10-Uster Statistics - Fiber To Yarn Relationship PDF

USTER STATISTICS / Fiber-to-yarn relationship
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Contents
10 USTER STATISTICS / Fiber-to-yarn relationship ............................. 10-1

10.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................10-1
10.2
Fiber length definitions ................................................................................................................10-1
10.3
Ring-spun yarn, carded, cotton 100% .........................................................................................10-2
10.3.1 Fiber length UQL(w) ......................................................................................................................10-2
10.3.2 Short fiber content SFC(n) ............................................................................................................10-3
10.4
Ring-spun yarn, combed, cotton 100% .......................................................................................10-4
10.5
Compact yarn, cotton 100% ........................................................................................................10-5
10.6
OE rotor yarn, cotton 100% .........................................................................................................10-6
USTER AFIS PRO
10
10 USTER STATISTICS / Fiber-to-yarn relationship

10.1
Introduction
Uster Technologies determines thousands of textile quality characteristics per year for the USTER
STATISTICS. The statistical values which are calculated from this data base allow some insight into
the relationship between the raw material and the yarn.
The following graphical representations demonstrate the relationship between:
Fiber length and yarn count
Short fiber content and yarn count
These relationships are represented with four different yarn types:
Cotton 100%, carded, ring-spun yarn
Cotton 100%, combed, ring-spun yarn
Cotton 100%, compact yarn
Cotton 100%, OE rotor-spun yarn
These experience values can be used by spinning mills to select a suitable raw material for a certain
type and count of yarn.
The results of the fiber length and the short fiber content were derived from slivers from the
finisher drawframes.
10.2
Fiber length definitions
The fiber testing system USTER AFIS determines various fiber lengths. Fig. 10-1 shows a staple
diagram with fiber length definitions. For the following comparisons we always selected the Upper
Quartile Length UQL. UQL is equivalent to the fiber length at the Upper Quartile of the staple diagram
as shown in Fig. 10-1 . The quality characteristics have the following meaning:
L 5% (n)
This length is exceeded by 5% of the fibers by number
UQL(w)
Upper Quartile Length by weight
L(n, w)
Mean fiber length by number or by weight
SFC(n, w)
Short fiber content by number or by weight / fibers shorter than inch (12,7 mm)
USTER AFIS PRO
10-1
10
Fiber length
Short fiber
content SFC(n, w)
L5%(n)
UQL(w)
0%
Fig. 10-1
L(n,w)
25%
"
50%
100%
Sample
Staple Diagram and UQL
The staple diagram is a graphical representation of the fiber length of a sample. The longest fibers are
located on the left hand side (0%) of the diagram, the shortest fibers on the right hand side (100%).
The fiber length UQL is equivalent to the classer's staple.
10.3
Ring-spun yarn, carded, cotton 100%
10.3.1 Fiber length UQL(w)

The 50% line of the USTER
STATISTICS increases from 30 mm for
Ne 5 to 33 mm for Ne 40
(Fig. 10-2).
40
38
36
5%
34
In Fig. 10-2 it is obvious that the

bandwidth between the 5% and 95%
line is quite small. The fiber length
range is larger for coarse counts than
for fine yarn counts. Fine yarn counts
are more sensitive towards fiber
selection than coarser counts.
UQL(w) mm
50%
32
95%
30
28
26
24
22
20
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ne
Fig. 10-2
Fiber length versus yarn count, ring-spun yarn, carded
Interpretation of the three red lines in Fig. 10-2:
5% of all measured samples had a fiber length (UQL) which exceeds the 5% line.
50% of all samples had a fiber length (UQL) which exceeds the 50% line.
10-2
USTER AFIS PRO
10
95% of all samples had a fiber length (UQL) which exceeds the 95% line.
This interpretation is also valid for Fig. 10-4, Fig. 10-6 and Fig. 10-8.
10.3.2 Short fiber content SFC(n)

The 50% line of the short fiber content
drops from 23% for Ne 6 to 18% for Ne
42 (Fig. 10-3). As there is no combing
process in the case of carded yarns the
reduction of the short fiber content is
mainly caused by the selection of
longer fibers for finer yarns which
mostly have less short fibers.
30
25
95%
SFC(n) %
20
50%
5%
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
The bandwidth between the 5% and

the 95% line is significant. For a yarn
count of Ne 10 the bandwidth between
the 5% and the 95% line ranges from
17 to 27%. A high short fiber content
will cause high yarn mass variations.
Ne
Fig. 10-3
Short fiber content versus yarn count, ring-spun yarn, carded
Interpretation of the three red lines in Fig. 10-3:
The short fiber content of 5% of all samples was below the value of the
5% line.
50% line.
95% line.
This interpretation is also valid for Fig. 10-5, Fig. 10-7 and Fig. 10-9.
USTER AFIS PRO
10-3
10
10.4
Ring-spun yarn, combed, cotton 100%

Fig. 10-4 shows that the red lines are
considerably steeper compared to
carded yarns (Fig. 10-2). The
bandwidth between the 5% and the
95% line is also more significant.
40
38
36
34
UQL(w) mm
5%
The 50% line of the USTER

STATISTICS starts at 31 mm for Ne 16
and ends at 40 mm for Ne 100.
32
50%
30
95%
28
26
24
22
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ne
Fig. 10-4
Fiber length versus yarn count, ring-spun yarn, combed

The elimination of short fibers is of
particular
significance
for
the
manufacturing of combed yarns. The
elimination of more short fibers will
result in better yarn evenness, but
reduces the production of yarns. Fig.
10-5 shows that the average short fiber
content equals 12% for Ne 16 and
drops to approximately 6% for Ne 100.
30
25
SFC(n) %
20
15
10
The average short fiber content is

equal to the 50% line of the USTER
STATISTICS.
95%
50%
5%
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ne
Fig. 10-5
Short fiber content versus yarn count, ring-spun yarn, combed
Fig. 10-5 shows that the short fiber content has to be extremely small for fine yarns. For Ne 100 the
short fiber content varies between 3 and 9%.
The short fiber content of combed cotton yarns is approximately 10% lower than the short fiber
content of carded yarns.
10-4
USTER AFIS PRO
10.5
10
Compact yarn, cotton 100%

The fiber length of compact yarns
increases considerably from coarse
yarns to fine yarns. The 50% line is on
a level of 31.5 mm for Ne 25 and
increases to 39 mm for Ne 80 (Fig.
10-6).
40
38
36
UQL(w) mm
34
32
50%
The 5% line and the 95% line could not

be calculated because the number of
evaluated samples was too small.
30
28
26
24
22
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ne
Fig. 10-6
The samples tested for these USTER

STATISTICS had shorter fibers for
coarse yarns and longer fibers for fine
yarns than conventional combed cotton
yarns (Fig. 10-4), but the difference is
not significant.
Fiber length versus yarn count, compact yarn
Although the yarn strength of compact yarns is approximately 15% higher than conventional combed
ring-spun yarns, the customers who participated at these trials did not utilize a completely different
raw material. This means that the compact spinning process achieves yarns of higher strength at a
given yarn twist.

Fig. 10-7 shows that the short fiber
content of the measured samples is
lower than the short fiber content of
combed cotton yarn as shown in Fig.
10-5. The average short fiber content
equals 9% at Ne 25 and drops to 6% at
Ne 80.
30
25
SFC(n) %
20
15
10
50%
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ne
Fig. 10-7
The average value of the short fiber

content of all compact yarns tested for
USTER
STATISTICS
was
approximately 2% lower than for
conventional combed cotton yarn (Fig.
10-5), although compact yarns would
allow a higher short fiber content for a
given yarn strength.
Short fiber content versus yarn count, compact yarn
The 5% and the 95% line could not be calculated because the number of evaluated samples was too
small.
USTER AFIS PRO
10-5
10
10.6
OE rotor yarn, cotton 100%

Fig. 10-8 shows that there is no
significant increase of the fiber length
over the entire count range.
40
38
36
The fibers used for Ne 30 are only

slightly longer than for Ne 5. It is
certainly an advantage of OE rotor
spinning that short fibers can be
processed and that the fiber length
needs little adjustment over the entire
count range.
UQL(w) mm
34
32
5%
30
50%
28
95%
26
However, the 50% line, Fig. 10-8, is

only about 1 mm below the 50% line
of carded ring-spun yarns (Fig. 10-2).
24
22
20
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ne
Fig. 10-8
Fiber length versus count, OE rotor yarn

The short fiber content of all
measured samples hardly changes
over the entire count range from Ne 4
to Ne 33 (Fig. 10-9). The average
value of the short fiber content is 26%
for Ne 4 and drops slightly to 25% for
Ne 33.
35
95%
30
25
SFC(n) %
50%
20
5%
The
bandwith,
however,
is
considerable. The short fiber content
varies from 19% to 31% over the
entire count range.
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ne
Fig. 10-9
Short fiber content versus yarn count, OE rotor yarn
The short fiber content is quite high with about 25% short fibers. The value is approximately 4%
higher than the value for carded ring-spun yarn.
It is an advantage of the OE rotor spinning that cotton with a high short fiber content can be utilized
over the entire count range.
10-6
USTER AFIS PRO

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USTER STATISTICS / Fiber-to-yarn relationship

10 USTER STATISTICS / Fiber-to-yarn relationship ............................. 10-1

Fiber length definitions ................................................................................................................10-1

USTER AFIS PRO

USTER STATISTICS / Fiber-to-yarn relationship