(CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING )

A
Practical Training Report

Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award Of

The Degree Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

SUBMITTED BY

(September, 2016-17)

PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

DECLARATION

I Here By Declare That, I Have Successfully Completed My Practical/Summer Training From.

On residential building Construction

Signature of the Student

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly I Would Like To Thank PIYUSH JAWERIYA (Director, Pacific Institute Of
Technology) For Meticulously Planning Academic Curriculum In Such A Way That Students
Are Not Only Academically Sound But Also Technologically Ready By Including Such
Industrial Training Patterns.
I Express My Immense Pleasure And Deep Sense Of Gratitude To MR. NARENDRA SINGH
JI (Chief Engineer, archi buildmart) And All Workers Structural For Spending Their Valuable
Time With Me And Also Helped Me In Completion Of Task.
I Would Also Like To Acknowledge And My Heartfelt Gratitude To MRS. KETKI
MOONDRA (Head Of Department, Civil Engineering) & All The Faculty Of Civil
Department Who Continuously Supported Me In Every Possible Way, From Initial Advice To
Encouragement Till This Date.
Last But Not The Least; I Am Extremely Grateful To All The Technical Staff Of archi
buildmart pvt. Ltd Limited For Their Co-Operation And Guidance That Helped Me A Lot
During The Course Of Training. I Have Learnt A Lot Working Under Them And I Will Always
Be Indebted Of Them For This Value Addition In Me.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
Acknowledgement

Abstract

ii

List of Tables

iii

List of Figures

iv

CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION
Introduction of company

CHAPTER - II TECHNICAL CONTENT (WORK)

Site Clearance
Demarcation of Site
Positioning of Central
Excavation
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
LAYING OF FOUNDATION
CEMENT

CHAPTER - III RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER - IV CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
2
3
4

Title
Time Period of Formwork.
Vibrating Needle with Thickness.
Design Mix M20 Proportions.
Development Lengths of Steel Bars
and Its Weight.

Page No.

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Title

Page No.

1
2
3

Brick Masonry (1:6)

False Work To The Slab
Formwork Of Column (Block)

3.1

Formwork of Column

Cross Section View of Stair Case Formwork.

Elevation of Stair Case Formwork

Formwork of Stair Case Formwork

RMC Roller

Horizontal Shuttering Of Slab

Ballies below Wood Planks

10

Joint of One Pipe to Another

11

Placing of Material and Shifting

12

Placing of Material and Shifting

(By Vibrator)

13

Electric Needle Vibrator

14

Plaining the Surface by Wood Scale

LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS
SHORT TERM

FULL FORM

RMC

Ready Mix Concrete

RCC

Reinforced Cement Concrete

PVT

Private

MM

Mille Meters

DIA

Diameters

KG

kilo gram

HYSD

high yield strength deform bar

TMT

thermo mechanical therapy

ABSTRACT
This Report Is A Summer Internship Report Submitted In Partial Fulfilment Of
Requirement For The Degree Of Bachelor Of Technology In Civil Engineering As Per
Norms Of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. I visited On the Site of Bhumikesh
builders. For Construction Of The College Campus Structure, Aishwarya College At
New RTO Adarsh Nagar, Udaipur In My Training Period And Technical Knowledge
During The Course, After Which I Am Able Compile This Report. This Report Consist
Of Brief Study And Description Of Construction Of Column & Beam Slab Casting,
Brickwork, RMC,RCC, Steel Types, Formwork, Shuttering And Its Procedure Used At
Site For Construction Of An Interchange. I Have Put My Best To Elaborate The Actual
Site Conditions, And Problem Faced At Site And The Tactics Used To Deal With Them.
The Main Objective Of This Project Is To Construct The Accurate Structure By Using
Indian Standard Codes. The Report Also Covers The Fundamental Aspects Of Practical
Requirement Such As Safety, Feasibility And Economy At Site. In This Report The
Objective Was To Introduce, Wherever Necessary, Material Which Embodies The Most
Recent Methodologies.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY: Bhumikesh builders Is the Private Construction Company Which Is Situated After 2005
In Udaipur (Rajasthan).This Company Construct the Complexes and Residential
Buildings As well As Institutional Buildings.
This Company Construct The Buildings In Good Manner And Construct The Buildings
By I.S. Codes By Using Measured Amount Of Materials.

This Company Have Working Experience Of 10 Years.

RUNNING PROJECTS OF COMPANY: The Running Projects Of This Company Is Construction Of College Campus With
Hostels Also, Which Is Going To Called New Aishwarya College Nearby New RTO,
Adarsh Nagar. The Land Area Of This Campus Is 13 Bighas Or 226930.08 Sq. Feet.
This Campus Is 4 Storey Building Consist Of the Three Blocks A, B, &C and Our
Hostels H1, H2, H3 &H4 Including Garden and Basket Court, Volley Ball Court.

Another Project Of This Company Is Behind DPS School Where The Residential
Building Is Constructing And The Building Is 6 Storey Including Different Area Land
Flats.

BUDGETS OF COMPANY: The Budget Of Aishwarya College Project Is Around 20-25 Crores Including All
Construction And Finishing Works.

CHAPTER II

PRESENT WORK:-

BRICK MASONRY: Masonry Is The Building Of Structures From Individual Units Laid In And Bound
Together By Mortar; The Term Masonry Can Also Refer To The Units Themselves. The
Common Materials Of Masonry Construction Are Brick, Building Stones Such As
Marble, Granite, And Limestone, Cast Stone, Concrete Block, Glass Block. Masonry
Is Generally Highly Durable Form Of Construction. However, The Materials Used, The
Quality Of The Mortar And Workmanship, And The Pattern In Which The Units Are
Assembled Can Significantly Affect The Durability Of The Overall Masonry
Construction. A Person Who Constructs Masonry Is Called A Mason Or Bricklayer. The
Ratio Of Cement And Sand Is 1:6 at site of The Aishwarya College. The Masonry
Commonly Used For the Wall of Buildings, Retaining Walls.

ADVANTAGES OF BRICK MASONRY: - The Advantage of Brick

Masonry Are As Follows;

The Use Of Material Such As Bricks And Stones Can Increase The Thermal

Mass Of A Building And Can Protect The Building From Fire.

Masonry Is Non-Combustible Product
Masonry Walls Are More Resistant To Projectiles, Such As Debris From

Hurricanes And Tornadoes.

Bricks Are Fire Resisting Material.
Masonry Structures Built In Compression Preferably With Lime Mortar Can
Have A Useful Life Of More Than 500 Years As Compared To 30 To 100 For
Steel Or Reinforced Concrete.

FIGURE-1 BRICK MASONARY (1:6)

FALSEWORK:False work is Temporary Structure or Framework Used in Construction to Support

Materials, Equipment, and Or Formwork. Most False work is Vertical, Supporting
Beams and Slabs. False work must be Engineer Designed.
As Well As Supporting the Weight, Allowance Must Be Made For Sideway Pressures
Such As Wind, Stacks of Materials Causing Eccentric Loading, Props Out Of Plumb,
Formwork Being Struck By Machinery or Crane Loads. False work can be:

Timber;
Scaffold Tube with Adjustable Screw Jacks, Top or Bottom, Or Both;

Proprietary Prop Such As Acrow Prop;

FIGURE-2 FALSE WORK TO THE SLAB

Proprietary Braced Frame Such As Acrow Shore;

Proprietary Floor Centre (A Telescopic Beam);

Proprietary Beam Clamps Such As Acrow Beam Clamp Which Combines

Formwork and False work.

SETTING UP FALSEWORK:
Base Must Be Level And Firm. A Sole Plate Is Preferable;
Props and Frames Must Be Placed As Per Design;
Place Props Centrally Under Members;
Brace False Work in Two Directions;
Floor Centres Must Have Full Bearing for the End Tongues;
Beams Must Be Centred Over Props To Prevent Eccentric (Out Of Line)
Loading.

FORMWORK: -

The Formwork Is The Term Given Either Temporary Or Permanent Moulds Into Which
Concrete Or Similar Materials Are Poured. In The Context of Concrete Construction, the
false work supports the Shuttering Moulds. The formwork shall be designed and
constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid during placing and compaction of concrete,
and shall be such as to prevent loss of slurry from the concrete. Three General Principles
Govern Formwork Design And Construction:

Quality Accuracy of the Concrete Shape and the Final Finished Surface Quality.
Safety Strength of the Formwork Structure. Personal Safety of People, both

Carpenters and the Public.

Economy The Structural Frame Is Usually The Most Significant Cost Component,
A dominant And Critical Factor In the time of Construction.

TYPES OF FORMWORK:

Vertical Formwork To Columns, Walls, Beams.

Soffit Formwork to Slabs (Props Refixed Just After Removal of Formwork).
Flexible formwork.
Soffit Formwork to Beams (Props Refixed Just After Removal of Formwork).
Props to slabs.
Props to Beams and Arches.

FIGURE-3 FORMWORK OF COLUMN (BLOCK)

FIGURE-3.1 FORMWORK OF COLUMN

 STAIR FORMWORK: - Points to Consider When Designing Stair Form

Work Which Is As Follows Stair Formwork Must Support The Weight Of Concrete. The Weight Of The
Throat Of The Stair And The Steps Will Have To Be Supported.
Because Of The Slope Of The Stair, Some Of The Force Is Transmitted Sideways.
All Formwork Must Be Well Tied Together To Prevent Sideway Movement.
Consider The Finish Of The Stair Treads And Type Of Nosing. Space May Have
To Be Left For Purpose Made Nosing.

FIGURE -4 CROSS SECTION VIEW OF STAIR CASE FORMWORK.

FIGURE-5 ELEVATION OF STAIR CASE FORMWORK

FIGURE-6 FORMWORK OF STAIR CASE FORMWORK

STAIR FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION: Sheathing Can Be Dressed Boards Laid Across Or Longitudinally Or Use
Sheet Material Such As Plywood Or Particle Board.
Dressed Boards May Have Sheet Material Fixed On Top To Prevent Loss Of
Grout.
Joists And Bearers Must Be Spaced To Avoid Undue Sagging Of Any Part Of
The Structure. Select Timber Carefully To Avoid Weaknesses Caused By Knots
Or Cross Grain.
Vertical Struts Must Have A Means Of Height Adjustment And Be Very
Securely Fixed To The Bearers To Prevent Sideways Movement.

 Place and Fix Riser Boards Accurately. For Safety All Steps Must Be The
Same Size.
Ensure That All Reinforcing Steel Is Placed Exactly As Shown On The
Drawings. Misplacing the Steel, Particularly In depth, Can Alter the Strength of
the Finished Stair. Ensure Adequate Cover On Exterior Stairs.
Place Inserts for Balusters and Nosing Pieces as Required.

STRIKING, MAINTENANCE, STORAGE OF FORMWORK:

Striking: - As column and beam side formwork will be removed before beam
and slab soffit formwork, provision must be made for easy removal and in the
correct order. If beam and slab soffit formwork is to be removed before the
concrete has achieved working strength, permanent propping or shoring is
required. Take care to avoid damage to formwork which is to be re used. Eight
or more uses may be obtained from timber formwork.

Maintenance: - Clean forms with stiff brush and clean cold water. Use scrapers
only as a last resort. Keep forms well oiled to prevent delaminating of plywood
or rusting of steel and always oil the edges.

Storage of forms: - Any formwork with steel components should be stored in

the dry. Avoid direct sunlight on timber forms. Store clear of the ground without
twist or bend, and keep free of dirt.

STRIKING TIME PERIOD OF FORMWORK: There Are Different Time Periods of Placing the Formwork Or Temporary
Supports to the Structure And This Time Periods Is Shown By the Upcoming
Table Which Is Followed as;

MINIMUM
S.NO.

TYPE OF FORMWORK

TIME PERIOD
BEFORE
STRIKING
FORMWORK

1
2

Vertical Formwork To Columns, Walls, Beams.

Soffit Formwork To Slabs (Props Refixed Just After

16-24 Hours
3 Days

Removal Of Formwork).
Soffit Formwork To Beams (Props Refixed Just

7 Days

After Removal Of Formwork).

Props To Slabs: a) Spanning up to 4.5 m.
b) Spanning over 4.5 m.

7 Days
14 Days

Props to Beams and Arches

a) Spanning up to 6 m.
b) Spanning over 6 m.

14 Days
21 Days

TABLE NO - 1 TIME PERIOD OF FORMWORK

SHUTTERING:-

 Shuttering Is The Term Given To Either Temporary Or Permanent Moulds Into

Which Concrete Or Similar Materials Are Poured. In The Context Of Concrete
Construction, The False Work Supports The Shuttering Moulds. Three General
Principles Govern Formwork Design And Construction:
Quality Accuracy of the Concrete Shape and the Final Finished Surface Quality.
Safety Strength of the Formwork Structure. Personal Safety of People, both
Carpenters and the Public.
Economy The Structural Frame Is Usually The Most Significant Cost Component,

A dominant And Critical Factor In the time of Construction.

SHUTTERING OF COLUMN: - The different Characteristics of

Thickness Are used In the Shuttering of Column. Formwork Tolerances and
Variations in Alignment.
Columns Up To 3m High - 6 mm
Piers 3m To 6m - 10 mm
Walls Above 6 M - 18 mm
Variations From Level 6 mm In 6m - 10 mm Max.
Variations From Plan Position
6 M Bay - 12 mm.
Over 6m bay - 25mm.
(Not to encroach over boundary.)

Variations in size and position of openings, sleeves - 6 mm.

SHUTTERING OF BEAM: - Design and Construction of Beam

Formwork Are As Follows Beam Soffit Must Be Thickened Timber Or Strengthened Plywood.
Beam Sides 18mm Plywood Or 25mm Boards, With Studs (Cleats) At 500 To
600mm Centres.
Deep Beams (Over 600mm) Should Have Walers And Ties.
Props Or False Work Must Be Placed Under The Head Tree, Or Under The
Bearers, And Must Be Spaced To Suit The Weight Of Concrete.
Use Angle Fillets In The Beam Side To Soffit Joint Where Possible.
Allowance Must Be Made For Height Adjustment Of The Props Or False
Work.
Erection Sequence For Constructing Beam Formwork Includes:
Position of Sole Plates;

 Marking Out and Setting Heights for False Works;

Assemble and Position Props, Adjustable Head Jacks, False Works, Bearers
and Spreaders;
Construct and Erect Side Walls and Beam Soffit;
Position of Sole Plates.
The Purpose Of A Sole Plate Is To Transfer Vertical Load From One Vertical
Support Member To The Foundation. The Vertical Support Requires A Base
Plate Fitted To Help Distribute The Load To The Sole Plate, Which Is Usually A
Sleeper. If The Sole Plate Is Positioned On Natural Ground, It Is Important The
Ground Is Graded And Consolidated To A Level Surface. The Objective Is To
Achieve Maximum Bearing Beneath The Sole Plate. Once Sole Plates Are
Positioned And Firmly Bedded They Should Be Checked For Level.

SHUTTERING OF SLABS: - Design And Construction Of Slab

Formwork As A Number Of Collapses Have Occurred When Pouring Suspended
Slabs, Careful Attention Must Be Given To The Overall Support System. Unless
Using A Proprietary Or Well Proven System, Engineer Design Is Required.
Decking Will Probably Be Plywood Sheets Or Shutters, But Boards And Joists
Could Be Used. Thick Sheets Of Fibre Cement Are Also Suitable. Props And
Other False Work Must Be Perfectly Plumb At The Time Of Pouring The
Concrete. All Props And False Work Must Be Tied Together And Braced.
Proprietary Bearers In Timber Or Steel Are Often Used As Their Bearing
Capacity Is Easily Determined. Consideration Must Be Given To The Order Of
Striking, And the Installation of Permanent or Back Propping.

MARKING OUT AND SETTING HEIGHTS FOR FALSE

WORKS: Mark Out The Position Of Props And Other False Work Supports On The Top Of
The Sole Plates.
Measure The Height From The Sole Plate To The Top Of The Column And Mark
The Height Onto A Storey Rod.

Deduct The Thickness Of Beam Soffit Depth Of Joist And The Depth Of Bearer
From The Overall Height. This Provides The Height to Set Steel Props and Other
False Work Support Systems.
Adjust The False Work Systems To Lengths Determined From The Story Rod.
Assemble and Position Props, Adjustable Head Jacks, False Works, Bearers and
Spreaders
This Task Normally Involves Working In Pairs. It Is Important To Bear In Mind
the Safety Required To Assemble Props And Temporary Support Systems. Often
Continuous Or Mobile Scaffolding Are Used To Help Erect The False Work System.
Lay Out Lengths Of Bearers On Each Side Of The Columns. Joints Should Be
Staggered.
Position The Scaffold At Each End Of The Bearer.
Carefully Position Bearers into the Centre of Prop or False Work U Head. Use
Centralising Packers Nailed To U Head.
Repeat This Procedure On The Other Side.
Plumb Supports Both Ways And Nail Spreaders At Each End Hard Against the
Column Face. This Is To Prevent Movement.
Secure Props And False Work At U Head And Sole Plate.
Place Spreaders in Position at Required Spacing.
Position, Plumb And Fix Intermediate Props.

CHECK THE FOLLOWING: - The Some Things to Check before

Casting.
Bearers Are Positioned and Set In Line and Adjusted To the Correct Level.

Sole Plates Are Bedded Firmly And Positioned Central To The Bearer.
All Bearer Supports Are Plumb.
Bearer Joins Are Supported.
Bearers Are Seated Centrally In U Heads.
Supports Spaced As Specified and Are Firmly Fixed At the Head and Bearing
Plate.
All Supports Are Horizontally and Diagonally Braced.

FIXING THE SHEETING: If Using Form ply For Sheeting, Its Important to Avoid Damaging the Edges of
sheets.

 By Sealing The Edges Of Sheets You Will Prevent Swelling.

Position The First Row Of Sheeting Straight And Square, This Will Make Fitting
The Remainder Simpler.
Fix Intermediate Sheeting.
Nail Off Sheets, Seal And Install Any Bevelled Trim Required To External And \
Internal Corners.
Some Specifications Require Surface Tape To Be Applied Over Butt Joints.
Check That Joints Are Sealed, Level And Tight.
Intersections At Edge Beam Formwork Are Planed Flat.
Sheeting Is Fixed As Specified.

PREPARATION FOR CONCRETE:Tasks To Be Completed Before The Concrete Is Cast Include:

Clearing the Decking Of All Debris;
Marking Out For Reinforcing;
Apply a Release Agent to Sheeting;
Check Site Documentation and With Subcontractors to Accommodate Sleeves,
Penetrations and Conduit for Services;
Fix Reinforcing Steel In Accordance With Structural Details;
Final Clean And Inspection Required.

R.C.C.:

INTRODUCTION: - The Concrete Is The Mixture Of Cement, Sand, Water And

Aggregate In A Certain Proportion With Steel Bars By A Known Method Is Termed As
Reinforcement Cement Concrete.

OBJECTIVES: - There Are Some Objectives Of Reinforced Cement Concrete.

Explain Reinforcement Cement Concrete;

Explain Why, Reinforced Cement Concrete Cover Is Provided And Where It Is;
Describe The Behavior Of RMC In Concrete Used In Large Scale;
Take Precautionary Measures In Placing Reinforced Cement Concrete;
Describe Preparation Of Form Work For Construction Of Reinforced Cement

concrete;
Concrete Structure;
Explain The Points To Be Remembered In Removing Of Form Work Used In

Reinforced Cement Concrete Structure.

STEPS OF PLACING REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE: The RCC Is Just Placed After The Procedure Of Shuttering, Formwork, False
Work,

Centring.
After The Work Of Reinforcement Works Like Placing The Steel Grids.
It Is Also Placing After the Placing the Cover Blocks To the Slabs.
It Can Be Placed By Manually As Well As By Machinery Also.

R.M.C.: INTRODUCTION: - Ready Mix Concrete Is That Which Is Delivered To The

Customer In A Fresh Mixed And Under Hardened State. Due To The Ability To
Customize Its Properties For Different Applications And Its Strength And Durability To
Withstand A Wide Variety Of Environmental Conditions, RMC Is The Most Versatile
And Popular Building Materials. Concrete Normally Sets Or Hardens Within Two To
Twelve Hours After Mixing And Continues To Gain Strength For Months Even Years If
It Is Properly Cured During The First Few Days.

FIGURE - 7 RMC ROLLER (GR BUILDERS, KAVITA, UDAIPUR

WHY USE RMC: - Concrete, In Its Freshly Mixed State, Is A Plastic Workable
Mixture That Can Be Cast Into Virtually Any Desired Shape. The Properties Of

Concrete Can Be Customized For Almost Any Application To Serve In Wide Variety Of
Extreme Environments. Concrete Is A Very Economical Building Material That Can
Serve Its Function For Several Years With Minimum Maintenance, Provided With
Proper Mixture Relative To The Application And Established Construction Practice Are
Used. A Wide Variety Of Options With Colour, Texture And Architectural Detail Are
Available To Enhance The Aesthetic Quality Of The Concrete Application.

HOW TO ORDER RMC: - For Ordering The RMC, The Area Is Required Where
It Is To Be Placed. In The Procedure To Order RMC The Aggregate Size And Its Type,
Amount And Type Of The Admixture, Amount Of Sand: Cement: Water And The Main
Important Thing Is Proportion Of The Grade Of Cement. The One RMC Roller Is Cover
The 12 Cubic Yards Or It Covers The Area Of 6 Cubic Meters.

CASTING OF SLAB, BEAM AND COLUMN: For Casting of Slab, Beam Or Column, There Is A Requirement Of Form Work, Which
Should Be Covered From Four Sides To Retain The Concrete. For Casting Of Slab,
Shuttering Is Also Required. Form Work and Shuttering Are Done By Plywood or Steel
Plates (Panels) Where An Arch Is Provided In Wall. Form Work Is Done According To
the Curve of the Arch, Which Is Known As Centering The Wooden Planks or Steel
Panels Used As Mould, In Which Concrete Is Poured And The Stand Of Ballies
(Bamboos) Or Steel Posts Is Known As Shuttering. It Is Provided Till Concrete Get
Hardened To Bear Loads. The Diameter of Ballies Should Not Be Less than 100 Mm
and At Extreme 80 Mm. Ballies Should Be Provided At The Distance of the Column
and Should Be Placed Straight. Wooden Planks of Size 40 40 Cm. are Provided at The
Bottom of Ballies. The Following Figure Gives The Description About The Horizontal
Shuttering And The Steel Plates Are Used For Making The Surface Of The Roof And
The Steel Plates Are Used To Fill The Concrete In It That The Steel Plates Can Resist
The Concrete And The Shuttering Can Resist The Moisture And Hold The Ratio Of
Water. The Plates Are Provided To The Beams & Columns And These Plates Are
Differently Provided To The Different Spaces For Placing The Concrete And Steel
Plates Hold The Column As Well.

FIGURE- 8 HORIZONTAL SHUTTERING OF SLAB

Shuttering Should Be Kept At the Middle (4 Mm in a Meter Span) To Hold Concrete

Not below the Horizontal Level When Settled With their own Weight.
When Shuttering Is Provided At Projected Portion (Known as Cantilever), It Is Kept
Little Up At Projected Portion (1 in 50) So That After Removing The Shuttering,
Hardened Concrete Becomes Horizontal. Wooden Planks Used For Shuttering Should
Not Be Made Of Too Dry or Green Wood Because It Will Absorb Water from Concrete
Leaving the Slab Base Uneven And Disfigured. Provision Are Given For Lights and
Fans In The Form Of Small Steel Box.

FIGURE- 9 BALLIES BELOW WOOD PLANKS

PROCESS FOR FILLING THE MATERIAL INTO SLAB

BEAM AND COLUMN: After The Completion Of Formwork, Shuttering, Electric Line Work The Oil Is
Polished On The Whole Surface Of Reinforcement The Following Steps Done For
Placing Which Is As Follows:1. OILING AND WATER SPRINKLING BEFORE 2 HOURS: - Before
The Slab Filling The Oil Is Polished Before 1 Or 2 Days Before Casting Of
Material. Reason Behind Polishing The Oil Is That The Shuttering Can Be Take Out
Easily. Other Is Water Sprinkling Is Done Before 1 To 2 Hours Before Filling The
Material And It Is Done For The Material Can Grip Easily And Maintain The
Moisture.

2. JOINT THE CONCRETE PIPES: - First Steps Is That Before The Rmc
Roller Will Arrived On The Site, The Concrete Pipe Can Joint Or Attached To Each
Other And Will Connect To The Concrete Pump So That The Material Can Push By
The Pump And Can Send The Material To The Upper Part Of The Roof Where The

Concrete Is To Be Placed. And Check The Pipe After Attaching By Pushing The
Material That The Joint Is Responding Correctly.

FIGURE- 10 JOINT OF ONE PIPE TO ANOTHER

3. PUTTING THE MATERIAL ON SLAB, BEAM, AND COLUMN: After The Above Procedure 1&2, The Material Is Placing To The Slab, Beam As
Well As To Chajja Or Cantilever Also. The Material Is Placed On The Slab And The
Material Will Shift By The Workers Which Is Present On The Site When The Slab Is
Filling Than The Material Will Separated By The Workers And Material Will Fill
Correctly. The Important Thing Is In Slab Filling Is Using The Vibrator For Setting
Of Material Equally And Distribute Correctly. This is one of the important processes
for casting of filling the material.

FIGURE-11 PLACING OF MATERIAL AND SHIFTING

4. USE OF VIBRATER: - For Placing the Concrete Correctly without Any type
of Voids. The Vibrator Is Also Used For The Compaction Of Concrete Also. There
Are Two Types Of Vibrators.
a. Petrol Vibrator.
b. Electric Needle Vibrator.
The Vibrator Is Used for Removing the Water Voids as well As Air voids Which Is
Filled by Using the Vibrator. The Vibrator Is Used For 6-8 Seconds At A Point And
Filled The Voids By Vibrating The Needle Of Vibrator By Itself. The Needle Sizes
Are 50 Mm, 60 Mm And 70 Mm. On The Most Of The Sites The Electric Needle
Vibrator Is Used Whose Needle Is 50 Mm. On The Site Of Aishwarya College The
50 Mm Electric Needle Vibrator Is Used For Filling The Material Correctly And
Felling The Voids Also. Its Frequency Is Number Of Complete Cycles Of Vibration
Per Second Of The Vibrating Needle. The Vibrating Needle Shall Be Completely
Sealed Against Entrance Of Moisture. The Length Of Flexible Shaft Shell Be
Expressed In Meters And Shall Be Either 4 Or 6 M. The Vibrating Needle Table Is
Shown below with the Thickness of Wall Which Is As Follows on next page: SIZE OF THE VIBRATOR

WALL THICKNESS

(mm)

(mm)

25

1.5

35

1.5

40

1.5

50

2.0

60

2.5

75

3.0

90

3.0

TABLE NO - 2. VIBRATING NEEDLE WITH THICKNESS

(TUBE)

FIGURE-12 PLACING OF MATERIAL AND SHIFTING

(WITH HELP OF ELECTRIC NEDDLE VIBRATOR)

FIGURE- 13 ELECTRIC NEEDLE VIBRATOR

5. LEVEL THE CONCRETE SURFACE BY WOOD PLATE: After The All Above Process The Material Will Do Plain By The Wood Plate. This
Is An Wood Part Which Is Hold By Two Workers And They Plain The Slab Surface
By Touching The Concrete And Like Polish The One Point To Another And Plain
The Concrete Surface And The Thermo coal Sheet Is Provided In The Concrete
Surface For Draining Of Water .So This Is All Process Of Filling The Material Or
Casting The Slab Equally And Correctly Also.

CEMENT, AGGREGATE AND GRADE OF CONCRETE

USED AT SITE: -

FIGURE- 14 PLAINING THE SURFACE BY WOOD

SCALE

The

Cement Is Very Important Material For Any type Of Construction Because It Has The
Good Property Of Binding The Material And Aggregate Is One Of The Most Important
Material Which Provides Strength To The Concrete And Any Structure Also.

GRADE OF CEMENT: - The Grade of Cement Used At Site Of

Aishwarya College Is 43 Grade Portland Pozzolana Wonder Cement (Fly Ash
Based) Conforming To Is 1489 (Part 1). Fly ash is added to the Cement for
Improving Its Properties.

GRADE OF AGGREGATE: - The Grade Of Aggregate Used At Site Of

Aishwarya College Is Angular Type Aggregates Which Is Mixture Of Coarse
Aggregates. The Reason Behind Choosing Coarse Aggregate Is That They Can
Resist The Concrete Paste. And The Paste Is Fully Compacted And Settled
Easily, Correctly Without Any Type Of Voids And Cracks In It.
SAND USED: - The River Sand Is Used At The Site Of Aishwarya College.
DESIGN MIX GRADE OF CONCRETE: - The Grade Of Concrete
Defined As The Different Type Of Mixture With Different Types Of Strength.
The M20 Design Mix Grade Of Concrete Is Used For The Casting Or Filling
The Slab At The Site Of Aishwarya College. And The M25 Grade Is Used For

DESIGN MIX M20 GRADE

TYPE OF MATERIAL

QUANTITY OF MATERIAL

Cement (PPC Part 1)

335 Kg

Aggregate - 10 Mm

740 Kg

Aggregate - 20 Mm
River Sand

480 Kg
830 Kg

Water

180 Litters

Admixture (Conplast Sp430g8-Qcda368)

2 Litters

Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde

Filling Of Column. The Following Table Is Has The Different Quantity Of

Material Used Which Is As Follows: -

TABLE NO. 3 DESIGN MIX M20 PROPORTIONS

STEEL BARS USED AT SITE: - The Steel Bars Used At Site Of

Aishwarya College Is Fe-500 HYSD Deform Bars And Used Dias Bars Are
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20 Mm And 25 Mm Respectively. The Used Bars
Are Also Having TMT Property Which Full Form Is Thermo Mechanical
Therapy. And The Steel Manufactured Company Is JSW Neo Steel PVT Limited
Bangalore And The Office In Udaipur Is Situated In Chamanpura, Loha Bajar
Hathipole. The Development Length Of Different Bars Is Shown By Following
Material Which Is As Follows: -

DIA OF STEEL BAR

WEIGHT OF STEEL

DEVELOPEMENT

IN

BAR IN KG (FOR 1

LENGTH IN MM

MM

METER)

50 D

d2
length
162
8 MM
10 MM
12 MM
16 MM
20 MM
25 MM
32 MM

.395 KG
.617 KG
.890 KG
1.58 KG
2.46 KG
3.85 KG
6.32 KG

400 MM
500 MM
600 MM
800 MM
1000 MM
1250 MM
1600 MM

TABLE NO. 4 DEVELOPEMENT LENGTHS OF STEEL BARS AND

ITS WEIGHT

 CURING This is The Process Which Is Done after Preparing of Structures.

It Can Be Done By Sprinkling Of Water. It Can Be Done 3 To 4 Times At A Day
Or As Per Requirement Also. At The Site Of Aishwarya College The Curing Is
Done For All Purposes And It Is Done 3-4 Times At A Day.

CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Results - The Results Is That Block B1, B2 With 2 Storey Has Prepared Two
Blocks With Brickwork, Beam, Column And Plastering By Correct
Measurement Amount Of Materials. The Correct Ratio Is Used In Brickwork,
Column Filling, In Plastering Wall Also. The 3 Slab Is Casting With Material
during Our Training Period.

Discussion - The Only Discussion Is Made That The Site Engineer Was
Discussed That The Construction Work Is Little Slower. I Think That The
Engineer Is Right That Way Because The Labour Is Less Present And
Insufficient. That Is Why The Work Is Going Delay Day By Day During Our
Training Period.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK: -

Conclusion - The Main Aim Of Studies Within This Project Was To

Investigate How A Structure Is Constructed Within Its Desired Properties. We
Get Knowledge About The Basic And Advance Techniques Of Construction Of
College Campus Or Educational Building As Well As Saw The Challenges
Which A Civil Engineer Have To Face During Construction I.E., Labour
Problems, Cost Management, Environmental Challenges Etc. We Cleared Our
Many Doubts Regarding Educational Building Construction.
Although All Subjects Are Important For Civil Engineer. Overall It Must Be
Said That The Construction Methods And Quality Control On Educational
Building Construction Needs A Very Good Coordination Large Quantities Of
Manpower, Equipments And Funds. During The Period Of Training All The
Company Staff Helped Us A Lot To Provide All The Information About Any
Query. So We Are Grateful To All The Staff Of Bhumikesh Builders PVT
Limited As Well As We Are So Thankful To Our Civil Engineers For Their Kind
Support.

Future work The Future Work Is That The Remaining 1 Block Which Is
Block A And Three 4 Hostels Will Construct With 4 Storey Floors And Other
Two Blocks B&C Will Complete One Floor More And C Will Have Complete 2
Floors With All Type Of Works Like Plastering, Furnishing, Flooring, Walls,
Furniture.

REFERENCES:

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