Summer Internship Report-2016

Submitted by:
Raghvendra Dwivedi,
B.Tech 6th Sem, Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Agartala
May 11th to June 17th , 2016

Under the supervision of

Mr. N. Harnath
Mr. P. Bala Kumar
Mr. M. Balasubramani
Larsen & Toubro Construction

Submitted to:
Water, Smart World & Communication
Larsen & Toubro Construction
June 17th, 2016

Preface
This report documents the work done during the summer internship at Larsen & Toubro
Construction Chennai under the supervision of Mr. N. Harnath, Mr. P. Bala Kumar, And Mr. M.
Balasubramani. The report shall give an overview of the task completed during the period of
internship with technical details.
I have tried my best to keep the report simple yet technically correct. I hope I succeed in my
attempt.

Acknowledgement
Simply put, I could not have done this work without the lots of help I received cheerfully from
whole LNTECC. The work culture in LNTECC really motivates. Everybody is such a friendly and
cheerful companion here that work stress never comes in way.
I would specially like to thank Mr. N. Harnath, Mr. P. Bala Kumar and Mr. M. Balasubramani
for proving the nice ideas to work upon and seemed to have solutions to all my problem during
internship.

Raghvendra Dwivedi

Introduction
From the very first day of internship I was given a project report which covered the Design of a
guest house at pumping station 5 Saurashtra branch canal pumping scheme. It included the
design of slabs, beams, staircase, columns & its footings.
During the Internship program I went through the Indian Standard codes
IS 875 (Part I) Calculation of Dead loads
IS 875 (Part II) Calculation of Live loads
IS 875 (Part III) Calculation of wind loads
IS 1893 for Earthquake & seismic loads
IS 456:2000 Design standards for Reinforced concrete
SP-16 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456
I studied the drawings of the project and Detailing of all the members like Beams, columns,
slabs, staircase and footings. After that one by one the design of all the members.
Design philosophy- Limit state method of design as per IS 456:2000

Calculation of Dead load

IS 875 part I covers unit weight/mass of materials, and parts or components in a building that
apply to the determination of dead loads in the design of buildings. The unit weight/mass of
materials that are likely to be stored in a building are also specified for the purpose of load
calculations.

Calculation of Wind load

IS 875 (Part 3) deals with wind loads to be considered when designing buildings, structures and
components thereof. The important information for calculation of wind loads are given below.
1. The total wind force on a body is the product of the force coefficient, the dynamic
pressure of the incident design wind speed and the reference area over which the force is
required.
2. The variation in the wind speed & direction depends upon terrain condition. The wind
speed at any height never remains constant.
3. Modification factors to modify the basic wind velocity to take into account the effects of
terrain, local topography, size of structure, etc. are included.

4. Terrain is classified into four categories based on characteristics of the ground surface
irregularities.
5. Force and pressure coefficients have been included for a large range of clad and unclad
buildings and for individual structural elements.

Basic wind speedBasic wind speed is based on peak gust velocity averaged over a short time interval of about 3
seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground level in an open terrain (Category 2).
Basic wind speeds presented in Fig. 1 (IS 875 Part III) have been worked out for a 50 year return
period.

Design of slab:
RCC Slab design and detailing guidelines for depth of slab, loads on slab, reinforcement guide
for one-way and two-way slabs have been tried to present here. Following are the RCC Slab
Design and Detailing guidelines:
RCC Slab Design Guidelines:
a) Effective span of slab:
Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two
1. L = clear span + d (effective depth)
2. L = Center to center distance between the support
b) Depth of slab:
The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. The trail depth can be
obtained using:

Effective depth d= Span /((L/d)Basic x modification factor)

For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed from 0.2 to 0.5%.

The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be assumed using cl.24.1,IS 456 provided short span is

?3.5m and loading class is <3.5KN/m2

Type of support
Simply supported
Continuous support

Or, the following thumb rules can be used:

Fe-250
L/35
L/40

Fe-415
L/28
L/32

One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).

Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)

Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)

c) Load on slab:
The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load. The loads are calculated per
unit area (load/m2).
Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 (Where D is thickness of slab in m)
Floor finish (Assumed as)= 1 to 2 kN/m2
Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy of the building)
Detailing Requirements of RCC Slab as per IS456: 2000
a) Nominal Cover:

For Mild exposure 20 mm

For Moderate exposure 30 mm
However, if the diameter of bar do not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5 mm. Thus
for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure, the nominal cover is 15
mm.

b) Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be less than
0.15% of the total cross sectional area for Fe-250 steel

0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.

c) Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

Main Steel 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller

Distribution steel 5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller Where, d is the effective depth of slab.
Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100 mm)
though code do not recommend any value.
d) Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not exceed D/8,
where D is the total thickness of slab.

STAIRCASE:
Following are the terms used for components of staircase:

Step The step is composed of the tread and riser.

Tread The part of the stairway that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same specifications
(thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "depth" is measured from the outer edge of the step
to the vertical "riser" between steps. The "width" is measured from one side to the other.
Riser The vertical portion between each tread on the stair. This may be missing for an "open"

Nosing An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath. If it is present, this
means that, measured horizontally, the total "run" length of the stairs is not simply the sum of the
tread lengths, as the treads actually overlap each other slightly.

General Guidelines
The following are some of the general guidelines to be considered while planning a staircase:
The respective dimensions of tread and riser for all the parallel steps should be the same in
consecutive floor of a building.

The minimum vertical headroom above any step should be 2 m.

Generally, the number of risers in a flight should be restricted to twelve.
The minimum width of stair (Fig.9.20.2a) should be 850 mm, though it is desirable to have
the width between 1.1 to 1.6 m. In public building, cinema halls etc., large widths of the
stair should be provided.

DESIGN OF FOOTINGS IS-456 RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. In sloped or stepped footings, the effective cross section in compression shall be limited by
the area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps shall be
such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section. Sloped and stepped footings that
are designed as a unit shall be constructed to assure action as a unit.
2. Thickness at the edge of footing: In reinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness at
edge shall be not less than 150 mm for footings on soils nor less than 300mm above the tops of
files for footing on piles.
3. In the case of plain concrete pedestals, the angle

between plane passing through the bottom

edge of the pedestal and the corresponding junction edge of the column with pedestal and the
horizontal plane (fig.1) shall be governed by the expression

Where

= calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal in

= characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in

MOMENTS AND FORCES

1. In the case of footings on piles, computation for moments and shears may be based on
assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at the centre of the pile.
2. For the purpose of computing stress in footings which support a round or octagonal concrete
column or pedestal, the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of a square
inscribed within the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal.
3. Bending Moment:
i. The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the section a
vertical plane which extends completely across the footing and computing the moment of the
forces acting over the entire area of the footing on one side of the said plane.
ii. The greatest bending moment to be used in design of an isolated concrete footing which
supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be the moment computed in the manner prescribed in
(i) at section located as follows:
a. At the face of the column, pedestal or wall, for footings supporting a concrete column,
pedestal or wall.
b. Half way between the center line and the edge of the wall, for footings under masonry walls,
and
c. Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted base, for
footing under gusseted bases.
4. Shear and Bond
i. The shear strength of footings is governed by the more severe of the following two conditions:
a. The footings acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack extending in a
plane across the entire width, the critical section for this condition shall be assumed as a vertical
section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective
depth of the footing in case of footings on soils and a distance equal to half the effective depth of
footing for footing on piles.

b. Two way action of the footing, with potential diagonal cracking along the surface of truncated
cone or pyramid around the concentrated load: in this case, the footing shall be designed for
shear in accordance with appropriate provisions discussed below. (Fig.2)

i. In computing the external shear on any section through a footing supported on piles, the entire
reaction from any pile of diameter

whose centre is located

/2 or more outside the

section shall be assumed as producing shear on the section: the reaction from any pile whose
centre is located

/2 or more inside the section shall be assumed as producing no shear on the

section. For intermediate portions of the pie centre, the portion of the pile reaction to be assumed
as producing shear on the section shall be based on straight line interpolation between full value
at

/2 outside the section and zero value at

/2 inside the section.

iii. The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed at the
same planes as described for bending moment in B(3) and also at all other vertical planes where
abrupt changes of section occur. If the reinforcement is curtailed, the anchorage requirements
should be checked.
iv. Thus according to the above provision, shear stress is to be checked for (i) one way action
(i.e. beam shear) for which the governing section AB is at a distance d from the face of column
or pedestal (fig.2(a)) and (ii) two way shear (i.e. punching shear), for which the governing
section is along the perimeter ABCD situated at a distance d/2 from the face of the column or
pedestal (fig.2(b)).

For the two way action, the calculated shear stress

should satisfy the following relation

Where
but not greater than 1.0

Where b= short side of column, a= long side of column.

in limit state design
= net shear force acting on the perimeter
For the beam shear, the nominal shear stress across AB should satisfy the relation

Where

= the permissible shear stress for the grade of the concrete, corresponding to the

reinforcement.
K= factor for slabs.
TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
The total tensile reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment of resistance at least equal
to the bending moment on the section calculated in accordance with B(3). Total tensile
reinforcement shall be distributed across the corresponding resisting section as given below:
i. In one way reinforced footing, the reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across the full
width of the footing.

ii. In two way reinforced square footing, the reinforcement extending in each direction shall be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing.
iii. In two way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in long direction shall be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement in short direction, a
central band equal to the width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing and
portion of the reinforcement determined in accordance with the equation given below shall be
uniformly distributed across the central band.

Where

is the ratio of the long side to the short side of the footing.

The remainder of the reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed in the outer potions of the
footing.
TRANSFER OF LOAD AT THE BASE OF COLUMN
he compressive stress in concrete at the base of the column or pedestal shall be considered as
being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or footing. The bearing
pressure (

) on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in direction

compression multiplied by a value equal to

Where

but not greater than 2.

= supporting are for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped footing may be

taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustrum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly
within the footing and having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of
one vertical to two horizontal and
= loaded area at the column base.
For limit state method of design , the permissible bearing stress shall be
Thus,

The actual bearing pressure

= column load divided by the area of column at the base.

where a and b are the sides of the column.

Thus,

1. Where the permissible bearing stress on the concrete in the supporting or supported member
would be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided for developing excess force, either by
extending the longitudinal bars into the supporting members or by dowels (see 3 below).
2. Where transfer of force is accomplished by reinforcement, the development length of the
reinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the compression or tension to the supporting
member.
3. Extended longitudinal reinforcement or dowels of at least 0.5 percent of the cross sectional
area of the supported column or pedestal and a maximum of four bars shall be provided. Where
the dowels are used, their diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the column bars by more
than 3mm.
4. Column bars of diameter lager than 36 mm, in compression only can be dowelled at the
footings with bars of smaller size of the necessary area. The dowel shall extend into the column,
a distance equal to the development length of the column bar and into the footing, a distance
equal to the development length of the dowel.
NOMINAL COVER
For footings, minimum nominal cover shall be 50mm.
NOMINAL REINFORCEMENT
The nominal reinforcement for concrete sections of thickness greater than 1m shall be
360

per meter length in each direction on each face. This provision does not supercede

the requirement of minimum tensile reinforcement based on the depth of the section.

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS:

A compression member subjected to pure axial load rarely occurs in practice. All columns are
subjected to some moment which may be due to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint
imposed by monolithically placed beams or slabs.
A column may be classified as short or long depending on its effective slenderness ratio. A short
column has a maximum slenderness ratio of 12. Its design is based on the strength of columns
and applied loads. A long column has a slenderness ratio greater than 12. However themaximum
slenderness ratio of a column should not exceed 60. A long column is designed to resist the
applied loads plus additional induced loads due to its tendency to buckle.
Effective Length
The effective length of a column is defined as the length between the points of contra-flexure of
the buckled column. The code has given two charts to calculate the effective length of columns
in a framed structure. For normal usage, the effective length in a given plane may be assumed
from the table below assuming idealized conditions.
SHORT COLUMN UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION
The factored axial load,

Where

is given by the equation,

= area of concrete and,

= area of longitudinal reinforcement of columns.

This equation can be recast as

Where P = percentage of reinforcement. Design charts are prepared based on this equation.
REINFOCEMENT
There are two kinds of reinforcement in a column, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
The purpose of transverse reinforcement is to hold the vertical bars in position, providing lateral
support so that individual bars cannot buckle outward and split the concrete.

1. Longitudinal Reinforcement in columns (as per IS 456:2000)

a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent nor
more than 6 percent of the gross cross-sectional area of the column.
Note: the use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing and
compacting of concrete, hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from the columns
below have to be lapped with those in the column under consideration, the percentage of
reinforcement steel shall usually not exceed 4 percent.
b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the load, the
minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to resist the direct
stress and not upon the actual area.
c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
columns and six in circular columns.
d) The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f) In a helically reinforced columns, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed
300mm.
h) In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into account in
strength calculations, nominal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of the cross-sectional area
shall be provided.
Note: Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of the which does not exceed three
times the least lateral dimension.
(2) Transverse Reinforcement in columns:
(a) A reinforced compression member shall have transverse reinforcement or helical
reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has

effective lateral support against buckling subject to provisions in (b) below. The effective lateral
support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings capable of taking
up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding
. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored.