Licensed copy:Royal Haskoning, 20/03/2011, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BS 5400-4:1990

Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur,

the end blocks should be divided into a series of
symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism
treated in the preceding manner. In detailing the
reinforcement for the end block as a whole it is
necessary to ensure that the groups of anchorages
are appropriately tied together.
Special attention should be paid to end blocks
having a cross section different in shape from that of
the general cross section of the beam; reference
should be made to the specialist literature.
Compliance with the preceding recommendations
will generally ensure that bursting tensile forces
along the load axis are provided for. Alternative
methods of design which use higher values of Fbst/Pk
and allow for the tensile strength of concrete may be
more appropriate in some cases, particularly where
large concentrated tendon forces are involved.
Consideration should also be given to the spalling
tensile stresses that occur in end blocks where the
anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric;
these reach a maximum at the loaded face.
6.8 Considerations affecting design details
6.8.1 General. The considerations in 6.8.2 to 6.8.6
are intended to supplement those for reinforced
concrete given in 5.8.
6.8.2 Cover to prestressing tendons
6.8.2.1 General. The cover to prestressing tendons
will generally be governed by considerations of
durability.
6.8.2.2 Pre-tensioned tendons. The
recommendations of 5.8.2 concerning cover to
reinforcement may be taken to be applicable. The
ends of individual pre-tensioned tendons do not
normally require concrete cover and should
preferably be cut off flush with the end of the
concrete member.
6.8.2.3 Tendons in ducts. The cover to any duct
should be not less than 50 mm. Precautions should
be taken to ensure a dense concrete cover,
particularly with large or wide ducts.
Recommendations for the cover to curved tendons in
ducts are given in Appendix D.
6.8.3 Spacing of prestressing tendons
6.8.3.1 General. In all prestressed members there
should be sufficient gaps between the tendons or
bars to allow the largest size of aggregate used to
move, under vibration, to all parts of the mould.

BSI 03-2000

6.8.3.2 Pre-tensioned tendons. The

recommendations of 5.8.8.1 concerning spacing
of reinforcement may be taken to be applicable. In
pre-tensioned members, where anchorage is
achieved by bond, the spacing of the wires or strands
in the ends of the members should be such as to
allow the transmission lengths given in 6.7.4 to be
developed. In addition, if the tendons are positioned
in two or more widely spaced groups, the possibility
of longitudinal splitting of the member should be
considered.
6.8.3.3 Tendons in ducts. The clear distance
between ducts or between ducts and other tendons
should be not less than the following, whichever is
the greatest:
a) hagg + 5 mm, where hagg is the maximum size
of the coarse aggregate;
b) in the vertical direction: the vertical internal
dimension of the duct;
c) in the horizontal direction: the horizontal
internal dimension of the duct; where internal
vibrators are used sufficient space should be
provided between ducts to enable the vibrator to
be inserted.
Where two or more rows of ducts are used the
horizontal gaps between the ducts should be
vertically in line wherever possible, for ease of
construction.
Recommendations for the spacing of curved tendons
in ducts are given in Appendix D.
6.8.4 Longitudinal reinforcement in
prestressed concrete beams. Reinforcement may
be used in prestressed concrete members either to
increase the strength of sections or to comply with
the recommendations of 6.3.4.4.
Any stress or strength calculation taking account of
additional reinforcement should still be in
accordance with 6.3.2.2 and 6.3.3.1.
Reinforcement may be necessary, particularly
where post-tensioning systems are used, to control
any cracking resulting from restraint to
longitudinal shrinkage of members provided by the
formwork during the time before the prestress is
applied.
6.8.5 Links in prestressed concrete beams. The
amount and disposition of links in rectangular
beams and in the webs of flanged beams will
normally be governed by considerations of shear
(see 6.3.4).
Links to resist the bursting tensile forces in the end
zones of post-tensioned members should be provided
in accordance with 6.7.5.

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