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Lecture # 05
ME 434 Renewable Energy
Resources
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Furnace
A furnace is an equipment used to melt metals for casting or
to heat materials to change their shape (e.g. rolling, forging)
or properties (heat treatment).
Since flue gases from the fuel come in direct contact with the
materials, the type of fuel chosen is important. For example,
some materials will not tolerate sulphur in the fuel, in which
case you can use light diesel oil. Solid fuels generate
particulate matter, which will interfere the materials placed
inside the furnace, therefore coal is not often used as fuel.
.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Furnace
Furnace ideally should heat as much of material as possible to
a uniform temperature with the least possible fuel and labor.
The key to efficient furnace operation lies in complete
combustion of fuel with minimum excess air. Furnaces operate
with relatively low efficiencies (as low as 7 percent) compared
to other combustion equipment such as the boiler (with
efficiencies higher than 90 percent. This is caused by the high
operating temperatures in the furnace. For example, a furnace
heating materials to 1200 oC will emit exhaust gases at 1200
oC or more, which results in significant heat losses through
the chimney.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Furnace
Components
Chimney:
remove
combustion
gases
Furnace chamber:
constructed of
insulating
materials
Hearth: support
or carry the steel.
Consists of
refractory
materials
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Refractory
Refractory lining of a
furnace arc
Refractory walls of a
furnace interior with
burner blocks
(BEE India, 2005)
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Properties of Refractories
Pure substances melt instantly at a specific
temperature. Most refractory materials consist of particles
bonded together that have high melting temperatures. At
high temperatures, these particles melt and form slag. The
melting point of the refractory is the temperature at which
a test pyramid (cone) fails to support its own weight.
Melting point:
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Properties of Refractories
The bulk density is useful property of
refractories, which is the amount of refractory material
within a volume (kg/m3). An increase in bulk density of a
given refractory increases its volume stability, heat capacity
and resistance to slag penetration.
.
Porosity: The apparent porosity is the volume of the open
pores, into which a liquid can penetrate, as a percentage of
the total volume of the refractory. This property is important
when the refractory is in contact with molten charge and
slag. A low apparent porosity prevents molten material from
penetrating into the refractory. A large number of small pores
is generally preferred to a small number of large pores
Bulk
density:
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Properties of Refractories
Cold crushing strength:
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
What is Boiler
Steam generators
Closed vessels
made of steel and
used for generation of steam
vaporizing water
combustion of fuels
eg. coal,coke,oil,wood,saw dust and begesse etc.
Steam used for producing power,for industrial
process work or for heating proposes.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Classification of Boiler
According
1.
Water tube.
2. Fire tube.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cochran Boiler
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Fusible Plug.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Water Level
Indicator.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Pressure Gauge.
This indicates the pressure of the steam in the
boiler.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Safety Valve.
The function of the safety valve
is to prevent the increase of
steam pressure in the holler
above its design pressure.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Blow-off Cock.
The water supplied to the boiler always
contains impurities like mud, sand and,
salt due to heating, these are deposited at
the bottom of the boiler, they have to be
removed using blow off cock.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar