Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric
Integrals
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2

Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx

Recall
Z
Z

sin x dx = cos x + C
Z
1
1
1
2
sin x dx =
(1 cos 2x) dx = x sin 2x + C
2
2
4

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx

Example.
Z

Consider

sin3 x dx.

Note that

sin3 x

= sin2 x sin x
= (1 cos2 x) sin x

Thus,

sin3 x dx =

= sin x cos2 x sin x

sin x cos 2 x sin x dx.

Let u = cos x, du = sin x dx. Therefore,

Z

sin x dx =

1
1
1 u2 du = u + u3 + C = cos x + cos3 x + C
3
3
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx

sinm x dx, m N
m is odd
split off a factor of sin x
express the rest of the factors in terms of cos x, using
sin2 x = 1 cos2 x
use the substitution u = cos x, du = sin x dx

m is even
use the half-angle identity
1
sin2 x = (1 cos 2x)
2

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx

cosm x dx, m N
m is odd
split off a factor of cos x
express the rest of the factors in terms of sin x, using
cos2 x = 1 sin2 x
use the substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx

m is even
use the half-angle identity
1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate cos5 x dx

cos5 x dx

cos4 x cos x dx

2
cos2 x cos x dx =

1 2 sin 2 x + sin4 x cos x dx

=
=
=

Let u = sin x,

du = cos x dx.
Z
cos5 x dx =
=
=

2
1 sin2 x cos x dx

1 2u2 + u4 du

2
1
u u3 + u5 + C
3
5
2
1
sin x sin3 x + sin5 x + C
3
5
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals

Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate cos3 x sin2 x dx.

cos3 x sin2 x dx

let u = sin x
Z

cos3 x sin2 x dx

R
= cos2 x sin2 x cos x dx
Z

=
1 sin2 x sin2 x cos x dx
Z
Z
= sin2 x cos x dx sin4 x cos x dx

du = cos xdx
Z
Z
= u2 du u4 du
1
1
1
1
= u3 u5 + C = sin3 x sin5 x + C
3
5
3
5
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals

Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx

sinm x cosn x dx
m is odd
split off a factor of sin x
express the rest of the factors in terms of cos x, using
sin2 x = 1 cos2 x
use the substitution u = cos x, du = sin x dx

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals

Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx

sinm x cosn x dx
n is odd
split off a factor of cos x
express the rest of the factors in terms of sin x, using
cos2 x = 1 sin2 x
use the substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx

both m and n are even

use the half-angle identities
1
1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) and sin2 x = (1 cos 2x)
2
2
Z
use the rule for cosm x dx

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
sinm x dx or cosm x dx
sinm x cosn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate sin2 x cos4 x dx.

Z
sin2 x cos4 x dx = sin2 x (cos2 x)2 dx

Z
1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x 2
=
dx
2
2

2
Z
1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
dx
=
2
2
Z

1
=
1 + cos 2x cos2 2x cos3 2x dx
8Z

1 + cos 4x
1
=
1 + cos 2x
(1 sin2 2x) cos 2x dx
8
2

1
sin 2x 1
sin 4x
1
sin3 2x
=
x+
x+
sin 2x
+C
8
2
2
4
2
3
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form tanm x dx or cotm x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan3 x dx.

tan x tan2 x dx

let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

Z
tan3 x dx

tan x sec2 x 1 dx
Z
Z
2
=
tan x sec x dx tan x dx

=
=
=

u du ln | sec x| + C
1 2
u ln | sec x| + C
2
1 2
tan x ln | sec x| + C
2
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form tanm x dx or cotm x dx

tanm x dx
split off a factor of tan2 x and write this as tan2 x = sec2 x 1
use the substitution u = tan x,

du = sec2 x dx

cotm x dx
split off a factor of cot2 x and write this as cot2 x = csc2 x 1
use the substitution u = cot x,

du = csc2 x dx

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate cot4 3x dx.

cot2 3x cot2 3x dx

cot2 3x csc2 3x 1 dx

cot 3x csc2 3x cot2 3x dx

2
cot 3x csc2 3x csc2 3x + 1 dx

1
cot 3x csc2 3x dx + cot 3x + x + C
3

=
=
=
=

let u = cot 3x, du = 3 csc2 3x dx

Z
cot4 3x dx

=
=
=

Z
1
1
u2 du + cot 3x + x + C
3
3
1 3 1
u + cot 3x + x + C
9
3
1
1
3
cot 3x + cot 3x + x + C
9
3
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate csc6 x dx.

csc6 x dx

=
Z

=
Z

=
let u = cot x

du = csc2 x dx
Z
csc6 x dx

(csc2 x)2 csc2 x dxdx

1 + cot2 x csc2 xdx

(1 + 2 cot2 x + cot4 x) csc2 x dx

R
= (1 + 2u2 + u4 ) du

2 cot3 x cot5 x
+
= cot x +
+C
3
5
14 / 26

Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form secn x dx or cscn x dx

secn xdx
n is even
split off a factor of sec2 x.
express the rest of the factors in terms of tan x, using
sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx.

cscn xdx
n is even
split off a factor of csc2 x.
express the rest of the factors in terms of cot x, using
csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x
use the substitution u = cot x, du = csc2 xdx
15 / 26

Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx.
Note that sec3 x = sec x sec2 x. By IBP,
u = sec x
du = sec x tan x dx
Z

sec x dx

dv = sec2 x dx
v = tan x dx

,
,
Z

= sec x tan x

tan x(sec x tan x) dx

Z

tan2 x sec x dx

(sec2 x 1) sec x dx
Z
sec3 x dx + sec x dx

= sec x tan x
= sec x tan x
Z
Z
2
Z

sec3 x dx

= sec x tan x

sec3 xdx

= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C

1
= (sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C
2

sec3 xdx

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

tanm x dx or

R
R
cotm x dx
secn x dx or cscn x dx

Trigonometric
R Integrals
R

Integrals of the form secn x dx or cscn x dx

secn xdx
n is odd
split off a factor of sec2 x
use IBP with dv = sec2 x dx and u to be the remaining factors

cscn xdx
n is odd
split off a factor of csc2 x
use IBP, with dv = csc2 x dx and u to be the remaining factors

17 / 26

Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Trigonometric
R Integrals

R
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan3 x sec2 x dx.

tan3 x sec2 x dx

tan2 x sec x sec x tan x dx

sec x 1 sec x sec x tan x dx

sec x sec x sec x tan x dx

=
=
=

let u = sec x,
Z

tan3 x sec2 x dx

=
=

du = sec x tan x dx
3

u u du

1
1
sec4 x sec2 x + C
4
2
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Trigonometric
R Integrals

R
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx

tanm x secn x dx
m is odd
split off a factor of sec x tan x
express the rest of the factors in terms of sec x using the identity
tan2 x = sec2 x 1
use the substitution u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx

cotm x cscn x dx
m is odd
split off a factor of csc x cot x
express the rest of the factors in terms of csc x using the identity
cot2 x = csc2 x 1
use the substitution u = csc x, du = csc x cot x dx
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Trigonometric
R Integrals

R
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx

tanm x secn x dx
n is even
split off a factor of sec2 x
express the rest of the factors in terms of tan x using the identity
sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

cotm x cscn x dx
n is even
split off a factor of csc2 x
express the rest of the factors in terms of cot x using the identity
csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x
use the substitution u = cot x, du = csc2 x dx
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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Example.
Z
Evaluate cot2 x csc x dx.

cot2 x csc x dx

(csc2 x 1) csc x dx

(csc3 x csc x) dx

csc3 x dx ln | csc x cot x|

=
=
=
Z

Exercise:

1
1
csc3 x dx = csc x cot x + ln | csc x cot x| + C
2
2

1
1
= csc x cot x ln | csc x cot x| + C
2
2

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Example.
Z
p
Evaluate
tan x sec4 x dx.

p
tan x sec4 x dx

p
tan x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
p
=
tan x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z

p
p
=
tan x + tan5 x sec2 x dx
Z

2p 3
2p 7
tan x +
tan x + C
3
7

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Trigonometric
R Integrals

R
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx

tanm x secn x dx
m is even and n is odd
express the even power of tan x in terms of sec x using the
identity tan2 x =Zsec2 x 1
use the rule for

secm x dx

cotm x cscn x dx
m is even and n is odd
express the even power of cot x in terms of csc x using the
identity cot2 x =Zcsc2 x 1
use the rule for

cscm x dx

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

TrigonometricRIntegrals

R
R
F. Integrals of the form sin mx cos nxdx, sin mx sin nxdx or cos mx cos nxdx

Recall. Product to Sum Formula

sin mx cos nx

sin mx sin nx

cos mx cos nx

1
[sin(m + n)x + sin(m n)x],
2
1
[cos(m + n)x cos(m n)x],
2
1
[cos(m + n)x + cos(m n)x].
2

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

R
R
R
tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
sin mx cos nx dx, sin mx s

Example.
Z
Evaluate cos 3x cos 5x dx.

cos 3x cos 5x dx

=
=
=
=

Z
1
(cos(3x + 5x) + cos(3x 5x)) dx
2Z
1
(cos 8x + cos 2x) dx
2

1 1
1
sin 8x + sin 2x + C
2 8
2
1
1
sin 8x + sin 2x + C
16
4

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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals.
1

Z
1

sin2 x cos2 x dx

cos3 x
dx
p
sin x
Z
csc4 x
dx
2x
cot
Z
cos 4x cos 3x dx
Z
tan3 (ln x) sec8 (ln x)
dx
x
Z

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