Ramces M.

Soliman
2014

Dec.09,

CE-3B
Score_____

Solid Waste in College of Engineering

What is a solid waste?

Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility and other discarded materials including
solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations,
and from community activities, but does not include solid or
dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved
materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges that are
point sources. Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned
materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, and semi-solid or
containerized gaseous material.

Solid Waste found in:

CE faculty room

ME/IE faculty room

waste

ECE/EE faculty room

Papers, plastic bags

Papers,

plastic

bags,

Papers,
bags, scrap wires

Student Center

food
plastic

Plastic bags, plastic bottles,

Empty bottles, empty cans

Cooperative Canteen
plastic

Plastic

bags,

bottles,

Cups, barbeque sticks

Engineering Library

Papers, plastics, Scrap metals

(Staple wires, fastener)

Computer Laboratories
scraps,

Computer

parts,

metal

Scrap wires, broken glass

ME Lab. Room

Junk Vehicle, Scrap metals,

Empty

machinery

cans,

paint

cans,

Car parts

Engineering grounds
dried leaves

Plastic cups, plastic bags,

Papers, Bottles

Ramces M.Soliman
2014

Dec.09,

CE-3B
Score______

Destruction of the Ozone Layer

Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related

phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per
decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer), and a
much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions.
The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. In addition to these wellknown stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar events. The details
of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning but the most
important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The
main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photo dissociation of manmade halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants,
and
foam-blowing
agents (CFCs, HCFCs, freons, halons). These compounds are transported into the
stratosphere after being emitted at the surface. [2] Both types of ozone depletion
have been observed to increase as emissions of halo-carbons increased.CFCs and
other
contributory
substances
are
referred
to
as ozone-depleting
substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths
(280315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's
atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide
concern leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs,
halons,
and
other
ozone-depleting
chemicals
such
as carbon
tetrachloride and trichloroethane. It is suspected that a variety of biological
consequences such as increases in skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and
reduction of plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone may result from the
increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion.
Causes of Ozone Depletion
Scientific evidence indicates that stratospheric ozone is being destroyed by a group
of manufactured chemicals, containing chlorine and/or bromine. These chemicals
are called "ozone-depleting substances" (ODS).
Main Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
o

The most widely used ODS, accounting for over 80% of total
stratospheric ozone depletion.

Used as coolants in refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners in

buildings and cars manufactured before 1995.

Find in industrial solvents, dry-cleaning agents and hospital sterilants.

Halons
o

Used in some fire extinguishers, in cases where materials and

equipment would be destroyed by water or other fire extinguisher
chemicals. In B.C., halons cause greater damage to the ozone layer

than do CFCs from automobile air conditioners.

Methyl Chloroform
o

Used mainly in industry for vapor degreasing, some aerosols, cold

cleaning, adhesives and chemical processing.

Carbon Tetrachloride

o Used in solvents and some fire extinguishers.

Hydro fluorocarbons (HCFCs)
o

HCFCs have become major, transitional substitutes for CFCs. They

are much less harmful to stratospheric ozone than CFCs are. But HCFCs
they still cause some ozone destruction and are potent greenhouse
gases.

Ramces M. Soliman
2014
CE-3B
Score______

Dec.09,

Greenhouse Effects

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a

planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated
in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the
lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature
above what it would be in the absence of the gases. Solar radiation at the
frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the
planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies
of infrared thermal radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases,
which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere.
The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through glass
and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is fundamentally different as
a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm air inside the structure
so
that
heat
is
not
lost
by convection.
If
an
ideal
thermally
conductive blackbody were the same distance from the Sun as the Earth is, it would
have a temperature of about 5.3 C. However, since the Earth reflects about 30% of
the incoming sunlight, this idealized planet's effective temperature (the temperature
of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation) would be about 18
C.The surface temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 C below Earth's actual
surface temperature of approximately 14 C.The mechanism that produces this
difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is
due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect. Earths natural
greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible. However, human activities,
primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the
natural greenhouse effect; causing warming. The man-made (or anthropogenic)
component of the greenhouse effect is caused by mans activities that emit
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The most important of these is the burning of
fossil fuels. Fossil fuels contain carbon, and when they are burnt this carbon
combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide. Changes in land
use are also important sources of greenhouse gas emissions. For example

deforestation results in the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere that was
previously stored on the Earths surface in the form of trees and other vegetation, or
locked up in soils. We emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in enormous quantities
because we burn so much fossil fuel and the changes in land use that we have
implement are so widespread. This is why carbon dioxide is the most important gas
in the man-made component of the greenhouse effect.

Causes of Greenhouse Effect

Burning of Fossil Fuels

Deforestation
Increase in population
Farming
Industrial Waste and Landfills