1) We can get to know who made the laws of various.

for example law of gravity is of isaac

newton . we can research about him. and if we know history of science we will know
many laws. so someone who likes science very much can do this. by learning the history
of science we can know which law was created when and the timeline of a person. by
learning the history of science we not only know about the laws but also about when
technology was created. who discovered it . the discovery of chemicals and chemical
reactions. we come to know about light bulbs . it even solves many mysteries of many
things. we can get to know about physics discoveries etc
From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the
physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true
theories replaced false beliefs.[3] More recent historical interpretations, such as those
of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of
competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural,
economic and political themes outside of science
and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of
scholarship)Science is a body of empirical,theorotical, and practical knowledge about the natural
world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation,explanation, and prediction of real
world phenomena.Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods
of both intellectual history and social history.
2)

Endeavors of science enrich the body of scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge is never
at a standstill. It is adynamic and an ongoing process. It is an ever growing enterprise
which will never end. This is because, in science, there is no single ultimate truth to be
achieved after which all scientists can retire. A remarkable feature of scientific knowledge is
that it is never complete. The more we add to this knowledge the more questions arise about
the unknown mysteries of nature. New information is thus continuously gathered, New
theories arise if new facts cannot be explained by the existing ones. Practitioners of science
can never lay claim to a complete or ultimate knowledge. We have seen that science is not
static. Going a step further we may say that scientific knowledge is also not immutable.
Nothing can remain unchallenged in science. In fact some of the most honored scientists are
those, who try to alter modify or replace existing theories by providing revolutionary evidence
or argument. In this sense science is a self correcting enterprise i.e. it is open to change.
Many hypothesis proposed by scientists turned out to be wrong. Science is generated by and
idea of free inquiry, the idea that any hypothesis no matter how strange, deserves to be
considered on its merits. Thus science is not dogmatic.It does not unreasonably insist on

standing by preconceived notions, concepts ideas that have been proved wrong through
careful experimentation. Science progresses by disproving. It has no high priests who cannot
be questioned. What would be considered highly undesirable in science is the unquestioned
acceptance of things as they are. Last but not the least scientific knowledge is objective. That
is, scientific results are verifiable and repeatable by anyone anywhere if proper facilities are
available. This feature of science of science is related to the ultimate test of any scientific
statement; that it should be in accord with the observations of the natural world. Science
prefers hard facts to the dearest illusions of scientists. To be accepted, all new ideas must
survive rigorous standard of evidence. Sometimes it takes years, or even hundreds of years,
before the ideas are verified. Nonetheless in the long run, no brilliant arguments, high
authority or aesthetic appeal can save a scientific theory which disagrees with experiment or
observation of nature.

3) Now my own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we can suppose but it is
queerer than we can suppose. This remark of Haldane, a famous scientist, reflects, in a way
what we feel about this subject. The universe is rather a difficult subject to study. We cannot
bring it to the laboratory to carry out experiments on it. We cannot compare it with any other
universe this is the only universe we have. And finally we are a part of it. We can study it only
from within. We cannot go out of it and look at it from the outside. So how do we study it. It is
here that the scientific method comes to our aid. The easiest method of studying light from a
cosmic object is to collect it through a telescope and record it on a photographic plate.
Photographic films are exposed for a long period of time-sometimes night after night- to the
light being collected by a telescope aimed at distant stars. Since the earth rotates on its axis,
the stars appear to move in the sky. The telescope is rotated following the daily movement of
stars at which it is aimed. Thus, its movement is synchronized with the movement of the stars
being studied, stars too faint for the human eye slowly begin to register on the plate. This
method of collecting and investigating light from the cosmos is called optical astronomy. As of
today a huge optical telescope called the Hubble space telelscope after Edwin Hubble is in
orbit around the earth. Several large telescopes are stationed in Hawaii, Australia Chile
Russia UK etc. Many smaller telescopes scan the skies every night adding to our knowledge
of the cosmos. The fact that stars emit radiowaves was discovered accidentally in 1932 by a
young engineer Karl Jansky. He was trying to find the source of noise in a transatlantic
telephone link. He make an experimental radio receiver set to study this problem. To his
surpise he found that the disturbance was due to the rasio waves coming from the milky way
galaxy. This was the beginning of radio astronomy, i.e. the study of cosmic objects through
radiowaves emitted by them. The radio telescope, a basic tool of radio astronomy, collects

radiations from space in the radio wave region one of the largest radio telescope in the world
was designed and set up by Indian astronomers at Ootacamund. The other radio telescope,
a basic tool of radio astronomy are stationed in Gulamrg, Ahemdabad, Bangalore. With the
coming of the spaceage, observatories equipped with telescopes and ceramics could be
placed right in space, beyond the earths atmosphere. An observatory in space may be in the
form of an orbiting satellite like the Unamanned Orbitting solar observatories, Orbitting
Astronomical Observatory, Skylab, Einstein Observatory, IRAS(Infra Red Astronomy
Satellite) and many others. Instruments are also put abroad high flying ballons, rockets and
aircrasts to record observations. These observations can record radiation from a cosmic
object in the regions of the spectrum such as the IR,UV,gamma rays and X-rays that do not
penetrate the Earths atmosphere.AS space research came of age it became possible to
send spacecrafts to other planets and even land men on the moon. These ventures also
provided a rich stock of information about the solar system. For instance, astronauts of the
Apollo mission to the moon in the 1970s bought back lunar rocks and soil samples,
photographs of the lunar surface and left several instruments there for further study. We have
been able to send space probes, across the solar System to know about our planetary
neighbours. Space probes have visited a number of planets and a host of their moons, and
successfully landed on the surfaces of Mars and Venus

4) It seems, then, that our key challenge is to shift from an economic system based on
the notion of unlimited growth to one that is both ecologically sustainable and socially
just. From the perspective of the systems view of life, "no growth" cannot be the
answer. Growth is a central characteristic of all life. A society, or economy, that does
not grow will die sooner or later. Growth in nature, however, is not linear and
unlimited. While certain parts of organisms, or ecosystems, grow, others decline,
releasing and recycling their components, which become resources for new growth.
This kind of balanced, multifaceted growth is well known to biologists and ecologists.
Capra and Henderson (2009) have proposed to call it "qualitative growth" to contrast
it to the concept of quantitative growth used by today's economists. The recognition
of the fallacy of the conventional concept of growth, the two authors suggest, is the
first essential step to overcoming our economic crisis. In the words of social-change
activist Frances Moore Lapp (2009):
The notion of "growth which enhances life" is what is meant by qualitative growth growth
that enhances the quality of life. In living organisms, ecosystems, and societies, qualitative
growth includes an increase in complexity, sophistication, and maturity. Unlimited
quantitative growth on a finite planet is clearly unsustainable, but qualitative economic

growth can be sustained if it involves a dynamic balance between growth, decline, and
recycling, and if it also includes the inner growth of learning and maturing.
The focus on qualitative growth is fully consistent with the systems view of life. As we have
emphasized several times in this book, the new science of life is essentially a science of
qualities. This is relevant in particular to the understanding of ecological sustainability, since
the basic principles of ecology principles like interdependence or the cyclical nature of
ecological processes are expressed in terms of patterns of relationships, or qualities.
5) Energy is the basic resource that our society needs to function.
Sources of Renewable Energy
1. Solar Energy :-Electricity can be generated with the help of solar energy, using
photovoltaic technology or heat powered engines.
2. Wind Energy:-When the wind speed is high enough to move the turbines, electricity
can be produced by the movement.
3. Hydro Electric (Water) Power:-Dams are a common way to generate electricity on a
large scale basis. The fall of water powers turbines, which are able to produce energy
when they turn.
4. Geothermal Energy: -amount of energy stored within the Earth that is not fossil fuels. It
is known as Geothermal energy.
5.Biomass Energy: -Biomass is nothing more plants and their residues, both of which are
renewable sources of energy.
6.Ocean Energy: -Almost 70% of the earth is covered with water. Due to the massive
size of oceans, this form of energy has much better potential to produce power than any
other source of energy.

6) The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a
member of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR), has a mission to "reduce poverty, hunger, malnutrition and
environmental degradation in the dryland tropics." The institute's research in Asia
and Sub-Saharan Africa is focused on resilient dryland systems, grain legumes,
dryland cereals, and markets, institutions and technologies. Headquartered
in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, ICRISAT works to facilitate inclusive
market-oriented development that seeks input from farm families operating in
dryland areas.

Dr. William Dar, Director General for ICRISAT, recently addressed Food Tank's
questions about ICRISAT mandate crops, farmer prosperity, priorities for
agricultural improvement in Africa, gender equality in farming, and open source
data sharing.
By adding the scientific knowledge there is a great improvement in cultivation by
knowing the fertilizers to add, improve soil fertility, types of vegetation to grow on
particular types of soil. The green revolution triggered this situation in India and
gave a momentum in clearing out dry arid area. They use new seeds which are
capable of growing in harsh condition even the wit of irrigation has been
improved. This has in all affected the agriculture of India.

7) In many systems of medical care, prevention is at least as important as the

treatment of an acute disease. Ancient Greek practitioners believed that
balancing the four fundamental fluids or humors, in the body was essential for
health. So they advised their patients in methods to maintain good humoral
balance. An early Hippocratic text called for appropriate diet and exercise as well
as the use of music, and advised on the frequency of sexual intercourse.
Modern medicine has done much in the fields of infectious diseases and
emergencies to aid cure. In most other fields, it is mostly control that it aims for,
which is another name for palliation. Pharmacology, psychopharmacology
included, is mostly directed towards such control and palliation too. The thrust,
both of clinicians and research, must now turn decisively towards prevention and
cure. Also, longevity with well-being is modern medicines other big challenge.
Advances in vaccines for hypertension, diabetes, cancers etc, deserve attention;
as also, the role of meditation, yoga, spirituality etc in preventing disease at
various levels. Studies on longevity, life style changes and healthy centenarians
deserve special scrutiny to find what aids longevity with wellbeing. A close look at
complementary and alternative medicine is needed to find any suitable models
they may have, cutting aside their big talk and/or hostility towards mainstream
medical care. Medicine is a manifestation of the human eros, and should not
become a means of its thanatos. It must realise its true potential, so that eros
prevails, and thanatos prevails only ultimately, not prematurely.

8) The present day world is facing two general problems-information explosions

and the population explosion. Information explosion means an explosion of
knowledge. Today, throughout the world, social and technological changes are
taking place rapidly due to expanding world of information. So there is explosion
of knowledge. New frontiers of knowledge are opening day by day and the
horizon of human knowledge and understanding is expanding very fast.
On the other hand, with the explosion of knowledge there is also population
explosion. The student population is immensely increasing year by year due to
the growth of population and democratisation of education with varying levels of
motivation and aspiration. The problem of population explosion is more serious
in the developing countries than the developed one. India is facing serious
difficulties both from population as well as information explosion.
So the two general factors information explosion and Population explosion
have posed critical problems for education-more things to be learnt and more
people to be taught. Today there is a cry for more education to more people in
less time. For solving these problems successfully, educational technology
consisting of various media of mass communication are essentially required.
Both qualitative improvement and quantitative expansion of education can be
facilitated and accelerated with the help of this mass media under educational
technology. So the mass-media has come to our rescue to tackle this problem.

9) Technology Transfer is a process by which basic Science Research and

fundamental discovery develops
1.TT function coordinate
2.TT function nurture
3.TT function link
prossing and
evaluating ,inventions disclosure , Technology marketing.

10)the modern age is the age of science, technology, knowledge and information. All
these are the interrelated and different aspects of the same thing.
Explosion of knowledge and information, based on breathtaking advancement in
the field of science and technology, has bestowed on man powers enviable even
for gods. It has helped man conquer space and time. Now he has unraveled
many mysteries of nature and life and is ready to face new challenges and move
forward in the realm of the unknown and the undiscovered.
In India there has been a long and distinct tradition of scientific research and
technological advancement since ancient times. Since independence, we have
accelerated our speed and efforts in this field and have established many
research laboratories, institutions of higher learning and technical education. The
results have been such as would make anybodys heart swell with pride,
confidence and a sense of fulfillment. The best, however, is yet to come.The
central and state governments, various public and private sector establishments
are engaged in scientific research and technological development to take the
nation on the path of rapid development, growth and prosperity. There are about
200 research laboratories spread all over the country. The institutions of higher
learning, and universities, the modern temples of learning, are all committed to
take the country forward. They are well equipped and staffed to secure for the
people of the nation all the blessings and benefits that can accrue from the
acquisition and application of scientific knowledge and technology. But there is no
room for complacency, for in this field only the sky is the limit and we are yet a
developing country.