Sutra: International Journal of Mathematical Science Education,

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009

32

Useful Mathematical Symbols

Symbol

What it is

How it is read

How it is used

Sample expression

Addition sign
Logical OR symbol

... plus ...

... or ...

Sum of a few
values
Logical
disjunction

2+6=8
(A + B) = A * B

Multiplication sign
Logical AND symbol

... times ...

... and ...

Product of two
values
Logical
conjunction

2 x 6 = 12
(A * B) = A + B

Multiplication sign

... times ...

Product of two
values

4x2=8

Multiplication sign

... times ...

Product of two
values

42=8

summation sign

The summation of
...

Sum of many or
infinitely many
values

Integral sign

The integral of ...

integration

double integral
sign

The double integral

of ...

integration

Triple integral sign

The triple integral

of ...

integration

Line integral sign

The line integral of

...

integration

Surface integral sign

The surface
integral of ...

integration

Subtraction sign
Minus sign

... minus ...

Negative...

Difference of two
values,
negative number

2 - 6 = -4

Plus/minus sign

... plus or minus ...

Expression of
range,
error, or tolerance

540 kbps 10%

Dot product sign

... dot ...

Scalar (dot)
product
of two vectors

A B= B A

Cross product sign

... cross ...

Vector (cross)
product
of two vectors

A x B = - (B x A)

Product sign

The product of ...

Product of three
up to
infinitely many
values

Carat

... to the power of

...

exponent

x dx = x /3
+c

f(x,y) dx dy
f(x,y,z) dx dy
dz
F dx
F(x,y,z) dx dy

2 ^ 4 = 16

Sutra: International Journal of Mathematical Science Education,

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009

33

Exclamation

... factoriall

Product of all
positive
integers up to a
certain value

surd

... root of ...

Algebraic
expressions

square root
symbol

The square root of

...

Algebraic
expressions

...

Continuation sign

... and so on up to
...
... and so on
indefinitely

Extension of
sequence

S = {1, 2, 3, ...}

Slash

... divided by ...

... over ...

Division

3/4 = 0.75

Division sign

... divided by ...

Division

3 4 = 0.75

Percent symbol

... percent ...

Proportion

0.032 = 3.2

Per mil symbol

... per mil ...

Proportion

0.032 = 32

... is to ...
... such that ...
... it is true that ...

Division or ratio ,
symbol following
logical quantifier
or
used in defining a
set

3! = 6

z=

(x + y)

4 = 2

2:4 = 20:40

Colon,
ratio sign

x : x > 4 and x < 5

x : x < 0 or x > -1
S = {x : x < 3}

::

Vertical line

Double colon

... such that ...

...it is true that ...

Symbol following
logical quantifier
or
used in defining a
set

... averaged with ... arithmetic mean

x | x > 4 and x < 5

x | x < 0 or x > -1
S = {x | x < 3}
3 :: 11 = 7

lemniscate

... infinity
... increases
without limit

Infinite
summations
Infinite sequence
Limit

( )

Parentheses

...quantity...
...list...
...set of
coordinates...
...open interval

Denotes a
quantity, list,
set of
coordinates, or
an
open interval

(x + y) + z
(a1, a 2, a3, a4)
(x,y,z)
(3,5)

[ ]

Square brackets

... the quantity ...

... the closed
interval ...

Denotes a
quantity or a
closed interval

w + [(x + y) + z]
[2,4]

( ]

Hybrid brackets

... the half-open

interval ...

Denotes a
half-open interval

(2,4]

[ )

Hybrid brackets

... the half-open

interval ...

Denotes a
half-open interval

[2,4)

{ }

Curly brackets

... the quantity ...

... the set ...

Denotes a
quantity or a set

E = {2, 4, 6, 8, ...}

x : x <

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Sutra: International Journal of Mathematical Science Education,

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009

<

>

Equal sign

... equals ...

Indicates two
values
are the same

Proportionality sign

... is proportional to
...

Indicates two
variables
change in direct
proportion

Similarity sign

... is similar to ...

Indicates two
objects are
geometrically
similar

Approximate
equal sign

... is approximately
equal to ...

Indicates two
values are
close to each
other

Inequality sign

... is not equal to ...

Indicates two
values
are different

Inequality sign

... is less than ...

Indicates value
on left
is smaller than
value on right

2<4
x<y

Inequality sign

... is less than or

equal to ...
... is at most equal
to ...

Indicates value
on left
is smaller than or
equal to
value on right

x y

Inequality sign

... is greater than ...

Indicates value
on left
is larger than
value on right

4>1
x>y

... is greater than

or equal to ...

Indicates value
on left
is larger than or
equal to
value on right

x y

The absolute value

of ...

Distance of value
from
origin in number
line,
plane, or space

| -5 | = 5

Triangle symbol

the change in ...

triangle ...

Indicates a small
change,
Denotes vertices
of triangle

Perpendicularity
symbol

... is perpendicular
to ...

Geometry

Parallel symbol

... is parallel to ...

Geometry

L // M

angle symbol

Angle ...

Geometry

Existential quantifier

For some ...

There exists a(n) ...

Logical
statements

Universal quantifier

For all ...

For every ...

Logical
statements

Inequality sign

| |

absolute value sign

increment sign,

//

-(-6) = 6
2
2z + 4z - 6 = 0

ABC ~ DEF

x+y

m= y/ x
ABC = DEF

ABC =

DEF

x : x > 4 and x < 5

x : x < 0 or x > -1

Sutra: International Journal of Mathematical Science Education,

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009

Logical negation
symbol

not ...

Logical
statements

(A)

... implies ...

If ... then ...

Logical
statements

... is logically
equivalent to ...
... if and only if ..

Logical
statements

... therefore ...

... it follows that ...

Logical
statements or
mathematical
proofs

Element-of
symbol

... is an element of
a set ...

Sets

a A

Not-element-of
symbol

... is not an
element of
a set ...

Sets

b A

Subset symbol

... is a subset of ...

Sets

Proper subset
symbol

... is a proper
subset of ...

Sets

Union symbol

... union ...

Sets

A B=B A

Intersection symbol

... intersect ...

... intersected with
...

Sets

A B=B A

Null symbol

The null set

The empty set

Sets

Hebrew aleph
(uppercase)

Aleph ...

Transfinite
cardinal

Degree symbol

... degree(s)

Angular measure
Temperature

= 45
T = +20 C

Greek theta
(lowercase)

... theta ...

Angular variable

= 90

Greek phi
(lowercase)

... phi ...

Angular variable

= 45

logical implication
symbol

logical
equivalence
symbol

Three dots

35

x = y and y = z
x=z

={}
1

wavelength

Ratio
Eigenvalue
Lebesgue
measure

Greek lambda
(lowercase)

... lambda ...

= 70 cm
= 3:1

Greek mu
(lowercase)

micro- (10 -6)

prefix multiplier

C = 0.001 F

Greek pi
(lowercase)

... pi ...

General science

3.14159

Greek omega
(uppercase)

... omega ...

Volume of an
object
Ohms
(resistance)

Greek omega
(lowercase)

... omega ...

Transfinite ordinal
Angular velocity
Period

R2 = 330

= 36,000 rad/s
= 1/60 s

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Sutra: International Journal of Mathematical Science Education,

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009

,N

Enhanced or bold N

The set of natural

numbers

Number theory
Set theory

= {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

,Z

Enhanced or bold Z

The set of integers

Number theory
Set theory

= {0, 1, -1, 2, -2,

3, -3, ...}

,Q

Enhanced or bold Q

The set of rational

numbers

Number theory
Set theory

=
{a/b | a and b are
in }

,R

Enhanced or bold R

The set of real

numbers

Number theory
Set theory

What is the
cardinality of ?