NOTE

S Subject
AS WE START, WE NEED TO KNOW...

V - Verb

INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES (IC)
-

they can stand on their own

make a complete thought

SUBJECT + VERB

He speaks.

SUBJECT + COMPOUND VERB

COMPOUND SUBJECT + VERB

The boy and the girl speak.

COMPOUND SUBJECT + COMPOUND VERB

and listen.

He speaks and listens.

The boy and the girl speak

DEPENDENT
CLAUSES (DC)
-

they cannot stand on their own, needs to be combined with IC to

make sense.
do not make a complete thought
preceded by a connector word.

IC and DC can be combined in FOUR different ways:

PATTERN 1 SIMPLE
SENTENCE
Form:

SV

Examples:

Ali is a boy.
Fasihah loves cooking.
Faris enjoys reading and listening to music.
Salim dislikes Mathematics and Geography.
Halimah and Zahidah are prefects.
Syafiqah and Ziana go to school together.
Two ocean layers are surface and deepwater.
My friends and I love swimming and snorkelling.

PATTERN 2 COMPOUND
Hafizuddin Yahaya
(HBY) 14
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SENTENCE

First Form:

SV, and SV

Connectors: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (acronym: FANBOYS)

LOGIC
Addition
Opposition / Contrast
Cause
Result / Effect
Choice / Option / Alternative
Examples:
-

CONNECTORS
and
but, yet
for
so
or, nor

Students from Elite classes aced the exam, for they were the chosen
ones.
Nasrin is a member of the school band, and he always comes early for
every meeting.
Aimi does not like to boast, nor did she like to brag about her excellent
result.
The Chronicles of Narnia was written for children, but it is also suitable for
older readers.
You can choose to leave early, or you can stay back and finish the work
now.
Absyar always comes to school early, yet she is always the last to leave.
Firdaus loves detective stories, so he reads all about Sherlock Holmes.

PATTERN 3 COMPLEX
SENTENCE
Connectors:
LOGIC
Cause / Effect
Comparison / Contrast
Place / Manner
Possibility / Condition
Relation
Time
First Form:

CONNECTORS
because, since, so that, in order that
although, even though, though, whereas, while
where, wherever, how, however
if, whether (or not), unless, only if, even if, in
case (that)
that, which, who, whom
as, after, before, since, when, whenever, until

SV because SV

Examples:
-

Suhaimi recommends the restaurant highly because the food there is

cheap.
Salihah wont eat anything even though she is starving.
Karimah will follow wherever you go.

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Shahir would not give up the relationship however bad he was treated by
the girl.
You will not succeed unless you do your very best.
Tom had many comics when he was younger.

Second Form:

Because SV, SV

Examples:
-

Because the food there is cheap, Suhaimi recommends the restaurant

highly.
Even though she is starving, Salihah wont eat anything.
Wherever you go, Karimah will follow.
However bad he was treated by the girl, Shahir would not give up the
relationship.
Unless you do your very best, you will not succeed.
When he was younger, Tom had many comics.

Third Form:

S, because SV, V

Examples:
-

Suhaimi, because the food there is cheap, recommends the restaurant

highly.
Salihah, even though she is starving, wont eat anything.
Shahir, however bad he was treated by the girl, would not give up the
relationship.
You, unless you do your very best, will not succeed.
Tom, when he was younger, had many comics.

Fourth Form:

SV; however, SV

Connectors:
LOGIC
Adding
Opposition / Contrast
Result / Effect
Similarity
Emphasis
Showing time
Examples:
-

CONNECTORS
in addition, also, besides, furthermore,
moreover
however, instead, otherwise, nevertheless,
nonetheless
therefore, hence, thus, accordingly,
consequently
likewise, similarly
indeed, in fact
Meanwhile

Zuhdi is the schools head prefect; also, he is the districts top debater.
Kamala has tuition tonight; otherwise, she would have gone to the
birthday party.
Sulaiman is diabetic; hence, he cannot eat sweets.

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Azmir is an English teacher; likewise, his elder brother teaches French.

Teenagers nowadays know a lot about computers than their parents; in
fact, they often teach adults how to use the Internet.
Some say that all of us want change jobs about every ten years;
meanwhile, we should make the best of our present employment.

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