiction Scale-revised (CIAS-R), Five-item Brief
Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5), Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), and questions
about suicide and internet use habits. Results: We enrolled 1100 respondents with a
preponderance of female subjects (85.8%). Based on an optimal cutoff for CIAS-R
(67/68), the prevalence rate of IA was 10.6%. People with higher scores of CIAS-R were
characterized as: male, single, students, high neuroticism, life impairment due
to internet use, time for internetuse, online gaming, presence of psychiatric morbidity,
recent suicide ideation and past suicide attempts. Multiple regression on IA showed that
age, gender, neuroticism, life impairment, internet use time, and BSRS-5 score
accounted for 31% of variance for CIAS-R score. Further, logistic regression showed
that neuroticism, life impairment and internet use time were three main predictors for
IA. Compared to those without IA, the internet addicts had higher rates of psychiatric
morbidity (65.0%), suicide ideation in a week (47.0%), lifetime suicide attempts (23.1%),
and suicide attempt in a year (5.1%). Conclusion: Neurotic personality traits,
psychopathology, time for internet use and its subsequent life impairment were
important predictors for IA. Individuals with IA may have higher rates of psychiatric
morbidity and suicide risks. The findings provide important information for further
investigation and prevention of IA

5. Internet addiction, adolescent depression, and the mediating role of life events:
Finding from a sample of Chinese adolescents.
The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of life events in the relation
between Internet addiction and depression using an adolescent sample in China. A

total of 3507 urban adolescent students were asked to complete the questionnaires
including Young's Internet Addiction Scale, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events
Checklist, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Parent-Child
Conflict Tactics Scales, and demographic characteristics. Path analyses
demonstrated that life events fully mediated the relationship between Internet
addiction and adolescent depression. Specificity for the mediating role of life events
was demonstrated in comparison to alternative competing mediation models. The
findings support our hypothesis that the effect of Internet addiction on adolescent
depression is mediated by the life events. Further research is required to test the
temporal relationship between Internet addiction and adolescent depression and
explore mechanisms underlying the pathways leading to adolescent depression

6. Pathological Buying Online as a Specific Form of Internet Addiction: A ModelBased Experimental Investigation.
The study aimed to investigate different factors of vulnerability for pathological
buying in the online context and to determine whether online pathological buying has
parallels to a specific Internet addiction. According to a model of specific Internet
addiction by Brand and colleagues, potential vulnerability factors may consist of a
predisposing excitability from shopping and as mediating variable,
specific Internetuse expectancies. Additionally, in line with models
on addiction behavior, cue-induced craving should also constitute an important
factor for online pathological buying. The theoretical model was tested in this study
by investigating 240 female participants with a cue-reactivity paradigm, which was
composed of online shopping pictures, to assess excitability from shopping. Craving
(before and after the cue-reactivity paradigm) and online shopping expectancies
were measured. The tendency for pathological buying and online pathological
buying were screened with the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the
Short Internet Addiction Test modified for shopping (s-IATshopping). The results
demonstrated that the relationship between individuals excitability from shopping
and online pathological buying tendency was partially mediated by

specific Internet use expectancies for online shopping (models R = .742, p < .001).
Furthermore, craving and online pathological buying tendencies were correlated (r
= .556, p < .001), and an increase in craving after the cue presentation was
observed solely in individuals scoring high for online pathological buying (t(28) =
2.98, p < .01, d = 0.44). Both screening instruments were correlated (r = .517, p < .
001), and diagnostic concordances as well as divergences were indicated by
applying the proposed cut-off criteria. In line with the model for specific Internet
addiction, the study identified potential vulnerability factors for online pathological
buying and suggests potential parallels. The presence of craving in individuals with a
propensity for online pathological buying emphasizes that this behavior merits
potential consideration within the non-substance/behavioral addictions.

7. Psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test in a sample of Malaysian

undergraduate students.\
This study examined the psychometric properties of a bilingual version of
the Internet Addicion Test (IA) (Malay and English) in a sample of undergraduate
students. A total of 104 students from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
participated in this study. Result of Rasch Model analysis on the items of IAT showed
that the 6-point rating scale was the optimal and the unidimensional structure of IAT
was confirmed. The evidences provided by Rasch Model analysis supported that IAT
was a good and reliable instrument to examine psychopathological internetuse
(PIU). The undelying construct of IAT was examined by EFA, which found a sixfactor model as the best fit model (tolerance, time management problems & neglect
of duty, neglect of social life, problematic use & reality substitute, withdraw &
emotional conflict, intentionally concealing behavior, and lack of control). Time spent
online was found to be significantly correlated to each factor subscales of IAT, but
weakly. Factors of lack of control and problematic use & reality substitute were two
salient underlying structures of IAT in this study. A bigger sample size was suggested
to confirm the underlying construct by using CFA in the future study.

8. Internet Addiction Prevalence and Quality of (Real) Life: A Meta-Analysis of 31

Nations Across Seven World Regions.
Internet addiction (IA) has emerged as a universal issue, but its international
estimates vary vastly. This multinational meta-analysis fills this gap by providing
estimates of its global prevalence. Two hypotheses were formulated to explain the
cross-national variations. The accessibility hypothesis predicts that IA prevalence is
positively related to Internet penetration rate and GDP per capita, whereas the
quality of (real) life hypothesis predicts that IA prevalence is inversely related to a
global national index of life satisfaction and specific national indices of environmental
quality. Multiple search strategies were used in an attempt to retrieve all empirical
reports from 1996 to 2012 that adopted the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire
or Internet Addiction Test for assessing generalized IA. The data set comprised
164 prevalence figures derived from 80 reports, including 89,281 participants from
31 nations across seven world regions. A random effects meta-analysis showed a
global prevalence estimate of 6.0% [95% CI 5.1-6.9], with moderate heterogeneity
( I2=44%, p<0.0001). The highest prevalence was in the Middle East with 10.9%
[95% CI 5.4-16.3], and the lowest was in Northern and Western Europe with 2.6%
[95% CI 1.0-4.1]. Moreover, IA prevalence was higher for nations with greater traffic
time consumption, pollution, and dissatisfaction with life in general. The prevalence
rate of IA varies across world regions. IA prevalence is inversely associated with the
quality of life, as reflected by both subjective (life satisfaction) and objective (quality
of environmental conditions) indicators.

9. Comparison of the personality and other psychological factors of students

with internet addiction who do and do not have associated social dysfunction.
Background: There is ongoing controversy about whether or not internet
addiction should be considered a non-substance behavioraladdiction (like
gambling disorder) and, if so, what diagnostic criteria should be used to define the
condition. Current criteria for internet addiction give equal diagnostic weight to the
physiological symptoms and the social consequences of internet addiction. Aim:

Assess the psychological correlates of social dysfunction among individuals

with internet addiction. Methods: A total of 133 students who sought treatment at
the Guangji Psychiatric Hospital from July 2011 to December 2013 for psychological
problems related to excessive internet use and who currently met Young criteria
for internet addiction were identified; 31 of the 38 students who meet rigorous
criteria for concurrentinternet-related social dysfunction and a random sample of 44
of the 95 students without concurrent social dysfunction completed a battery of
psychosocial measures: seven supplementary scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran perceived
parenting scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Trait Coping Style
Questionnaire, and the Symptom Checklist 90. Results: Compared to persons
with internet addiction without accompanying social dysfunction, those with social
dysfunction had higher levels of interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, and paranoia;
lower levels of social responsibility, anxiety, self-control, and family social support;
and they were more likely to employ negative coping strategies. There were
however, no differences in perceived parenting styles between the two groups.
Conclusions: A relatively small proportion of individuals who meet the physiological
markers of internet addictionsimultaneously report significant internet-related
social dysfunction. There are several psychosocial measures that distinguish
persons withinternet addiction who do or do not have concurrent social
dysfunction. Further research is needed to determine whether or not these are two
distinct subtypes of internet addiction and whether or not persons with internet
addiction without concurrent social dysfunction should be classified as suffering
from a 'mental disorder'.
10.Validation and psychometric analysis of the Internet Addiction Test in Spanish
among college students.
The wide use of the Internet in the workplace, academic or social field, can have an
impact on daily life. One of the most used questionnaires worldwide to analyse these
problems is the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Our aim was to validate a Spanish version
of the IAT and analyse its psychometric properties.<bold>Methods: </bold>Population of

study were college students participating in the uniHcos project (Universities of

Granada, Huelva, Jan, Len, Salamanca, and Vigo). The questionnaire was translated
and back-translated by two native English speakers. Reliability of scores was analysed
using Pearson's correlation coefficient and agreement was analysed using the BlandAltman and Kappa techniques. Test dimensions were analysed by exploratory and
confirmatory factor analysis.<bold>Results: </bold>The reliability of scores was good (r
=0.899, Kappa=0.650 and mean difference using Bland-Altman = -3.5). The
psychometric assessment identified two factors (Emotional Investment; Performance
and Time Management) which explained 55 % of the variance (total internal consistency
of 0.91) and only 19 items. The confirmatory analysis showed an acceptable goodness
of fit, especially when items 6 and 8 were related (RMSEA = 0.07 90%IC = 0.06 - 0.08;
WRMR=1.01, CFI=0.96; TLI=0.95). The two dimensions were negatively correlated
with age and positively correlated with time spent online, especially for the purposes of
leisure and entertainment.<bold>Discussion: </bold>The results show good reliability
and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of IAT with a two-dimensional
solution. This result is partially in concordance with previous validations of the IAT in
other languages that have found uni- and multi-dimensional solutions using different
methodologies. Moreover, we want to highlight the possibility that some item of this
questionnaire is outdated due to the technological and lifestyles changes and should be
not taken into account.<bold>Conclusion: </bold>The reliability and psychometric
properties obtained in this study support the conclusion that this Spanish short version
of the IAT represents a useful tool for the analysis of problems arising from misuse of
the Internet.

References:

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SYNTHESIS

Ang paggamit ng internet ay nakakatulong para sa mga ating pang araw-araw

na gawain. Pero kung ito ay aabusihin ay pwedeng magdulot ng masamang epekto sa
katawan o estado sa buhay. Ayon sa survey, ang mga taong inuubos ang kanilang araw
sa internet ay mas nagging masakitin kaysa sa mga taong di nagi-internet. Marami
gumagamit din ng internet para maka-alis sa kanilang kalungkutan, depression, o takot
sa mga bagay. Ang pagiging sobra namam nito ay pwedeng magkaroon ng Carpal
Tunnel Syndrome, pagkasakit ng ulo, di maayos ang pagtulog at pag-ayos sa kanilang
sarili kalusugan

Nakakasira din ng relasyon sa pamilya, kaibigan o karelasyon dahil sa pagiging

adik sa internet. Ang hindi pag-uunawan sa kanilang mga minamahal ay isa sa mga
epekto din ng internet addiction. Madalas sa kanila ay mapag-isa ati iniwasan ang
pagkakapwa tao para maiwasan ang awkwardness. Kaya madalas ang mga ito ay online magdamag kung saan pwede mag resulta ng kawalan ng tiwala at paninindigan sa
karelasyon.

NETWORKING SITES SA MGA KABABAIHAN

Isang Sulating Pananaliksik na Iniharap kay

Propesor Marky Profeta
Kagawaran ng Filipino at Panitikan
Dalubhasaan ng Malalayang Sining at Komunikasyon
Pamantasang De La Salle Dasmarias

Bilang Bahagi ng Pagtupad

Sa mga Pangangailangan para sa Kursong
FILI 102 Pananaliksik tungo sa Pagkatutong Pangkaalaman

RALLIONE BLANCO
BSM13

Introduction

Ang paggamit ng internet ay nakakatulong makipagbigay ng mensahe sa malalayo

natin mga kamg-anak ng mabilis at madali. Subalit sa panahong ito, masyadong
ginagamit ng mga kababaihan ang internet para sa sariling interes o panonood lamang
ng mga movies kung saan na-addict ang mga batang ito paunti-unti. Nakaka-apekto ito
sa pakikihalubilo sa kanilang kapwa. Ang internet addiction din daw ang isa sa mga
dahilan kung bakit nagiging masyadong mataba ang isang tao. Pero kung hihingi tayo
ng tulong sa iba pwede ito malunasan.
Ano ng ba ang internet addiction? Ang web addiction ay maaaring kilalanin bilang isang
tunay na sakit o karamdaman na kumakalat sa kasalukuyan sa ating bansa, halos
240,000 ang mga kabataang biktima. Ngunit paano nga ba makikilala ang sakit an ito?
Anu-ano ang senyales ng pagtama nito sa ating mga anak o kapatid? Ganito sinagot ng
mga eksperto ang katanungan:
Ang syndrome ay mayroong partikular na katangian: ang biktima ay karaniwang
maaayos ang pag-aaral at matataas ang grades ngunit walang kaibigan kundi ang
playstation, computer at internet. Umaabot mula 10 hanggang 12 oras araw-araw sa
kanilang virtual life.
Sa kasamaang palad, hindi pa nababahala ang mga institusyon tungkol dito ngunit ang
social realities na kanilang tinutukoy ay kabilang ang karamdamang ito na lumalawak
clinically araw-araw. Pag nagpatuloy ang ganito ay pwede magresulta ng matinding
sakit sa ulo o kamatayan.
Hindi madali maiwasan nga naman ang internet. Sa dami ng ginagawa at project, di
maiiiwasan gamitin ang internet para matulungan tayo sa araw-araw natin gawain. Pero
bakit ng ba tayo na sumsobra sa paggamit? Dahil sa kalibangan na nabibigay ng
internet maliban sa pag tulong sa atin, nagagawa ng iba ng mas pagtuunan ng pansin
ang internet kaysa sa kanilang mga gawain