a7 Site Safety - Minimise the Risk of Accident_o Measures taken in Construction site to minimize the risk of acci [ALEX LIU] Introduction = _ statistics show that injuries and fatalities in the construction industry in Hong Kong are among the highest ~ according to the Labour Department, a tremendous amount of man-hours are lost due to injuries - if man-hour lost in accident can be saved, it can help to release Hong Kong's labour storage ~ it is the effort of the Contractor, the workforce and the Engineer's Representative to make ‘construction sites less hazardous Contractor - most important party, he is responsible under the Conditions of Contract also have the largest influence on the day to day operation - through good planning and management - Plant ng - he should not look for cheapest method of construction, strike @ balance between safety and cost ~ plan the programme of work carefully and realistically to ensure that programme of work is in a smooth path - if planning the programme of operation is not done properly, delay may arise and the workforce will be overloaded with extra work, ~ should set reasonable dead line - he should also plan his resources e.g, equipment and plant = to ensure that the plants are used for the appropriate purpose ~ operations meant to be carried out by mechanical plants should not be done by workers ~ temporary works are designed by the Contractor, he should apply appropriate FOS to his design proposal even though it is only for temporary purposes. . Management ~ the foreman is directly responsible for the works - the management hierarchy should be well defined so that the foreman can exercise his power in ensuring safety ~ _ the foreman should be experience in the works to be carried out e.g, in marine works, a marineSite safety - minimise the Risk of Accident_o ployed - contractor's staff often too preoccupied by technical and financial aspects of the site to foreman should be consider safety an important issues. A safety officer should be employed full time to take change of all safety matters, No use have a safety officer without due power so he should be delegated with appropriate power. - _ sub-contraeting system in Hong Kong makes maintaining site safety extremely difficult = sub-contractors come and go and only concern their part of the works ake no commitment to the safety of the site - the main contractor should, when sub-contracting jobs to sub-contractor, choose the one who is co-operative in maintaining site safety -ontractor’s staff safety conscious, they should be given safety course to attend = can be arranged internally or by the government ~ tomake th in special cases periodic monitoring is essential eg slope stability, poisonous gas monitoring, always requires the use of sophisticated safety equipments, not only the management should be given safety courses but also the workers who will opera + for example : in the use of gas measuring devices should be properly taught - the provision of protective equipments on site for all workers is essential and is an obligation of the contractor, , Only providing is not enough. The workforce should be encouraged to use them ~ ifpe e the equipments mnelling, toxic, explosive gases and lack of oxygen are common hazards, ible a little incentive may be used to encourage the workers to use the equipments - Rules and Regulations - in hazardous working places.such as tunnels, the management should prepare a set of rules conceming the procedures to be followed during the drill and blast operation. ~ this rules must be observed strictly on site. ‘THE ENGINEER'S REPRESENTATIVE = the E.R. should check method statements and design of temporary works to see if there is potential hazard imposing to the permanent works , the personnel and the public. 1re that the temporary works are built in accordance with the design submitted, = the ER, should make routine site inspection of the site to identify any safety problem = in Hong Kong limited working space available presents problems to most Contractors. He is - also er always tempted to store materials on the permanent structures and sometimes this is inevitable - the E.R, must ensure that the Contractor seeks his approval prior to loading the permanent works with materials. = heshould check carefully the load imposed by the materials to the structures and compare that with the design load.Site Safety - Minimise the Risk of Accident_o = in essence, he should at all times inform and warn the Contractor without delay when he sees any potential hazard on site. = donot solely rely on the Contractor's initiative to take safety measures. THE WORKFORCE = there are misconceptions held by the workers that they are experienced enough to avoid accident. ~ this must be corrected and they should be aware that itis their lives and the well being of their families that they are jeopardizing, - workers on site must be co-operative in order that the safety measures implemented can be effective, - protective equipment provided must be used. Measures should be taken in Construction site to minimize the risk of accident PLEASE DO NOT WASTE ANY PAPERS08 Health, Safety & W elfare 4_O. Q26/98 Discuss the merits of an integrated quality, health & safety, and environmental management system to meet the needs of the customer. -bySL Law (4TH draft - 9/5/98) - (1002 words) NTRODUCTION In the past decades, the expectations of the customers including both the client and the public (ultimate user) of civil engineering projects have changed a lot. The customers not only expect to have full satisfaction on functional requirements, cost- effectiveness, reliability and durability of the infrastructures, but also, health and safety standards, and the possible environmental impacts resulting from the development. ‘The application of different management systems to deal seperately with quality, health and safety, and environment in @ site may sometimes introduce conflicts and misunderstanding. The reason is that there is no inter-relationship among each system. ‘Thus, there is a need to have an integrated management system to achieve a balance between all concemed criteria of quality, health and safety and environment. For example, the past safety management system usually only focus on operational level, while the designers mainly pay attention on functional requirements and buildability of their design; the environmental personnel usually concentrate only on the environmental impact issues; although the desigers are assumed to have taken into account both health and safety, as well as the environme: al impacts during the planning and design stage, it is not uncommon that many problems arise during the construction phase; sometimes, the three work patties find it difficult to reach consensus when conflicts between them occurs. This no doubt results in poor works quality and delay in progress of works, Cost and time implications to the governement may be substantial 2. MERITS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IN SYSTEM (IMS) (GRATED MANAGEMENT 2.1 Benefits to the governmenv/client 211 Quality ‘The client can gain various benefits from the use of IMS. The client ean ensure a balance on criteria on the quality of the product, the health and safety standards, minimization of environmental impacts has been made through control in all stages of design and construction. In addition, the quality of products can be improved as human error can be eliminated as far as practicable and recorded results of testings and inspections provide positive evidence to demonstrate quality. Furthermore, the provision of as-built records of product is very useful for future altcration of the buildings andSOS Health, Safety & Welfare 4_O structures, 2.1.2 Cost and time The govermment/client can have a better control on the time of completion of works. The IMS enables a close monitoring of works since complete records are kept right from the beginning of the construction works, thus enables faster settlement of claims and disputes. IMS requires planning of all activities, and this often results in a longer design period. However, this can be compensated by a shorter construction period. A well planned and realistic programme of construction allows the client and the engineer to control financial expenditure ier. Moreover, improvements on management as a whole through implementation of a IMS system minimise the possibility of project over-run which may cause tremendous financial or political burden on the client, Furthermore, cos for maintenance and repair may also be reduced due to the higher standard of work 2.1.3 Communication A better communication can be developed belween the releva they have adopted the same management system. The adoption of ISO 9001 is an example. This certainly minimizes conflicts between the working parties and eventually improves the quality and cost-cffectiveness of the project. 2.2 Benefits to the designer ‘The IMS has various benefits to @ designer. With the IMS, a designer can plan and design the works with greater emphasis on health and safety and evnironmental protection. In the planning and design stage, the designer is more confident that a balance on concerned criteria on quality control, health and safety and environmental protection, can be achieved since communications with authorities has been made. This will prevent the abortive works. Moreover, the guideline and procedures are standardised. The designer can follow the work easily and will not miss any lead to serious consequence. important procedure that may 2.3 Benefits to the contractor The IMS can benefit a contractor in various asp. the contractor can develop his good reputation with repsect to his good quality, health and safety standard and considerations on evnironmental impacts. The reputation of a contractor is a key selection criterion in the tendering stage for new civil engineering projects, especially for government contracts, because the goverment will consider th past performance of a contractor on quality control, health and safety, and environmental protection. Secondly, with the IMS, the contractor will suffer from less unforeseen factors because the designersSOS Health, Safety & Welfare 4_0 has considered the functional, safety and environmental aspects and hence reduce the arising of unforeseen conditions during the construction stage. As a result, the contractors can prepare a more accurate and realistic programme. The contractor can formulate his financial and resources allocation plans easlier, and hence to maximize his cost-benefits. Thirdly, the contractor's integrated management system enables him to identify the problematic works easily by referring to the documentation, whenever quality problems are encountered. This allows him 10 correct the defective work quickly and reduce the disputes between the client and the contractor. 2.4 Benefits to the public ‘The public can obtain the ultimate benefits from the implementation of the IMS in two ways. Firstly, the safety of works as well as the public can be ensured during the construction stage because the contractor has to follow action listed in the safety plan of the IMS and actions to protect the public, In addition, the IMS makes sure that the environmental impacts to the pulic are reduced (0 a minimum as the IMS will require the contractor to take measures to reduce the pollution level to an acceptance level. These can meet the needs and concerns of the public. 3.__ Conclusions Implementation of IMS ensures that the requirements of the clients of the infrastructure projects regarding to quality of works, health and safety and evnironmental impacts are met. The benefits to the public and the government, as well as the designers and the contractors are tremendous,S08 Health, Safety & Welfare 4 Q26/98 Discuss the merits of an integrated quality, health & safety, and environmental management system to meet the needs of the customer. ~ by SL Law (4th draft - 9/5/98) - (1002 words) 1, INTRODUCTION - In the past decades, the expectations of the customers including both the client and the public (ultimate user) of civil engineering projects have changed a lot . The application of different of management systems to deal with quality, health and safety, and environment in a site seperately may sometimes introduce conflicts and misunderstanding, The reason is that there is no inter-relationship among each system. Thus, there is a need to have an integrated management system to achieve a balance between all concemed criteria of quality, health and safety and environment 2. MERITS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMS 2. MERITS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMS 2.1 Benefits to the governemenvelient 211 Quality e The client can ensure a balance on criteria on the quality of the produet, the health and safety standards, minimization of environmental impacts has been made. 2.1.2 Cost and time the government can better control the time of completion of works. The disputes with the contractors ean be reduced. a well planned and realistic programme of construction allows the client and the engineer to control financial expenditure easier. 2.1.3 Communication Moreover, a better communication can be developed between the work parties since they have adopted the same management system. 2.2 Benefits to the designer - the designer is more confident that a balance on concemed criteria on quality control, health and safety and environmental protection, can be achieved since communications with authorities has been made. This will prevent the abortive works. 2.3 Benefits to the contractor the contractor can develop his good reputation with repsect to his good quality. health and safety standar and considerations on evnironmental impacts.S08 Health, Safety & Welfare 4_O - the contractor will suffer from less unforeseen factors, 2.4 Benefits to the public ‘The public can obtain the ultimate benefits from the implementation of the IMS. The public, as the customer, have the product and service in which its quality, safety and health and environmental management aspects have been assured. nelusis ns Implementation of IMS ensure that the requirements of the clients of the infrastructure project regarding to quality of works, health and safety and evnironmental impacts are met.Site Safety - Responsibilities 1_OC Responsibility of Safetv_on Construction Sites _of Employer. Professional Representative, the Contractor and the Workforce Iyrropuction Construction works require worker to work on temporary structures under congested environment, ‘These works usually involve a lot of heavy machinery ‘The workforce on a construction site may be required to work at considerable height or deep trenches. The working environment is full of risks. Therefore, accidents will easily happen if safety precautions are not properly taken. Accidents not only bring about casualties, but also cause financial losses, delay of project or replacements of plants. Although the onus of site safety is placed on the contractor as stipulated in the General Conditions of Contract, it is undeniable that all other parties involved in a construction project including the employer, his professional representatives and the workforce should share their responsibilities, Therefore, each party involved should try every endeavour to avoid the occurrence of accident. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE EMPLOYER In general, the employer is not legally liable for accidents in a construction project. It is usually the contractor who has full responsibility under the contract, or the designer who is liable for faulty design. Nevertheless, being the person who initiates and finance @ project, the employer holds an important part in ensuri safety. He site ould readily demonstrate hs keen support on the attainment of safety on a construction site. The employer should allow adequate time for the implementation of a project. He should estimate a reasonable programme that allows adequate time for the cause when time allowed is of a project, many safety planning, design and construction of the works. It is bet not enough for thorough consideration of all aspects concerns will be overlooked. ‘The employer should insist on a clear definition of liability on safety in the contract document, A clear definition will give indications to all parties involved of the extent of their responsibility with respect to safety. The employer should make sufficient allowance for safety in the budget. Costs for safety precaution measures should be included, The budget should also allow enough flexibility for a safc design and method of construction. Although some methods offer a comparatively lower price and shorter time of construction, they may impose unsafe working environment on the workers. Hence, the employer should accord high priority to safety and allow enough budget for it. In selecting designers, engineers and contractors, the employer should take the candidates’ past performance in maintaining safety into consideration. It can not only minimize the occurrence of mishaps but also remind all parties that their past performance in safety will have consequential effect on their future career prosperity. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE EMPLOYER'S PROFESSIONAL REPRESENTATIVESSite Salety - Responsibilities |_OC The Designer During the planning and design stage, in addition to the requirements of the employer, the designer should also consider the degree of safety during construction and operation. Moreover, he should take the method of construction into consideration when selecting the most suitable design with due regards to safety aspect ‘The designer should identify any area of potential hazards and make appropriate provisions in the design and contract document, No matter how much safety consideration was paid to a design, potential hazards are unavoidable. Hence, the designer should prompt the contractor of such hazards in the tender document and the contract document, For example, the designer may impose restrictions on the sequence of works and stipulate provisions for safety measures. These will provide ample time for the contractor to assess and prepare for such potential hazards. As a result, the possibility of the hazards being happened can be reduced. The engineer should ensure that the contractor has taken all necessary safety measures in the construction works under his supervision. During his daily site supervision, should he identify any unsafe practice or situation, he should request the contractor to rectify accordingly. He should also make sure that all the safety requirements laid down in the contract are followed, For any circumstances that there will be imminent danger, he may exercise his authority empowered by the contract to suspend that part of works until all unsafe practices are rectified. During the assessment of the contractor's submission, such as, temporary works design and method statement, the engineer shall take account of safety aspects Although it is the contractor’s responsibility to design temporary works and to determine his construction method, the engineer should examine the temporary works design to ensure that it is properly designed and safe, and comment on the method statement regarding feasibility and safety. The engineer should ask the Contractor to provide sufficient details of the submissions for his consideration. In addition, he should ask the contractor to make amendments if the submissions are not satisfactory. The engineer should monitor the safety performance of the contractor during the contract period. He should chair site safety management committee meetings to enhance communication between the engineer and the contractor on safety and health matters. He should also monitor the implementation of the safety plan submitted by the contractor and remind the contractor to update the safety plan when needed. For contracts adopted Pay for Safety Scheme, the engineer should ensure that the safety items are paid only when the contactor carried out the items of works. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRA‘ ‘OR Upon entering into the contract, the contractor takes full responsibility for the safety of all site operations and all persons entitled to be on the site. ‘The contractor should discharge his responsibilities in safety properly throughout the contract period.Site Safety - Responsibilities |_OC Being responsible for the construction works, the contractor should plan and carry out the construction works safely. He should plan the construction sequence and programme to minimise potential hazard and allow adequate time and resources for the provision of safety measures. He should also identify potential hazards and then develop safe working procedures for the workers. In addition, the contractor should note his housekeeping to make sure the workers have a safe working environment The contractor should be responsible for the co-ordination work with the sub-contractors to ensure site safety. In Hong Kong, most main contractors would sub-let part of his works to sub-contractors. ‘The contractor should deploy sufficient competent staff to control and co-ordinate with his sub-contractors with regard to the safety of the works. The contractor should also hold regular m: safety committee meetings and safety plan implementation group meetings, with the sub-contractors to discuss matters on safety aspects. tings such as, site The contractor should develop his safety organisation for a contract to help enforcing the safety rules, ‘The contractor should employ adequate safety officers for acontract. The ratio of the number of worker (o the number of safety officer should be kept to a reasonable level so that sufficient safety officers are available to ensure safety on site. ‘The safety officers should be given adequate authority to monitor and control all operations on site regarding safety asp Besides, they should frequently inspect the plant and machinery used on site to ensure that they are properly maintained and regularly checked. Moreover, sufficient safety supervisors should be employed to assist the safety officers in carrying out their duties. The contractor should also appoint safety representatives for each labour group or team working on site, The safety representatives are responsible for ensuring that the directives from the safety officer and safety supervisors are duly carried out | In designing and supervising the temporary works, the contractor should give particular attention to the safety aspects. He should not make any alternation to the approved temporary works design at his own discretion, He should also emphasis to his staff on the importance of working according to the agreed design. _ After erecting the temporary works, he should inspect and monitor the conditions of the temporary works regularly to detect any deterioration. It is important that proper safety training is given to all statf working on site. It is particular important for those joining the site to work for the first time or staff transferred to a new assignments, The training should be job-specific and relevant to the stafl’s duties, For instance, tool box talks should be given to workers and safety management training should be given to the senior management of the contractor, It is also important to update the safety knowledge such as, safety regulations and the use of new equipment, of foremen such that they can help and guide workers to ensure safety. RESPONSIBILITY OF WORKFORCE Whenever site accidents occur, workers on site are usually involved as victims. Hence every workforce must take extreme care for the safety of himself and of other person.Site Safety - Responsibilities 1_ OC The workforce must follow closely the safe working procedures set out in the local regulations and by the contractor, and the correct way of using plants and equipment as specified in the user manual. During their works, they should pay consideration for the others. They should remember that they are responsible not only for their own safety, but also for others working with them, Whenever a problem is encountered, they should report to the foremen to seek advice. It is the fact that many accidents can be avoided if the workforce have paid more attention and care on safety. CONCLUSION Accident prevention is a continuous and difficult process which demands, commitment from all parties involved in the construction industry. It is no doubt that all the above-mentioned parties have their degree of responsibility for ensuring site safety. If all parties concemed are aware of their own share of responsibilities and discharge their duties properly and cooperatively, site safety can be maintained.Site Safety - Responsibilities 2 OC Discuss the responsibilities for safety on construction sites of the employer, his professional representatives, the contractor's staff and the workforce. 1, INTRODUCTION Construction industry requires worker to work on temporary structures under congested working, environment, to operate complicated machinery, to use dangerous chemicals and to work inside deep ‘trenches. All these activities impose number of risks to workers. Therefore, the construction industry has the highest accident rate among the other industries Apart fiom human values, the cost of accidents also include compensation to workers, disruption of progress of works, damage of construction plants and higher insurance premium Therefore, itis essential to reduce such social losses through an effective safety management in the construction industry. Since the formation of a construction project has involved different parties such as the employer, the engineer , the contractor and the workers, all these parties have the responsibilities to maintain a safe and health working environment during the construction 2. THE EMPLOYER In general, the employer, being the person who initiates and finance projects, holds an important part in ensuring construction safety. He should demonstrate his kcen support on the attainment of safety on construction sites. First of all, the employer should allow enough time for planning, design and construction of a project. Ifthe programme is unreasonably tight, many safety consideration will always be overlooked, Second, he should make sufficient allowance for safety measures in his budget. ‘The budget should allow enough flexibility for a safer design and method of construction. In addition, the final decision in select a scheme should not only rely on the cost but also consider other factors ulties, environmental, nuisance fo the public as well as safety to the such as construction diffi personnel ‘The employer should also take the past performance in maintaining safety on sites as one of the criteria in seleeting designers, resident engineers and contractors in order to minimise the occurrence of site mishaps. For example, in the Hong Kong Government, the contractor's performance report on safe aspect will be retrieved for the consideration of the awarding a tender. Some employers like to direct the professional representative to include some the specifications and to give money to the contractor for the provision of safety measures, Such arrangements not only raise the contractor's attention and incentive but also protect the employer's company reputation in respect of safety standard, For example, the Hong Kong Government, being the biggest employer in the construction industry, takes a leading position to encourage and enforce the establishment of safety management in the construction site. More and more government contracts require the Contractor to submit a outline safety plan in tender stage and detailed safety plan after the commencement of the works. In addition, some contracts have set up a new section namely Safely to include pre-priced items in the Bill of Quantities, Such arrangement can raise the Contractor's incentive to provide safety measures on site. 3. THE PROFESSIONAL REPRESENTATIVE 3.1 Design Stage M:'Study Group ICEMCE Essay'Site Safety - Responsibilities 2. OC.doc Page loftsSite Safety - Responsibilities ‘The designer carries out the planning and design of the project. He has the obligation to des the works according to the requirements of the employer with due considerations to the safety during construction and operation stages. Choice of Alternatives The feasibility study and planning of a project is always the most critical stage. At the beginning, the engineer should investigate the viability of alternative schemes which satisfy not only the functional requirements but also the safety requirements. In each proposal, the probable hazards during construction, operation and maintenance stages are examined and the costs accessed. For example, the use of complicated temporary work is anticipated, he should specified the checking of such temporary work to be carried out the an independent checking Engineer. Having compared different alternatives, the one most beneficial to the community should be chosen. Choice of Construction Method The designer should take the construction method into consideration when selecting the most suitable design. Some cheaper construction method may more likely be prone to accidents. For cxample, in designing pile foundation, although the hand dug caissons is more economical than bore piled method, the former option should not be adopted as it requires construction labours to be worked in confined space and in unexpected ground conditions. Therefore, the designer should make an assessment of the concerned activities regarding their risks and decide whether restrictions should be imposed on the construction method to ensure safety. Site Investigation Detailed site investigation to determine the uncertain ground condition is also necessary for a designer. The designer makes use of the site investigation results to find out the geotechnical parameters of the existing ground so that a design with reasonable degree of factor of safety can be achieved. Contract Documents In preparing contract documents, the designer should lay down specifications and provisions to cope with safety requirements such as restrictions on the sequence of works and drawing the contractors’ attention towards potentially dangerous operations. The specification should include provision of safety equipment and measures, adoption of safe method of statement and temporary design. To be more effective, the incorporation of the provision of a" Safety Plan " is necessary to ensure that the Contractor has provided sufficient safety policy and measures. ‘The safety plan should clude details of company policies, measures, procedures, implementation, personnel, training education, monitoring and reviewing of all safety aspects to ensure health and safety on the site 3.2 Construction Stage During the construction stage, the Engineer has a duty of care to the public and all site personnel in maintai fe and health working environment. He should ensure that whether site operations are safe and whether safety requirements laid down in the specification as well as the local regulations are fulfilled. If not, the resident engineer should request the contractor to take necessary improvement. In particularly unsafe condition, he can exercise his powers under the GCC to order suspension of progress of works and/or removal of Contractor's staff who fails to comply with any safety provisions. MaStudy Group ICEMCE Essay\Site Safety - Responsibilities 2. OC.doe Page 2ofSSite Safety - Responsibilities 2. OC Communication with Safety Officer The engineer should regularly discuss with the Safety Officer regarding implementation of safety on site. He should also ensure that, throughout the construction period, the Safety Officer concentrate on matters concerning the safety and health aspects of the works and exercises his duties laid down in the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Safety Officers and Safety Supervisors) Regulations. Training to Site Staff The engineer should encourage the site staff to make themselves fully aware of the provisions of the regulations and contract documents concerning site safety. Nomination of site staff to attend the safety management course organised by the Labour Department can strengthen their knowledge on these aspects. Whenever necessary, the engineer should explain to the site staff the policy, objectives and safety procedures contained in the Construction Site Safety Manual published by the Labour Department, Temporary Works and Method Statement Many accidents happened on sites have been related to temporary works. Therefore the resident engineer is responsible for checking the temporary work design to see whether it is properly design and safe. During construction stage, he has to inspect the erection and condition of the temporary works are safe and conformed to the proposal. In case the contractor use any unsafe working methods, the site agent should be informed immediately and the matter should be duly recorded in the site diary. Should the unsafe activity be continued after the fact is drawn to their attention, the matter should then be reported to the relevant Divisional Factory Inspector for taking any necessary legal actions Safety Meetings In addition, the engineer should incorporate the discussion of safety matters in the monthly progress mecting. If there is a Safety Plan, a site safety management committee meeting will he established to discuss the implementation of the safety plan on site and recommendations would be given 4. THE CONTRACTOR 4.1 General Obligation Upon entering into the contract, the Contractor undertakes to complete the works in accordance with the requirements of the contract. The contractor should take full responsibilities for the safety of all site operations and all persons entitled to be on the site. He should ensure that the construction works do not harm people who are not undcr his employment. For instances, sufficient temporary lights, guarding-rails and signs should be provided around the working area to safeguard the residents living nearby. He is also responsible for all third party damages caused by his site operations. 4.2, Subcontractor Ifthe contractor sublets part of his works to various sub-contractors, he should deploy sufficient competent staff to control and co-ordinate his sub-contractors to ensure that they has followed the safety requirement and procedures. [n each subcontractor, a competent person should be nominated as safety supervisor to ensure that the corresponding works are safe and to implement the safety procedures Ma\Study Gr 3 ofS ‘oup ICEMICE Essay'Site Safety - Responsibilities 2_OC.doe PageSite Safety - Responsibilities 2_OC 4.3. Method of Construction and Temporary Work Design In designing and supervising of the temporary work, the contractor should pay particular attention to the safety aspects. The design should be carried out competent person. The agreed temporary works should not be made any alteration at his own discretion. ARer erection the temporary work, he should inspect the conditions and monitor the performance of the temporary works regularly to detect any deterioration. 4.4 Safety Personnel The Contractor should employ a well qualified Site Agent with relevant experience for the Contract, especially when it involves potentially hazardous construction such as blasting, tunnelling, caissons or submarine operation. On the other hand, the Contractor should also employ a competent ety Officer and empower him to instruct employees of the Contractor or the sub-contractor to cease hazardous operations or other infringements of the statutory regulations. The Safety Office should be able to instruct the workers to take urgent and appropriate actions to make safe the site or the works. 4.5 Communication Effective communication helps the Contractor to understand problems of workers and win their co-operation. Regular meetings with foremen and gangers should be held to discuss safety aspects. In addition, the Contractor can consider giving incentives to the workers who observe satety regulations and imposing penalties on offenders 4.6 Plant and Equipment The contractor should maintain the plant in good conditions and employ well trained personnel to operate them. He should also keep all work places and accesses healthy and safe. Adequate lighting and guarding must be provided on site. Furthermore, the contractor is responsible for the safely of the temporary works designed and erected by him, 4.7 Training and Publicity Regarding the promotion of awareness of safety regulations amongst all persons on the site, the Contractor should take the lead to show their concem for safety so as to convince workers to appreciate the importance of site safety. Keeping a set of health and safety regulations, documents and code of practise on site should be a fundamental requirement. Approved publicity posters on health and safety and notices c ming the relevant regulations should also be displayed prominently in each site office, workshop and cantcen. Such booklets and posters can provide easy references for the site staff and workers to understand the corresponding regulations. Besides, training courses should be provided to keep workers know how to use of modem safety equipment and the requirements of the common safety regulations in Hong Kong, 3. THE WORKFORCE Whenever site accidents occur, workers on site are usually involved as victims. Hence every works must take extreme care for the safety of himself and of other persons. The workforce must follow closely the safety procedures of works set out in the local regulations and the correct way of using plants and equipment as specitied in the user manual, Many accidents can be avoided if one has paid more attention and care on safety. Considerations for the others is another key point. Everyone should remember that he is responsible not only for his own safety, but also for others who are working with them. Moreover, whenever a problem is encountered, the workman should report to the foreman to seek advice, instead M:'Study Group ICEUCE EssayiSite 4ofS safety - Responsibilities 2 OC.doc PageSite Safety - Responsibilities 2_OC of blindly tackling what might be potentially dangerous. 6. CONCLUSION To minimise the chance of accidents is a continuous and difficult process which demands commitment from all parties involved, If all parties concerned are aware of their own share of responsibility and discharge his duty properly and co-operatively, the safety on construction site can be maintained. MaStudy Group ICE\CE Essay'Site Safety - Responsibilities 2_OC.doc Page Sof5SSite Safety - Responsibility 3_oc Discuss the responsibility for safety on construction sites of the Employer, his professional representatives, the Contractor's staff and the workforce. 1 Introduction Construction works inherently require working in adverse condition such as digging in confined space, getting around temporary structures, using heavy machinery and working at considerable heights. Therefore, the working environment is filled with potential hazards, Furthermore, no two projects are alike and workers have to face with ever-changing environment. Tt is why the construction industry has highest accident rate than that of their counterpart Accident on site do not only cause casualty but also cause delay to progress, damage to equipment and induce grievance ancng workers. Above all, the client is the ultimate victim. Therefore, the objective of site safety is not only to reduce injury or loss of life but to achieve a financial saving in construction through effective safety management. The success of safety management is attributed to the cooperation among the Employer, his professional representatives, the Contractor's staff and the workforce. 2. The Employer ‘The Ruployer initiates and finances a project. Although he is not directly supervising the construction, his keen support on the attainment of construction safety will have a positive effect on other participants in the project. Bmployer usually tends to cut back budgets on safety provision but it usually results in a higher accident rate. Eventually, it will incur extra cost and delay. He should realise the fact that expenses on site safety measures are essential, and should accord high priority to safety and direct his professional advisors towards the importance of it he employer should insist in inducing a clear definition of liability for safety in the contract document. This will give all parties concered of their responsibilities. Furthermore, the client should check that adequate insurance has been obtained to cover the site staff and the third party prior to the commencement of the contract 3. The Professional Representatives ‘The Engineer, who is the prefessional representative of the client, 4s responsible for carrying out detailed planning and design of the project. He also plays an important role in advising the client on various aspect of site safety. apart from this, the Engineer owes a duty of care under the law of tort to the workforce and the third party. 3.1 At design stage During the course of design, the Engineer should identify the potential area of hazards and make appropriate provisions in the design and contract document. An example of which will be a site formation project which involves the extensive use of explosive. In this case, items pertaining to theSite Safety - Responsibility 3_0¢ improvement of site safety ahold be incorporated in the Bill of Quantities: ‘Thie will provide an incentive for the Contractor to implement safety measures ag he knows that expenditure incurred will be recovered in the payment. Although the Employer is required to pay more, the Engineer should not be afraid of negotiating with him for safety sake. ‘The Engineer may, in cther way, impose restrictions on the sequence of works and draw the Contractors' attention towards potentially dangerous operations in the contract document. Clauses related to the use of safety equipment and the adoption of safety working metheds can be included. Sometimes, the tenderer can be asked to submit with their tenders a copy of method statement or temporary works design for evaluation. Im pre-tender meeting, the Engineer may take this opportunity to emphasis the safety requirements so that the tenderers can take this inte account when pricing the tender. It may be possible for the Engineer to include safety as one of the criteria in the pre-qualification exercise for large civil engineering project. Apart from the contractor's pact performance, his current safety practices must be considered in the tender analysis stage before making recommendation, 3.2 At construction stage ‘The Engineer is appointed by the Employer to ensure the works are executed in accordance with the provisions of the contract. Although the responsibility of site safety rests with the Contractor, it does not mean that the mngineer is redundant in this aspect. Nevertheless, he is responsible for ensuring that the Contractor has taken necessary measures in all site operations in order to safeguard the Employer's interests, He also cwes a duty of care to the public at large Indeed, most of the accidents happen on site are related to the failure of temporary worke. Under the I.C.B. conditions of contract, the Contractor is responsible for the design of temporary works unless those are specifically designed by the Engineer. Before the construction, the Engineer should check the adequacy of the design through examination of the Contractor's method statement. During construction, he should ensure the works are constructed in compliance with the submission. It is done by providing experienced supervisory staff to check for correctness of construction sequences and the use of specified grade of materials. Under no circumference, he should not hesitate to exercise nis power to suspend the works until any unsafe practices are rectified. The Engineer can even issue an order to remove individuals off site if such actions are warranted to ensure safety Furthermore, in view of the safety Liability lies with the Contractor and the short term nature of the temporary works, the site staff tends to relax the standard of supervision. The Engineer mist therefore induce right attitude to his staff that there are no slackening of supervision in this regard. 4. The Contractor's staff ‘The Contractor plays an significant role in preventing site accidents. He is the co-ordinator of his sub-contractors and workers. Therefore, he is an a better position to exercise authority to maintain a safe environment bySite Safety - Responsibility 3 0c making the workers to follow safety instructions. To start with, the Contractor should appoint a qualified and experienced person as the site agent. Furthermoze, it becomes more popular to appoint a safety officer to work full time on site. As he has been trained specifically, he will be more fatiliar with the various safety regulations and the use of safety equipment. The Contractor's senior staff should frequently brief their subordinates to observe regulations. It ie suggested that foremen are given job training while inexperienced workers are quided when taking up new jobs 5. The Workforce Workers are usually the victims of accidents on construction sites Despite this fact, workers in the construction industry have always displayed an apathetic attitude towards safety precautions. Perhaps this is because they are less well-educated or they have never heen trained in site safety in order to protect themselves from dangerous operation, the workforce should strictly obey any safety regulations. As a good practice, they should also report to their supervisors on potentially dangerous arcas. 6. Conclusion Site safety is a continuous process that calls for the participation of all parties involved in the construction industry. The Employer should realise his important position to take the lead by accord high priority to site safecy in the budget. The Engineer, being the professional advisor of the Employer, should identify the area of potential hazards and made provisions in his design and contract preparation. In supervising the works, the Engineer and his staff should take an active role in ensuring that the Contractor has taken adequate measures to prevent accidents from occurring The Contractor is the party that actually carried out the works, and should take full responsibility to ensure safety. He should provide training and adequate safety equipment to the workers. on the other hand, the workers should follew the safety regulations and co-operate with their supervisors in maintaining a safe working environment By WONG Chi-pan 3.4.93 (1261 words)Site Safety - Role of Engineer Discuss the role of an ci il engineer in construction site safet 1, INTRODUCTION Construction industry requires worker to work on temporary structures under congested working. environment, to operate complicated machinery, to use dangerous chemicals and to work inside deep trenches. All these activities impose number of risks to workers. Therefore, the construction industry has the highest accident rate among the other industries, Apart from human values, the cost of accidents also include compensation to workers, disruption of progress of works, damage of construction plant, extra administration time and cost and higher insurance premium. Therefore, il is essential to reduce such social losses through an effective safety management in the construction industry. As the engineer has a duty of care to the public, he should demonstrate his keen support on providing adequate degree of site safety in different stages including feasibility study, planning, detailed design, pre-tender, construction, maintenance and decommissioning, ASIBILITY STUDY AND PLANNING STAG The feasibility study and planning of a project is always the most important. Before the selection to a site of a scheme, the engineer can use his professional knowledge to look for an optimal solution with minimum hazards in both short term and long term. ‘The engineer should take of the alternatives, secondary effects to the public and cost implications into consideration. 2.1 Alternative At the beginning, the engineer should investigate the possibility of altemative schemes which not only satisfy the functional requirement but ean also ensure to have adequate safety and healthy working environment, In each alternative, he should examine the associated potential hazardous, There are number of alternatives to the same purposes, the engineer should strike a balance to obtain an optimal solution For instance, in solving a traffic congestion problem at a cross-road junction, different alternatives may be available such as signal controlled junction, bridge and tunnel construction or re-design the traffic routes. The use of signal-controlted junction and re-design of traffic routes will impose relatively less safety problem during construction, It iy because the labours are only required to work on ground level avoiding working on elevated platform for bridge construction 2.2 Cost ‘An engineer should estimate the cost necessary to reduce the potential hazards such as inadequate stability of a slope or a structure. Such estimate should be forward to the Client for his budget. Although the engineer is not the decision make ould present the safety implication and identify the potential hazard in each alternative for the interest of the Client. The final decision should not only rely on the cost, but also depends of other factors such as construction difficulties, site problems, environmental and maintenance as well as safety aspects to the workforee and the public during construction stage. M:'Study Group ICEUCE Essay\Site Safety - Role of Engineer.doc Page 1 ofSSite Safety - Role of Engineer 3. DETAILED DESIGN STAGE After an optimum solution is obtained, an engineer will process to det design stage, he can consider the choose of m: factors of safety, assessment of risks 3.1 Material rise with materials are long-term and are due to degradation or chemical n. An improper choose of material will cause unnecessary accident during construction and maintenance stages. ‘Therefore, an engineer should seleet the appropriate type of construction material with respect to it's limitation, application, durability and behaviour in long term. For example, the use of asbestos cement pipe on a slope is very dangerous, It goes brittle with time id then will burst under pressure. Thus the engineer should properly aware the property and limitation of the materials in a design. 3.2 Method Statement The designer should also consider the method of construction and sequence of works. Some methods of construction, although cheaper, impose number of risks to workers during construction. For example, hand-dug caisson gives a comparatively cheaper cost than bored-pile or driven H-pile as a method of pile foundation. However, hand-dug caisson would undoubtedly ‘expose the labours to a relative dangerous working environment, especially in varying ground conditions with high water table. Thus the use of driven pile or bored pile is a safer option. Apart from the awareness of short term safety during construction, the long term safety should not be overlooked. Detailed site investigation to determine the uncertain ground condition is also necessary, He makes use of the site investigation results to find out the geotechnical parameters of the existing ground so that a design with reasonable degree of factor of safety can be carried out When any insufficient factors of safety are encountered, additional stability works should be provided. 34 Risk Assessment Risk assessment should be carried out to assess the potential hazards of the activities. The engineer can examine the risks in each activities. Whenever possible, he should overcome this tisks in design stage to ensure design is accident free. In addition, the engineer should also seek advice of other professional and local authorities such as the Labour Department. He can collect the Past experience or comments from other similar contracts, The past records provide valuable feedback with respect to safety. 4, PRE-TENDER STAGE In drafting contract documents, the engineer should lay down specitications to cope with the safety requirements so that the procedures and obligations of the contractor can be govemed. He should determine whether provisions should be given to have a safe and health working environment. ‘The specifications can include clauses requiring the use of safety equipment, the adoption of safe working environment and the submission of safety plan MaStudy Group ICEMCE Essay'Site Safety - Role of Engineer.doc Page 2ofSSite Safety - Role of Enginee: 4.1 Method Statement The engineer may specify in the docurnent to request the tenderers to submit method statements and sequence of works for any particular activities in respect of safety. For example, in the tunnel construction, the engineer may require the contractor to submit the method of construction in boring and blasting in the interest of safely, When complicated or important temporary works are required, he should specific that these temporary work should be checked by an Independent Checking Engineer. 4.2 Pay for Site Safety Scheme Since most contractors usually have poor intention or incentive in providing safety in each activities, Under this circumstance, the engineer may adopt the Pay for Site Safety Scheme in which some items are pre-priced in the Bill of Quantities for recovering part of the Contractor's cost on site safety. It can initiate the contractor's incentives in utilising safety policy because his expenses can be recovered from the payment. The contractor can get the money in some items provided that the site safety measures fulfilled with the requirements stated in the particular specification. 4.3 Safety Plan ‘As there is raise in concern about safety, more and more government contracts require the contractors to submit an outline safety plan in tender stage and a detailed safety plan at the commencement of contract. The objectives of this safety plan are to ensure the contractor to protect the health, safety and welfare of all personnel engaged in the project. Under the safety plan, the contractor is required to submit the details of the safety policies and procedures in ensuring the safety of workers on site. The safety plan should include an outline of the safety organisation, safety procedures, risk assessments, implementation, emergency controls and employment of safety personnel. 5. CONSTRUCTION STAGE, During construction, the engineer should ensure that the specifications are followed and the obligations of the contractor are fulfilled. Although the contractor takes full responsibility for the adequacy, stability and safety of all the operations and methods of construction, the engineer should still has a duty of eare to the public in respect of safety on site 5.1 Temporary Works Many accidents happened on sites have been related to temporary works. Therefore the resident engineer is responsible for checking the temporary work design to see whether it is properly design and safe. During construction stage, he has to inspect the erection and condition of the temporary works are safe and conformed to the proposal. 52 inspec He should also check whether site operations are safe and whether safety requirements laid down in the specification as well as the local regulations are fulfilled. [f not, the resident engineer should request the contract for improvement or report to the local authority. In particularly dangerous situations, he should suspend the works on the site. 5.3 Meeting MaStudy Group ICBUCE Essa ite afety - Role of Engineer.doc PageSite Safety - Role of Engineer In addition, the engineer should incorporate the issue of safety matter onto the agenda of the progress meeting with the contractor. The review, implementation and recommendation of the safety measures are discussed in the meeting, 3.4 Training Training courses and seminar on construction safety aspects should be organised for the Engineers so that site supervisory staff are kept to have the most update information and knowledge regarding safety. 5 Personnel The engineer should ensure that the Contractor has provide a competent person to look after the safety matters, In accordance with the requirements of the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Regulation. the Contractor should employ a full-time safety officer to manage the site safety when the number of labour is more than 200. This safety officer should have sufficient experience in relevant nature of works. Furthermore, a full-time safety supervisor should be employed by the Contractor iff the number of worker is more than 20. Apart from the safety officer, a qualified first aider is essential for emergency treatment to the patient when an accident occurs on site 6. MAINTENANCE STAGE. 6.1 Auditing Although the construction of a project is always most dangerous to the workers and the public, the engineer should not overlook the safety monitoring after completion. The engineer should set up an safety auditing scheme to continually monitor tl Jition of existing structures or slopes. The safety auditing should include the review of the existing measures, the inspection of the existing conditions and the proposal remedial works to be carried out. If any operation problems are identified during the auditing, the engineer should make them good accordingly. For instance, if a escalator has mechanical problem, it should be restricted to be used by the public before repairing it c cor 7. SUBSEQUENT DECOMMISSIONING The modern infrastructure such a5 tall-buildings and long span bridges usually involve complicate structural arrangements and adopt the prestress conerete technique in order to provide more floor space and increase span length. The decommissioning of this type of structure will certainly involve more risks. In this regard, the designer engineer has the responsibility to prepare an outline demolition manual for subsequent decommissioning of the structure. He should clearly state the safe demolition procedures and draw the contractor's attention to any potential hazards during the course of the works. This is important to ensure the safety of workers engaged in the demolition of this type of structure 8. CONCLUSION Although construction site safety is the contractor's obligation, the engineer should share the contractor's responsibilities. The engineer, as a profession, should do his best in minimising the MaStudy Group ICE\CE Essay'Site Safe 4ofS Role of Engineer. doc PageSite Safety - Role of Engineer hazards during the feasibility study, planning, design, construction, maintenance and decommissioning stages. He should bear in mind that safety is a major factor in construction industry. He should lay out sufficient clauses and specifications in the contractor document to draw the contractor's attention towards site safety. M:\Study Group ICEMCE Essay'Site Safety - Role of Engineer.doc Page 5 ofS$08 Health, Safety & Welfare 1_O 2014 9 AIS A Q14-99.RY Q14 Identify and discuss the factors which should be assessed to ensure a well managed site in terms of health, safety and welfare? (1250 words) Introdu In the past, most people only concerned about the quality of the product, the progress f works as well as the budgetary and control in construction projects. Nowadays, the people in Hong Kong have growing interest in health, safety and welfare of the working environment. As construction activities are generally complex in nature, safety and health proble: management systems. Also, welfare provided by the employers will directly affect the s may arise if the construction works are implemented without well established working attitude of the employees. ‘Therefore, a well managed site is in fact a site whit not only good in managing quality, time and budget, but also (ake into account health, safety and welfare, 2 rs which should be assessed (o ensure a well managed site in terms of health, safety and welfare 2.1 Promoter The promoter who initiates and finances construction projects, and plays an important role in ensuring well managed sites. Usually, the promoter should clearly write down his requirements on quality, safety and health in the tender documents. For ample. tenderer must have no conviction on safety issues within a period before tendering, Otherwise, tenderer is not allowed to bid any tender. Through executive procedur contractors with bad safety records are removed from the approved list of contractors. On. the other hand, it encourages the contractor to pay attention to maintaining good safety record and meets the safety requirements of the promoter, In addition, the contractor ‘would adopt safer construction method to reduce the risk of accident the contractor through an incentive scheme in terms of safet omoter can award the In promoting safety for a construction proj ? health and welfare. The the bonus on safety. contractor would try his best to eam more profit, of course, includin; Therefore, the contractors are willing to spend more resources on safety issues such as safety promotion and training to their employees.808 Health, Safery & Welfare 10 2014 9 1S Q14-99.R¥ 22 Engineer The Engineer is responsible for the contract administrs n and site supervision on bchalf of the promoter. He should be competent in construction management, technical knowledge as well as safety issues. He is required to assess the competence and ‘qualification of the safety personnel, i. Safety Officer, Safety Supervisor ete, proposed by the contractor at the beginning of the contract. In Hong Kong, the requirements for Safety Officer and Safety Supervisor are governed by the Factories and Industries Undertakings (Safety Officer and Satety Supervisor) Regulations. After approval of the safety personnel, the contractor will submit Safety Plan prepared by the Safety Officer. The Safety Plan includes the contractor's safety polic , safety organisation and responsibilities of site personnel, emergency procedures, training programmes, method statements together with risk assessment reports for various works to be carried out, ete. The Safety Plan forms the framework of safety for the project, and will be revised and updated from time to time to ‘meet the changing conditions ofthe site, The Engineer and his representatives can monitor the contractor whether they implement the procedures listed in the Safety Plan or not. However, progress of work is olten the first priority over any other considerations. Especially for the contractor, since he needs to pay the promoter liquidated damages for delay in completion of the construction works. As such, the contractor will try to accelerate the progress of works by all means. Probably, safety precautions to construction activities are usually not fully considered. Under such circumstance, workers, resident site staff as well as passers-by will be endangered. ‘Therefore, the Engineer should remind the contractor to take necessary proactive actions to rectify the safety situations to his satisfaction or if necessary, suspension order of works should be given. On the other hand, the Engineer should check the labour returns of the contractor against the works programme to ensure that the strength of workforce is sulficient for the execution of the works. Otherwise, the workers may be overloaded and have to work overnight and even unable to take leaves. In this case, the worker’s welfare will be exploited, In fact, overload is a major cause of accidemt because the workers cannot concentrate on his works. Therefore, the Engineer should remind the contractor to provide a safe and healthy working environment to the workers. In addition, welfare to the workers should also be maintained such that the effectiveness and the efficiency of the construction activities can be enhanced.$08 Health, Safety & Welfare 1_O 2014 9 ALIS A Q14-99,RY 2.3. Factors to be assessed by the contractor In order to establish accountability for safety, the following systems should be established: () Each manager has a safety goal to meet that he or she believes is achievable. (b) Feedback on progress toward achieving that safety goal is provided on a regular basis both to the manager and to his or her supervisor. (c) There are meaningful rewards for the manager that are associated with ‘meeting the safety goal. According to the recent researches, all of these elements of a strong accountability system were present to some degree in the safest firms. ‘Therefore, it becomes a major factor to be assessed by the contractor, For a well managed site, the Contractor shall ensure the health and safety of the personnel on site as well as avoid any third party damages caused by his operations. ‘This can be achieved by setting up an effective site safety training and management system so as to monitor and control constuction activities effectively and efficiently. Hence, the chance of accidents occurring can be reduced. Furthermore, the workers could be encouraged to adopt safer construction method by giving special award to the persons who confirm strictly with the safety requirements. In addition, except the welfare specified in Government Regulations, the Contractor could provide special welfare such as providing free transport and low price canteen, especially for remote sites. This will lead to easier control of human resources and help to build up a positive relationship between the Contractor and his workers, develop sense of belonging among the workforce and motivation. Otherwise, uncooperative manner and high mobility of the workforce will be created and make the management work much more difficult In most projects, safety audit will be carried out from time to time to evaluate the implementation of the Safety Plan and recommendations given in the safety meetings. In addition (0, contractor's commitment to a safe and healthy environment for the workers should also be assessed 24 Workforce All workers in construction site should take extreme care for the safety of their own safety as well as other persons. ‘They must follow closely the safely procedures of ‘works set out in the safety plan, and the correct procedures of using plant and equipment as‘508 Health, Safery & Welfare 1.0 2014 9 15 QIA-99.R¥ ‘specified in the user manuals, On the hand, induction course and site specific training are also very important for the workers, especially for new comers. New comers may be easily suffering from accident because they are not familiar with the new working environment and the potential hazards of the works. In Hong Kong, all workers must have a valid green catd when they are working in a construction site. 3 Coni ‘A well managed construction site is the one which pays regard to not only the quality, time and money but also the health, safety and welfare aspects. It is the responsibilities of the promoter, engineer, contractor and workforce to ensure all personnel and plants are under the control of # well established managing system in health, safety and welfare terms.S08 Health, Safety & Welfare 1 O 2014 9 AAS A Q14-99.RY 1, INTRODUCTION ~ Inthe past, most people only concerned about the quality of the product, the progress f works as well as the budgetary and control in construction project - Nowadays, the people in Hong Kong have growing interest in health, safety and welfare of the working environment. ~ a well managed site is in fact a site which not only good in managing quality, time and budget, but also take into account health, safety and welfare. 2. FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED Promoter = To select a contractor with good safety records. - To introduee incentive scheme in the contract to encourage the contractor in allocating more resources on safety aspects Engineer - ‘The Engineer should be competent in construction management, technical knowledge as well as safety issues. - To select competent safety personnel (SO & SS). ~ To comment on the safety plan, - To check contractor's labour farce deployed on site, To ensure that the welfare of the workers are not exploited and safety precautions are fully considered. Contractor - To establish accountability for safety. - To provide safety training to all personnel on site, - To provide adequate welfare to workers, i.e. free transport, low price canteen, ete. = To carry out safety audit to monitor the implementation of the safety plan. Workforce = To take themselves and others at work. - To follow the safety procedures of works set out in the safety plan and correct use of plants, - To receive proper training, particularly for the new comers. 3. CONCLUSIONS08 Health, Safety & Welfare 2.0 Q.16/98 How should designers of C Engineering Works take account of safety during construction, operation and subsequent removal of the works ? 7 words by W.K.LEE (Final draft) 12 Introduction $s would result in The occurrence of accidents associated with civil engineering wor injury, fatality and tremendous economic loss. Every party involved in the construction industry should realize their role in accident prevention. ivil engineering works designers are mainly involved in the planning and design the project, and preparation of contract documents. In order to minimize potential hazards during construction, operation and subsequent removal of works activities, designers should consider different alternative proposals in respect of safety and provide sufficient safety measures in their design at the planning and design stage. In addition, they should insert safety clauses in the contract documents to draw the contractors’ attention to their safety. In the following, the ways in which the d ‘igner can take account of safety during construction, operation and subsequent removal of the works will be discussed, Choice of alternatives Designers should identify all potential construction hazards during planning and design stage. They should consider all altemative proposals in respect of safety aspects and adopt the option that will pose minimum safety problems for the wor during construction, For instance, when choosing a foundation stem, hand-dug caisson may be the cheapest and the most flexible method of pile construction However, after considering the high accident rate in hand-dug caisson operations and the health hazards posed to the workers, designers should not adopt this type of foundation unless it is the only practical solution,‘S08 Health, Safety & Welfare 2.0 ii) iii) Construction techniques In the course of constru mm, the degree of safety associated with different construction technigues will be different. In the design stage, the designers should make an assessment of the risks to the concerned activities and decide whether restriction should be imposed on the construction techniques to ensure safety. For instance, requiring the use of tunnel boring machine instead of explosives in tunnel construction. Although restrictions imposed on a construction method may lead to cost escalation or construction time extension, the designer should still assess and compare the importance of time and cost with safety so as to determine the necessity of restriction. Preparation of contract documents When drafting the contract documents, the designer should incorporate appropriate provisions to prohibit contractors from using dangerous or unsafe construction methods in order to climinate potential hazards and risk during construetion activities. Designers should insert clauses in the specifications requiring, contractors to observe statutory requirements in regard to site safety. In recent years, an additional requirement is imposed on submitting safety plan during tendering stage. The necessity of this requirement depends much on the complexity of the construction works and is individually assessed by the designer. The safety plan should include details of the policies, procedures and requirements that can fulfil the contractors! safety and health obligations and responsibilities under the contract. The plan also outlines the safety procedures and protective controls (o be developed and the manner ‘by which they will be implemented and monitored to ensure health and safety on site. In order to motivate the contractor to carry out safety measures properly, a “Pay for Safety Scheme” should be included in the contract documents. Under this scheme, separate pre-priced items are provided for carrying safety measures, Regarding the safety aspects of the temporary works, designers may make statements in the conditions of contract requiring contractors to submit the temporary worksSO8 Health, Safety & Welfare 2.0 ii) iii) 1) Gesigns which are properly checked and certified by an independent checking engineers in order to guarantee the temporary works erected during construction are designed according to sufficient safe standard. Actions (o enhance safety during operation Structural safety ‘The basic safety of a structure must be designed to sustain loads and deformations that may occur during construction as well as during operation. Designers should also consider the proper safety provisions when maintenance and repairs works are required in the course of the life of the structure. Designers should ensure that all the works are structurally safe and are designed according to the standards that are applicable to local conditions and under appropriate factor of safety. User safety Designers should also consider the public safety when the public use their design works and provide sufficient safety measures to their design to ensure the public safety, For instance, a roadwork designer should ensure that the proposed roads are provided with sufficient street lighting to illuminate the roads at night, traffic signs and road markings to guide or instruct road users, and railings and barriers for guarding the pedestrian and vehicles. Operation and maintenance staff safety Designers should also assess the safety problems associated with the maintenance activities as well as routine cleansing works during the service life of the structures. For example, in enclosed structures, stich as service reservoirs, desilting manholes and cat ladders with safety cage for workers are required for routine inspection, cleansing, and testing, Access hatches should be provided and should have sufficient size to enable workers wearing breathing apparatus to enter. Operation and maintenanee manualS08 Health, Safety & Welfare 20 ICis a good practice for a designer to prepare an operation and maintenance manuals for his design. ‘The operators and maintenance staff can acquire the correct working procedures as well as the potential hazards about their works from the appropriate manual. Actions to enhance safety during subsequent removal of works Designers should assess the degree of risk associated with the activities to be encountered in carrying out the removal works. Preferably, a predetermined sequence to remove the structural members should be drawn up at the preliminary design stage with a view to maintaining the stability of other remaining parts of the works during, demolition works being carried. For instance, if prestressed members are to be involved in civil engineering works project, designers should carefully consider the details of tendon anchorage. Sufficient anchorage length should be provided so that the tensioned tendon can be progressively destressed and cut safely. Designers should bear in mind that a tightly controlled sequential demolition for highly tensioned structural elements is utmost important for the safety of workers as well as the public at large. Therefore, an instruction manual outlining the operating should be emphasized to draw workers attentions and any monitoring measures which needs to be implemented during the removal works should also be identified. For example, the locations of chiseled pockets that are used to monitor the stress levels of destressing tendons between cutting holes should be clearly defined in the manual. As-built records are important documents not only for future maintenance and ‘operation, but also for the demolition of structures. Designer should ensure that all as- built records including construction drawings and other relevant information regarding, the site conditions and materials used for works are prepared and issued to the client and operating authority. When modifications or demolition to existing structure are required, the availability of accurate as-built drawings and calculations will reduce the‘S08 Health, Safety & Welfare 2_O risk to people engaged in modification and demolition tasks Conclusion Designers should take an active role in ensuring the safety aspects associated with the works during construction, operation and the subsequent removal of works. They should incorporate sufficient provisions in the contract documents to draw the contractors’ attention towards the prohibition against the potentially dangerous contraction methods and the requirements of using safety measures, Designers should make the civil engineering works according to suitable standards with appropriate safety margins so that the works can be sustain throughout the course of design life. Proper safety provisions for maintenance and repair works should also be provided. In arranging the structural layout or selecting the structural members, designers should take account of safety issues during subsequent removal procedures. All. potential hazardous removal operations and necessary monitoring measures should clearly identify,808 Health, Safety & Welfare 2.0 Summary: Introduction - Occurrence of accident would result los injury, fatality and tremendous econom ~ In order to enhance safety during construction, operation and subsequent removal of the works, designers should adopt the following ways, consider different alternative proposals -provide sufficient safety measures in their design -insert safety clauses in the contract documents Actions to enhance site safety during construction Choice of alternatives -consider all alternative proposals which will pose minimum safety problems for the workers Construction techniques ~impose restriction on the construction techniques Preparation of contract documents insert clauses requiring contractors to observe statutory requirements regard to site safety -submit safety plan Scheme in the contract documents ~include a Pay for Safi temporary works designs are checked and certified by an independent checking engineers Action to enhance site safety during operation Structural safety -User safety -Operation and maintenance staff safety Operation and maintenance manual Actions to enhance safety during removal of works -assess the degree of risk during removal of works Provide sufficient anchorage length to tensioned tendon struction manual outline the operating and monitoring measures for removal of works -As-build records Conclusion Designer should play an active part to ensure the safety aspect both in construction operation and removal of works. -incorporate sufficient provisions in the contract documents‘$08 Health, Safety & Welfare 2.0 ~ variations results in expense in excess of that which would have been involved in the removal and re-execution value in accordance with cl 61 such excess removal of unsatisfactory material supplied by Employer ascertain the cost incurred late possession of site ascertain the cost incurred LD, deducted before EOT granted reimburse together with interest suspension order except 54(2)(a) to (d) ascertain the cost incurred Maintenance, not due to Contractor's responsibility value in accordance with cl 60 omitted BQ quantities value in accordance with cl 61 substantial change in the BQ quan, determine new rate using BQ rate as a basis for determinationcontract - Claims (Pt) 1_9¢ 13) C161: any rate in the Contract by reason of VO rendered unreasonable or inapplicable agree new rate, using BQ rate as a basis 14) C163 disturbance to the progress of Works ascertain the cost incurred, C163: a) not having received in due time information db) V0. ©) opening up for inspection, extra testing, unless unsatisfactory workmanship 4) delay caused by any person or any company, not being a utility undertaking engaged by the Employer ©) late delivery of materials by the Employer No claim for payment 1) CLI: inspection of site 2) CISL: expedite the progress 3) C163: disturbance to the progress of works d) delay caused by utility undertakers,contract - Claims (Pt) 2_0C Deseribe the procedure to be followed in submitting and adjudicating a a. claim? i ii) 444) iv) ” vill Notice a i} an Risk and uncertainties are intrinsic in civil engineering works most civil engineering contracts at present days work towards a more reasonable sharing of risks between the Contractor and the Employer necessitates the Engineer make variations to suit actual site conditions the contractor, on the other hand, entitled to submit claim a claim is the contractor's demand for reimbursement of extra time and cost incurred ac a result of circumstances which the contractor considered should be borne by the Employer civcumstances arising from materialisation of risks which he could not have been expected to foresee and allow for in his tender risks which ave entirely out of his control, results of the Employer's fault 2 components: principle which is the rationale of the clein quantification which ig the contractor's entitlement under the claim under G.C.C. (1990 edition), claim: 2 categories, namely claim for extension of time and claim for additional payment. The GCC has set forth the procedures for submitting and adjudicating on a claim of Claim Notice of claim can be simply @ statement showing the contractor's intention to claim and identify in general terms the works to waich it is related. Notice must be sent in wsiting to the Engineer if the contractor intends to make 2 claim, In general the contractor must give notice ‘as goon as is reaconably possible after the happening of the events giving riee to the claim’. However, there are usually time limit for notification of certain type of claims. allow matter to be investigated and settled as early as possible to avoid dispute Claim for Extension of time ay an) under HKGCC, when the Contractor intends to claim for an extension of time under Clauee 50, he should give notice in writing to the Engineer within 42 days or ag soon as practicable after the cause of delay. give the cause and probable extent of the delay.Contract - Claims (Pt) 2_0¢ 2. iia) aii} keep contemporary records which are to be used to support his claims if required by the Engineer for the purpose of determining whether or to what extent the Contractor may be entitled to an ECT, the Contractor shall submit to the kngineer full and details particulars of the cause and extent of the delay to the progress of Works in writing Claim for additional payment il ii) iad) av) yy vil when the Contractor claim for higher rates, associated with variations ordered cr substantially change in quantities under Clause $9(4) and 61(2), he should submit nis notice of claim within 28 days after having been notified of the rates proposed by the Engineer. For all other claims for additional payment pursuant to any clauses of C. of C., the Contractor shall within 28 days of it becoming apparent that the event will give rise te a possible claim serve notice in writing on the Engineer of his intention to claim and the contractual provision upon which the claim is based. As soon as the contractor is aware of a possible claim and without any instruction from the Engineer, the contractor must keep contemporary records that are likely to be used to support his claim upon the happening of such events. These may be records of labour, material, plant and any special event: ‘The Engineer can require the Contractor to keep particular records once he has received notice of a claim, but this does not alter the contractor's obligation to keep his own records. As soon as is reasonable after giving notice, the contractor shall. send to the Engineer a first interim account giving full and detailed particulars thereafter, at such intervals as the Engineer may require, the Contractor shall send to the Engineer further up-to-date secounts giving the accumlated total of che claim and any further full and detailed particulars in relation Submitting the detailed particulars il ii aii) the detailed particulars must be presented and submitted in a proper manner to facilitate prompt assessment and settlement of the claim by the Engineer, ‘The burden of proof is with the Contractor and a clear submission would facilitate communications among parties. ‘The Engineer to assess the claims using information available to him, clear and well documented submissions is essential tor a proper assessment of the claim. Firstly, to describe the events giving rise to the claims and stateContract - Claims (Pt) 2_0¢ the contractual reasons for the claim, identify the principle in which the claim ie founded by reference to the clause of C. of C. This would provide necessary background for assessing the claim v Secondly, include relevant informaticn for establishing the principle of the claim, Contemporary records of the events, preferably agreed by both parties are the essential basis of the claims. - e.g. correspondence, site instructions, site records, minutes, conversation, specification ete. . the Contractor's original and current programme in relation to the use of resource should be included to illustrate the effects of the aforesaid events. : supplemented by information demonstrating the effects of instructions and variations referred to in the claim, - all these would build up the claim and support the contractual reasons mentioned in the submission. vi) Lastly, has to submit a detailed calculation of his entitlement to assist the Engineer in deciding the amount of award after the principle of the claim has been formulated. vii) Furthermore, if upon request by the Engineer, he has a duty to further elaborate his reasons and demonstrate the case. 4 Adjudication il the Engineer has to adjudicate the claim in a competent manner 43) upon receipt of the notice of claim, the Engineer should register the claim with the scope clearly defined to facilitate future communications Si) gather all the information related to the claim, from site records get a general view and estimate the consequence of the claim. iv) if the cause of the claim is still on-going, the Bngineer should, if possible, eliminate the cause in order to minimize the claim. 4.1 Claim for Extension of Time a require the Contractor to submit full and detailed particulars for assessment if necessary. Ai) should consider all the circumstances known to him at the time, including the effect of any omission of work or substantial decrease in the quantity of any item of work, and make an assessment of the extension of time. iii) bound to notify the Contractor in writing whenever he grants an extension. also notify the Contractor in writing if the contractor is not entitled to an extension. iv) Tn deciding a case for an 207, the Engineer should consider whether the Contractor hae in fact been held up by delay within the contextContract - Claims (Pt) 20c of Clause 50 of GCC and whether he is fairly entitled to an extension. w take into account the state of readiness of the Contractor to act had the matter that is subject of the claim not risen. Any ROT granted are to demonstrate the effects of the matter on the critical path. 4.2 Claim for additional payment After receiving notice of clain, a without necessarily admitting the Engineer's liability, the Engineer can require the Contractor to keep and agree with the BR any additional contemporary records as are reasonable and material to the claim. These records should be agreed by both parties and are only for record purpose. ii} ‘The ungineer may inspect all records as are necessary for a proper consideration of the claim. sort out those relevant information and compare them with his own records After receiving first interim account, iii) first investigate the grounds that the claim is based on and decide on the acceptability of the principle of the claim and nctify the Contractor with reasons. if unable to make a decision using the information in hand, he can ask the contractor to further explain the case iv) the situations giving rise to the claim are not those contractual risk or contractual responsibilities for which the contractor should have allowed when he prepares his tender vii} after accepting the principle of the claim, the Rngineer has to examine the details of the contractor's submission viii) After going through the adjudication procedures, the Engineer should notify the Contractor the amounts in terms of money ox time to compensate the contractor for any loss. The Engineer mist ensure that his adjudication on the claim is fair to the Client and the contractor. ix] if the contractor fail to prepare a comprehensive submission, the Engineer has to adjudicate using information available to him, 4.3. The Engineer's decieion is final and binding. if consensus cannot be reached, the process of mediation and arbitration may be a channel for settling disputes 5. Conclusion Ft) Clains are inevitable ii) adjudication by the Engineer is the agreed means of settling disputescontract - Claims (Pt) 2.0¢ ii) claims must be well documented and adjudication mst be carried out promptly in the prescribed mannerContract - Claims (Pt) 2.00 sor 1) inclenent weather 2) tropical cyclone signal no. 8 3) Clause § + ambiguities of contract documents a v0. 5 substantial increase of quantity 5) possession of site 7) disturbance to progress of work for which the fmployer or the Engineer is responsible including but not restricted clause 63 8) suspension except Clause 56; 2a) otherwise provided ) weather condition affecting safety of works ©) Sone default om the part of the Contractor 8) for the proper execution of works, for the safety of works not arise fxom Employer ox any excepted risks 9) ubslity undertakers 10) Nominated sub-contractors 11} any specia? circumstance No BOT 2) suspension occasioned by circumstances described in Cl. 54(2){a) to (a) 2) shortage of constructional plant or labourcontract - Claims (Pt) 2_0c Extra Payment v 2) 2 0 5) 6) ” a) 3) yo) ay a2) 23) instruction clarifying ambiguities of contract documents value in accordance with cl 61. setting out error based on incorrect data shown on Duys or any contract documents value in accordance with cl 60. Gamage, Lose or injury arises from any of the excepted risks value in accordance with cl 60 excepted riske : war invasion of HK. foreign terrorists civil war, rebellion or revolution : riot, commotion or disorder in HK 1 occupation by the Employer damage due to the Engineer's design neglect or default by the Sngineer or Employer facilities for other contractors extra teeting unless unsatisfactory workmanship or failed to comply with contract value in accordance with cl 61 ungatisfactory materials --> variations results in expense in excess of that which would have been involved in the removal and re-execution value in accordance with cl 61 such excess removal of unsatisfactory material supplied by Employer ascertain the cost incurred late possession of site ascertain the cost incurred LD, deducted before KOT granted reimburse together with interest euepenion order except 54(2) (a) to (a) ascertain the cost incurred Maintenance, not due to Contractor's responsibility value in accordance with cl 60 omitted BQ quantities value in accordance with cl 61 substantial change in the BQ quan determine new rate using BQ rate as a basis for determination any rate in the Contract by reacon of VO rendered unreasonable or inapplicable agree new rate, using BQ rate as a basisContract - Claims (Pt) 2 0¢ 14) Cl 63 : disturbance to the progress of Works ascertain the cost incurred. cles a) not having received in due time information bp) V.0 ¢} opening up for inspection, extra testing, unless unsatistactery workmanship a) delay caused by any person or any company, not being a utility undertaking engaged by the Zmployer e) late delivery of materials by the Rmployer No claim for payment 1) 1 13. + inspection of site 2} C1 S21: expedite the progress. 3) cl 6s disturbance to the progress of works a) delay caused by utility undertakersContract - Claims 2 OC Procedure which the Contractor and the Engineer should follow in submitting and adjudicating on a claim under the General Conditions of Contract ‘TRODUCTIO! Risks and uncertainties are inherent in all engineering contracts, This necessitates the Engineer to make variations to suit the actual condition of works. The Contractor, on the other hand, is entitled to submit claims. A claim, in civil engineering, is simply a demand from the Contractor for extra payment which the Contractor considers should be paid by the Employer, or a demand for extension of time for the completion of Works as a result of unforeseen delay. The General Conditions of Contract for Civil Engincering Works (GCC) is one of the widely adopted Conditions of Contract in Hong Kong's construction industry. It contains many clauses and sub-clauses under which the Contractor can submit a claim and ask for reimbursement of money or extension of time for completion. It also describes the procedures h the Contractor and the Engineer should follow in submitting and adjudicating a claim: CLAIM FOR EXTENSION OF TIME The procedures for dealing with a claim for extension of time (EOT) are given in Clause 50 of GCC. Under this Clause, if the Contractor intends to seek for extension, he should submit to the Engineer bis claim within 42 days or as soon as reasonably possible after the delay leading to the claim has occurred. ‘This time limitation imposed on the Contractor is intended to allow for the matter to be investigated as early as possible so as to avoid any unnecessary dispute later. In submitting the claim, the Contractor must show why an extension should be granted by referring to the relevant sub-clauses in the GCC When the Engineer receives such notice, he should consider all the circumstances known to him related to the claim, He may also, under Clause 50(3) of GCC, request the Contractor to submit full and detailed particulars of the cause and extent of the delay to the progress of the Works. From this information, he should decide whether the claim is valid under the contractual terms, For example, in dealing with a EOT claim due to inclement weather, the Engineer must consider the timing, duration and severity of the “inclement weather conditions; the changes in volume of work output; changes in resources emploved on the site; detail of items of work delayed and whether this is critical in the works programme; the readiness of the Contractor to work had weather conditions been favourable and ; any measures taken by the Contractor to minimise the effects of inclement weather. If the Engineer finds that an EOT for completion of works should be granted to the Contractor, he should make and interim assessment and extend the completion time for the works. Then he should notify the Contractor of his decision in writing according to Clause 50(2) of GCC. Ifthe Engineer considers a claim to be invalid, the Contractor should also be notified. When the due date or extended date for completion arrives, the Engineer should as soon as possible make an assessment on the extension of time again based on his information together with any claims. Then he should inform the Employer and the Contractor so that in case of no extension being justified, the Employer may consider the deduction of liquidated damages form the payment to the Contractor Finally, upon the issue of the Certificate of Completion of the Works or any section of Works, the Engineer should review all the circumstances known to him and determine and certify to the Contractor the final ROT. It should be noted that during this final assessment, the M)Study Group ICENICE Essay'Contiact - Claims 2. OC.doe Page 1 of 2Contract - Claims 2. OC \gineer cannot deduct any EOT previously granted to the Contractor. However, the Employer may ask for deduction to those previously granted time extension through mediation or arbitration under Clause 86 of GCC, CLAIM FOR EXTRA PAYMEN For claims involving extra payment, the procedure is described in Clause 64 of GCC. If the Contractor intends to claim a higher rate than one notified to him by the Engineer pursuant to Clause 59(4)(b) of Clause 61(2), he shall within 28 days of such notification give notice in writing of his intention to claim. For claims related to other event, the Contractor shall within 28 days of it becoming apparent that the event will give rise to a possible claim serve notice in writing on the Engineer of his intention to claim and the contractual provisions upon which the claim is based. ‘The Engineer may not consider any claims received by him after the expiry of a period of 180 days calculated from the certified date of completion for the Works Upon submitting of the notice of claim, the Contractor should keep all contemporary ds related to the claim. Then, he should send to the Engineer a first interim account giving all and detailed particulars of the circumstances giving rise to the claim, the rate or sum claimed and the manner in which such rate or sum is calculated, Thereafter, at intervals required by the Engineer, he should send to the Engineer further up-to-date accounts giving the accumulated total of the claim and any further full and detailed particulars in relation thereto rec peer should analyse the claim based on his records and the particulars submitted by the Contractor, He may require the Contractor to keep and agree with the Engineer's Representative any additional contemporary records as are reasonable and may in the opinion of the Engineer be material to the cl If the Engineer considers a claim to be valid, he should certify to the Contraetor in the interim payment such amount he considers due to the Contractor. In order to facilitate the Engineer's assessment, the Contractor must submit sufficient particulars to the Engineer for him to assess the amount. If the particulars are insufficient, then the Contractor will only be paid part of the claim that can be assessed by the Engineer Finally, if the Contractor disagrees to the Engineer's assessment, he mediation or arbitration under Clause 86 of GCC. an seck for CONCLUSION In submitting and adjudicating on a claim, Clause 50 and 64 of the GCC should be followed. The Contractor should always give notice of his intention to claim in the first instance and keep all records for his own interest. ‘The Engineer, in assessing a claim, should behave a an impartial judge and make assessment based on all circumstances known to him and assess without bias. He should check whether the claim is valid with reference to the relevant contractual clauses and the available contemporary records. Finally, any disagreement which cannot be settled between the Engineer and the Contractor can be referred to mediation or arbitration. MaStudy Group ICEMCE Essay'Conteaet - Claims 2_OC.doe Page 2 of 2Duties of Resident Engineers 1_OC DISCUSS THE DUTIES OF A RESIDENT ENGINEER [ALEX LIU] | Introduction ~ resident engineer as the Engineer's Representative. appointee trusted by the client, ~ the duties of a resident engineer ate to watch, inspect the works and test and examine materials and workmanship. - power limited by the delegation at the onset of the contract. 2 TECHNICAL, Quality Control - apart from keeping the progress of work, the resident engineer should ensure that the permanent work is up to the requiroment of the client. ~ both materials and workmanship should be controlled. ~ check setting, lines and levels, ~ regarding materials the resident engineer is responsible for checking the materials submitted by the Contractor. ~ he should, with reference to the relevant standards and specification check the materials for suitability for the job, durability and aesthetic. ~ arrange routine testing to be carried out if so required under the contract. - workmanship is often more subject fo variation than material, sometimes workmanship affects the behaviour of the material. - ensure site staf¥ understands the drawings and specification, ~ clarify with the Contractor the standard required = check the preparation of the Contractor. ~ take concreting for example, the delivery, placing, compaction, curing and striking of formwork can affect the quality of the final produet.therefore strict adhesion to the specification is required, ~ for substandard works he is delegated the power to reject it ~ take remedial measures in case of failure. Design Amendments ~ it is impossible to design a structure without any further modifications in the construction stage, the resident engineer should study the drawings. If he identify any design error he should issue instructions to rectify the situation, - this is an important aspect, the earlier the design is modified, the earlier the Contractor is furnished with the correct information and the less likely the Contractor can justify a claim,Duties of Resident Engineers 1_OC Method Statements and Temporary Works = temporary works are designed by the Contractor and commented by the resident engineer. - although the resident engineer assumes no responsibilities under the GCC, he owes a duty of care to his client and the public.so checking is required, = checking the calculations is not enough he should ensure thet the works is carried out as proposed. 3 FINANCIAL Payment and Site Measurement = ensure measurements are taken jointly with the Contractor to eliminate discrepancies. ~ ensure the measurement are taken in accordance with the SMM. = agree in advance with the Contractor for ambiguous items the percentage of payment to be payable. ~ Vetting ‘erim payment and recommend to the Engineer the amount on Interim Payment, Variation Orders - for works not described in the contract, rates of items required to be agreed between the Contractor and the Engineer. ~ the engineer has to assess the rates proposed by the Contractor with reference to the BQ rates of the contract and other current contract ~ recommend to the Engineer. Claims = claims for extension of Time and cost are common in a remeasurement contract, these claims may be due to inclement weather, unforeseeable ground conditions, ete = although the resident engineer is not delegated with the power to grant extension of time and cost, he is responsible for giving recommendations to the Engineer for decision. = this is where site records play an important role as they form the basis of assessing the extent the Contractor was affected 4 Progress of Works his prime duty is to supervise the progress of the work so that itis finished on time. he should try to see the potential problems likely to arise on site by : = following the progress of the works closely. ~ discussing the programme with the ContractorDuties of Resident Engincers 1_OC ~ study the drawings and specification + he should warn the Contractor if he sees any problems ~ the resident engineer should arrange site progress meeting every month discussing the progress of work any outstanding items and safety. - he should also ensure that the points raised in the progress meeting, are carried out by the Contractor. ~ _ itis also his duty to reflect the progress of the Contractor to the Engineer 5 Records - keeping detailed site records is a must. ~ _ site staff may leave the job during the course of the contract, site records help the replacement to get acquainted with the site history. ~ in the event ofa dispute occurring in a later stage, the records will form a useful source of information. - in keeping records the resident engineer should ensure that the record kept are accurate and that itis kept in a systern which is easy to retrieve. + records include site diary, record drawings, site measurement books, contract documents, ‘progress charts and photos Safety = although it is the obligation of the Contractor t maintain safety measures the resident ‘engineer must not rely solely on the Contractor's initiative. ~ he should inspect the site frequently and identify any potential hazards. = instruct the Contractor to make good the situation. Site Management = dealing with the Contractor is only part of the resident engineer's duties. ~ he is also responsible for various site management aspects. ~ division of labour among his staff, overtime allocation, setting up an efficient filing system, etc. also form his day to day duties. arrange for site handover at the start of the eontract, ~ obtain the information like neme and qualification of site agent, program of works, + check works programme and comment, + hold site meeting with the Contractor, and other relevant parties like utility undertakers. PLEASE DO NOT WASTE ANY PAPERDuties of Resident Engineers 2 OC RE Duties Introduction A Res jent Engineer (RE) is the Engineer's Representative on site, He represents the Engineer to ensure the contract between the Employer and the Contractor is executed in accordance with the terms of contract. The duties of a RE is to watch and inspect the Works, to test and examine any materials to be used and workmanship employed by the Contractor in connection with the Works. In order that the RE carry out his duties efficiently, the Engineer delegates some of his powers to the RE by writing to the Contractor. The RE is responsible for the site supervision and contract administration, All matters relating to the construction of the Works should be handled by the RE in the first instance. The RE should use his imitative as an engineer to investigate any matters in an endeavour to foresee problems before occur. The RE must refer to the Engineer any item which requires a decision or action by the Engineer ; supporting information and RE’s detailed comments and draft proposals should be sent to the Engineer at the same time. The duties of RE are diversify and important depending on the nature of Works. However, his duties can be classified in the areas of site supervision, financial aspects and contract administration. Site Supervision ality of material and Standard of workmanship The RE has to ensure that good quality of material and high standard of workmanship are provided by the Contractor, He needs to assess the Contractor's technical submission including material approval, alternative proposals, method statements and temporary works design. In respect of material approval, he should ensure the Contractor has submitted the appropriate materials for approval before incorporating into permanent works, During construction, the material should be properly used in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction, Whenever necessary, he should carry out field test and laboratory test to verify the quality of material. If the Contractor proposes alternative materials or designs, the RE should make a detailed assessment of the technical and contractual implications. To ensure a high standard of workmanship, a close supervision of the works should be exercised. In case of any substandard workmanship is noted, the RE should promptly request the Contractor to improve the situation accordingly. In addition, he should check the condition of the finished works to see whether any defects are encountered. Temporary works and method statement The ER is responsible for checking the Contractor's design of temporary works and method statement of construction, Thought the duty of design end construction of temporary works and M2Study Group ICENC! lof: = Essay\Duties of Resident Engineers 2 OC.doc PageDuties of Resident Engineers 2 OC device of con truction method of permanent works rest with the Contractor, the ER still has responsibility to advise the Contractor if his proposals are contravening the provisions of te Contract, the safety regulations or adversely affecting the construction of permanent works. Negligence in these aspects often results in delay of progress, poor workmanship and causes danger to the workmen and the public. For marine works, attention should be paid to the effeets of wind pressure, wave loads, {idal levels and accidental impact form vessels. In particular. tidal work requires cerefil plaming to ensure that all available working time at low tide is efficiently used, ‘As most accidents are related to the temporary works, the RE should check the Contractor's proposal for temporary works and method statement to see whether adequate safety and stability have been provided Survey He also needs to check the lines and levels of both temporary and permanent works with the assistance of the land surveyor. If any discrepancies are noted, he should draw the Contractor's attention to rectify the errors before concreting works or proceeding the next action, Variation Sometimes, alternation of the works are required to suit for the unpredictable site conditions or discrepancy in the drawings. The RE should carry out the minor redesign works and should arrange for the issue of variation orders for the necessary completion of the Works, Ifthe alternatives works are substantial, he should refer the problems back to the design office. For the valuation of variation order, the method laid down in the General Conditions of Contract should be followed : ie rates in BQ, rates to be agreed or day work basis. Completion Certificate Upon the substantial completion of the works, he should recommend the Engineer to issue the substantial completion certificate for a section or whole of the Works. He should carry out a joint site spection with the Contractor to check the outstanding works Financial Aspects Additional Payment Under the GCC, the Contractor is entitled to submit a claim for additional payment, When a notice of claim is received, Site measurement Another major duty of the RE is to measure the amount of work done by the Contraetor. He should MaStudy Group ICEMICE Essay'Duties of Resident Engineers 2 OC.doe Page 2ofSDuties of Resident Engineers 2 OC arrange the measurements to be made and agreed by his and the Contractor's staff. Moreover, The RE is also need to check the contractor's interim payment according to the site measurements. Finance Control For the interest of the Client, the RE should work out a detail curve of expected expenditure pattern according to the Contractor's programme of works. As the Works progress, he should compare the required, He should draw the attention of the Client to any significant changes so that necessary adjustments to annual expenditure allocation ean be made, actual expenditure against the expected one, amend it Final Account Upon the completion of the Contract, he needs to check the final measurement of the works and advise the Engineer the imposition of liquidated damages when the Contractor fails to complete the works within the contract period. Administrative Works Programme and Progress of Works Upon the commencement of the works, the Contractor has to submit a programme of works to the Engincer. The RE should be responsible to the Engineer to examine whether the programme of works are well planned with reasonable time and realistic. In addition, it should comply with the contract’s requirement. During the course of construction, he should monitor the actual progress closely against the programme. He should review the progress with the Contractor in cach month if the progress is unsatisfactory, he should identify the unsatisfactory aspects in writing with a request for proposals to improve the progress. In addition, whenever extension of time has been granted or progress is 100 slow to ensure completion, he should request the Contractor to revise or update the programme immediately. Liaison, ‘At the commencement of a Contract, the RE should arrange meetings with local authorities such as the District Land Offices for the possession of the sites. During construction, he has to coordinate varies different parties including, the client, the contractor, the land suveryor, the quantity suveryor, the design engineer, the utilities undertakers, the relevant authorities and the public for smooth execution of the works. MaStudy Group ICEMCE Essay'Duties of Resident Engineers 2_OC.doc Page 30f5Duties of Resident Engineers 2 OC Claim Assessment In assessing the claim for an extension of time. He should check the validity of the claims to see whether the cause of delay is outside the contractor's risk and obligation as stipulated in the Contract. In addition, he should check whether the critical activities are affected and the Contractor has been subjected to loss due to the delay. After the preliminary assessment, he should give recommendations to the Engineer. Site Record Site records are very important as they provide the necessary and valuable information in resolving disputes, settling claims and assessing the extent of works by the Contractor. In respect of these reasons, the RE should develop a good filing system on site and request the site staff to properly keep the accurate and full records such as site diary, records of material testing, financial records and record drawings, etc. Site Safety and Environmental Protection Safety to the work team and the public are particularly important, The RE should ensure that the Contractor uphold the safety standard. In checking the method statement, he has to ensure that safety to the public and worker is not overlooked. During the daily inspection, he has to identify the potential hazards associated with the construction activities such as the stability of the temporary works, the misuse of construction plants and equipments, He should ensure that the Contractor takes all reasonable and necessary precautions to provide a safe and health working environment. Environment impacts in construction industry is the most obvious social problem, The RE should pay particular attention on the environmental nuisance to the surrounding. For noise disturbance, he has to ensure that all the construction plants and equipments equipped with acoustic shield or sound reducer. He should measure the noise generated during the operation of the machines, Should any noise level exceed the allowable limit, sound-reducing measured should be taken to avoid causing nuisance to the nearby residents. With respect to the dust contr the RE should request the Contractor to frequently spray water on the construction site, In addition, he should ensure that a wheel washing basin has been provided by the Contractor all the trucks are covered with trampolines. MaStudy Group ICEMICE Essay\Duties of Resident Engineers 2. OC.doc Page 4ofSities of Resident Engineers 2 OC Site O: ‘A well structured site organization with clearly defined responsibility is an indispensable element for the effective and efficient supervision of the works. Besides carrying out the normal duties, a RE acts more as a decision-maker and overseer among his subordinates, The RE should spend more effort in organizing the work and assigning the tasks to his subordinates. He also needs to monitor their performance and motivate his subordinates. In addition, he should take opportunities to train his subordinates by giving proper guidance and gradually let them to take responsibility. Conclusion The above list is not exclusively and duties of a RE may vary according to the size and nature of a contract. Asa professional engineer, the RE, when taking up such demanding duties, should an open mind in solving problems, an intention to achieve a good quality of end product, an awareness of the safety and environmental aspects and an impartial attitude to all parties. In doing so, he will usually win the support of his site staff as well as the co-operation of the Contractor. (1600 words) MaStudy Group ICE\ICE Essay‘Duties of Resident Engineers 2_OC.doe Page 5 ofSDuties of Resident Engineers 3_0C October, 1391 by Derek Leung DUTTES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RESIDENT ENGINEER 1} Introduction Within the context of today's civil engineering contracts, there are three parties involved: the Client, the Engineer and the Contactor. The Client is the one who identifies, initiates and finances the project. There are of course exceptions with the lagt role in particular with the popularity of turkey project whereby a consortia design, contract and provide a financial package to facilitate the project for the Client. However, in the majority of the contracts, the Client will comission an Engineer to prepare the design, to draft up the contract documents, and to supervise the execution of works by the Contractor. It is nevertheless impractical to expect the Engineer to be present at all time cn site. The Engineer, as depicted in the General Conditions of Contract and as named in the Article of agreement are usualy senior menber of staff in consulting firms or public services departments. Hence, a resident engineer will be required to fill in this vacancy and to report directly to the engineer. 2) Delegation of Authority After the commencement of the contract, the Engineer should notify, in the delegation letter, to the Contractor of the nominated resident engineer and of the specitic duties vested in this representative and his site staff. The Engineer, however, cannot avoid legal liability that has stemmed out of the negligence or incompetence of hic representative. The resident engineer must, therefore, always remember that hie actions may have consequential effects on the Engineer, He ghould, in all cases of doubt, present the problem and forward his advice to the Engineer in formulating further decisions. 3} Duties of the Resident EngineerDuties of Resident Bnginsers 3_0c In general, the resident engineer should endeavour to ensure that the works ave built as designed, and that the contractor carries out all his obligations under the contract. The scope of this duties could mainly be classified into the following three aspects 3.1) Technical Aspects The resident engineer should check the material and workmanship deployed against the standard set forth in the specifications. He should also conment on the proposed method of construction, setting out, falsework design and the works programme. It is often necessary to incorporate minor modifications to the original designs to cater for the site conditions. The resident engineer will have to carry out euch on site design and to issue site instructions and sketches to the Contractor. He will also need to keep a close eye on the safety aspect of construction from time to time, and to warn the Contractor if there is a tendency to slip back on this. 3.2) Financial and Contractual Aspects Since the monetary amount involved is nexmally large, and the need to stick to the program for timely completion is vital, it is necessary to maintain an efficient system of records. This will mainly include the amount of material used and the progress of works As for the former, the resident engineer should check the entries of the measurement books, abstract sheets, bending schedules and taking off calculations. This will be helpful for him te make a realistic assessment in preparing the interim and final payment. He will also have to prepare che as-built drawings for future records, In order to monitor the Contractor's progress, he should update various record charts, site diary, photos and labour and plant return. He should take up with the site agent about any significant discrepancies and to ask for means of remedy,Duties of Resident Engineers 3_0c Tt is always difficult to contemplate all the probleme involved in the actual construction, during the preparation of the contract. there may be a significant increase in the quantity of certain items in the Bills of Quantities; or may be the construction progress has been tampered by inclement weather ‘The General Conditions of Contract, which stipulates the extent of risk sharing, entitles the Contractor to make claims under various circumstances. the resident engineer will have to check the validity of such claims, and to assess the rate of any variation works and the extension of time resulted thereof. The recommendation of the resident engincer will thus have a direct bearing on the Engineer's approval on such matters. 3.3) Administrative and Co-ordination one of the very important elements to ensure the snooth running of a project is to establish good communication between different parties, such as other government departments, utility uadertakers and sub-contractors, ete. The resident engineer has to engage frequently upon the task of liaison and to co-ordinate site meetings. Increasingly, the resident engineer has assumed the role as being the channel between the Client and the public. He will be the recipient of conplaints and in sone cases will perhaps be called upon to explain the works. an example of which is to attend District Board Meeting to explain a certain temporary traffic diversion scheme. ‘he resident engineer should also devise an appropriate organisation of hie site staff to help him in carrying out all the prescribed duties. He will also be involved in the personnel aspect of his team, e.g. sick leave, overtime pay, etc. The size of the team will depend on the scale of the contract, but will normally include assistant resident engineers, inspectors, land and quantity surveyors, ete 4) Responsibilities of the Resident Engineer Although the resident engineer is only legally accountable te the Engineer, he will still have an indixect or to be precise, a moral responsibility towardsDuties of Resident Engineers 3 0c the other parties 4.1) Responsibility Towards the Public As for the public, it is worthwhile seeking out their interests, e.g provision of adequate temporary Lighting and access, and to prevent unfavourable conditions from developing that will lead to hazards, pollution and nuisance on a larger scale, the resident engineer should give advice to the Authority and the Contractor as to the formilation of remedial meacures, compensation policy and to obtain a balanced equitable solution to complaints arisen. 4.2) Responsibility Towards the Contract The Conditions of Contract has explicitly stated that the duties of resident engineer shall in no way relieve the Contractor from his obligations. ‘This is a reasonable clause to be included, basically to act as a deterrence against the Contractor form being incompetent and irresponsible. However, the resident engineer should realise that he has a responsibility towards the Contractor, too. He should identify and foresee problens in an early stage, warn the Contractor and to give suggestion in overcoming such difficulties, whilot ensuring compliance with the contract requirements, le should also make sure that the Contractor has a fair deal in the negotiation concerning claims. 5) Conelusion It is true that the resident engineer is velatively immune against the burden of legal liability. However, deterrence against negligence and misconduct do exist, This is usually in the form of the internal disciplinary actions of the employers. In some cases, this may lead to redundancy or being blacklisted by the Institution. The assurance of the fact that the individual will perform his duties with professional integrity can thus be sought. ‘The resident engineer has clearly a vital role in guiding the Contractor on the right track. To accomplish this, he must exercise the power delegated to him accordingly at the appropriate time. As with many things, there is no hard and fast rule in the implementation of control, the resident engineer shouldDuties of Resident Engineers 3_0¢ from time to time, make use of his engineering judgement to make compromise and to supplement modifications where needed. After all, flexibility is the key word te ensure the success of any construction project. (2242 words) Remark: Slight modifications should be taken to change RE with ER (Engineer's Representative), a term which is more popular nowadays. An ER does hot necessarily have to be a chartered engineer. In some cases of maintenance contracts, the inepector of CTO will be the ER. puring the absence of the ER, the AT chould be called in to replace hin temporarily, tooDaties of Resident Engineers 5 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF A RESIDENT ENGINEER by Lau Wing-wah INTRODUCTION ~ A resident Engineer (R.E.) is the Engineer's Representative and the chief responsible person on site. He works for the Engineer and gets no legal agreement with the client. Although a R.E. represents the Engineer, the Engineer should take the final responsibility for the design and supervision of construction of the works and should be responsible for the R.8.'s action. Apart from the general responsibility under the contract, a R.E. should also perform as a professional engineer and a leader of the site organization. DUTIES AS A RESIDENT ENGINEER UNDER THE CONTRACT Under the General Conditions of contract, a ®.F. is responsible for watching and inspection of works, and examining construction materials and workmanship. However, he has no authority to relieve the Contractor from any duties and obligations, nor to order any variation in the works unless it has been delegated by the Engineer. The R.B. is expected to carry out the duties in the following aspects, namely, technical aspect, financial aspect, site administration and keeping site records. On the technical aspects, a R.B. has to check the Contractor's submission cn proposed method of construction and temporary works, etc. ‘The proposal should be complied with the requirements of the contract documents and the works should be carried out according to the submissions and proposals. He also needs to inspect and test the quality of the materials, standard of workmanship and to check the setting-out of the works. All the above works and testing has to be implemented in a safe and nuisance preventive manner. Sometimes, alternations of the works are required te suit for the unpredictable site condition, and a R.=. should refer the problems back to design office if necessary. any alternations should be covered by issuing site instructions. On the financial aspect, a R.B. has te prepare the measurement of the works and check the Contractor's monthly statements. He has to agree with the Contractor on the method of payment for items not clearly defined in the preamble. He should also prepare financial forecasting and cost estimation for the Engineer. The Engineer should be informed immediately when the quantity of any major items in the contract is likely to vary by a significant amount. On completion of the contract, he needs to check the final measurement and the liquidated damages. He should also assist the Engineer in assessing claims from the Contractor. The quotations for any Extra Works or claims should be collected and all the relevant facts then has to he assessed to establish the most reasonable rates. Site administration is also part of the chief duties of a R.E. At the commencement of the contract, he has to arrange meeting forDuties of Resident Engineers 5 the handover of the site. Then he has to collect, from the Contractor, the information concerning insurance, security deposit, nominated site agent, surveyor and safety officer etc. and the programmes of works. The programmes should then be checked to ensure that the works are carefully planned. During construction, attention should be paid to check that the works are carried out in according with the proposed programme. This can be partly revealed from the monthly progress report prepared for the Engineer and Client. Apart from the internal affairs, he has to consult and liaise with different government departments, utility organizations, the public and the Contractor. By the end of contract, he should require the Contractor to submit programme for the completion of the outstanding items within the Maintenance Period. The date of substantial completion and the issue of completion certificate should be recommended to the Engineer. Site records are very important as they provide the necessary information in resolving disputes, settling claims and assessing the extent of works by the Contractor. For this reason, full and accurate records, such as site diary, records of material testing, financial records, and record drawings etc., should be kept properly on site DUTIES AS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Apart from the general testing, keeping site records and monitoring programme of the works, a R.E. also has other duties. Being a professional engineer, he has the obligations to the Engineer, the Client, the Contractor and the public a) Obligation to the Engineer The extent of the duties of a R.E. is defined at the beginning of the contract. He should ensure that the extent of powers which the Engineer has delegated to him is well-defined. For any matters that require the Engineer's decision, he should inform the Engineer as soon as possible. He should identify any ambiguities between different parts of the contract documents and drawings, and recommended to the Engineer of the necessary actions. b) Obligation to the Client A-R.E. must keep the Client being informed of the current and anticipated works progress and expenditure by submitting, monthly, a R.E.'s report to the Client through the Engineer. He should ensure that the works are completed satisfactorily within the specified time and the payment to the Contractor are fair and accurate ¢) Obligation to the Contractor In order to avoid substantial disruption to the progress of works, a good R.E. should possess a helpful and co-operative attitude towards the Contractor's problem. He should always seek to anticipate problems, and to provide quick replies to request for information from the Contractor. Advice should be given when necessary. Whenever unsatisfactory works are detected, the RE should inform the Contractor as soon as possible to avoid abort ive works and substantial disruption to the progress. Concerning the financial aspect, the R.E. should handle the payment application as soon as possible, and should beDuties of Resident Engineers 5 impartial in assessing claims and fixing new rates @) Obligation to the public It is necessary for the contractor to ensure that adequate safety and nuisance preventive measures are provided and maintained on site. When conflicts occur, the R.B. should explain to the people and assist in resolving the problems. If necessary, he should request the assistance from relevant government departments. DUTIES AS A LEADER OF THE SITE ORGANIZATION “TR properly organized team site staff is an indispensable element for efficient supervision of work on site. AR.#. should spend more effort in organizing work for his site staff than actually carry out the duties by himself. He acts more as an overseer and decision maker. He should define clearly the duties and powers of each site staff. He should understand the works required within a R.E. supervisory team and the effort/time demanded in each category of work. In order to emphasis co-operation and team work spirit within his supervisory team, he should review and assess regularly the perfmrsanct of his staff, find out probdems, if any, iN performing their duties and gives thee advice. He should also take the opportunity to train his sub-ordinates by giving proper guidance and gradually let them to take responsibility. CONCLUSION The above list is not exhaustive and the duties of a R.E. may vary according to the size and nature of the contract. As a professional engineer, the R.E.,when taking up such demanding duties, should possess an open mind in solving problems, an intention to achieve @ good end product, an impartial attitude to all parties, and a genuine willingness to keep smooth running of the contract. In doing so, he will usually win the support of his site staff as well as the co-operation of the contractor. (1246 words)Duties of Resident Engineers 6 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE RESIDENT ENGINEER (by S S LAM, Sept 91) 1. INTRODUCTION The Resident Engineer (RE), being the leader of the supervisory team on site working on behalf of the Engineer, plays an important role for the smooth running of the contract and the proper execution of the works. In carrying out the day-to-day duties on site, the RE’s attitude towards his responsibility and the way he exercises his power delegated to him by the Engineer are essential not only to arrive at a final product of good quality, but also to increase his reputation in the civil engineering field for his future career development. This paper discusses the duties and responsibility of the RE and the correct attitude he should bear in exercising his power. 2. DUTIES OF THE RESIDENT ENGINEER In general, the duty of the RE is to ensure that the works, specified in the contract or any other additional works as may be instructed by the Engineer or his representative during the course of the contract necessary for fulfilling the objective of the project, are to be constructed as designed with a standard complying with the requirement stipulated in the contract and to be completed within the allowed period of time or as soon as possible thereafter. The RE, working closely with the Contractor on site, should always ensure that the Contractor caries out all his obligations under the contract properly. ‘The duties of the RE can be mainly classified into the following aspects :- 2.1 Technical AspectsDuties of Resident Engineers 6 ‘The RE should check the materials deployed for the works and arrange tests to these materials as may be required by the contract or ordered by the Engineer to ensure their suitability for use. He shall also inspect the works carried out by the Contractor and examine the standard ‘of workmanship of the works to check if they have been satisfactorily constructed. It is also important for the RE to ascertain that the temporary works designed and constructed by the Contractor are duly checked and certified by an independent checking engineer who must have the professional qualification as stated in the contract. Itis some es necessary to incorporate minor modification to the original design to cater for the site conditions. The RE shall carry out such design and prepare relevant sketches for the issue of the site instructions to the Contractor, ‘The RE is also responsible for chceking the submissions from the contractor. For instance, the Contractor may propose to introduce construction joints to the bridge deck to suit his site operations. ‘The RE should study the pros and cons of such a proposal and forward his viewpoints to the Engineer for further decision ‘One crucial point to note is site safety. The RE should remind the Contractor from time to time to provide adequate safety measures to guard against any possible hazard on site. He should warm the Contractor to rectify any potential hazard identified during the course of the construction. 2.2 Financial and Contractual Aspects Since the money transaction involved in a civil engineering contract is usually large, an accurate assessment of payments to the Contractor is necessary to ensure that he is neither underpaid nor overpaid. I is the duty of the RE to check all site measurement records in order to quantify accurately the portion of works completed by the Contractor before preparing theDuties of Resident Engineers 6 payment certificates, Keeping and updating site records is another major duty of the RE. He should ensure that all site records such as site diary, photos, labour and plant returns, inspection forms, test results, and setting out records ete are properly kept and updated. In case of disputes, these records will be very useful in providing information for resolving the disputes. The RE is also required to prepare as-built drawings to necessitate the future operation and maintenance. The as-built drawings will also be the reference for future development. During the design stage, it is often difficult to anticipate all problems arisen at the construction stage. For instance, there may be a significant inerease in the quantity of certain items in the Bills of Quantities or the construction progress may be affected by an unidentified utility pipeline. Under various circumstances, the Contractor is entitled to initiate claims for money and/or extension of time. In this regard, the RE has to check the validity of such claims. If the claims are proved to be valid, the RE shall assess the compensation in terms of money and/or extension of time and forward his recommendation to the Engineer for him to consider. This recommendation will have a direct effect on the final decision made by the Engineer over such matters, 2.3 Administration and Coordination Although the contract requires the Contractor to coordinate his works with other coneemed parties such as the utility undertakers or various govemment departments, it still cannot free the RE from the coordination work. The RE has to participate into various coordination meetings, ensuring the Contractor carries out the liaison work properly, noting any agreement made between the Contractor and the other parties and ascertaining that such agreement does not contradict the Contractor's obligations to the contract. Being the leader on the front line dealing with the Contractor, the RE also takes up the roleDuties of Resident Engineers 6 as the recipient of complaints, For instance, he may receive complaint from nearby residents, about the inadequate temporary lighting for certain footpath diversion, He may need to remind the Contractor to rectify the situation. ‘The RE should also derive an appropriate organisation of his site staff to help him to carry out the prescribed duties. He should clearly define the duty and power of each site staff and give proper guidance to them. It is also necessary for him to set up the filing system for keeping, records so that they can be easily retrieved in the future. Besides, the RE will also be involved in the personal matters of his staff such as recommending vacation leave, overtime payments ete. 3. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE RESIDENT ENGINEER ‘The RE is not only responsible to the Engineer, he is also responsible to other parties. 3.1 Responsibility towards the Engineer ‘The RE, working closely with the Contractor on site, should take great care in exercising his power delegated to him by the Engineer. He should always remember that his actions may have consequential effects on the Engineer's decisions. Should he be in doubt with any problems arisen on site during the course of the contract, he should present these problems together with his opinion to the Engineer for formulating further decision. He must be clear about the extent of his power and should not go beyond it 3.2. Responsibility towards the Contractor Although the General Conditions of Contract explicitly states that no act or omission by the RE in performing his duties or exereising his power shall in any way relieve the Contractor ofDuties of Resident Engineers 6 any of his obligations and liabilities, the RE still has a responsibility towards the Contractor. Being a professional engineer, the RE should possess a helpful and co-operative attitude towards the Contractor's problems. Professional advice to the Contractor may sometimes be necessary. Should he identify or foresee any problem in the early stage, he should remind the Contractor immediately. When assessing claims forwarded by the Contractor or fixing new rates, {or variation orders, the RE must bear an impartial attitude so that a fair judgement can be made and recommended to the Engineer. 3.3. Responsibility towards the Public The RE should always look after the interest of the public. For example, he should, on one hand, ensure that the Contractor provides safe and convenient access with adequate temporary lighting for the public's use; and on the other hand, remind the Contractor to block unnecessary access to the site to avoid trespasses. In addition, he should check that the act of the Contractor does not cause any pollution problem and, as far as possible, is nuisance free to the public 3.4 Responsibility towards the Client The responsibility of the RE towards the Client is to ensure that the works are built as designed with a satisfactory standard of workmanship. 1t is also essential for the RE to closely monitor the progress of the works to ensure that the work can be completed as soon as possible if not to be completed within the allowed construction time. When negotiating new rates for variation orders with the Contractor, the RE should be impartial to the Contractor as well as to the Client so that a fair price can be finalised, 4, CONCLUSIONSDuties of Resident Engineers 6 ‘The RE, being the leader of the supervisory team on site, takes up an important role in overseeing the works carried out by the Contractor. He should possess an open mind and a co-operative attitude when working with the Contractor and take great care in exercising his power so that the works can be completed with satisfactory result and that all parties can benefit, as far as possible, from the final product.ER's Duties ER/RE Duties INTRODUCTION In a civil engineering contract, the Engineer is usually a senior member of a consultant firm or a government department. He may be the Engineer for a number of contracts simultaneously. ‘Therefore, one or several Er ineer’s Representatives (ER) [Resident Engineers (RE)] are needed to work for the Engineer and to report directly to the Engineer. The ER [RE] has the general duties as the representative of the Engineer and also has the duties as a professional engineer. In addition, he works as a team leader of the site organization. In the following paragraphs, the duties of the ER [RE] are discussed in details. DUTIES AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ENGINEEI Under the General Conditions of Contract, the duties of the ER under the Contract are to supervise and inspect the Works, to test materials to be used in connection with the Works and to examine workmanship employed by the Contractor, He shall also carty out duties and exercise power delegated by the Engineer from time to time. ‘The general duties as the representative of the Engineer can be categorized into technical aspect, financial aspect, site administration and keeping site records, Technical Aspect On the technical aspect, the ER has to check the Contractor’s submission. The Contractor would submit the method of construction and the design of temporary works, The ER should check to ensure that the proposal comply with the Contract requirements, Moreover, the ER is responsible for approving and accepting materials proposed by the Contractor. He should arrange testing (0 ensure that the quality of materials comply with the specifications, The ER is also responsible for site supervision, He should check the setting-out of the Works to ensure that the Works are constructed to the correct lines and level He should arrange adequate inspections to make sure that the Works comply with the Contract Drawings and specifications and are carried out according to the approved submissions and proposals. Furthermore, field tests and laboratory tests should be carried out to verify whether the workmanship comply with the specifications. Besides, an RE should identity the potential hazards on site and ensure that theER's Duties Contractor takes all reasonable and necessary precautions to provide a safe working environment. Alternations of the original design are sometimes required to suit the actual site condition, The ER should carry out such designs and arrange for the issue of variation orders. nancial Aspect On the financial aspect, the ER is responsible for the payments to the Contractor. He has to prepare the measurement of the Works and check the Contractor’s monthly statement for payment. He should also agree with the Contractor on the method of payment for any item not clearly defined in the preamble. On completion of the Contract, the ER needs to prepare the final measurement and assess liquidated damage if any. ‘The ER should control the expenditure to be within the allocated budget. He should prepare financial forecast and cost estimation for the Engineer. Besides, the Engineer should be informed immediately when the quantity of any item is likely to vary by a significant amount in a remeasurement contract. Henee, in ease the expenditure is likely to exceed the allocated budget, the Engineer can be alerted in advance and have enough time to seek for additional budget allocation, The actual expenditure should be regularly compared with the financial forecast and necessary amendment should be made to reflect a realistic picture. In addition, he should assist the Engineer in assessing claims for cost. He should furnish the Engineer with all relevant information, such as quotations from the Contractor and site records, for making reasonable decisions. Site Administration Site administrative is part of the main duties of an ER. At the commencement of the Contract, he has to arrange meeting for the hand-over of the site to the Contractor, He also has to collect and assess information from the Contractor such as, insurance, security deposit, site agent, surveyor and safety officer. During the Contract period, the Contractor is required to submit the programme of the Works and update the programme when needed. The ER should analyse andER's Duties ‘examine the programme to see whether the sequence of Works is logical and the time ity is appropriate, He should regularly check the actual progress (0 sce whether the programme is realistic and determine the need to update a jgned to each acti the programme. The Contract requires the Contractor to coordinate his Works with ‘other concemed parties such as utility undertakings and government departments. However, the ER still has to participate into the coordination meetings to make sure that the Contractor carries out the liaison work properly, The ER should also note any agreement made between the Contractor and the other parties and ascertain that such agreement does not contradict the Contractor's obligations to the Contract. ‘At the end of the Contract, the ER should require the Contractor to submit a programme for the completion of outstanding works within the maintenance period. The date of substantial completion and the issue of completion certificate and maintenance certificate should be recommended to the Engineer. The ER should also arrange hand-over meetings to hand over the completed works to maintenance authorities. ‘The ER has assumed the role as being the channel between the Client and the public He will be the recipient of complaints and in some cases, will perhaps be called upon to.explain the works, For example, the ER will be required to attend District Board Meeting to explain _a_certain_ temporary traffic diversion scheme and_measures provided. (Mav be deleted, Keeping Site Records Keeping and updating site records is another major duty of the ER. The ER should ensure that a proper filing system is developed for keeping records such as site diaries, material test results, te measurement books and record photographs so that they ean be easily retrieved when needed. Site records are very important as they provide necessary information in resolving disputes, settling claims and assessing the progress of works. The ER should also be responsible for preparing as-built drawings to facilitate future operation, maintenance and future development. DUTIES AS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Apart from the duties under the Contract, the ER, being @ professional engineer, has the obligations to the Engineer, the Client, the Contractor and the public.ER's Duties Obligation to the Engineer The ER is the representative of the Engineer for the Contract. He is authorized to make decisions and give instructions on behalf of the Engineer with the power delegated to him. He should always remember that his actions may have consequential effects on the Engineer's decision, Hence, the ER should take great care in exercising his power. He should, in all cases of doubt, present the problem with his opinion fo the Engineer for formulating further decision, He should clearly understand the extent of power delegated to him and not go beyond it. Obligation to the Client The Client expects to have the Works completed to the standard stated in the Contract, within the Contract period and the Contract sum. The ER should aim at achieving the Client's expectation, The ER should also furnish the Client with monthly reports showing the current and anticipated Works progress and expenditure. Obligation to the Contractor Being a professional engineer, the ER should possess a helpful and co-operative attitude towards the Contractor In handling the Contractor's request for information, he should reply promptly in order to streamline the execution of the Works. Should he identify or foresee any problem, such as unsatisfactory Works, he should remind the Contractor immediately to resolve the problem, Professional advice should be given to the Contractor when necessary, The ER must also bear an impartial attitude to the Contractor. This is particular important when assessing claims by the Contractor or fixing new rates for variation orders or omitted items so that fair judgements can be made and recommended to the Engineer. Obligation to the Public ‘The ER should always look after the interest of the public, During the construction process, he should monitor the construction Works to minimize nuisances to the public and pollutions to the environment. Moreover, he has to make sure that the construction process and the completed works will pose no hazard to the public. DUTIES AS. A LEADER OF THE SITE ORGANIZATIONER's Duties A well structured site organization with clearly defined responsibility is an indispensable clement for the effective and efficient supervision of the Works. Besides carrying out his normal duties, the ER should act as a decision maker and overseer among his subordinates. He should also spent effort in organizing the supervising team and assigning the tasks to his subordinates. Furthermore, he needs to monitor his subordinates" performance and motivate them. In addition, he should find opportunities to train his subordinates by giving proper guidance and gradually delegating responsibility, CONCLUSION ‘The above list is not exhaustive and the duties of the ER may vary according to the size and nature of a contract. As a professional engineer, the ER, when taking up such demanding duties, should possess an open mind in solving problems, an intention to achieve an end product with good quality, a genuine willingness to keep smooth running of a contract, an awareness of safety and environmental aspects, and an impartial attitude to all parties. In doing so, he will usually win the support of his site staff as well as the co-operation of the Contractor,FO3 Budget Overruuns & Late Completion OC Some construction projects suffer from budget overruns and late completion. Discuss possible causes ‘of these problems and measures that could be taken (o minimize their recurrence on other projects, Q 27. Some construction projects suffer from budget overruns and late completion. Discuss possible causes of these problems and measures that could be taken to minimize their recurrence on other projects. 1 Introduction Completing projects on time and within budget are frequently seen as major criterion of project success. However, it is found that some construction projects suffer form budget overruns and late completion, Over budgets might incur huge financial burden to the client and may sometime lead to project kill or cut in project scope. Late completion might have significant financial implication to the client as well as the contractor or in some case have delay consequent to other related project or nearby development. Therefore both of them are undesirable to the project and might take necessary measure to prevent them to occur. In the following paragraphs, the causes of these problems and measures that could be taken to minimize their recurrence would be discussed. VARIATION It is found that ‘variations’ are the cause of many problems in construction projects and are a source of increase in time and cost. Client initiated variations or change of scope, especially when introduced mid- stream during the construction period, caused significant delays to projects. ‘The change of scope may due to change of client's idea, not clearly defined scope, or some other reasons such as political considerations. Nevertheless, change of client's idca will lead to budget overruns, late completion as well as other contractual implications To avoid the project scope change, a better communication between client and designer should be established. A clear and thorough client brief is considered the most useful strategy for reducing variations. The client should clearly express his expectation and defined the scope of the project clearly. And the designer should ensure they understand the requirement set by the client and ensure the client idea had been fulfilled ‘The other source of delay and budget overrun identified is ‘necessary variations of works’. Variations would he introduced to suit the site conditions during construction which is considered to be necessary for the completion of work or is desirable for the satisfactory completion of the works, The amount of variation depends largely on the quality and scope of information embodied in the contract document. When the resources of design is inadequate or the project has to be designed as ‘fast track’, an advanced detailed design is not possible and will afiect the quality of design. Better planning and desiga of a project can minimize change of design during construction period. Contingency allowances may be incorporated for inevitable variations to avoid budget overrun. Also the project engineer should First draft by KY Wong, 15.09.14TOS Bu ‘Some construction projects suffer from budget overruns and la et Overnuuns & Late Completion OC completion, Discuss possible causes of these problems and measures that could be taken to minimize their recurrence on other projects. limit any variation to those that are absolutely essential. In cases when the original design find not suit current site condition, variation order should be issued as soon as possible so that any abortive works can be minimized. When detailed design is not possible before tendering, the designer should consider using a contract form with greater flexibility such as design and build contract or target-cost contract INTERFACE PROBLEM Interface problem exists when more than one contracts are being run in an area This is quite common for a developing and congested city like Hong kong. Problems arise when handing over and taking over of site for different parties is required, Delay in project and claim for cost would be resulted if the other parties failed to hand over the site on schedule. Interface problem is difficult to be avoided but it can be identified in planning stage. Carrying out thorough circulation procedures during planning stage can predict the likely interfacing parties and the wotks which will be affected. programming of works, the project engineer can therefore allow float time for the concerned portions of works so as to reduce the delay cause by third parties. Depend on the complexity or nature of the project, the client might enter into separate contracts with the different contractors, ie. F&M and civil contractors. If both the civil and E&M works procced to programme, there will be no problem. However, if either party departs from the programme or mect difficulties which have impacts on the other, serious contractual problems may arise. In addition, change of civil design may be required to suit E&M requirements, Therefore, claims and delay will also be resulted. A good co-ordination between civil and E&M designer can prevent the problem. E&M requirements civil requirements have to be exchanged during design stage. The designers should note that the requirements of various brand of E&M equipment may different and thus the design should suit not only one particular brand of E&M equipment. Moreover, the programme of installation should be discussed and sufficient float time be allowed as so to avoid contractual problems. UNFORESEEN GROUND CONDITION Unforeseen ground conditions were also identified as causing delays to projects after works commences on site. These are concerned either with soil conditions or obstructions by utilities, which arc either not identified at all or wrongly located on plans. The design team should be fully responsible for advising on the nature and extent of site investigations. It should also be noted that utilities diversion work and relocation of street furniture are costly and time-consuming. Improper planning of diversion and relocation work can lead First draft by KY Wong 15.09.14F03 Budget Overruuns & Late Completion OC Some construction project of these problems and measures that could be taken to minimize dl s suffer from budget overruns and late completion. Discuss possible causes recurrence on other projects. to delay in progress. In the adverse case, construction works may even be suspended due to the damage of utilities. If uncharted utilities or street furniture are encountered, contractors can claim for EOT and cost The extent of diversion and relocation can be reduced by good planning of design work. in preliminary design stage, the designer should identify whether the proposed work will be in conflict with existing features in the vicinity of the of the works areas. Wherever possible, the design should avoid requiring a substantial diversion or relocation work. The exact location of those existing utilities in critical areas should be relocated during site investigation by the digging of trial pits INCLEMENT WEATHER The effect of bad weather will be detrimental on construction activities and leading to delay in completion of project. The construction activities may be affected not only during the period of inclement weather and the effect may extend some days afier, In most cases, inclement weather will cause an EOT ‘and will lead to an overall inerease in the cost of the project due to inflation. Increment weather is unavoidable but some methods can be employed to mitigate its effects, For example, to minimize the effect of rain, the project engineer can well plan the works programme such that the works which is most likely to be affected will be planned to be carried out in dry season or covered up the excavated surface as soon as possible for road work construction, POOR SITE MANAGEMENT. Completing a project on schedule realistically reflects the contractor's ability to organize and control the site operations, to optimally allocate recourse and to manage the flow of information to and from the design team and among the subcontractors, It is known that poor site management and supervision as very significant in causing project delays. For example, loose quality control of materials and workmanship would result in poor quality of works. Meanwhile, the progress would be adversely affected by the remedial works later. It has been been increasingly recognizing the need for better site management and supervision by contractors to meet the needs of more efficient and timely completion of projects. Therefore, the importance of competent site management and supervision cannot be overstated CONCLUSION Most problems causing budget overruns and late completion can be prevented by detailed planning and design. The quality and scope of information embodied in the contract document is an important ingredient to reduce the amount of variation during contract period can mitigate the consequence caused by contract interface and obstruction by existing features. Closely monitoring of works progress can minimize delay and amount of variations. It First draft by KY Wong 15.09.1403 Budget Overmuuas & Late Completion OC ‘Some construction projects suffer from budget overruns and late completion, Discuss possible causes of these problems and measures that could be taken to minimize their recurrence on other projects. can identify and resolve site problems at an early stage before they become contractor's claims and variation to a contract. For the effect of inclement ‘weather, it ean also be mitigated by well planning and taking precautions, First draft by KY Wong 15.09.14Role of Resident Engineer Discuss the role of resident engineers in a major civil engineering contract. 97% woxss) Introduction Resident engineer is the engineer's representative and chief responsible person on site. He is responsible for seeing that the works are constructed as the engineer has designed, and also ‘ensuring that the contractor carries out all his obligations under the contract for the construction, primar Roles of the resident engincer There exists a contract between the contractor and the employer, who appoints an engineer to contract entered into between them, The engineer as well design the works and also to administer the as the resident engineer have no contractual relationship with either the employer and the contractor But, the duties of a resident engineer are defined by the contract. Furthermore, delegation of powers from the engineer empowers the resident engineer to carry out some of the duties of the engineer specified in the conditions of contract, However, the res delegation as some of the power may not be delegated such as suspending of works, granting of jident engineer should note the limit of such extension of time for completion. suspending of works, ordering of extra works and variations, tificate, issuing of completion and maintenance In the da to-day administration of works on site, the resident engineer is expected to carry out mme; to check that all materials are ordered in good time; to see that the requirements of specifications in regard to materials and workmanship are complied with; to issue further necessary instructions and clarifications of detail; to measure the amount of work done and to prepare payment certificate: to keep a record of all measurements and (ests as actually executed; to act as a channel for all claims and disputes and to many obligations. He has to co-ordinate the works by the agreed prog provide the facts which are relevant. (i) Progress monitoring The contractor will submit a working programme for the engineer's consideration at the beginning of the contract. The resident engineer should check the programme against the contractual requirements and to assess its feasibility with reference to the logical sequence of works and resources of the contractor. He is also responsible for monitoring the programme during construction the resident enginecr should bring it to the attention of the sed programme is required. Though the site agent is informed of the progress constantly, frequent site meetings chaired by the resident engineer are held with the contractor's representatives to discuss the problems arisen and meeting minutes are kept. In the case of occurrence of deviatio: contractor and a re\ (ii) Material and workmanship approval The most important duty of @ resident engineer is to ensure that the requirements of specifications in regard to materials and workmanship are complied with by the contractors. He acts in this manner as an agent for the engineer, and therefore in all major matters he must refer to the engineer, particularly in the case of disputes. He should always bear in mind that the engineer is responsible for the actions of the resident engineer. M2Study Group ICEMCE Essay\Role of Resident Engineer.doc Page lof2Role of Resident Engineer Gil) Issue of site instructic Itis common of the contractor to ask for clarifications form the resident engineer which may be resulted from his misunderstanding of the works or ambiguities of the contract documents. The resident engineer should, firstly, investigate the case and if he considers necessary issue to the contractor instructions and/or necessary drawings clarifying such ambiguities. As most of the actual checking on a day to day basis falls on the inspectors, itis important that each inspector be issued as quickly as possible with the drawings, details and instructions of the part he is going to supervise. (iv) Measurement of work done ‘The resident engineer should constantly measure the work done and to ensure the measurements are made timely and jointly by the contractor. He should keep an updated measurement records which the contractor has agreed and countersigned. He has also to assess the interim payment statement submitted by the contractor and to ensure each interim payment certificate is correct. (v) Records preparation and keeping ‘Throughout the progress of construction, the resident engineer should maintain adequate and contemporary records regarding facts on the financial, historical, qualitative and as-constructed issues on site, These records are vital for assessing the progress of works, enabling order of material in good time, accounting payments to the contractor, and also settling claims and disputes. (vi) Settlement of claim Claims arise inevitably in a construction contract, The engineer usually acts as an arbitrator between the employer and the contractor. The resident engineer, being the chief responsible person on site and is appointed for his special engineering skill and knowledge, should be responsible to ‘examine the justifications of the claims. All relevant facts with respect to the claims will be recorded and made clear to the engineer. The resulting advice to the engineer should be based on opinions after listening to the opinions of the employer and the contractor, Hence, the resident engineer acts as a channel for dispute settlement. is own Conclusion The status of the resident engineer in a civil engineering contract is very important. He may make suggestions to the engineer: he may point out difficulties and advise on their overcoming; he is, the engineer on the spot, able by his close connection with the works to anticipate site conditions and see when trouble is coming and report to and forewarn the engineer accordingly; but itis not his job to take upon himself responsibilities and decisions which properly lie with the engineer. He is, in law, only the agent for the engineer and all the resident engineer's right and duty are as a servant to the engineer. However, by his competent judgment, co-ordinating and organising abilities, engineering skill and negotiating qualities he can be the key man and the chief responsible person for the successful carrying out of construction works MaStudy Group ICEMICE Essay\Role of Resident Engineer. doc Page 2of2Site Agent vs RE_OC. Compare the Duties and Responsibility of Site Agent and Resident Engineer 1500) Introduction A Resident Engineer (RE) is the Engineer's representative, He represents the Engineer to ensure the contract between the Client and the Contractor is executed in accordance with the terms of contract. His duties are to watch and inspect the Works, to test and examine the materials to be used and workmanship employed by the Contractor in connection with the Works. In order that the RE can discharge his duties efficiently, the Engineer will delegate some of his powers to the RE by writing to inform the Contractor. The duties of a RE is diversify owing to the extensive nature of civil engineering works. However, during the construction stage, the RE is one of the key person on site On the other hand, the chief executive controller of the Contractor's site organisation is the site agent He is usually an experienced engineer and his status is defined in the General Conditions of Contract. The Contractor gives a wide discretionary powers to him in judging day-to-day decision and managing all aspects. In addition to sound engineering and business experiences, he must posses well-developed qualities of leadership and integrity. The site agents main duties are to see that the works are administrated properly and constructed economically in accordance with the contract documents. A good site agent can help the RE by drawing his attention to construction problems before they happen Upon the commencement of a contract, the RE and the SA have some areas of similar duties and in duties responsibility, However, owing to the different objectives, there must be a lot of differene: between them. 1. Programme At the commencement of a project, the first task of the SA is to prepare a detailed master programme to the Engineer. The programme is an important control document which represents his production target. As the programme reflecting the sequence of works and time assigned in each activities, it is important in organising the plant, labour, the control of subcontractor's rations and supplies deliveries. It also govems the Contractor's cash flow throughout the contract period. The SA should base on the available resource to work out the sequence of operations and to ensure that the works complete within the time specified, During construction, if delays, change of sequence of works or @ grant in extension of time are experienced, he should revise the programme accordingly to refleet the real situation To the RE, the programme is less of an operational too! and more of a measuring instrument. He will study the Cotnractor's programme to determine whether the durations are practical and represent a MaStudy Group ICEMCE Essay\Site Agent vs RE_OC.doe Page lof.Site Agent vs RE_OC reasonable allowance for executing the various operations in a safe and workable manner. In addition, nents to the he should examine whether it is complied with the requirement of the contract. Cor programme will be given in writing, The RE will base on the programme to organize his site staff to supervise the works, allocate the delivery of material and to provide necessary information to the Contractor. He will also used it as the basis for comparing the real progress against the estimated progress and for assessing any delays. 2. Quality of material and standard of workmanship One of the duties of the RE is to ensure that the standard of workmanship and quality of material ion, He should check the contractor comply with the specifi s works to monitor the workmanship and carry out ficld and laboratory tests to verify the quality of the material. Whenever unsatisfactory quality of works or workmanship, he should immediately draw the SA's attention to remove and to request his to take action improving it ‘The SA has the similar duty of the RE with respect to the quality control, He is required to complete the works within the contract period under minimum labour, plant and material as to reduce the cost. Other the other hand, he should ensure the works comply with the specifications, drawing and other contract requirements. Therefore, he should make the best use of his available resources to achieve an eptable standard of workmanship and quality of material 3. Records Site records can provide useful information in checking interim payment, assessing the contactor's claim and settling disputes. Although site records may be useless in the course of construction, it may becom \¢ apparent in case of financial and contractual disputes. Therefore, both of the site agent and the resident engineer should keep clear and detail site records properly. As far as possible, all the site records should be agreed by the Contractor in order to minimize the differences. The RE and the SA should develop a comprehensive and effective filing system to store the records. 4. Claims In order to s re the risk inherent in civil engineering contract, is entitled to submit claims for extension of time and additional payment On the Contractor's side, the SA has to consider that any events or activities are outside there responsibility and risk or the designer's/RE's fault. Subsequently, he should notify the Engineer of his intention to a claim for reimbursement of additional cost and time loss M:Study Group ICEMCE Essay'Site Agent vs RE_OC.doc Page 2o0f5Site Agent vs RE_OC He should keep and submit the contemporary records to the Engineer for his assessment. ‘The resident engineer should assist the engineer in checking and assessing the validity of claim. He has to check whether the cause of delay is outside the contractor's risk and obligation as stated in the contract. The critical activities being affected are checked against the site records, In assessing a claim, the RE should be impartial and fairness to the Client and Contractor without any interference by others. 5. Finanee In view of finance, the SA must operate the contract in a commercial view. He has to ensure a reasonable profit afer the completion of the contract, Therefore, he is under pressure to show a realistic rate of return, He should control the expenditure by better coordinating and programming the works. In each month, he needs to prepare and submit interim statement covering the value of work done to the resident engineer. At the final stage, he would prepare a final account statement to the resident engineer. ‘The resident engineer assists the Engineer to check the Contractor's interim statement. He is also responsible for preparing an expenditure curve to monitor and forecast the expenditure pattern and final contract sum. This information is useful in monitoring the cash flow and detect over budget at the earliest time. At the end of the contract, he has to prepare a final payment certificate to the Contractor. 6. Site Safety Safety to the workforce and the public are particularly important. Both the site agent and the resident engineer are responsible on it. ‘The site agent has to provide for safety and security of the site and all construction operations. He should employ a competent safety officer to manage the site safety. Sometimes, he needs to prepare and submit a safety plan to the resident engineer. He should assess the risks associated in each site activities and should provide adequate safety measures. Although the contractor takes full responsibility for site safety, the resident engineer, as a profession, he has a duty for ensuring the activities are operated safely. During normal site inspection, he has to identify any potential hazards induced by construction activities and the temporary structures. In checking the method statement, he should ensure that adequate safety measures are provided. He also needs to assess the contractor's safety plan. Moreover, the resident engineer requires to hold monthly safety meeting to monitor the safety matters if necessary. M:\Study Group ICE\ICE Essay\Site Agent vs RE_OC.doe Page 30f5Site Agent vs RE_OC 7. Staff Management The proper organisation of site staff is an indispensable element for efficient execution and supervision of a project among the contractor and the client, Both of them should rely on their assistance to carry the works such as inspection and keeping records. Therefore, the site agent and the resident engineer should take up part of the responsibility in providing proper training and guidance to their subordinates. They should motivate the staff to maintain their spirit and to ensure a participated vely The contractor usually subl. ‘on and Coordination 8 some activities to sub-contractors such as formwork, steel fixing and concreting, One of the duties of the site agent is to liaise with these subcontractors. He needs to coordinate with their in discussing the programme and progress of the works as well as the financial matters. Moreover, if the contract involves utilities diversion, he has to liaise with utilities undertakings in onder to work co-operatively For the resident engineer, if the works should be completed in sections and the site should be handed over progressively to other contractors or government departments, handing over meetings should be arranged. The resident engineer should ensure the works are complied with the requirement in the contract document before handing over the others, Then, he should arrange a joint site inspection and survey with the related parties to agree with the proposed works 9. Temporary Works The SA has to prepare and submit the method of construction and temporary to the Engineer. Since the contractor takes full responsibility in respect of the temporary works, the site agent must design and construct the temporary works with adequate degree of safety and stability The RE has a duty of care to the public so that he has to check the contractor's temporary works, He should check whether the temporary works would cause detrimental effects to the permanent work mporary and would provide sufficient degree of safety and stability. During construction, the ‘works and method statement should comply with the submitted proposal 10. Conclusion Although in some situation, the site agent has different stand point with the resident engineer such as claim and disputes. There are some similar duties and responsibilities between them. ‘This two partners should maintain 2 as the contract ean run g00d relationship and should trust each other s smoothly. To be a successful site agent or resident engineer, he should realise his duties and M:\Study Group ICEMCE Essay'Site Agent vs RE_OC.doe Page 4of5Site Agent vs RE_OC responsibilities clearly, M:\Study Group ICE\ICE Essay'Site Agent vs RE_OC.doe Page SofSvo & vwo_oc In what circumstance may the Engineer order variation to civil engineering work executed under the GCC and how are such variation valued ? TRODUCTION In forming a civil engineering contract, the duties and responsibilities of the parties are laid down inthe conditions and terms of the contract. Owing to the extensive nature of civil engineering works, the scope of the works cannot defined precisely and in detail especially for the works related to the unforeseen ground conditions. In design stage, the design engineer cannot fully ascertained the unexpected matters such as the varying soil conditions even though detailed site investigation had been carried out. ‘Thus they bring a lot of problems which may affected the satisfactory completion of the works. In order to accommodate these uncertainties, it is necessary to have some provisions in the contract document for making variations to cope with these. Therefore, the Clause 60 of the General Conditions of Contract provides the guidance and authority to the Engineer to order variations IRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH VARIATIONS MAY BE ORDERED ‘According to the Clause 60 of GCC, there are two situations which the Engineer can order variations to alter the civil engineering works. On one hand, the Engineer shall order any variation to any part of the works which may in his opinion be necessary for the completion of the works. On the other hand, the Engineer shall has power to order any variation that shall in his opinion be desirable for the satisfactory completion and functioning of the works. The variations may include additions, omi quality, form, character, kind, position, dimension, levels or line sequence of works, method of construction or timing of construct variation. ‘ions, substitutions, alternations, changes in Change in the specified n may also give rise to a The first situation is mandatory. Being a professional managing the project, he has the ability and power to order a variation according to the above situation which he thinks it is necessary for completion of the works. For example, the issue of a variation order for construction of additional soil nails to stabilise a cut slope is necessary to ensure long term stability The second situation is discretionary which depends on the need for the project. The Engineer may order variation which is desirable for satisfactory completion and functioning of the works. For instance, the provision of pattern rib finishing on the retaining wall in an open area can be blend with the local environment but without it will not affect the function of the retaining wall. 2.1 Circumstances under which the Engineer may order variation Practically, there are many occasions where variations are necessary. Owing to the busy or insufficient experience of a design engineer, he may overlook some minor details such as miscellaneous details in a sign post connection or may make mistakes in the design such as impractical bending of small stirrups at column. Unforeseen ground conditions such as unexpected soil conditions and exceptional high water table may render the original foundation design or incur additional measures during construction stage. This is the most common situation in civil engineering works. Interface with existing structures or utilities and with other nearby construction contract also need to make variation to suit the actual site condition. Changes in regulation or standards may also M:\Study Group ICE\ICE Essay\VvO & Vv0_0C.doc Page 1 of 3vo & wo_oc affect the completion ofthe works. For example, in a roadwork contract, the traffic sign may be needed to update before handover to the Highways Department due to the change of regulation. 2.2 Circumstances under which the Engineer may not order variation Itis important fo note that no variation ordered shall in any way vitiate and invalidate the contract, Variation can only be ordered when it is necessary for the completion of the works or desirable for the satisfactory completion and functioning of the works. For anything outside the scope of the works of the contract, the Engineer has no power to give any variation order. In that ease, the Contractor has the right to refuse to accept the variation. On the other hand, he may be entitled to get more than the original rates if such variation is initiated by the Employer. Under this circumstance, the Employer and the Contractor can enter into a supplementary agreement to carry out the construction of the particular works Besides, the Engineer is not entitled to give variation order due to the Employer's financial or economical reasons. For example, the Engineer wants to issue a variation to delete a separate structure due to the Employer's financial capability. As stated in the clause, no order shall be required for inerease or decrease in the quantity of any works in the BQ if it is not the result of a variation order. Under a remeasurement contract, the amounts described in the BQ items only give a guideline to the Contractor when he submit the tender, and are subject to remeasurement. 3. VALUATION OF VARIATION Itis the responsibility of the Engineer to assess the valuc of all variations under clause 61 of the GCC. When the varied works is same or similar character to and executed under same or similar condition to any item of work priced in the BQ, the Engineer should value at the rate set out in the BQ for such item of work. However, when the varied work is not the same or similar character to or is not executed under same o similar conditions to any item of work priced in the BQ, the corresponding rates in the BQ shall be used as a basis for valuation. For example, the Engineer considers that it is necessary to add a section of pipeline along a cycle wack. The pipeline is of the same type as that along the adjacent footpath, Because of similar nature of the work, the same rate as that for the pipeline along footpath can he applied. However, if the pipeline is added along a hill slope, the rate of the pipeline along the footpath is no longer fiully suitable. It can only use as a basis for valuation of the new rate. The pipeline is of the same type but the work is not executed under similar conditions. Therefore, the method of installation and delivery may be different and the corresponding cost should be assessed separately to obtain a fair rate which is acceptable to both parties. Furthermore, the Engineer is also empowered to fix a new rate in case the variation render the rate in the BQ unreasonable or inapplicable. For example, in the construction of a water main in a reclaimed land close to the shore, the alignment of the water main is revised due to insufficient space and congestion of existing utilities. However the revised alignment is seriously affected by the tidal effect which increase the construction difficulties of the mainlaying works. At the time of tendering, the Contractor cannot foresee such substantial working condition in pricing the rate for mainlaying, Therefore, such variation may result in unreasonable rate paid to the Contractor and the Engineer should M:\Study Group ICE\ICE Essay\VO & VVO_OC.doc Page 2 of 3vo & vvo_oc evaluate a new rate and fix it fairly without bias. If there is no appropriate item to be referred in the BQ, the rate should be agreed between the Engineer and the Contractor. The Engineer should asses the value based on the cost of plant, materials and labour with an adjustment percentage for the Contractor's overhead and profit. In this regard, itis better to agree this overhead and profit percentage as early as possible so as to facilitate the assessment, In the event of the Engineer and the Contractor failing to agree with the rate for the varied work, the Engineer shall fix such rate according to the foregoing principles and shall notify the Contractor accordingly. 3.1 Daywork For simplicity the Contractor will probably ask for such variation to be paid for as daywork. Daywork is inherently unsatisfactory to the Employer because it is usually more expensive and the total cost has to be paid without the Engineer's proper controlling. The Engineer can exert only limited control of the labour and plant because he has to work through the Contractor. The result is either an ‘excessive bill to the Employer or continuous disputes between the Engineer and the Contractor on costs and on how the work should be organised. Nevertheless, the Engineer may sometimes in his opinion order varied work to be carry out on a daywork basis, The Contractor shall then be paid under the Daywork Schedule which included in the BQ. To establish a clear record and to minimise disputes, the Contractor should fumish to the Engineer the corresponding receipt, vouchers for agreement and checking purpose. Quotations shall also be submitted to the Engineer for approval before ordering material. When the work is being carried out, Contractor shall submit a list of daily activities describing the labour, plant and material to be used in carrying out the varied works for the Engineer's agreement. 4. CONCLUSION In most of the civil engineering contracts, variations to the works are inevitable in order to have 1a satisfactory completion of the works. However, it must be bome in mind that the power to order variation or aecept changes as variations is limited. The GCC enables the Engineer to have the discretion to vary the works under Clause 60. It should also state the procedures and guidelines for the Engineer and the Contractor in dealing with variations. To avoid unnecessary claim for EOT or addition payment, disputes and misinterpretation of the contract, the Engineer must be fair throughout the process of valuation of variation, M:\Study Group ICE\ICE Essay\VO & VVO_OC.doc Page 3 of 3Contract - Budget Overrun & Late Completion Version final Draft V7-Apr.98 27/98 Some construction projects suffer from budget overruns and late completion, Discuss possible reasons for these problems and measures that could be taken to avoid their recurrence on other projects. (1570 words) Please define late completion. In a narrower sense, late completion means that construction works cannot be completed as scheduled (compared with works programme prepared when the project is upgraded to Cat. A), In a broader sense, late completion can mean that the project cannot be completed as pledged {compared with overall project implementation programme prepared in Cat. B). This can include late start of the construction works also (land problems, late design, late approval of funding etc.) Reference: Project Management for the PWP Book 4: Implementing Projects Minimising delays in the detailed design stage. Avoiding delays in land resumption and clearance ete. Also touched on Contract Management Central thinking in tackling the problem Either programming of works and cost estimate (made in the detailed design stage) is not good ‘or some uncontrollable and/or unforeseen problems arise during the construction stage. 1. Introduction: i, budget overrun affects developer{f§ cash flow ii, delay extends disturbance to public iii, delay utilisation of related facilities iv. unfortunately, the two often happen together v, discuss the reasons and propose measures to avoid their recurrence 2 Late completion 2.1 Contractorfi Delay i, Incompetence and Inexperience of Contractor ii. Negligence on Safety Matters (Optional) 2.2 Variation in Design during Construction i, Developer! Changes ii, Poor Quality of Design 2.3. Interface Problems 24 — Works Related to Utilities (Laying and Diversion of Utilities) 7 Unf en Problems 2.6 Inclement Weather Budget overrun: 3.1 Poor Budget Estimate 3.2 Variations and Claims: 3.3 Inflation (Optional) 4. Conclusion i. _ better project planning and design ii, select a suitable Contractor iii, close liaison w/ engineers of interfacing projects and utility undertakers iv. sufficient S.1, reduces risk for variations caused by unforseen conditions vy. precautionary measures minimise adverse effects of inclement weather vi, not over-conservative on the completion time vii, not escalate the project estimate by a very large contingeney value viii.allow for risks reasonably assessed