CMOS OSCILLATORS- Using CMOS togic gats

as pulse genorators- by R. J. Caborn

206

D E C E M B E R1 9 7 9
Volume 33 No. 4
Published Monthly
{3rd of preceding Month}
First published
lncorporating

The

1947

Radio

Amateur

Editarial and Advertising

Offices
57 MAIDA VALE LONDON Wg ISN
Telephone
O 1- 2 8 6 6 1 4 1

Telegrams
Databui. London

R E C E N TP U B L I C A T I O N S

209

NEWS AND COMMENT

210

A M P L I F I E RC L I P P I N GM O N I T O R- S u g g e s t e d
Circuit - by G. A. French
212
THE OSCAR PHASE lll - A progressReport
by Arthur C. Gee
21i
S . W . A E R I A LT U N I N G U N I T -

by R. A. Penfotd 216

,' Data Publications

Ltd., 1979. Contents
may only be reproduced after obtaining
prior permission from the Eclitor.
Shori
abstracts or references are allowable
provided acknowledgement of source
is
grven.

SHORT WAVE NEWS * For DX Listeners

- by FrankA. Baldwin

220

DIGITAL TANTALISER-

222

Annual Subscription:
f7.SO, Eire and
(U.S.A. and Canada
Overseas t8.50
$20.00) including postage. Remittances
should be made payable to "Data
P u b l i c a t i o n sL t d " . O v e r s e a s r e a d e r s , p l e a s e
pay by cheque or International Monev
Order.

A D D R E S S I N GM E M O R Y by lan Sinclair
IN NEXTMONTH'S ISSUE

231

Technical Q.ueries. We regret that we are

unable to answer queries other than those
ansrng
.trom articles appearing in this
Inaqaztne nor can we advise on
m o c l i f i c a t i o n st o e q u i p m e n t c i e s c r i b e c l .
We
regret that queries cannot be answered
over
t h e r c l e p h o n e ,t h e y m u s t b e s u b r n i t t e c li n
w r i t i t t q . a n r i a c c o m p a n i e c lb y a s t a m p e c i a c l c l r c s s e de n v e l o p e t o r r e p l y .

LONG TIME LOW C -

232

B R E A D B O A R D ' 7 9-

by l. M. Attrill
D a t a b u sS e r i e sNo. 5

224

by E. A. parr
A Preview

V M O S P O W E R D E V I C E S-

Part 1 by John Baker238

BOOK REVIEW
Correspondence shoulcl be aclclresseclto
t h e E c l i t o r ,A d v e r t i s i n g M a n a g e r . S u b s c r i p _
tron Manager or the publishers as ao_
propnate.
Opinions expressed by contributors are not
necessarily those of the Editor or
proprietors.
Production--

24r)
by Recorder

R E A D E R ' SH I N T S & T I P S -

I N your Workshop

REGENERATION
Electronics Data No. 52

Web Offser

P u l r l i s l r e di n G r e a t B r i t a i n b y t h e p r o p r i e t o r s a n d
Publislrers. Dara Publications Ltcl, 57 Maicla
Vale, LondonW9 1SN.
The Radio & Electrcnics
by Swale Press Ltd.

RADIO TOPICS -

Constructor

is pilnted

235

THE JANUARY ISSUE

WILL BE PUBLISHED
ON sth DECEMBER

241
243

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MOTORS
1.5-6VDC Model Motors
22p, Sub. Min. 'Big Inch'
1 lsVAC 3 rpm Motors 32p.
12VDC 5 Pole Model
Motors 37p, I track 12V
Replacoment Motors 55p.
Cassotte Motors 5-8VDC
ex. equip. 7Op. Geared
Mains Motors l24OVl 2.5
rpm 76p. 1I5VAC 4 rpm
Geared Motors 05p.

JUMPER TEST LEAD

SETS
1O pairs of leads with
v a r i o u sc o l o u r e dc r o c c l i o s
sach snd (2Oclips)9Op p.r
30t.

TRANSFORMERS
All 24OVAC Primarv
( p o s t a g ep e r t r a n s f o r m e ri s
shown after orice).
M I N I A T U R ER A N G E :6 - 0 6 V 1 O O m A ,9 - O - 9 V 7 5 m A
and 12-O-12V SOmA atl
SEMICONDUCTORS
79p each (15p). O-6V.
c106D 400V 2.5A SCR
28OmA f 1.2O {2Opl.
2Op. 2N5O62 tOOV
12V 5OOmA99p (22p1.12V
SOOmA SCR 18p. BX5O4
2 amp f2.75 {45p1. 15-6Opto lsolEtor 26p.
C A 3 1 3 0 9 5 p . T B A S O O 15V 3 amp Transformerat
f2.85
30-G3OV 1
5 0 p . 7 4 1 2 2 p . 7 4 l S 3 6 o . a m p f ,{54p1.
2,85 (54p1. 2O-O
723 369. N8555 ?4p.
2QV 2 amo f3.65 (54o1.OLM34oO 4Op. AO181/2
12-15-2O-24-3OV
2'imo
7 O p .2 N 3 O 5 53 8 p . 2 N 4 1 4 4 . 7 F ( 5 4 p 1 .2 O V 2 . 5 a m p
7 5 p . 8 D 2 3 8 2 8 p . 8 D 4 3 8 f2.45 (54p1.
28p. 1N4005 1O for 36p.
TlL305 alphe numerlc dlsplays f2.5O. TlL2O9 Red
T R I A C / X E N O NP U L S E
Leds8p.!ch.
O.5" 7
TRANSFORMERS
s e g e m e n t L e d d i s p l a y . 1: 1 ( g p o s t y t e ) 3 O p . I : l
p
l
u
s
1 s u b .m i n . p c b m o u n Comm. Cathode,green, full
ting type 6Op each.
spsc.85p cach.
PROJECT BOXES
Sturdy ABS btack plastic
boxeswith brassinsertsand
lid. 75 x 58 x 36mm E4o,
95 x 71 x 35mm 66p. I iS
x 95 x 37mm 7Ep.
AMP MULTIWAY INLINE PLUGS AND
S O C K E T S ,3 w a y 3 5 p , 6
way 45p, 12 way 55p. per
Pair.
CHANGEOVER REEO
SWITCH 2{" Lons 35p.
Glass Mercury Switch ;}" x
f", long leads, 35p.

MULT!METERS
NH55 2,OOO o.p.v. IKV'
AC/DC. lOOma DC current,
2 rgsistancerangesto lmeg.
f5.95. MODEL 72806
2O,OOO opv I,OOO vbhs
AC/DC.,25oma DC curront.
resistanca 3 ranges to
3 m e g ,d i m e n s i o n s1 2 7 x 9 O
x 32mm, mirror scale
8 1 1 . 7 5 p . H A N S E NA T 2 1 0
1O O . O O 0 o p v 1 . 2 K V
AC/DC., 12 amps AQDC
current, resistanceto 200
meg
in 4
ranges,
capacitanco 2OOpf-O.2mfd.
1,OOpf-lmfd.,
declbelrange,
internal safoty fuse, dlmensions 160 x 105 x Somm,
an excellent mtor,
MORSE KEYS
B6ginnrs prEctlce koy
e1.O5. All metal fulty adlustble type. f2.60.
M I N I A T U R EL E V E L
METERS
I C e n t r eZ e r o 1 7 x l T m m
(
7 5 p . 2 s c a l e d0 - 1 O ) 2 8 x
2 5 m m 7 5 p . 3 G r u n d i g4 0 x
27mm 81.26.

MICROPHONES
M i n . t i e p i n .O m n l ,u g e sd e a f
aid battery (supplied),
e4.95, ECM1O5 low coet
c o n d n s o r ,O m n i , 6 0 O
ohms, on/off switch, stsndard jack plug. f2.95.
EM5O7
Condonsr.
uni,
600
ohms,
3 O - 1 8 k H 2 . ,h i g h l y p o l i s h e d
metal body f7.90p.
DYNAMICstick microohons
dual imo., 6O0 ohms or
2 O K , 7 O - 1 7 k h 2 . .a t t r a c t i v o
black m6tal body f7,75p.
EM506 dual impedance
condgnsermicrophone6O0
ohms or 5OK, heavy
chromog coppr body,
12.95. CASSETTEreplacement microohone
with 2.5/3.5 ptugs Ei.3-8.
INSERT Crystal replacement 35X1Omm 4Op.
GRUNDIG eloctric insons
with FET pr6amp, 3-6VDC
operation fl,OO.
LIGHT OIMMER
24OVAC 8O0 watts max.
wall mounting, hag built in
photo cell for automatic
switch on when dark 4.5O
RIBBON CABLE
8 way single strano
miniaturo 22p pri mrtrr.
SPEAKERS
5" Round 8 ohms 5 watts
f1.35. 6" round 6 watt 8
ohms wlth cambric surround f2.76. Elac8" 8 ohm
long throw speaker, 18
watts twin cone f,4.76.
Mid-Range5" apeaker850Tkhz 20 watts e 1.46,

S T E R E OF M / G R A MT U N E R
AMPLIFIER CHASSIS,
J V C N I V I C O S T E RE O VHF and AM. Bass, treble
CASSETTE MECHANISM. and volumo controls,Gaam.
Music centre type. Rev. 8-track inputs, headphone
counter, a6mote opotatlon output iack, 3 watts per
channel with power supply.
813.5Oand 1.0O p&p.
14.95 and 1.20 p&p
(CCT supplledl.

PANEL METERS
Ferranti O-6OOVAC 3.5"
square 2.95, Jaoanss6
type 50 x 47 x 33mm clear
plastic type; 50 micro, 1OO
micro, lMa. 2 amg, 25
volts, 30O VAC, 'S'. 'VU'. atl
5.25 cach, Larger type
110 x 82 x 35mm; 50
micro, l0O micro f0.36
6ech.

A E R O S O LS E R V I C E
AtDS. SERVTSOL
Switch Cleaner 226om
6Op. Freezer 226gm 76p.
Silicone Grease 226om
7Op. FoamCleanser37Oim
6Op. Plastic Seat 145im
6Op. Excel Polish 24Odm
479. Aero Ktene t70im
55p. Aero Duster 2OO6m
7OD.

C A R S T E R E OS P E A K E R S
Shalf mounting in black
plastic pods with 5" S watt
speaker availablein 4 or 8
ohms only 3.95 pcr pair.

TOOLS
S O L D E RS U C K E R ,p l u n g e r
type, high suction, toflon
nozzle,f4,99 (soarenozrleg
89p eachl.
Good Ouality snub nosed
pliers,insulatedhandlee,5"
f 1.45.
Antex Modol C l5 watt
soldering irons. 24OVAC
f3.95
Antex Modol cx 17 watt
sold6ring irons, 24OVAC
f3.95.
Antex Model X25 25 watt
soldering irons, 240VAC
e3.95,
Antex ST3 iron stands,suits
a l l a b o v 6 m o d e l sf l . 6 5 ,
Antex heat shunts 12P
ech.
Servisol Solder Mop 5Op
oech.
Neon Tester Screwdrivere
8" long 43p cach.
M i y a r n al C t o s t c l i p s 1 6 p i n
1.95.

PUSH BUTTON Tv
TUNERS
U H F , " n o t v a r i c a p ,t r a n sistorised new f2.25

Sub. miniature tocqles;

SPST(8x5x7mm) 62p.
DPT(8x7x7mm| 62p.
DPT centre off 12 x ll x
9mm
77p,
PUSH.
s w l l C H t S . 1 6 x t i m m .r e d
top, push to make l4p
each, push to break version
{black top} I 6p cach.

S U R P L U SE O A R D S
N o . 1 , t h i s h a s a t l e a s t1 1
Cl06 (50V 2.5A) plastic
MURATA MA4OT
S C R ' s ,o n e r e l a y a u n i j u n c 4OkHz Transducers. Rec-/ t i o n t r a n s i s t o a
r nd tantalum
c a p a c i t o r sf 1 . 9 5 . N o . 2 l . F .
Sender 3.60 peir.
B o a r d s ,t h e s e a r e a c o m plete l.F. board assembly
E L E C T R I C A LI T E M S
made for car radios,
1 3 a m p 3 p i n p l u g s p l a s t i c 4 6 5 K h z ,f u l l s e t o f l . F . ' sa n d
2 7 p , r u b b e r8 2 p , - 1 3 a m o
o s c i l l a t o rc o i l s , t r i m m e r s
rubbor oxtgnsion sockets e t c . , 4 O pe a c h . N o , 3 B o a r d
with two BDY60 Power
42p, 12 way flexible term i n a l b l o c k s ;2 a m p 2 O p , 5
Transistors,45p each.
amp24p,1O amp 33p, l5
amp 47p, Standard baten
( B C l a m p h o l d e r s2 7 p ,

TELEPHONE
PICK UP
colL
Sucker tvoe with lead and
3.5mm plug 62p.

RELAYS
Plastic Encap. Reed Relay,
O.l matrix. 1kO coil, 912VDC normally open, 35p.
Miniature
encapsulated
reed retay 0.1 matlix mounting, sjngle pole make,
operales on l2VDC 5Op
each. Continental series.
sealed plastic case relays,
24VDC 3pole chanqe over
5 amp contacts, ne-w 65o.
Printed circuit Mtg., Reed
relav, sinole make.2omm x
5mm, 6-9VDC. coil, 33p
each. Metal Cased Reed
Relay, 50 x 45 x 'l7mm.
has 4 heavy duty maka
reed inserts, operates on
l2VDC 35p .!ch. Magnsts
i' long l" thick with fixing
hole, 10 for 4Op,

POWERSUPPLIES
S W I T C H E DW P E , p l u q s i n t o 1 3 a m p s o c i e t . -h a s
3-4.5-6-7.5 and g volt
DC out at either 10O or
40 OmA, switchable3.46,
HC,244R STABILISED
SUPPLY, 3-6-7.5-9 votts
DC out at 4OOmA max.,
wirh on/off switch, Dolaritv
reversing switch and
v o l t a a es e l e c t o sr w i t c h ,f u l l y
regulated to supply
e x a c t v o l t a g ef r o m n o l o a d
lo Inax. current f4.95.

AMPHENOT
CONNECTORS
(PL250I PLUGS47p. Chassis
sockets 42p. Elbows
P1259/SO239 9Op. Doubte
in line male connoctor
(2xP1259) 65p. Ptug
r a d u c e r s1 3 p . P L 2 5 9 D u m my load, 52 ohms 1 watt
with indicator bulb 96p.
BUZZERS

M I N I A T U R ES O L I D S T A T E
B U Z Z E R S . 3 3 x7 'xl 1 S m m
w h i t e p l a s t i cc a s e ,o u t p u ta t
three feet 7Odb (approx),
Dalo 33PC Etch Resist l o w c o n s u m p t i o n
lv
printed circuit maker pen, 1 5 m A , f o u r v o l t a g e toy n
pes
with spare tip, 79p.
available. 6-9-l2 or
24VDC, 80p c!ch. LOUD
12VOC BUZZER. Cream
TERMS:
Cash with Ordcr (Official Dlasticcaso. SOmm diam. x
Orders welcomcd from 3 O m m h i g h 6 3 p , . G P O
colleges etcl. 3Op portage OPEN TYPE BUZZER, adprea3e unlor! otherwire
iustable works 6-12VDC
ghown. VAT inclueivc.
27p, 12VOC siren,all metal.
rotarv tVOg, hioh oitched
S,a.e, for illustrated lists. w a i l . f ? . 5 O .

swtTcHEs

G . P . O .T e l a o h o n eh a n d s o t s
C1.95p. Electrolytlc Caps,
can type, 2,2oomfd and
2,2O0mtd 50VDC 35p

M r c R os w t T c H E s
Standard button ooerated
28 x 25 x 8mm make or
break, new 15p each,
Roller operated version of
the latter, New 19p eoch.
Light action micro, 3 amo
nrake or break 35 x 2O x
7rnrn, 12p clch.
Cherrv
prunger operareo mtclo, z
normally open, 2 normallv
closed, plunaer 2Omm lono
(40 x 30 i tSmml 25i
each.

PUSH BUTTON UNITS

6 w a y . 3 D P D T , 34 p o l ec / o
55p,8way,5DPDT.34
pole c/o 7Op. RANK ARENA
nragnetic cartridqe preamplifiermodules,new whtr
c o n n s c t i o nd e t a i l s 1 . 9 5 p .
TAPE HEAOS
Mono ceBsotte e 1.76.
Stereo cassette 3,9O,
Standard 8 track steroo
el.95. BSR MN1330 +
track sop. BSR SRP9U ;
track f1.95. TD10 taoe
h r a d a s s e m b l y- 2 h e a d s
both ] track R/P with built
In erase, mounled on
b r a c k e tf 1 , 2 O .

PROGRESSIVE
RADIO
3T CHEAPSIDE,LIVERPOOT2.
ALL ORDERSDESPATCHED
BY RETURNPOST

T h eo p p o r t u n i t i eisn e l e c t r o n i c st o, d a v ,a n d f o r t h e
f u t u r ea r e l i m i t l e s s- t h r o u g h o u t h e w o r l d . J o b sf o r
q u a l iife d p e o p l ea r ea v a i l a b leev e r y w h e raet v e r y h i g h
s a l a r i e sR
. u n n i n gy o u r o w n b u s i n e s a
s ,l s o ,i n e l e c t r o n i c s
- e s p e c i a l lfyo r t h e s e r v i c i nogf r a d i o ,T V a n d a l l a s s o c i a t e d
e q u i p m e n-t c a n m a k ef o r a v a r i e d i,n t e r e s t i nagn d h i g h l y
r e n u m e r a t t vcea r e e r .T h e r ew i l l n e v e rb e e n o u g hs p e c i a l i s t s
t o c o p ew i t h t h e e v e ri n c r e a s i nagm o u n to f e l e c t r o n i c
e q u i p m e ncto m i n go n t o t h e w o r l dm a r k e t .

O counses AVATLABLE

W eg i v em o d e r nt r a i n i n gc o u r s e si n a l l f i e l d so f e l e c t r o n i c s
- p r a c t i c aD
l .l . Y . c o u r s e s- c o u r s e fso r C i t y & G u i l d se x a m s ,
t h e R a d i oA m a t e u rl i c e n c ea n d a l s ot r a i n i n qf o r t h e n e w
C o m p u t e rT e c h n o l o g y W
. es p e c i ai sl eo n l y i n e l e c t r o n i cas n d
h a v eo v e r4 0 y e a r se x p e r i e n c ien t h e s u b j e c t .
A l l t h e t r a i n i n gc a n b e c a r r i e do u t i n t h e c o m f o r to f y o u r
o w n h o m ea n d a t y o u r o M / np a c e .
A t u t o r i s a v a i l a b l teo w h o m y o u c a n r n n i t ea t a n y t i m e
f o r a d v r c eo r h e l pd u r i n gy o u r r , r . o r k .

acareer.

A l l s t u d e n t se n r o l l i n g r n o u r c o u r s e sr e c e i v e
a f r e e c i r c u i l b o a r d o r i g i n a t i n gf r o m a c o m p u t e r
a n d c o n t a i n i n g n u n y d i f f e r e n rc o m p o n e n t s
t h a l c a n b e u s e d i n e x p e r i m e n t sa n d p r o v i d e
a n e x c e l l e n te x a m p l e o f c u r r e n t e l e c t r o n i c
p r ac t i c e .

O c t w & G U T L DcSE R T t F l c A T E s
IN TELECOMMUNICATIO
S
AND
ELECTRONICS.
O n a o t o A M A T E U RL l c E N c E .
O cotupurER TEcHNoLocy wtrH
H O M ET R A I N I N G
COMPUTER.

Free32 page
C c l o u r B o o kl e t .

O orcrral ELEcrRoNlcs.
O a e c t N N e R sP R A c n c A Lc o u R s E .
ERVtcE.
O n a o r o A N DT E L E V T s T osN
O eruo MANYorHERs.

W E A R E A N I N T E R N A T I O N A LS C H O O T
S P E C I A L I S I N GI N E L E C T R O N I C S
TRAINING ONLY AND HAVE OVER
4 0 Y E A R S E X P E R I E N C EI N T H I S
SUBJECT

NAME
ADDRESS
P o s tn o w , w i t h o u t o b l i g a t i o n t, o : -

Block Cam Please

BRITISH
NATIONALRADIOond

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'79
on StandNos.Fl , F2 and
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t h e i rf u l lr a n g eo f b r e a d b o a r d s .
#**5't'
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EXP3@
a specialticketfor Breadboard
EXP600
w o r t he1. 0 0a b s o l u t e lFvR E E .
E X P4 8
C u to u t t h ec o u p o nb e l o wa n dt a k ei t
EXP325
a l o n gt o o n eo f o u r l i s t e dd e a l e r sa,n dm a k e EXP6bo
'16
a p u r c h a soef a n yo f o u rb r e a d b o a r dasn d
EXP&F Builtin bus-barsaccepts8, 14,
receiveyourspecialFREEticket- seeyou
a n du p r o 2 2 p i nl c s . f l . 6 0
'79.
o '''
at Breadboard
EXP350270contactpoints,idealfor
ExP3so
p
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x
w
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k
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w
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t
h
t
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1
4
f
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3
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Takethe couponto any of thesemaindealers
EXP 660 For microprocessor
chips.fil.60
LONDON
R a s l r a E l e c t r o n r c sL t d , 2 1 9 2 8 1 K r n g S l r e e l , f i a m m e r s m r l h ,
4 way! to oidcr Expcrimcntor Sybtcmt
E X P4 8 A n e x t r a4 b u s - b a risn o n eu n i t ,
London W6
1 EXP 300PCwhich includes one tlem.
El.a,
C u b e g a l eL l d . A u d r o E l e c l r o n r c s , 3 0 l E d g w a r eR o a d .
A m a t c h b o a r dp r e - d n l l e dP C B - t l . 3 2
EXP
The
most
widely
ilX,
soldbreadboard
London W2 I BN
2
EXP 302 whioh rncludeslhree tlems.
T e c h n o m a t r cL t d . 1 7 B u r n l e y R o a d , L o n d o n N W 1 0 I E D
in the UK; for the serioushobbyist.f5.75
Three 50 sheet scratchboard workpads - el.68
Precrsronlnstrumenl Labs , Instrument House.
makes
EXP6m 6" centrechannel
thisthe
3 EXP 303 which includes three rtems.
7 2 7O l d K e n l R o a d . L o n d o n S El 5
M icroprocessor
6.il)
Breadboard.
Two matchboards and an EXP 300 solderless
MANCHESTER
in
P86 Professional
breadboard easily
breadboard-e8.60
Shudehrll Supplv Co , 53 Shudehrll. Manchesrer M4 4AW
kit form.fl1.20
assembled
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
4 EXP 3O4whrch rncludesfour rtems.
Wesl Hyde Development, Unrt 9, Park Street Industnal Eslale.
recommended Two matchboards and EXP 300 breadboard and a
P8100Kit form breadboard
A v l e s b u r y . E u c k s H P 2 0 1E T
scratchboard workoad - t9.30
for
uses.fl1.9)
students
and
educational
E e s l E l e c l r o n r c s( S l o u g h l L l d , U n r t 4 F a r n b u r n A v e , S l o u g h ,

System
TheExperimentor

E u c k sS L I 4 X u

KENT
L a w l r o n r c s .1 3 aH r g h S r e e t , E d e n b n d g e .K e n t T N 8 5 A X

'{EWCASTLE
A r t k e n B r o s , 3 5 H r g h 8 r d g e , N e w c a s l l eu p o n T y n e

SCOTTAND
Marshalls, 85 West Regenl Slreet. Glasgow G2
F Brown 8 Co , 45 George lV Errdge. Edrnburgh EH 1 I E3

LEEDS

T h e a b o v e p r r c e sd o n o t I n c l u d eP 8 P a n d i 5 y o v e l

| "'lf
:'i",0?"=",':'2 EXP35O
] EXP325
Onty Reqd

3 EXP650
|5tl

Onty Reqd

5 EXP3OO O n t y R e q d

I
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9ECIALIIESCORPORATION ErFin'tE
COT.ITINENIAL
I nl
I
HERTFORDSHIRE

7 PB6
fll.n

B l P A K . 3 E a l d o c k S r r e e t ,W a r e , H e r t s

Onry Reqd

il.tt

El.It

n.n

Leeds Amateur Radro Club, Cookftdge Slreel, Leeds l

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IIII
F
' - I TI IhIrIsIcIoI u o o n e n t r t l e st h e h o l d e r l o a f r e e l r c k e l w o r t h f l .00 to Breadboard '79, with the purchase of anv

Onty Reqd

Onty Reqd

4 E X P4 8
ft.s

I enclose cheque/ PO for f

or debit my Barclaycard, Access, American
Expresscard

I
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No
E x pd. a t e. . . . . . .
or Tcl: (OI9l 210&lwrth your card numberand

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your order will be in the post immedialely

I
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NA[,4E
ADDRESS

6 EXP600 O n l v R e a d
tl.t
Onty Reqd

8PB]M
flr.n

F R E Ec a t a l o g u e t i c k b o x L l

Svnrn

LxP 300PClontv Reod

2 EXP302 | OntYReqd

3 EXP 303 | unlv Feqo

frfl
|

4 EXP@t I onry Reqd

fr'r.G
I

n.n

Boxedpricesinclude P&P and 15% VAT

C S CU K L T D .E U R O P EA,F R I C AM
, IDEAST
I l l n o d e a l e rI n y o u ra r e ac o n t a c tC S Cd r r e c t .
Dept16CC2ShireHillIndustrial
EstateUnits1
! Contlncntel Spccl.ltlcr Corporation, lU.K.l Limit.d, Dcpt leG@
21682
- Unit 1. Shire Hill InduslrialEstale,SalfronWalden,EssexTel:(0799)
and2, SaffronWalden,EssexCB'l1 3AO
-';:
Tel: Saffron Walden107]s121|&2.Felex:817477 l -;;
;-;
;;;;:

GiFIEEI\I\,VELtrI
443G

Millbnook

Road

Soutsharnpton

All prlces lncludc VAT at | 5% f1 BARGAIN PACKS

Krol-16
8C2398 N.P.N.
Low Noise
K r 02-1 5 8C3498 N.P.N.
Low Noiso
Kro3-10 8C5468 N.P.N.
80 Volt
K104-18 8C1828 N.P.N.
60 Volt
K 1 0 5 - 5 0 1 N 4 1 4 8S i t i c o n
Diode
K106-18 BCt84L N.P.N,
Low Noise
K107-18 BC213LP.N.P.
General pulpos
K108-g 2N5060 30N .8A

t.m
f 1.oo
f 1.00
f 1.00
e 1.oo
fr.@
el.oo
f 1.00

K 1 0 9 - 1 5 B C tl 4 N . P . N .
Low Noise
K 11 4 - - 1 5 X K 6 l 1 6 ( 8 F 2 4 1 )
N . P . N . 2 O OM H z
K 1 15 - 1 I S P 1 2 l 8 ( 2 N 3 7 0 2 )
p.N.p. Gn. purpo3e
K117-10 8F450 P.N.P.
T.V. lF Amp.
K 1 1 8 - 1 0 M E 4 1 0 1N . P . N .
6OV Low Nois6
K124-50.02uF Oisc
Cramlca
K125-2OO lk 5% lw. cF
Resistors

e1 . o o
et.oo
f 1.00
fl.@
fl.oo
1.0o
ft.oo

1,@O iEltlToi!
e2.rott
Nw stock just arrlvod - Carbon Film
2% and 596,fW and |W. all brand nw,
but hav6 pr-formsd loads, idoal for PC
mntg. Enormousrang6 of popullr mlxed
values for Just C2.lOll,OOO, Cl16,0oo

ecol2a,o0o.
LINEARIC BARGAIN

We have lust Eclvd a large conalgnment of popularlln68r lC's that havs falled ths manufscturer8 strlngent tes6.
Hmever. on checklng through I fw
hundrod we h6va found thst qulte 8 larg
proportlon tostsd In s slmpla osclllator
circuit ar6 functlonal, ao are offerlng
thm in oacks as follows:

*E---FEFIdEffi6on

7O2
l4DtL
65
709
80tL
75
709
l4DtL
50
710
TO99
30
710
140t1
30
720
t4DtL
80
741
TO99
40
744
TO99
70
Connection'dsta is sppilod.
p8ck, 8.1O

pnrcE
25
20
30
40
40
20
25
.t5
On of

fl.20
ft.20
et,2o
ftro
fi.20
ft20
f1.20
f t.20
ooch

3W AMP MODULE
Roady built and test6d, this handv
amplifior will prov very u8ful around
th worbhop. Just rsquir$ 17V ac
source (and 8R spkr) as brldge roct ond
smoothing csp 6r mounted on the PCB.
The 4 trsmlstor circult provlds onough
sensltlvlty for most sppllcations.
Suppllod complete wlth clrcult dlagram
and wiring d6talls. Only f 1'75'
SuitEbfe trsnsformer C2.2O,

TRANSFORMERS
PA 100V lin6 spakor tyns. Prl tlppod
0.625W - 1OA/ In 5 $eos. S.c 4 or 8
ohm C1.7! lolCt! 1@/CrtO
Malns prl, 3 8c wlndlng!, 8, 26 rnd
4OV, each at 10OmA. A !61ctlon of
voltagos from 8 to 73V b th.reforr oo.
tainebl. 57x48r30mm wlth flylng ls!d8.
cl.lo
Malns prl,8oc 4OV @ 250mA tt.7!

CLOCK CASE BARGAIN

7472 Owl format, overall sl2o 13O(68x87mm deD,wlth bullt In ttand. RoEr
panel drilled to accept 4 swltBhes and
slsrm top

SOI

OHX

Just add 3Op post

THE AMAZING

GiFTEENVT'ELtrt

MARGO TRADING

To introduco our new li3t rcmo ol tha pricor bclow atr much lcar than our
now list prico. Thos. Bpocill pdcaa arc vrlid until lhc and of tho monih in
which thoy appoarod.
To obtain a free copy ol our 35 p6go list simply rond a 2Op postage
stamp or a large SAE. This advortisemont shows only a small part of our
ranga. (Our new llst includeg GMOS, Tsnt Boads, Eloctrolytica, Disc
caramics, otc.)

TRATTSISTORS

CATALOGUE
F E A T U R E SI N C L U D E :
O SOp Discount \/ouchers
a Ouantity pricss for bulk buvB
O Bargsin List Supplomnt
O Reply Paid Envelope
O Priorltv Order Form
O VAT inclusive prices
P R I C E3 O p + 1 5 p P O S T

VERO OFFCUTS
Packs of 10O sq ins of g@d alze plecee
about 4 x 3" ln the followlng typ8:
K 5 4 l 0 . 1" c o p p e rc l a d . . . . , . . . . . . . . C ! . ! O
K 5 4 2 0 . 15 " c o p p e rc l a d . . . . . . . . . . . t t . O
K 5 4 4 0 . 1 " p l a l n. . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . C ! , ! O
Also pieces 21x1" - 1O/A.m l00lCo
17x3f"x0.1" sheee - 10/t14.!O
Larg ronge of Standard Voroborrd and
boxes/caseg In stock. Dlsll! ln
cstaloguo, atp
SCOOPI Vrobox typo 2522, unu!6d
but has 3 +" hol8 In one end and 1 f"
hol the othor, so Instld of f3.96, we
sre slling thse 8t tt.tt

swtTcHEs
Push-button banks - 20 typs llstsd on
BargalnLlsr No. 8, fre wlth cat (460) or
sond SAE. Semples:
W473 3 lntrlocking4PCO + 2Independ6nt, top
W481 5 intorlocklng 4PCO 7OD
Both typos suppllod wlth froe knobsl
Wl06 DPCO sllde switch 23xt5x7mm
10/t.2o;1oo/G9
W1O7 SPCO mln sllds swltch wlth 2
wires sttachd. 1ol0p 100/6.
W508 SPCO 5A mlcroswltch wlth
29mm lever 2Ox 12x6mm ltp j O/et.OO
W302 Rocker swltch ory'off 1OA whlt.
22e 1O/C1.CO.
W305 Rocker SPCO, cantre off, 10A
rating, whlte 3Op 10/C2.I
1OO/CIO.

AERIALS
X9O1 Telescoolc I ssctlons 970mm
long sxtond6d, 175mm collapsd.
Swivol iolnt. 2BA flxlng hole In b83e.7lp
X9O4 Forrite rod 140mm x gmm
LW/MW/coupllng colle, oach Independontly moveable C{g
X905 As abov, but Lwcoupllng coll
togothsr on moveable former llg

BUZZERS
& MOTORS
2401 Powerful 6V DC, 8ll matal construction. SOmm di8 x 20mm top
2402 Miniatur6 typs, 3-9V, only 22x15x16mm. Very neat tlp
2450 Minlatur 0V DC motor, hlgh
quality type 32mm dla r 25mm hlgh,
with 12mm spindle. Only Ct
2451 12V hlgh torquo motor 3omm dlr
x 4omm hlgh, wlth 1omm splndle,ttp
2452 6V DC motor wlth gearbox glvlng
final shaft sped 7OO rpm. Splndl. l!
thr6ad6d OBA. Ex-equlo Cl
2453 A! above, but 300 rpm rnd unthr68dd splndle tl.

VU METERS
Voo2 Twin type. 2 matrs 4ox.tomm
and drlver board, suppll.d wlth clrcult
and connxlon d8ta. tl.!O
Voo3 New typ, lust In. Twln tYPo
moutdod- in one pica, 8ox40mm (No
drivr board but suitable clrcult suppll6d)
:t.lo

Send SAE for latest 8 page Bargain List with 6O more packs
on - plus lots of other goodiesl

Eiii: gt
iii Elrslill
iii eiii:: il33 8ilff
.ai
8i,te,",
.ig[
!!1ifu

A C 12 8
AD]49
AD161
ADl 62
B C 10 7
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8C108
8C109
8C125

6p
99
9p
1Op
1Op
7o

8C1478
8C149
B C 15 3
8C16r
8C177
B C 17 8
8C182
BC182L
8C183
B C18 3 8
8 C 18 3 1
8C184
8C1841
4c212
8 C 2t 2 8
BC212L
ac212LA

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8F 167

26p

BU 108

f1.8o

-:p
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'4P
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BF 18O
BF182
8F183
8F194

29p
29p
29p
lOp

BU 126
8u2o4
BU2os
8U2OO

f 1 .5O
f1.50
e1.3b
f1.75

lo'
t',i

GEr872 16P
331?t' 133

ii3 3813i
r:p ,rrodt
aF224J

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25o

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3t
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ii3 3i1# #i 8:le 33t

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8F263
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:: EEii;
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ff;
4OOm/wZEilER DIODE8 Low prtco

3V, 3V3, 3V6,3V9,4V3,4V7,svl, 5V6-,,SV2,

8V8,7V5,8V2,gvl, 10V,1rV, ,t2V,
1 3 V ,1 3 V 5 ,1 5 V ,1 8 V ,1 8 V ,2 0 V , 2 2 V , 2 1 V , 2 7 Vi O
, V .a 3 t .
Prtcoi8p o.ch 1OOlny mtr ea.OO

I wett
ZEIIEB DIODES

BRIDOE RECTIFIERS

3V3 to__2OOVFuil ran96

P.ico: 15p.rch
100 ony mtx fl2,6o

r.c.socKErs
A
14
16
18
20

DtL
DIL
DtL
OtL
DtL

24
28
40

OIL
DtL
DIL

22 otL

l 5Amp45OV
SOOV
2.0Amp 50V

l33v

tOD
tgl
tE;
tS;
Z2b

6.OAmp 50V
2oov
4O0V
lo.oAmp 5OV
4oov

Zlb
2a;
4ob

25.OAmPsOV
4O0v
6oov

2ai;

6oov

32p
p
l8p
36p
4c
60P
7op
7aP
86P
f r.87
f2.7t
e3.64
er . 9 6
f2.99 '
e4.60

O.lW 8UB. MIITIATUNEPRE.SETE

lOO.O to lMog
price: Cp rtcf,.

vertlcrl or Hoilzontrl.
IOO rny mix fa.6o

ROTARV POTS
LOG: 4K7, 1OK,22K,47K,IOOK,

220K, 47OK, lM,2M2

27p ..ch
LIN:47oO,1K,2K2.4K7.loK.22K,47K,I ooK.220K.470K,t ut,fril&tg.[?i".f,"1f,

REEIETOR8 Low llolrc 5% Htgh sr.billry

E12sorios
onry
r.c.2.2o..2.7
A 33c).3.e
o,4.7o.E.s{o
AHfitrr.ci1.sfi i?f.
All 8t 2p ooh, 10 of ons vslu tor 16p, 1,OOOmlxcd In lOO'! f8.OO
Our well known "Spoclol Oovolopmcnt" prcl, Splchl Prlc!: fa.oo
(This pack conslsts oi 10 off srch vdue 2,2 4b
2M2, 73O 6!t!toro)
'lOM
lW rssistors avsilablo, E12 serlor only, 2,2 Lrto
6p a.ci
lOM
8p {cl
2W rGisrors svallablo.E12 sorlos only. lo:llto

DIODES
oA47 1Op,OA8114p.OA9O1op.OA91tOp,OA2OO
6p, 1N4148+, I S44?p, t N914
Lsds}
{Formod
3p, 1N40O16p, 'lN4OO4
3p, 1N40O77p, 1N53921tp, 1N5401tap,
lN54O4t8p, 1N54OB
27p.
Many, mrny moru ltamr In ttock Includlne out ncw rangr of C3'V polycrrbonato clora tolonnca crprclton. In C3V wr !]a now.bl.
to otfri t%,
-our
196,2i5 and 5%. ln tl4OV rhc rungr lt .dll th. um.. Fuil drrrltr In
FREE llrr.

SPECIAt OFFERS
Power AmpliflerSanyo STK016 Brand Now FullSp6c etc, I O Watts Inro g
Q.
Fr spoc shoot wlth cvery ordcr. Our Drlc.: e2,!O aaoh,
Radio Spars Edg6 Metor Type MRt0O (269-602), Ail naw snd boxsd. RS
prlco over 4.00 each. Our pdcr: e2.10 aach.

Send your orderc to:

DEPT. OP12, MARGO TRADING,

THE OLD SCHOOL, EDSTASTON,
Nr. WEM, SHROPSHIRE 8Y4 ERJ
Tcf: whlxafl (o9rt872l M/86
P1.... ldd 25p.podgr
.nd p.c1(lng io xch qdj.nd
rdd i6tg VAT to your tot.l
qd.r.
Export .dd NO VAT bN .dd ponff,
Alrl8x
.t @rt.

Tv@

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8C148 ru.(t
BCl49 CO.C
8C157 CO.t2
8Cr 59
eO.t2
8CI 59
fO.r2
8Cr67 fo.ta
8C168 fo.ta
8C169 CO.tO
BCr69C eo.t2
8Cr 70
CO.tO
BCrTr eO.tO
8 C r7 2 e O . l O
B C l7 3 f O . t O
na! 77 co.ll
E C I7 8 C O . t a
8Cr80 CO.2t
BC!81 CO.rO
BCr82L fO.tO
8Ct83 CO.rO
8Cr83L eO.tO
8Cr84 fO.tO
8C207 fo.r3
8C208 tO.r3
8C209 CO.ta
B C 2I 2
CO.!O
8C212r fO.tO
8C2r 3
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B C 2I 3 r C O . I O
8C214 eO.rO
B C 2r 4 L f O . l O
8C227 fo.ta
8C238 fo.ra
8C25r fO.t?
8C25rA m.ta
8C30r CO.3:I
8C302 CO.33
8C303 tO.32
BC3O4 CO.aa
8C327 fO.ta
8C328 eO.tt
8C337 fO.rt
8C338 CO.t7
ECrriaO tO.3C
8C441 CO.3t
6C460 CO,aa
BC46r CO.aa
9c477 C0.23
BC/r78 fo.r3
8C479 fo.2l
BCs/a7 fO..t2
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BFR39
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8FX85
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MPSA06
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lSO2l 2OOv
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lSO27 SOOV
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ls3o/50 50v
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|STO/5O sov
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f2.58
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lSTO/IOOOIOOOV f3.46

watl amplitier modulo ......

A [ . 3 O A 7 - 1 O w a t t a m p l i f i e rm o d u l e 4 . 3 6
A L 6 O l 5 - 2 5 w a t ! e m o i i t i e rm o d u l o
ALSO 35 watt amDiifier module ...

A L l 2 0 5 0 w a t t a m p l i f i o rm o d u l e. C l 3 .
AL250 125 watt amplifier modulel9.2t1

PAI 2 Stereo pre-amplifiermodule..8.94.

P A 1O O S t e r e op r e - a m p l i f i e r . . . . . . . .I. .8f . 4 5
P A 2 O 0 S t e r e op r e - a m p l i f i e r . . . . . . . .1. .9f . O 7
M M 10 0 M o n o p r e - a m p l i f i e r . . . . . . . .I .3f . O O
MMlOOG Mono pre-ampfor guitar.f,l3.OO

ilii ilitui[,ii,iiE:EH:ti
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ro t8 si,n to 2N706/8 8SY27/2845A

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lor f2.o7. 5o0 lor 9.2o, l.qro br
-- wh.r
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:tC,lO
NPN/PNP.

P S l 2 P o w e r s u p p l y( 2 4 v o l t s O C l . . e l . 7 2
SPMSO Slabilisedpower supply
( 3 3 v .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e 5 . 0 6
3mnrw 4OPIV {'ninl lub min full.
SPMl2O/45 Stabilisdpower supply
(45v1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3T.f0Sf l6tlOt.r6 57r 'ld, e dIl O Ot olr o f Ot 1i g.r n7 2 . 5 O O
SPMI20/55 Stabilisodpower supply
|5 /l
| (xX) lor l lO.35
( 5 5 v ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 6 . C 7
SPMl20/65 Stabilisedpower supply
(65v1
.........................,...........eO.C7
SG3O Power supply for equ'aliser...ea.4?
lrl,! Mull.rd C280 r.ii.s
vrfues rdngihg liorn OluF-2.2uF
wrilr
rlrrtrttrctton
trrlr.r
O/NO: 1620'r Cl.tt,

MPA3O Stereo magnetic

..........e+12
7 orc-amp
S . 4 5 0 S t e r ol u n e r . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . f , 2 6 . 7 2
Stereo 30 comDlet7 watt stereo
a m o iff i e rb o a r d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f , 2 2 . 8
B P l 2 4 S i r e n a l a r m m o d u l e 5 w a t t s e 4 , O z rnd Z.n.rr.
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rwlia
aa.ll.
equo|iser..............................23,0O

E
AruMtiiluMBoxEs

DO YOUR PROJECTS LACK THE

PROFESSIONAL

Aluminium box with lid and screws.

Model Length Width Hsight Price
ALl
5Z
1
52p
AL2
43
r+
82p
AL3
43
2
72p

AL4
AL5
AL6
AL7

64
64

2
3
2

6b

8
6
3
f1 .43
( D i m e n s i o n si n i n c h e s )

tF so,

ITUSTRUMENT
CASES

TRY OUR HB RANGE

BC Range consists of black P.V.C.

coated steel top cover with bevelled
front edge, u-shapedaluminiumchassis

lnstrument cares to give any project a professional look.

I ne rour separato top, bottom and end panels are made
of black p.v.c. coatd steel. Front panel bnd top and bot_
tom trim aro satin anodised alumi'nium for a n'eatfinish;
back panel is in plain aluminium. The whole case, in_
cluding-scr6ws, comes in a ftat package and may be
assembledin minutes.
'
D I M E N S I O N SI N I N C H E S
Model
HBl
HA2
HB3
l{84
HBs
HB6

Width
9
9
9
12
12
12

4p
4p
4p
49
4p
5p
5p
6p
5p,
5p

Dopth
Height
6
3
6
4+
66f5.63
I
3
8
4+
8
6

5t5p
6p
5p
5p
5p
8p
47q)/1Ov

1 2511Ov
15ol25v
1eOl25v
22Ql16v
22Ol25v
22Q/63v
330/1 Ov
33O/25v
330/63v
47O18.3v
47Ol16v
4rol4ov
680/6.3v
10d)/6.3v
1OOO/16v
15d)i25v
22OO/1Ov
33OO/l 0v

4p
4p
4p
4p
5p
5p
5p
6p
6p
6p
6p
6p
8p
8p

| TtrOO

Gauge
16
l8
20

lop

7438

?p
7p
,p
lp
79
7p
7p
oA91

BlYSEc 22v
BZY79c 68v
tN914
rN4148
tN4150
tN4004
tN4005

6 |I 1199
??o
7408
14p
$ | 1191 llp

!Y!
7450
7t?\

;:

'aiI iiii iil i-Lii

7412

iil i t1l:

t6p

7474

!?p

!1!2

raiI iiii 1tri i&i

)o'

i 7421

20; | !t?77430

20'

2Op

74ao

t3p

2199
7490

2op

17p
25; i 112i7437
lE;

11:l
7492
7493

er . 2 5
32p
3op
3op
25p

1494
7495
74107
74121
74122
74123
74132
74141
74't51
74153
74',154
74160
74164
74174
74175
74192
741 93
74194
74196

rlilp
37p
2op
26p
34p
429
48p
50p
38p
38p
8op
45p
6op
55p
55p
rtSp
48p
.lirp
48p

BFl 94
BFl95
BFl98
BF2OO
BF750
TIP32B
2N2906
2N2907
2N3055

12p
12p
15p
25p
15p
45p
16p
1Ep
45p

TRANSISTORS
9p
9p
8o
8p
9p
9p
8p
9p
lop
2op
21p
23p
23p
24o

7p
7p
3p
2p
3p
5p
6p

4p

SUB-MIN PRESETS
Horironrat: tooll 22O!) 47OO lk,
4k7. 10k, 22k, 47k. 100k.
Verticaf : 4700 21.2, 4k7,
All grico: 5p

19p
12p
5op
38p
51p
43p
12p
12p
2ap
22p
23p
24p
19p
5()p
21p

a; || ,&2
112! 110,
Zy9
7441
12e
;;
i
119:
t?p
!r7
74os
7446
12p
;'
I

1;:

1k6, 2t<2,

I
i
I

AD161/2
MP
8 C 10 7
BC108A
8C148
BC149C
BC149S
BCl 71B
BCr 72'b

BC182LB
BC183A
BC207B
BC212L
B C 2 13 L B
8C308
8C338
8C547
BDl 83
B F 13 7

75p
9p
lop
7p
8p
9p
1op
lop

9p

lop
11p
lop
lop
lop
1op
11p
9op
11p

i
I

C28O POLYESTERCAPACITORS
25Oy
.O1uF
.O15aF
.O22uF
.033uF
.O47uF

4p
4p
4p
4p
4p

.O68uF
.1uF
.1uF 4OOv
.15uF
.22uF

5p
5p
7p
6p
8p

,33uF
8p
.47uF
8p
.68uF
12e
.68uF 63Ov1Op
l.OuF
15p

643*

85*2+
10
6+

Price
f 1.61
e1.74
fl .99
f2.60

5op
7op

io,ooo/tov
ts,ooo/tov
15,OOO/16v 75D

4x6
29p
20p
17p

6x9
57p
42p
32p

8x12
f 1.O2
69p
62p

Singlesided,copperclad,printedcircuit
b o a r d . 2 $x 8 |
Price:1Op
4{x9
Price: 26p
25 Mixed RubberGrommetsPricel6p
16mm screw-oncab. feet. St of four
Price: 6p
14mm squareself adhesivefeet. Set of
price: I Ep
four
price lOp
D i n P l u g s5 p i n 1 8 0 .
Din Sockets5 pin 180o.Standardmetal
tYPe
Price:lOp
Magnetic earpieceswith 3.5mm plug
Price: 12p
Reed Switches
Price: 5p
Wire Neons 9O volts
Price: 4p
75mm diam. 15 ohm Speaker
Price: 6Op
125mm x 78mm Oval 5O ohm Speaker
Price:75p
Latchswitch2p 2w
Price:1Op
DPDT Slide Switches
Price:12p
Green Phono Plugs
Price:6p
Bridge Rectifiers
WOOS50v 1A
Price: 25p
WO4 4OOv tA
Price: 28p
R e d L . E . D . s. 2 i n c h
Prica: 8p
Green L.E.D.s2 inch
Price:12p
Ceramic Filters 6MHz. S E F 6 . O M B
Price: 2Op
Colour T.V. Crystals 4 . 4 3 3 6 1 9 M H 2
Price: 9Op
PP3 BatteryconnectingleadsPrice: 6p
2omm chassis mounting fuse holders

2omm-panerMountinsF/H
J.[::i9ts

CAN CAPACITORS
1250./son,
25OO/35v

64+2

( D i m e n s i o n si n i n c h e s )

;:

DIODES
BZYESc 6v2
BZY83c 6v2
BZY88C 7v5
8ZY88c 8v2
82X79c 9vl
BZY88C I 5v
BZY88c 2Ov

8C2
BC3
BC4

TTL
,^

SHEETATUMITTIUM

25p

22Ol5Ov
22Ol63v
33O/1 Ov
33O/25v
33O/5Ov
330/63v
47O16.3v
47Ol16v
47Ol25v
1 O0O/16v
lOOO/25v
1OOO/35v
220().llOv
33O0/6.3v

trL

5.98
f6.8O
e7.26

RADIAL CAPACITORS
.47t,W
1/sOv
2.2/25v
1O/4Ov
1O/SOv
1 5/1 6v
22125v
22ls0v
33/63v
4711Av
47135v
1d)/35v
22O/16v
22Ol4Ov

and two fixing screws.

Model Length Width Hsighl

price
fl7
f5.27

AXIAL CAPACITORS
1/25v
2.2lA3v
3.3/50
4.714O\t
1Ol25v
1 5/1 6v
22/1Ov
22l1Qv
22/25v
33/35v
33/50v
47125v
47 116v
47/5Ov
50.l25p
100/1Ov
I (X)/l6v
lOO/63v

A1p
94p
e1.27

6op
6op

DLSOODisplaysCommon Cathode
.5 inch displays
price: 7Sp
lp 12w RotarySwitches Price: {lp

All prices include V.A.T. and Polt and packing. Snd for free pamphler on all our instrument
casos, boxe3 and componcntr. Discount on boxes and instrument caCesonly, as follows: Orders
over 1O 596. oVer fZO 1O%, over f3O 15%.

BROS. p.O. Box. 5b, Westctiff-on-Sea,

Essex. SSO 7LO. Telephone: Southend-on-Sea(O7O2l32338.
HARRISON

for sulE

WouledgE

rEilil;llfi[r|EilT

* P r r ' c i s i o nc o r r s t r u c t i o n&
L l t s i g no l r l l p r r t s
* linlr' l-rr'(lu!'ncydisPlry
* Strtt' ol tllc rrl
Pcrlofllliltrcc
with lilcilitieslbr IDdatcs.
u s i n g n r o t l u l a rp l t t g i n
systcnls.
a Devirtion lcvel ctlit)rxtor
tor recording
x All usull tuncr itatur!'s
@rriage
KITS
f3
ALL TUNER

i will never seem the

s a m ea g a i n . A m b i t ' s M a r k l l l
t u n e r s v s t e m i s e l e c t r i c a l l v&
visually superior to all others.
S o m e o o t i o n s a v a i l a b l e .b u t
the illustrated version with
reference series modules:
f 149.00+ f 18.62 VAT
With HvErti Series modules
fl85.00 + 23.12

A multiband superhet tuner, constructed using a single lC lor RF/lF processing'but with
all features you would expect of designs of lar greater complexity The FM section uses a
three section (air gang) tuned FET tunerhead, with ceramic lF tilters and interstation mute;
A M e m p l o y s a d o u b l t b a l a n c e dm i x e r i n p u t s t a q e ,w i t h m e c h a n i c a ll F t i l t e r s - p l u s a B F O
and MOSFET oroduct detector for CW/SSB reception Styled in a matching unil lo the
Mark lll FM onlv tuner, employinq the same degree of care in mechanical design to enable
easv construction. MW/L\\i reception via a ferrite rod antenna
f33.00 + f4.95 VAT
Electronic! only (PCB and all components the.eon)
hardware e99.OO + e14.85 VAT
Comptete with digital frequency .eadout/clock'time.
f66.00 + f9.90 VAT
Comelete with MA1O23 clock/timer module with dial scale
if you wish to house your own desgns tn a
Hardware packages are available ftparctely
ptof$ional
ca* structurc. Pleav deduct the cost of electrmics from complee priffi
PllI SANDEANKS PI METAL LOCATOR
Maintaining our protessional approach to
home conitructor kits, we otfer the pulse
'Sandbanks', Now with injectinduction
ion molded casing lor greatly improved
enviromental sealing. 37.00+5.55vai
VHF MONITOR RX WITH PLESSEY IC
4/9 channel version of the PW de$ign
but using ttandard (fundx9)crystals, and
TOYO 8 pols cryst.l filter with matching
translormers.coil sets lrom our standard
rangeto cover bands lrom 40 to 200MHz
Compl.to module kit C31.25 +3.govat .
a;212

23ool2r02

or build this into a new desrgn

Update your
O r u s e i t a s a s e r v i c i n ga i d - t h i s l o w p o w e r u n i t w i t h
LCD displav reads direct frequency in kH2/l\4H2, or
with usual AM/FM lF oflsets tor received frequency
Low Dower LCD means no RFI - 15-20mA at 9v even
with the divide bv 100 Drescalar.FM resolution is
'lkHz.
Sensitivities better lhan 1omv
1ookHz, Alvl
Complere kir fl9.50 + f2.93 vaT, built and telted module f27.00 + g4.05vAT
Ahbit stocks anC distributes a wide range of frequency counter LSI for all types of DFM'
rcnge, and the vesatile
part tuo of the .atalogue contains details of the MSM5523/4/5/6
lC. The DFMI combined counter lor AM,FM
MSL23|8 divide by en or hundredpre{alat
SW and dircct/clock

FOR RAOIO/COMYUNICATI9N9/1UDI9/IYrEt:Ci:.
COMPONEI\ITS
lrl

ssri6: 6 ri4a vsric.p luning, sll with Gill.tot

biPola. mir.t
Ourl 6e
MOSFET RF 3t&,
LO oul
Du.l ;.to RF/mixet 3bg6, !frplilied
'Hvp.rti't.d6,
plN diod tgc,
with inl.rnll

ol whach ia shown
*letion
utw
lsrsurt,--Ifrm
iou tha larat rnd b6t, .3m!ll
on m6l ot th'
inlotmllion
csldn
ambil c!t.lqu6
in thi. aiveiliamonr._Tha
will eBurc you atay uP
ddic6
montionad hon - and sn otdor lo. tho naw prn lhm
in pricoli3l info'
detihd
9di6
Dsle phot$opying
dd.l@mnt.
with trGt

oulPul
f17.45 + 2.6IVAT
1!t.75 + 2.96vAT

RADIO lC. tor FM val

1.94 29
cA3089E
cA3189E 2.45 3l
HAr137W 2.20 33
2.20 33
HAil225
sN76660N O.75 11
RADIO lcs tor AM/FM
3.35 50
TDAI090
TOArOS3 r.95 29
TOA1220 1.40 21
IF AMPLIFIERS
K84406
0.50 07
MCl350
1.20 18
seecomms rcsalso
COMMUNICATIONS
2.55 38
K84412
2.75 41
KB44r3
3.75 56
sD6000

f24.95 + 3.74VAT
lna ulirr wid. t.nge tunino 3Y.tom
EFg02 4 .r.!. vrtictp iun.r wiih TDA1O62 .nd Lo
f10.?5 + 1.61VAT
outoir. tj3a FET/IC input. PtN ss
FOR
3t.2qtMH.
--TfriET-iiiiFan
avaihblo on spcistordor to cd.r btndt (u.utllv lPPror
D.(6i1. in our price l3t.
20% of th. c.nlro frquncy) in ths rmF detibd.
FOR FM lF..r 1O.?MHZ
-Jo-3o---rfi
10.95+1.64vAT
ci.6-poblin...pheliltrlFwirhHAll3Tf,
o;6 p6l. lin... phe tilt r lF wirh cA3189E f16.25 + 2.44VAT
7l3O
HyFdi tF,sirch.db.ndwidth, AGC lFpr.rmp,lin.lrp-h&
7230
-ceilfric litron wirft diodo lwitchrd n.ufl tilbr24.95+3.74vAT
OECOORSfor MPx ISTEREgI
bGl
rtnF
F.iou
spi, curr.ni..d rhe world'. big!61 .nd

!4+#PAffiIHtEffEE*d

withcA3oselF f26.so+3.e7var
combin.d

JFET f.ont end, cofrbined with lF -d d@od.rf26.5{t +3.97VAT

7252
in th it tdv.dodanl
FM,/AM iunino.vnth6l-r, rd datlil!drwhan

ii

7{n I
7'tor I
74iJ21
7403 |
Troa I
7ro5 I
7'|{F I
7r,os I
7itr0 I
7111 |
7a12 |
7it13 |
7114 |
7115 |
7416 |
747' I
,lm I
7121 l
7423
7125
7423
7427
712a
7/|:'O
74t:2
74:t7
713'|
740
71{1
742
74r'|!t
714
7&
7W
?47
7W
7Ug
7151
7463
715{
7455
7'150
7..,3
7170

7172
7473
7174
7475
7176
7478
748t)
74a1
742
7485
7486
7485
74s/)
7491
7192
7493
74911

LI
A
J
lm
;;;
i;;
ib

W
p6 95p
| 7dx)eridlamp
ldtp
I Tgoorori6lAmpno
| 78M eri6 %Amp ps 9OP
35P
I 78LcP loomA
175p
v!'isblo
78MGr2c
|
175P
I 79MGT2C vari'bl.

6'-n
;;- | 723cNvrri*lc lc
73P
;; I NEsso
4a I L2fltvsriablv.ndl 195p
7 4 1 s 3|
741s4 I
741ss |
? 4 1 s G|

sF4 174368
961
174373
541110l?4374
80nlo 17a377

1 Amp in IEC ch6is

6 Anp
5 Afrp

in IEC
wirsin

llCgOoCdivid.bv 1O/11to650MHt
8629 diYid. by 1O0ro 175MHz hin
74101
74109
74170
71111
71112
71713
74114
t4118
.74114
74120
71121
74122
11123
7tr124
14125
14126
71124
71132
7413A
7413a
7413t
74741

lllo0p
420p

MsL2318 divido by l0/10O ro 175MHz min42OD

: 8 de.d.
IOMHZ DFM @untt
lcM7216BlPl
ddv. lor.n
limer, wilh di.*t
and lull fumrion
1982p
loMHz xt.l
LED dirplry {mpr}. Us
lCM72l7AlBl
; 4 dede
Progttmmrbl
95op
dive
LEO
wilh
di.mt
co0nlor
495P
pul$ g.n.rsior
|CM72O7 dck
1496P
diQlay
: 7 d*.do
cdnter
lCMTmg
95sP
|CM71O6CP : LcD DvM (3% disirl
lor
71oG
24.80
kit
:
.y.ludion
tcMTro6CPK

|CM71O7CP: LEo OvM (3% didtl

rcMTlOTCPk : LEp ovM kii ld 7107

9559
20.55

driv.r lC lo. tim/rimer/nopwstch/ AM/FM

rcoivd tr{uoftY dirPlry lnd diract counto.
I'loop
(@ MSL2318 preolarl inc Ctvnrl
ilSM5525 : AM/FM ft{u.ncy only co!n.r,
tor tluoGconi dbplays l6LT06l im rlal 1100p
11O0P
MSM5526 : 6 MSM5525 but tot LCD
lloop
4 dioit LcD for |CMTlOOor MSM5526
1o LEo t2xxsmnl b.r srlph d'iv" PCB-lo'
3oop
ioc s ilru trwirvt. {ir rx tea

4002
.06
l(xt
tlooT 1 8
4(xt8 ao
'l0Og 58
/O1O 58
401 1 1 1
101i: 1 7
4013
4014 95
,|('16 52
4/)17 80
4018 80
i|o19 60
4020 93
4021 a2
4022 90
4023 1 7
4024 76
4025 1 7
4026 180
4027 55
40iz8 12
4029 100
ilo3{) 58
4035 12')
'$40 s:l
M2
85
4043 85
10A4 a0
/m45 130
/(,44 60
4049 55
/l{)50 55
40s1 55
4lj 2 65
4053 65
4055 135
il(159 563
4{160 1 1 5
r09
463
ioa6 53
4064 25
i()69 20
!l{}70 20
407 1 20
4072 20
4o73 20
4o75 m
90

4528
4529
4532
4538
4539
4543
4549
4554
4558
4560
i1562
4566
4568
'1569
1572

149
102
141
125
150
110
174
399
153
't17
214
530
r59
281
303
2A

SL1600$ri6
sL16rO r.60
sL1611 1.60
sLr612 1.60
sLr613 1.89
sL1620 2.17
sLr621 2.17
sL1623 2.44
sL 624 3.28
sL1625 2.r7
sL1626 2.44
1.62
sll630
sLl640 1.89
sLl641 1.89
sL6640 2.75
sL6690 3.20
MC3357 3.12
r\rc1496 r.25
1.70
NE644

24
24
24
28
33
33
37
49
33
37
24
28
28
41
48
47
19
25

Audio prsamF
LM38rN
1.8r
r.65
LM3a2N
2.s3
K84436

iKi a8 n4 i4e3 8 -?,?t ? a

lla
l Yl 65
I T1R6
rDAlO28 3.50 531:.il:
TDA1029 3.50 53lE!4=

r o a r o T 4 3 . 7 ss 6 l 9 F i 3
Audio powr

q:

E E

r B A s 2 o M0 . 7 5 1 1 l S Y 5 9
r B A s r 0 A Sr . 0 9 r 6 l a t 6
LM380N r.0O lsl {E i i
d -E
u L N 2 2 8 3rl .. 0OoOl 5 l Il rt E
r . g s 29
2 9llii .E
T D A 2 o o 2 r.9s
rDA2oo2
6 E .8
I

i:l( !Ei
333
i61"3?.

Vrriclp tuning diodor for AM/FM/TV :

1-gv AM tunins lcr 15:11from TOKOKv121t doublcfr.rch.d t75p 26pvrt
KVl2l0 tripl.m.tchod 245p 37pv.r
l(v1215 rdpl.3n.F!pon 245p 37p v.l
MVAMl15 .ingls 15Y l(Fp 15p v6t
105p l6p v.r
.inSl.25v
MVMl26
148P 22pvtt
MVAM2 doubl.2sv
/104 doubl. FM 40p 6p vsr
3Op 4p vd
riogl. aFC.tc
/lTT210iinglo.tc 3Op 4pvd
409 6P vsr
B rinslo UHF
DIODES, BANOST\,lTCHlyp6
79 PIN attenuaior 35p 5p vrt
,1061Pi.form stlen. 95p 14P lai
2lp
3p vtt
Aan&witch
82
RF semiconducto$
ask for auanliw

u"tl .,
2 7 16 , . - I
2sl9gl
381::E:

stocked in depth.
oticing details

ffi*-**+;tr""'*+*",
Serial data conirolied, with the
standard swallow couni tystem
for meximum sped ol oParation.
Mulrple time constant falt6,
suirable lor AM/FM and olher
communicarions/generator
aoolicarions, Nol lor hginne6
Fult preliminary data Packas
l + SAE. No phono.nquiti6
s3worod on lhii aYttcm fot tha
rimo b.ing. wstch 1hi..Pd.......
Proiected cost of the contfollr
PCB less than 3Oi comprises the
two modulus counler, Prog.div.,
phase detector, multiPle TC loQ

#s*#E#+l*+""T'tr*frff ffi f#t#

smm 14p
3mm 13p
2ll.x5 17o

LM339N
LM348N
LM3900N
ntsHc
7o9PC

16p
15p
2op

15P
l8p
2@

2OP
19P
24p

66
185
60
64
36

'10%
10 Fr tYPo-16
10OF. rvp.- los 30%
100Eqi!l-Ei-l!gf-?.!

LSI counter

FM IF
SIV coils
OSC 6ilt

s5p

g:p

3p
:x'p
3(}p
35P

Vrraous for lC., tt.Eitlor.tc.

to. lca, traEarior.ic.
vado6
Two imPedanco t.746
For LW/tvlWSVt,

l esr
bl6k trlLE
CFU455H sd CFU455F otmic
MUhATA
D,E,F,G'H brndwidtb
ladd.. tiltR.
*ti6
CfmlS5
lAUnltl
now {2O,16,'12,8,6 kHzl f8.35 aa (mtal.nctFulri.d}
eril.ble

SFO455a, SFo47OS, SFD472B 85P.4

.lomnE tvFs A,8,C,D-(4'10kH-rb'ndwidrhl
CrM2 rotic. m*t."l*l
7670 233p
7673 2339
rchild FND
5d)/507 i50p

FM tF cor.mic fihoE {tim FM4 oic}

EEEElo:iEFEid:kt"re"
- mno hndwidlh c.r6mic FM lF tilt'6
crsero.lisreto.ltur
- utr" ln"ar Phse.tsr.o c.'amic lF filt'6
diEidinii
di*rimin.ior lfo' ca30a9 orc)
iblr-o.z . rO.zl,lx.
""r.mic

sop
sop
7op
7oP

2t

r
P A Y A V I S I T - T H O U S A N D S M O R E I T E M S E E L O W W H O L E S A L EP R I C E .
CALLERS PAY LESS ON MANY ITEMS AS PRICES INCLUDE POSTAGE,
P R I C E SI N C L U D EV A T A N D A D D I T I O N A LD I S C O U N TI N L I E U O F G U A R A N T E E .
G O O D S S E N T A T C U S T O M E R S R I S K S U N L E S S S U F F I C I E N TA D D E D F O B
R E G I S T R A T I O NO R C O M P E N S A T I O N . F E E
POST.

O F F E R S C O R R E C TA T 1 / 1 1 / 7 9 A P P L I C A B L = - T 6
O R D E R SR E C E I V E D
D U f i I N GN O V E M B E R
P r i n t e dc i r c u i tB / | J
..
7p.
C h a s s i s8 7 - t s 7 G
...
lJp
S h r o u d e dC h a s s i sB 7 G - B 8 A
13i,
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B 1 2 A t u b e .C h a s s i sB 9 A
13p
S p e a k e6r " x 4 " 5 o h m i d 6 a lt o r c a r r a d i o f l . O O
4|" diam. 30 o f1.76. 4" diam. 80
f 1.q)
u ?5c
or 32 _ t1.O7'
!!j!am..8

JAP 4 gang min. sealed tuning condensers

r|op

Cil type panel lock

and ke.,
65p

ELECTROLYTICSValue/Voltago

Transformer 9V 4A
f3.3O
Aifi.-iumTrr66ro. J" shafr. Approx.

T a n t B e a d . 2 2 , . 4 7 / 3 5 v 6 p . . 1 , 1 / 3 5 v ,4 7 / 6 . 3 v 8 p .
. 2 2 / 2 O v , 3 . 3 / 16 v 9 p . 4 . 7 / 1 6 v , 1 O l 3 v 1 0 p . 3 . 3 / 3 5 v
4 . 7 / 3 5 v 1 2 p . 1 O / 2 . 5 v1 3 9 . 2 2 / 1 6 v 1 8 p .

BOXES - Grey polystyrene61 x 1 1 2 x 3 1 m m , t o p s e c u r e db y 4

self tapping screws EZp clar prspex sliding lid, 46 x 39 x
24 mm lOp
ABS, ribbed inside bmm cntres for p.C.B.,brass corner inserts.
screwdown lid, 5O x 1OOx 2bmm orangeg6p; g0 x lbO x Somm
b l a c k9 7 p ; 1 O 9x t 8 S x 6 O m mb l a c kf i . s z . ' '
DIECAST AL! superiorheavygauge-withsealing
approx6],'
- gasket,
x 2$" x tg" 1.55;3f x 29" x L*" 99p.-

Hundreds more in cat8togue

- -l-vp6"lway

2
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2
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trisser............

:0u.6

t';

| )4/^^ 19p. 8/2Ov ttop. CAN 1/350 12p.8/66Ovac

:

2.50.m/a
or 3 amp(uo^o]16---iino.. ruses
i 1+
Bulgin Smm Jack plug and
(pair)

oln
Ox

=,
o
>h
Oo
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c-

f- ,o9

i
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Skeleton Prosets
switched socket
40;
|
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2PCOindependent.............,._-:.........:...:.:.....48p
T""o
s*ircn
r8-.
b.d/*strr__-_-_----Ep
l
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f
standard
5p
submin
(Ou
6-bank
gp
- d o MofF4x4pCo+6pCo+2pco
0 T E . R m . | . T H Einrerlocking
R | v ' | s T.dEgp
s - |I A t ' m i n i uorm
c i i l i4p.
i i ;!; ;pis
; i i .B"u"ry
5 o v aLeads...............,......,....,.,.............,.,..,
'as-ie[t
s-bank of 2x2?CO.

4PCO, 6PCO, int"rtoct

otr!

V A R Y T NcGo N r E N r s I N C L U D E
z E N E RG
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ll"o'!'rlfl''o,,,\,""r'flfi,,
I ""'1"0

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7lb for f4.30

| toi+tatt
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1o91-/6li/s / l1oorc/al I S+" r 2]" Speaker,ex-equipment3 ohri
65p
, ,-l:horizonrat pr".", | 3" Tape Spools
9 p I 1 , 9 9 1 . - . - 1 - o - 1 ^ ^ * i",pho t I ? A m p S u p p l e s s i o nC h o k e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 o p

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knob
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c . )o r m a i n- s
--',
1 . 1-O I v c r s os s s au ; a o .K B 1 3I - . _
TransistorTransformer 35p
I ;;dd";i;td-l
ro-iii I Sub-miniature
Auto charger for 12v Nicads, ex-new l,+ot (rHz,vAlr04.ODlo)f Valve type output transformer
9Op
equipmont
Ail 7p orch
f3.95 1 R53Grass
I eor cone_s with adjuster
LA25O8-1A2519
43p per pair
_l
'l 16 Watt Power Amp. Module
Iiniature 0 to 5mA d.c. meter approx{" diameter
1.25

RS Yellow Wander Plug Box of i2

1
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Poly,etc up to .1 2p, to.2 3p, to.47 5p, to.68 7p:

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with
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30p
22p
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A D 1 6 1 / 2 m a t c hp r . ? O p
A F 11 6
21p
AF124/6/7
27p
AF139
23p
A F 17 8 / 8 0
35p
A F I8 1
33p
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3Ep
ASY27/73
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5C327/8337/8
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BYX38-1200 2.5
BYX49-300R 3
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BYX48-300R 6
BYX48-600 6
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BYX42-300 IO
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DECEMBER,lg?9

iEfivevso

'aF/115/167/173 18p
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PVC OUALIIY TAPE

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38p
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f,1."13p_ . _.
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phone with switch and
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PHOTO SILICON CONTROLLEDSWITCH
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600
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800
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a2p
SubsrirurionBook
Transi6torouivalentsand
'substitution
Book 1 38p Eook 2 82p
ChromeCarRadiofacia . . . . . . 28
R u b b e r C a r R a d i og a s k e l . . . . . 1 0 p
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Colour EHT Tray 3OOO/35OO . . E4.IIE
Nylon self-locking,3]" tie clips
. 3p
|.5. 10. 22 or 750 th choke . . . . l2b
Mullard Semiconductor,Valv6 &
. EOp.
Component Dats B@k

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1N40O9
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A A 1 3 31 O p A A l 1 9 7 p
BZY96C10v
34p
BZYgsC33V or 15V:34p'

33i31

Amp Vott TRTACS

25
900 BTX94-900
aE
^.12OO..BTX_g+l2OO
I urme Lnaraclensltc,

ol
ro

OTHERDIOOES
1N916
b

giiii:'' ::i
i,ilii? -'^1oeIr
SRll:
III Iffii """,,"*",.,'1ll

RECTIFIERS
Amp
von

13P
Z N g 1I
12p
2N929
16p
2N987
. 46p
2N1484
f t .15.
2N1EQ7l?219.
t!P
2N2222A.
8p
2N2401
3ls
2N2412
zzti
2N2483
2N2904/5/6/7/7A
2N3053'
1ap
r 2 N 3 o 5 3R . C . A .
42p
gslaooz 21p
zr,rsi
2N3553
6Ce
2N4037
3op
310
2N5484 FET
4O250(2N3O54)
35p

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LM931l

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23P
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bo'O?nrerrnS- i I rAAsso
loorA f.s.d.,
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6r""-pi'"'p*'riJ"i,is--ii+.-'iilffi
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2OOIA tevet metr, ctear tronr.
10 x 18mm

$j8

J Mr3OQ13058p Yerl 6pgSp I AY58300

36p
Manv otherc

31p

F.rrits
A(i8l Lad
Lad F.rrlts.
Miniature A)(i8l
, Miniature
I Cbok6 formen 6 lor l3p
RS lQ Turn 99t l
2

'!i3
_t9p

35p

TBASOO
MC1314P
MCl 350P
M C 13 4 9 P
s N 7 6 r 15 N
(T)CA27OCW

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33lB
36*P

36+p
35tp

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APEL P@WER6UPPLOE6

Ii,

S T A B I L I Z E DP O W E R S U P P L I E SW I T H E L E C T R O N I CS H O R T C I R C U I T P R O T E C T I O N
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AL.1P5

Alpha Sound Seivlca,

50 Stuart Road, Waterloo, LiverDoolL22 4eT
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Anson Electronlcs,
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13 Chapel Hill, Hudderslietd,HOt 3ED.
England.
Brent Electronlcs.
Seaview Stret, Cleethoroes.
Lincolnshire, England.
J. Elrkn.
26 The Strait, Lincoln, England.
Eradto.d Consultant! Llmltcd.
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f78.OO

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N, R. Bardrvell Llmltd,
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A L . 3 1 5P

v. dc

IAqE I
RENT

F. Brown & Co. Ltd..

44146 George tV Bridge Sket,
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wEruH r

5.100

A L . 2 1 2P S

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wtsruH |

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2.330 l

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nml

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rtttt

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stln wllLt! Lhli.d,

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RADIO AND ELECTRONICSCONSTRUCTOR

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4022
4023
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4050
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4066
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25P
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4025
4026
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4028
4029
4040
4041
4042
4043
4046
4049

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rHls rs oNLY
a sE LEcrroN,

8Op NE531
LF356
L M 3 0 1 A N2 6 p N E 5 5 5
LM3O8 6Op NE556

iiiiiiru '
iil
;;;
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709
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741
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747
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748
3OP LM380
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7400
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7413
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7474
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74121 25p
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74141 55p
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74190 50p
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74193 50p
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74199 90p

erch
9p
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ZTX5O0 16p
2N697 12p
A'Cl27
AC128
AC176
ADI61
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ac212
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8C478
8C548
BCY7O
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17p
16p
1Bp
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38p
8o
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8p
lop
7e
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14p
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10p
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rop
I 3:
;;:
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14p
14D

gCYl2
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21Xl07
ZTX108
ZTX300

14p
35p
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3Sp
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tsp
15 p
ggp
2Op
2Op
6op
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65p
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65p
ssp
14p
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2N3053 18P
50P
2N309
2N3055 50P
2N3442 135p
8p
2N3702
2N3703
8p
8p
2N3704
9P
2N3705
2N3706
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2N3 707
2N3708
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2N3819 t5P
44p
2N3820
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2N4058 13p
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r Ne14
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. roducl.
1N4148-fr.4ol1oo t11/rooo

l30P l20P
130p l20P
10op
80P

7.rltrX
rl]l'

lSprn
14p
18p
8p
24ptn
8prn
'l6p
l4p,n
lOp
28p,n
22p
2op,n
4Oprn 32p
l6p'6
11p
17p
22pn
3 l e a d T 0 l 8 o r T O 5 s @ k e t . 1 O pe a c h
S o l d e r c o np i n s : 1 0 0 : 5 0 p 1 0 0 0 : 3 7 0 p

S r r er' nl .

gqp
23P
6Op

VROEOANO
0 lrn O.'l5tn. Vero

14P
Cutlef 80P
t4p
25 x
45p
45p
2 5 x 3.15
gp
Prn rnserlron
54p
2.5 r 5
tool 1O8P
64p
64p
3 75 r 5
205p 185p
375xt7
Srnqlesr(led
prnsper lO0
4Op
40p
T o p q u a l r t v l r b r e g l a s !c o p p e r b o a r d .S r n g l e
r
6Op each.
Srzc
203
95mm
stded
'Oalo pens 75p each
A
l
l
a
c. 145p pcr pek
m
r
x
e
d
Frve
s h e e t so {
Crbon lilm re!i!1.
ors. Highstabilitv,
low noise 5olo.
t 2 r e n e s .4 . 7 o h m s t o l O M . A n y m i x :
100+
1O0O+
each
lp
0.9p
0.8p
0.25W
1.5p
1 2p
lp
O.sW
Specraldevelopment packs conarsting of
'10
of edh v.lue lrom 4.7 ohms to I Meg.
ohm (650.ei) 0.5W f7.50. 0.25W 5.70.
METAI- FILM RESISTORS
VerV hrgh stabrlrty, low norle rated at %W
I % . A v a r l . b l e l r o m 5 1o h m s t o 3 3 0 k r n
E24 refles Anv mrx.

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COPYOF OUR
80 PAGE
C A T A L O G U EO F
COMPONENTS.
CONTAINS
ovER 2500
STOCKITEMS.

ANTALUM BEAO
each
0 . 1 ,0 . 1 5 ,0 . 2 2 ,0 , 3 3 ,0 . 4 7 ,0 . 6 &
1&2.2uF@35V
8p
4 . 7 , 6 . 81, 0 u F@2 5 V
13p
16p
2 2 @ r 6 V , 4 7 @6 V , 1 0 0@3 V
MYLAR FILM
0 . 0 0 1, 0 . 0 1 .0 . 0 2 2 ,0 . 0 3 3 0
, .047
4p
0.068,0.1
POLYESTER
MullardC280series
, .0680
, . 1 . 5p
0 . 0 1 ,0 . 0 15 , 0 . 0 2 2 0
, . 0 3 3 ,0 . 0 4 7 0
o . 1 5 ,O . 2 2
1op
0 . 3 3 ,0 . 4 7
14p
0.68
11p
1 . 0 u F.
CERAMIC
Platetype 5OV.Availsblein El2 seriesfrom
22pF to 1000pFand E6 seriesfrom ,|500pFt o
0.047uF
2p
RADIAL LEAD ELECTROLYTIC

SOLDERING
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ANTEX X25 (25W)or ANTEX CX (17W)

390peach
240peach

Reelof solder(39.6M)

LOUDSPEAKERS

64mmdia.64ohms. 75p
56mmdia.8ohms. 70p
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64mm dia.8ohms. 75p
including2.5 or 3.5mmplug.15peach
Magnetic
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30p each
including3.5mmplug.
Crvstalearpiece

swrrcHEs

Subminiature
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Standardtoggle.SPST34p. DPDT48p.
Slideswitches(DPDT)miniatureor standard15p.
Pushto makeswitch.15o. Pushto breakswitch.20p.
Wavechange
switches:1P12W,2P6W,3P4W,4P3W.43p

KNOBS
CONTROL
ldealfor useon m ixersetc.Pushon type with

blackbaseand markedpositionline.Capavail'
ablein red,blue,green,grey,yellow& black.14p.

MISCELLANEOUS
in singleor strandedpacksof
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Connection
eightcolours' Single
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80p
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'
Batteryclipsfor PP3with lead.6p each.
Battervclipsfor PP9with lead.10p each.
Miniaturecrocodileclipsin redor black.8p each.

'@
t!ftUd|,fi".#ri:;3.'J,'
METERS
PANEL
quality2" wideview meters.

High
Zeroaljustment.Backillumination
wiring.
Availablein 50 uA, 100 uA, 500 uA,
1 mA. 100mA, 500 mA, I A. 4.75ea.
VU metersimilarstyle.f 1.40ea.

POTENTIOMETERS
SLIDE
Suitableblackknobs6p ea.Colouredknobs10p ea.
JACK PLUGS ANO SOCKE-TS
unscreeneo
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'l3p
2.5mm
9p
14P
9p
3.5mm
30p
16p
Srandard
36p
23p
Srereo

5@ket
7p
8p
't
5p
18p

DIN PLUGS AND SOCKETS

plug
chassls
5CRel
7p
7p
2ptn
tlp
9p
3pin
'l
10P
lp
5p'n 1800
lOP
13p
$pin 240"

lrne
i6kel
7p
l4p
l4p
16p

1mm PLUGS AND SOCKTS

Surtable lor low voltage circurts, Fled & black.
Plugi 6pe.ch
Sckets Tpeach.
4mm PLUGS AND SOCKETS
A v a r l a b l er n b l u e . b l 4 k , g r e e n , b r o w n , r e d , w h r t e
and yellow. Plugs 1 1p each S@kels 12p each
PHONO PLUGS ANO SOCKETS
Iniulared piug In red or black
Screened plug
7p Double iGker
Srngle scket

99
l3P
lop

We now offer one of the widestrangesof componentsat

the mostcompetitivepricecin the U.K. Seecataloguefor
full details.We welcomecallersat our shopin CollegeRd,
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Specialoffersalwaysavailable.
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We alsoprovidean expresstelephoneorder service.
OrdersreceivedbeforeSpm areshippedsameday.
Contactour salesoffice now with your requirements.

E: 01464 2951/5770.
TELEPHON

ffi

cM0s0sclHAToRs
by
R . J. Cabor n

CMOS log.iccircuits frequentlyrequire low frequelcJ osclllatorsor pulse generators,

thesebeing
used.for.su.ch
purposeias pr6ducingclocl<pul.esoi
causlnglight-emitt^ing_dio-des
to attract attehtion by
tlashrng-on and off. It then becomesdesirable t-o
u^seCMOS logic gatesthemselvesin the osJittatoi
clrcult.
. The amplificationrequired for oscillationmav
ne provrdgdby two CMOS inverters in tandem, a-.s
snownrn l'19..1(a).The output is in phasewith ihe
lnput, anctlf the output is coupledbackto the input
Dy Xay ot a.trequenc-y
controllingRC network,-an
oscrllatorwill result.
N$ND gateswith 2 inputs (as
iIr*theCD4011)and 2-inputs"NOn
g"ieilas in the
9D4001) are usually easierto obtail tli"n CMOS
ln-u-9lr"tt.and.theycan be-used3sinvertersby con_
Leflr,l_stheir inputs tos-ether.Fig. 1(b) showstwo
gates connectedas inverters, whilst Fig.
l)^lty
l(c) showstwo NOR gatessimilarlv connected."
,npu,

Ou,Ou,

J-_\
I

a___J

J-\
|-l

1_J

l,_

(b)

(c)

Fig. l(a). Two CMOS inverteB connected in

tandem. The output is in phasa with thc input
(b). NAND gates may be employed to act as invertafs
(c). The inverters may also consist of NOR
gdtos

206

uurpur

Fig. 2. Racommended CMOS oscillator circuit.

NAND gatas are shown herc. but the circuit
will function equally well with invcrtcrc or NOR
gatcs

RC NETWORK
Several CMOS oscillator circuits with RC frequency control have appeared in this and other
.;ournals,but what is possibly the best for low fre_
quency and audio frequenci applicationsis that
;how1 in Fig. 2. Beforediscussiir!how this circuit
Iunctlons rt is necessaryto brieflv consider two
of a CMOS inverier, or of a NAND gateor a
3;sRg,cts
i\U;t-(ggtq connectedas an inverter.
. f lg. 3 grvesa transfer characteristicfor a CMOS
tnverterat a supply voltageof 10 volts.The output
voltagestaysat 10 volts for an input voltaxechairee
ol zero to about 2 volts, after which it staits to fall.
At the other end of the curve, it o"tpui uottaie
stays at zero for an input voltagebetwden
"
abouig
a.ndl0 volts. The curv6 of Fig. g"istypic;i ;;it; ;;j
the device will still be with'in .pu6i'ficutior,"ii ttre
output commencesto fall at anv input betweenI
and iJvolts,or to rise abovezerolevel at anv inout
between7 and g volts.This spreadmeanstf,at ire_
quqlcy calculations for an RC controllea CMO-S
oscillatorcan only be of an approximaienature.
r ne secondaspectof a CMOS inverterwhich has
to be consideredis the presenceof the ,,hidden"
protectiondiodesat each gate input. The normal
IIAI )I() ANI ) I.]I,I.]C'TR0NICS
CONSTRUCTOR

Output
volto9c

Input vottogc

Fig. 3. Typical

transfer choracteristic
CMOS inverter

fur a

vssFig. 4. CMOS logic gates have diode input

Prctection circuittt

gateinput protection circuit is shownin Fig. 4, and

[he diodesionduct to protect the gateif the input is
taken more than 0.6 volt positive of the positive
rail, or more than 0.6 volt negativeof the negative
rail.
Representativecurves for the oscillator of Fig. 2
are given in Fie. 5, the upper two curves showing
the ioltages at points A and B respectively.A 10
volt supply is assumed.The third curve showsthe
voltageat-point D with.respectto point C. If we
commenceour examrnationat an instant half-way
alongthe T1 sectionof the curves,we have point A
high-and point B low. Capacitor C in Fig. 2 is discharging into R1, and the voltage at its left-hand
terminal is applied to the input of the left-hand inverter via R2.
As the input of the left-hand inverter goesmore
and more negativeit reachesthe curved sectionof
the inverter-transfer characteristic, and the inverter output, at point B, commencesto go positive.
It continues to go positive until it arrives at the
curved sectiono-fttre transfer characteristicof the
rieht-hand inverter, whereupon both inverters
bJcome capable of linear amplification. There
and it results in
follows a v6ry rapid changeover-,
point
A goin{ low and poiirt B going high.
The changeoverstarti at the "transition_point"
in the bottom waveform of Fig. 5, at which point
the left-hand terminal of capacitorC is negativeof

--

TIME*

Fig. 5, Waveforms appearlng ln the osclllator

circuit of Fig, 2. The hottom wavcform shows
the voltage at point D with rcspcct to point C

its right-hand terminal. When point A goeslow, the

left-hand terminal of the capacitor is then taken
negatiueof the negative supply rail by, typically,
about half the supply voltage.At the start of the
next half-cycle,therefore,the capacitoris discharging both through RI and through R2 and the appropriate input protection diode (or diodes) of the
left-hand inverter input. The discharge path
throueh R2 ceaseswhen the left-hand terminal of
the capacitor is less than 0.6 volt negative of the
negativesupply rail.
The cyclesthen continue as illustrated in Fig. 5,
each half-cycle being a minor image of the halfcycle precedingit.
OSCILLATOR FREOUENCY
The oscillator frequency is obvio-usly controlled
bv the valuesof the c:apacitorC, and of R1 and R2.
Since transfer characteristic spread makes it impossibleto calculateoscillator frequency accurately, simplifications can be made which make
calculationsverv easv to carry out.
The rangeof iuitable values-inR1 and R2 can lie
betweenthe limits of some10ko and 1Mo. If R2 is
siven a value which is equal to or greaterthan R1 it
is found in practice that it has only a small effect
on oscillatof frequency,and its presencecan be ignored. So the final step in calculating component
values is simply to remember that R2 must be
207

( b)

(o)

Fig. 6b). This NAND gtto osclllator may bc lnhlblted by trklng tho eontrol polntto a loglc tow
(b). Wfth NOR gates thc osclllator ls lnhlbftcd
when the control polnt ls taken high

Fig. 6(b). In this casethe oscillatoris enabledwhen

the'control input is low and is inhibited when the
control input is high.
A simple 1-secondbleepercircuit is given in Fig.
7. In this diagram the upper oscillator frequency
control componentsare Cl and R2, giving a time
constant of.0.47 secondand an approximate frequency of 1Hz. The oscillator output at pin 4 is
applied to pin 8 of the lower oscillator, giving an
inhibit-enable control at 1Hz. The lower oscillator
has a time constantof 0.01 (C2) times 0.047(R4),
or 0.00047.The oscillator frequency is therefore
about lkHz. This is applied to the simple speaker
driving circuit incorporating TR1, and the bleeper
gives an audible lkHz signal which is present for

equal
'The to or greater than Rl.
main-control of frequency is then exerted by
C and R1. It is again found in practice that the
lensth of T1 or T2ln Fig. 5 is appioximately equal
in secondsto the time constant of C and Rl expressedin microfarads and megohms.From this it
iollows that frequency is approximately equal to
1

2cd
where R is R1.
To take an example, let us assumethat we want
the oscillator to run at 10H2. If the equation is
worked out, we find that CR must then be equal to
haveC equalto, say,
0.05.We could in consequence
lpF and Rl equal to 50kn (0.05Mo), or C equal to
0.1pFand Rl equalto 500ko(0.5Mo). The second
ch6ice would 6e the better because an 0.1pF
capacitor is usually cheaper and less bulky than a
lprT capacitor. Since we are working approximately
ohlv, Rl could be 470k o. The remaining step is
meiely to make R2 of Fig. 2 470ko or, say, lMo.
Wh-ere a frequency is required more precisely,
the values calculated as just described make a
useful startins-off point. The value of Rl can then
be finally trimmed until the required oscillator
frequency is given.
INHIBITING
If the oscillator inverters consist of NAND gates
or NOR gates, the oscillator can be readily inhibited oi enabled. In the circuit shown in Fig.
6(a). which employsNAND gates,oneof the inputs
of the left-hand gate ie taken to a control point. The
oscillator will on-iyrun if the control input is taken
to a hieh loeic lev6l. The oscillator is inhibitd if the
controf inp'irt is taken low.
The reverse occurs with the two NOR gates of

l_rrL14
1r
tf
]L
J L

cD40tl
Topview

"z-\o

\z

trl

BCtOT

Flg. 7. A | -s*ond bleeper clrcuft lncorpontlng

a CD4OI l. All thc reslstott may bc t watt 5%.

rhe functton*:f#"ff:i[f

ttnft cottcctol

about 0.5 secondand absent.for about another 0.5

secondin each cycle. If the bleeper is required to
give pulses at almost exactly lHz, R2 may be
replacedby a 390ko resistor in serieswith a 220ko
pre-set potentiometer. The potentiometer is then
set up as accuratelyas possiblefor L secondoperation.
I

RADIO AND ELECTRONICSCONSTRUCTOR

7 T H I N T E R N A T I O N A LB R O A D C A S T I N GC O N V E N T I O N ( I E E
C o n f e r e n cPeu b l i c a t i o1n6 6 ) .3 6 4 p a g e s , 2 9 5x 2 O 5 m m( 1 t ' 1 x 8 i n ) .
Price,U.K.f 15.00,
Engineers.
by the Institutionof Electrical
Published
overseasf 18.50.
This book comprises 82 technical papers presented by leading engineers at the 7th International BroadcastingConvention held at Wembley ConferenceCentre. London, in September
1978. The sponsorswere the EloctronicEngineeringAssociation,the Institutionof Electrical
Engineers,the Institute of Electricaland ElectronicsEngineers,the Institution of Electronicand
Radio Engineers.the RoyalTelevisionSocietyand the SocietyoJ Motion Pictureand Television
Engineers.
The papers cover virtually all technical aspects of current and projected radio and television
broadcasting,
and the authorsrepresentbodiesbasednot only in the U.K. but also in the U.SA.,
Canada,Japan, Australia,FederalRepublicof Germany.Republicof lreland,Republicof South
Africa,Denmark,the Netherlands,Belgiumand ltaly,
Although this notice has been subject to delay, the value to enginersengaged in advanced
transmission
developmentwork of the informationcontainedin the book still remainsvastlyin excess of the charge made for it. The book may be obtained from the Institution of Electrical
SGs 1RJ.
Engineers,MarketingDepartment,Station House,Hitchin,Hertfordshire,

RADIO AMATEURS'EXAMINATION MANUAL, EIGHTH

EDITfON. By G. L. Benbow,G3HB. 12Opages,248 x 184mm (9* t
7in). Published
by the RadioSocietyof GreatBritain.Pricef 1.85.
questionswith which a
The trendin technicalexaminationthesedaysis towardsmultiple-choice
correct answer has to be picked from a numberof alternatives.This approachcertainly makes the
job of examination
papermarkersconsiderably
easierbut, sincethe personsittingthe examinationis
presentedwith one answeramongseveralwhich hasto be correct,the examinationcan hardlybe as
searchingas the older type in which the candidatefaced a blank piece of paper' ln tho sam
way that Napoleonpreferredofficers who were lucky our institutes are apparentlybeginning to
favour examineeswho also oossessthat attribute.
At any event, the Radio Amateurs' Examinationhas now changedover to multiple-choice
questionsand this f'act,combinedwith alterationsin the R.A.E.syllabus,has causedthe appearance
n a n u a l " .A s w i t h a l l R . S ' G . B .
o f t h i s n e w 1 9 7 9 e d i t i o no f " R a d i o A m a t e u r s ' E x a m i n a t i oM
publicationswhich this reviewerhas seen,presentationof text and diagramsis sxcellent.The book
commenceswith the procedureof becominga radio amateurtransmitterand then dealswith the
of
techrricalinformationwhich the R.A.E.applicantwill needto know.There are four appendices,
questionpaperswith, on the final pageof
which the last givestwo practiceR.A.E.multiple-choice
the book, correct answers.
Apart from its value to budding radio amateurs,most of the volumeforms a usefultextbookin its
own right. lf desired,"Radio Arnateurs'ExaminationHandbook" may be obtainctdirect from the
and
RadioSocietyof GreatBritain,35 DoughtyStreet,LondonWCl N 2AE,at f2.16 including.post
packing.

"HOW lT WORKS" - TELEVISION.By DavidCarey'52 pages,17O

x 1 1Smm.(6t x 4fin). Publishedby LadybirdBooksLtd. Price3Op.
To attemptin some 6,000 wordsto explainthe mannerin which televisionworks,and to include
of scanning,transmissionand reception.audio detecin those 6,dOOwords accuratedescriptions
tion, amplitudemodulation,studiopractice.O.B.practiceand colourreproductionis a challengeto
daunt any technicaljournalist.David Careysucbeedsin meetingthe challengeand, what is more,
oresentshis text in a mannerwhich can be understoodby the childrenfor whom LadybirdBooks
are, presumably,mainlyproduced.The colourillustrationsby B. H. Robinsonassistconsiderably.
What iS primarilyto be commendedis the fact that the text does not gloss over or give misThe book is curiouslydated in
but presentsthese accurately.
leadingshort-cutswith technicalities
severalplaces,as in the referencesto "Light", "Home" and "Third" on page 35, and to 4O5 lines
on page 32, but this does not detract overmuchfrom its value.The boo.kwill certainlybe genuinely
insiruitive for any youngsterwho wishes to find out how the televisionpicture appearson his
domesticscreen.

NEWS

AND

E D U C A T I O N A LS O L A R C E L L F R O M F E R R A N T I
Ferranti Electronics

^Limited-_havedeveloped
geda SiliconS"irr-b"f
.pe"cililailvror
1l.1^91,"9t
eoucatronaluse.

cell, designated.the^ESCB
series,is Bins.in
,.The
drameter
and is capable.g{n-a""ii,l tigA
at 0.bV
under good.sun Ii ght con d i ti Jns-.ph-t;i"
; i ;, otect i on
ts p^ro-yideflbv.
9 .togp1 ;;;ld;e';:e.1!nd
by a
rresnel lens
al-soacts
_which
figf,t".ollector
Powertake off i! from mei"f pin.
". "
case.Accidentalshort .ii"uitT"s JnTf,e'rea.ot tt e
#ihe"output wttt
not damagethe cell,and,any,uir6;;;ir"lls
can be
arrangedin series/parallel6omblnitiil;;
provide
rncreased.
output v'alues.
,rn addli.lonto providing an educationalaid for

IH;r$,::il:iH:$ih:;r#:J:*,lt;
iiif:,"i,fi
tunctionalmodelsanclelectro/_mechanical
oevlces.
information-""n'U.---UJ'o[i"in"a

^-lJllt1t..t

on

The Farranti FSC3 So/ar Cett

which wilt produce O.9A at
!..5\ u1der good sunlight conditions. Ferranti Electronics
Limitad haue devetopr| tn" cerr
iiiiiric;;;;;;;
iducationat
use, although there are obvioub OtV
apinJtion"

f,i'"t'fr*fi
:9"h"l:Tfttll,?ru,,::*t*'ff
tiii\lg:

N E W I N D U S T R YL I N K E D D E G R E EC O UR S E

4| year degre.e
coursein Electronic/Elec_ and alwavs draws a
high.level of candidates
f o r . t h e i n . T h e J,er),
u nrverslty has entered
enthusiasticallyinlg the joint-stdtfy ;hi"h ;i;; h;;
I ne coursecovers broad spectrumof elei:_
-t<rr
.a
lJresupport of ihe Engin6eri;s i;;'d;;;"; Tr;ir-irs
tronic/electricalengineering
a"d vli--rflows
Board in the form of-a erant.'
speciali
sed-study
to i greateft[;;n6;;"j'alpirr. ii
. Tlre course will stait in September 19g0.
is intendedfor-stude"nt.and wiil { nd i c.ations^tg.enter the coursertiJ"id- U"-rn"d;;
Iery!t9 a-Masterof bngneering
"f !ig[-,.;fi'brl'
degree(M.Edi:'
.A !r"*
trical
Engineering
his-beende;iJiaj"i"iiv tiE;ih
(IniversityandG-ECM"r"oniEt".ti;;i; Lli" iG;.

j11,,",,:f;
:lti;TH];{"'l1;l;t:i*t*?:trTf;
"",

. Ba-thUniversityalrealdyh"s f,"
r.putrtion for its electr6nic
"i?eli.nt course_qmav De obtalned.
"nd"ele.lri"J';A;;

T W O N E W D I G I T A L M U L T I . M E T E R SF R O M L A S C A R

Lascar Electronics. the Esssx

based manufacturers of Dlgltal
Panel Meters And Countershave
moved to larger premises in

&

tr

2t0

Basildon.
At the sametim two new digital
multi-metershave been introdu6ed.
Both have LCD read-outsfor clarity

and long battery life, and are claim_

ed to be considerablylower cost
than imported products of simllar
specification.
The LMM-100 is suitablefor fleld
or bench use. has 2S different
ranges,a basic accuracyof O.1%
and is pricedat f6g.95 + VAT.
The LMM-200 is a compact
hand-held instrument, wlth 15
different rang$, a baalc accuracyof
O.5%and a 20O hour battery lif. lt
is priced at f34.95 + VAT and
should have wide appeal in many
differentapplications.
Another ten instruments will b6
introduced over the next year.
Eventuallythe range will iniluAs
frequencycounters.counter-timers.
thermometers and other generai
purposeinstruments.All will feature
LCD read-outsfor extendedbattery
life and high portability.
Lascar Electronics are now at
Unit 1, ThomasinRoad,Burnt Mllle
lndustrialEstateBasildon,Essex.

COMMENT
L SER
N E W D C T U R N T A B L EF O R T H E P R O F E S S I O N A U
Lee Engineering Limited of Napier House,
Bridse Str-eet. Walton-on-Thames, Surrey KT12
lAP-have introduced into the UK the QRK Electronics GALAXY, a new DC Tuartable designed
for the professional user. It has a D.C. Motor with
an elecGonic speed control which provides for plus
or minus 10% ipeed variation on both 33{ and 45
RPM. The turntable which is instant starting,
orovides for slip cueing without a loss in speedand
it has back cu6ing wi*r no drag.
Direct speed readout on LBD'g of the RPM is
Iocated on'the front panel. Switching is digital with
remote start/gtop for operator-convenignce. Itob
Sidwell. Preiideit of QRK of Fresno, California,
Javs this is the first n6w turntable desigrredqnd
minufactured for the professional user in the U.S.

sincethe original outer rim drive table which QRK

introduced in 1944.
The turntable costs approximatcly e350.00.

F I R S TU K ' 3 . C H A N N E L '
LONG LIVE SHORT WAVE
S U R R O U N D - S O U N DB R O A D C A S T
give

an imThe first experimental transmissions of

'suroundoroved stereo'-compatible system of
iound' broadcastinfi dev-elopedby IB$ en{teqp
have been made on the Independent-Local ltaqro
station 'Radio Victory' at Portsmouth.
On Sundav. September 23' 1979 a two-hour concert recorded'bv lge and Radio Victo-rv en-sineers
Cttictt"rt"t Cithedrat last July war-!-Loadcast in
"t
stiriouna-iound on Radio Victory's VHF/FM service on 95.0MH2.
fle surround-sound system uses a -3-channel
matrix transmission eystem that has been
aeultopea at the IBA engirieeringcentre at Cr.aw.ley
Cburt.'Winchester to ini'prove stereo-compatibility
'2-channel' and
beyond that found poseible with
'2d-channel' systems.
These experiments are part of an IBA investigatechniques with par-tion into 6urround-gounil
'ambisonics' t'echniquesof
ticular reference to the
the National Reeearch Development Corporqtion.
work hae underlined the advanContinuinc IBA
'3-channel' system using a new IBA
taeis of a fufl
mitrix, particularly in respect of the excellent com'
patibilitv for listeners using conventional mono or
ititeo eduipment. The pena-ltieaimposed by euch a
area
svstem irav be a slichf reduction of coverage
'surrounda-ttdnon-compatibili$ with the earlier
gound'systems.
'3-channel' exIBA engineers stress that thes.e
at a stgsewhere it ispossible
peiimintiare not yet
'surround-8ound' Stanoaro ror
to recommend a
national or intemational use.

Readers will only be too well aware.,from their

direcdirecall uuE!risine in au
,n prnerience.
hdw
are .frstllB,ur
are-,rising.in
h6w
now cosl,B
costs ar
experrgncer
own
own-eiperience,
this
magazine
to
applies
also
of
course,
which,
tions
price
.-i -"
that, with this lssue our cover prrce
regret that.
we reanet
and
fiur tr"a t6 be incr'easedby 5p. We know-that our
liieh standardg are $eatly valued and we shall contiriue
---WLto maintain them.
ha.,e in the pipeline many highly interesting
which will continue to
and worthwhile projects
'must' for so many.
a
magazine
this
make

news of a record, en-^

Rather belatedly, we
prbduced
by
Mitch Murray, one oJ
above,
as
titled
this country's leading songrvriters and record
Droducers.
^
On side one, after someintroductory music from
"fovs for Bis Bovs", one of Mitch Murray's sDge,
ther'e followJ an-introduction and information on
freouencies.propagation and the Radio Spectrum.
Thii is sucb6ededby indentification of !'Acsirnile
felesrapliv, RTTY; Slow Scan etc. Satellites,
Decodins Sincle Side Band, Receivers,Aerids are
;nont o"therfopics dealt with. There is also a tal!
nv g6"w ltatch, of BBC World Radio Club fai6,
oir the DX hobby.
Side two consists entirely of station identifications, more than thiily of thqm from
Australia'i "Waltzing Matilila" to Voice of
America's "Yankee Doodle Dandy"This unique LP is a first claseintrodustion to thl
DX hobbv- and is a useful accessory for SWL
enthusiasG.The record is priced at 93.50,inclusive
of oostaee. and is obtainible from Trans-Island
Prtiducti"ori'sLtd., P.O. Box 24, Douglas, Isle of
Man.
------>

7-

----=\,.-

-=\

,--=--,-/

'>\-----<11>o-

asry

lE.

"Sir, according to mv'light charge' alarm unit thera's a brigada of

horsemen coming uP the valleY,"

SUGGESTED
CIRCUIT

AIWPLIFIER
CLIPPING
MONITOR
By G. A. French

Whilst solid.state a.f. amplifiers

ha.ve many practical advantages
when compared with ual-ve
amplifiers.they tend to suffer from
one singledisadvantage.This disad_
vantage arises when the amplifier
goes into overload. lf a valve
amplifier overloads the resultant
distortion increqses gradually,
whereas overload in a lolid-staie
amplifierresultsin a very sharp rise
in distortion which is, also, subjec_
tively unpleasant. Solid-state a.f.
amplifiers almost always employ a
totem-pole output stage and the
sudden increasein distortion arises
when the positiveand negstivout_
put voltage swings become too
large to be handled by the output
transistors.The result is that signal
voltage peaks become flatteied,
and the effect is referredto as ,,clip_
ping".
Due to the widely varying
amplitudeof most types of music it
is possiblefor a solid-stateamplifier
to be set up such that ths majority
of the music signal is given vinually
distortion-free reproduction with
gnly occasionalpeaksbeing clipped.
The clipping effect may even pass
unnoticed by listeners with less
musical ears although it can cause
anguishto listenerswith experience
of good quality audio reproduction.
In cases where amplifiers are
operatedat vory high output levels,
as occur in discos and musical
festivals, occasional or even frsquent clippingcan occur and may
not be audibly evident to th
operator of the amplifier if he is
close to one or mor of the
loudspeakersin the system. With
domestic high fidelity systms,the
operatorwill want to tivoid clipping
2L2

on high volume peaks but, if the

clipping is only slight and occasional.may not realisethat it is
occuriing.
The solution to all these
problems is to add to the amplifier
concernoda monitor which gives a
visual indication when clippi-ngoccurs. or when the output signal
voltage level is just below the l6vel
at.which clipping will take place.
I nls anicle describesa very simple
clipping level monitor circuit which
can be added to most convontional
solid-state mains-powered
amplifiersand which causesa light_
emitting diode to be illuminaled
when the output signal level exceds a predetermined value. lt
should be stressedthat the circuit
requireschangesin componentsor
component values to suit particular
amplifiers and that it may require

:i^^^

some experimenton the pan of tho

constructor.The circuit should only
be used by readers who are
reasonablyfamiliar with a.f.
amplifier operation and who have
the ability to make connsctionsinto
an existing amplifier without causing any damagethereby.
BASIC CIRCUIT
The basic circuit of the clipping
monitorappearsin Fig. 1, end trer6
rt rs assumedthat th amplifier has
positive and negative supply rails
grvtnga vottagebetween 2O and 40
volts, that the supply is capabte of
providing the few extra milliamps
required by the monitor circuit and
that the amplifier clips when the.
output signal voltage approaches
the negative rail by less than 1.2
volts. lf the amplifier has a conven_
tional totem-pole output circuit, the

Rs

Fig. l. The basic circuit of the clipping monitor. The

single
s-ilicon diode in the emitter circuit oi TEI c;;;;s
the t.e.d. to
light up when the^output emitters Ar"e,
which is less
than 1.2 volts positive of the negatiJe
"iniii
rait

output will be availableat the junction of the two output transistors,

frequently at the emitters of two
emitter followers, and its voltage
will be central between the two
supply rails under quiescentconditions. The output then normally
couples to the loudspeakervia a
large-valueelectrolyticcapacitor.In
this article we shall, for convenience,refer to the output point
as "the output emitters" although,
in practice,the output may be at the
junction of two collectors,or at the
junctionof an emitter and a collector. Where there are small series
resistors to prevent thermal
runaway, or a small series choke,
the output point is consideredto be
on the speaker side of these components,
T h e a m p l i fi e r o u t p u t p o i n t
couplesto the baseof TR1 via R1,
which has a very high value compared with the loudspeaker impedanceand should have no effect
whatsoever on amplifier performance.At all signaloutput voltages
which causethe left-handend of R1
to be positiveof the negativerail by
greaterthan about 1.2 volts,TR1 is
turnedon and its collectorvoltageis
only slightly positiveof the negative
supply rail. The 1.2 volt voltage
delay is due to the forward voltage
drop of O.6 volt in silicondiode D1,
and the similarforwardvoltagedrop
in the base-emitterjunction of TR1,
lf the output voltage takes the
left-handend of R1 to less than the
voltage delay TRl turns off. The
base of emitter follower TR2 is very
quickly taken to the positive supply
rail by R3, causingC1 to chargevia
diode D2 and current limiting
.resistorR4. TR3 is another bmitter
follower and the positive voltage
which now appears. on its bass
caussits emitter to go positiveand
light up LED1.lf TR1 now turns on
again its collectorat onc gos to a
low voltage above the ngativerail.
taking the base of TR2 with it. This
does not causeany dischargein C1,
however,becauseD2 now becomes
rsverse-biased,and no currnt can
flow through it and the emitter-base
junction of TR2 (which acts like a
zner diode at its reverse
breakdownvoltagel.
C1 now commencesto discharge
through R5 and the base of TR3,
whereuponLEDl extinguishesmore
slowly than would be the case if Cl
were not present.Without C1 in circuit the l.e.d. would give only a
momentaryflicker if TR 1 were turned off by, say, a single short transient signalat clippinglevel.C1 ensures that the l.e.d. remains alight
for a longer time so that a much
more noticeableeffect is given.The

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2(a) lf Dl and R2 are omitted, and the emitter of TRI is

connected direct to the negative rail, tha voltage delay at TR I
base rb O.6 volt anly
(U. A higher voltage delay is given by connecting two or more
silicon diodes in the emitter circuit
(cl. ln cases where a large number of silicon diodes would be
requirad. a zener diode may be employed instead
H). When there is a high voltage delay it may be necessary to
add a zener diode in the emitter circuit of TR3

capacitor also provides a greater

brightnesslevel in the l.e.d.when
TR1 is turned off by a series of
negative half-cycle signal peaks,
sincethe l.e.d.remains.atleastpartly illuminatedbetween the peaks.
The time constantof the circuit,taking into accountTR3 base current,
is roughly0.O4second.which is the
fength of a cycle at 25H2.
Aff the resistors may be 1Yoor
1O%types,and R2 to R5 inclusive
should have a rating of * watt. At
supplyvoltagesbelow 3O. R1 may
be f watt and R6 | watt. Above 30
volts Rl shouldbe { watt and RO 1
watt. Where only gain-selected
8C107's are available.the three
transistors can be BC107B or
BC107C,althoughtheirgainfigures
are not in practice particularly
critical. LEDI can be any l.e.d. of
any desiredcolour.With a supplyof
30 volts there is a 2mA flow in both
R2 and R3 and about lOmA in R6
when the l.e.d.is fully alight.
VOLTAGE DELAYS
In Fig. 1 it was assumed that
clipping occurred when the
amplifier output negative peaks
were less than about 1.2 volts

positive of the ngativ rail.

However, different amplifiers will
have different clipping levels and
the voltage delay provided in the
emitter circuitof TR1 has to be set
up to suit the particular ampifier
with which the clipping monitor is
to be used.
In Fig. 2(a) there is no voltage
delay componentin the emitter circuit, and R2 of Fig. 1 is not needed.
The monitor will then cater ,for
amplifierswhich clip when negative
voltage peaks are less than about
0.6 volt positiveof the negativerail.
Two or more silicon diodes. which
may all be 1N4OO2or similar.are
used in Fig.2(b).The voltagedelay
between the base of TRI and the
negative rail is then approximately
equal to 0,6 volt multipliedby the
numberof diodesplus the O.6 volt
given by the base-emitterjuriction
of TR1. Four diodes would, for
instance,give 4 x 0.6 + 0.6, or 3
volts delay. For delay voltages
above this level, it would be
preferable to use a single zener
diode of the appropriatevoltage, as
in Fig. 2(c). Diodes in the BZY88
serieswould be suitable.R2 should
then be reducedto 7.5k O { watt, to

ensure that the zener diodes are

biased onto the flatter pan of their
voltage-currentcharacteristic.
When there is a high voltage
delay there is a possibilitythat the
l.e.d. may glow dimly even when
TR1 is turned on. This is because
the emitter potential of TR3, which
would then be 1.8 volts negativeof
the collector of TR1, could be sufiiciently high to cause current to
flow in the l.e.d. lt then becomes
necessaryto insen a zener diode in
the emittercircuitof TR3, as in Fig.
2(d).The zenerdiode can have thl
same voltage rating as that used in
the emitter circuit of TRl.
In many instances,the clipping
output voltage for a particular
amplifier may not be known, with
the result that the voltage delay re_
quiredfor TRl will similarlybe unknown. Whilst clipping level can be
determined with test equipment,
i n c l u d i n g a n o s c i l l o s c o p e ,s u c h
equipment may not be readily
availableto the person who wishes
to make up and use the monitor. A
fairly reasonableassessmentof clipping level can be obtained from the
amplifier specificationsremembering that, from Ohm's Law, voltage
squared is equal to power in watts
multipliedby resistancein ohms.To
take an example,let us supposethat
we have an amplifier which
operateswith a 30 volt supply and
which is stated to have a maximum
r.m.s.outputpower of 16 watts into
4 Q . The productof 16 and 4 is 64.
which is equal to the r.m.s.ourput
voltage squared.The maximum
r.m.s. output voltage for the
amplifieris thus 8 volts. lf we multiply this by 1.4, we find that the
corresponding
peak voltageis I 1.2
volts. lt is fairly safeto assumefrom
this that the amplifierwill start ap_
proaching overload when its peak
output voltage significantlyexceeds
1 1.2 volts. The next process is to

UNDERSTANDING
TETEVISION

\Il/

by
J. R. DAVIES
Over 500 pages
300 diagrams
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
I

Principtesof 40S tine

reception
Principlesof 625 line
reception
Nature of the television
signal
Receivertuner units
4.F. and video amptifiers
Deflectorcoil assemblies
Automatic gain and contrast
control
Receiveraerials
T h e c a t h o d er a y r u b e
Receiveri.f. amplifiers
V e r t i c a la n d h o r i z o n t a l
timebases
Synchronisino
Power supply-crrcurrs
Introductionto
Colour TV

f3.95'rto'

measure the quiescent output

voltage between the output
emitters and the negative rail. and
this could be, say, 14 volts. The
voltage delay for the clipping
monitor could then be set at 14
minus 1 1.2 (: 2.g1if it is to respond
to negative peaks of 1 1.2 volt or
more. ln practice,the delay could be
set at 2.4 volts by using three
diodesin the circuit of Fig. 2(bl, or
at 1.8 volts by using two diodes.
Subsequent checks, consisting of
deliberately running the ampfifier
close to or into overload, will in_
dicate whether the clipping monitor
is capable of detecting occasional
negative peak excursionswhich go
up to distortion level.
This approachhas to be of an ap_
proximate nature but should
neverthelessenable the monitor to
indicateoutput signal levels which
approachor are at the clippinglevel.
The example purposely emlloyed
"easy" figures to
assist in
demonstrating the procedure, but
the work involved in calculatingthe
peakoutput voltage is quite easy it a
pocket calculator is employed.
Since the amplifier concerned
will almost cenainly be one of a pair
In a stereo system, another monitor
circuit will need to be fitted also in
the second amplifier.This can have
the samevoltagedelayas was con_
sidered desirable for the first
amplifier.
SUPPLY VOLTAGES
The circuit of Fig. 1 is, as was
stated,.suitablefor amplifiershaving
a positiveand negativesupply of 2O
to 40 volts.The monitor is then connectedas shown in Fig. 3(al.
More powerful amplifiers have
positiveand negative rails on either
side of. a central zero voltage rail.
When the voltages are suitable thc
clipping monitor may be powered
by the zero voltage rail and the

To: DATA pUBLtCAT|ONS

Ltd., 57 Maida Vale London
w9

+2O to4OV

Please supply
copy(ies)
of "Undersranding Television;,
Data Book No. ,|7. I enclose
cheque/crossedpostal order for
Name
Address
-20to4OV
(q)

(b)

Fig. 3(a). With amplifiers having two supply rails the monitor
connected
as shown here

B L O C KL E T T E RP
SL E A S E
2t4

(U.

This method of connection

may be employed
-, amplifier
has a central zero voltage rail

when

is

the

l^.
fmoins

Ampliticr
n q g .r o r l

Fig. 4. The monitor can be powered by an inexpensive supply

incorporating a low-cost mains trcnsformer' The same supply
can also ba used for the second monitor in a stereo systetn

n e g a t i v er a i l , a s i n F i g . 3 ( b ) .
Amplifiers in this categoryhave a
relatively very wide output voltage
swing,and with these R1 shouldbe
increasedin valueto loko 1 watt'
lf the supply voltages available

from the amplifierare in excessof

4O volts, or if it cannot providethe
small extra current requiredby the
monitor,it would not be undulYuneconomic to provide the monitor
with its own powersupply,as in Fig.

4. The mains transformer can be

any small type offering a rectified
outputvoltagein the rangeof 20 to
40 volts. A miniature transformer
h a v i n ga 1 2 - O - l 2 v o l t s e c o n d a r y
rated at 50mA or more would be
satisfactory,for instance, and this
would provide a rectified and
smoothed output of around 33
volts.The singlepower supplycould
also supply the second cliPPing
monitor in a stereo system. Note
that the negativerail of the supply is
made common with the negative
rail of the amplifier.
The monitor circuit will function
quite well with much smaller a.f.
amplifiers having supply voltages
down to as low as 9 volts. The
monitor circuit can be connected
across the supply rails, as in Fig.
3(a),and someof the resistorvalues
are reduced.For 9 to 20 volt operation, R2 and R3 shouldbe changed
to 8.2k o , R4 to 22O Q and RO to
1 . 8 k o . T h e v a l u e so f R l a n d R 5
remainunchanged.
I

THE OSCAR PHASE Ill

A ProgressRePort BY Arthur C. Gee

ln March 1980, the lategt of AMSAT',eOrbltlng

SatellitesCarryingAmateur Radlo,wlll be launched
from Kourou,FrenchGuiana.AMSAT-Ill A, as it is
called, will be a much moro sophlstlcated than
previous amateur radlo Eatellltesand wlll glve lts
amatour radlo users a new experlence,becaugeat
the highoet point of ltg orblt, lt wlll be svallsbleto
the entire hemispherebelow it and userswlll have
continuougacce8sup to ten houra per orblt'
AMSAT Phase lll ie a hlgh altltude, long llfe
satellite, which wlll be launched as a secondary
payload, aboard an Arlane mlgslon.The European
Space Agency wlll provlde tho launch opportunity
from a site in Kourou, noar the coast of French
Guiana.lt will be first put into an ellipticalorbitwith
a projectedinclinatlonof 17 degrees,an apogeeof
35,OOOKm and perlgee of 2O0 Km. After I fsw
wesks in thls orbit, when lt has etablllsedand the
onboard microcomputer has determined that th
satelliteis in the properorientationto the sun,to the
eafth and its properpositionin its orbit, a one-shot
onboardperigeekick motor will fire'This will lift the
perigeeto its projected1500 km altitudeand raise
the inclinationto 57 degrees.This orbit will have a
period of approximately 660 minutes and a
longtitudeincrementof about 165 degreeswest per
orbit. The kick motor is a solid propellantmotor
which will burn tor 20 seconds.Theseparameters
are the anticipatedones - the final ones will no
doubt be slightlydifferentfrom these.
This orbit will favourthe NorthernHemisphereat
first, as the apogeafter the perlgeekick motor firing will occur at about 26 degreesNorth latitude.
Overthe courseof the first two years,tho latitudeof

the apogee will drift gradually northward to lts

highest point: 57 degreeeNorth latltude. From thlg
time on the apogeewlll drlft southward untll after
another year or so lt wlll occur over ths equator.
From this point on, the Southernhemlspherewlll be
favoured and the second of tho AMSAT Phaae lll
missionswill have been launched,agaln Inltlally
favouring the northern hemlephere.Throughout lts
lifetime however, th AMSAT Phaae lll serleg
satelliteswill be accesglblethroughouttho world at
some point during the day; those reglonefalllng under the illuminationat apogeo wlll slmply have
greatdi dbcesstime.
AMSAT Phase lll-A wlll carry I Mode B
transponder.lts uplink will be In the 70 cm band
and the downlink in the 2 metre band.The passband
will accommodato SSB, CW, SSTV, RTTY and
whatever digital modes are approved for use
through the satellite.There wlll be soveral Speclal
ServiceChannelsthat will deal excluglvelywlth such
matters as data exchange, educatlon, sclentlflc
study, officially authorised trafflc and general
telemetry and codestore information, and an
engineeringbeaconfor more sophisticatedmanagement purposeswill b6 at the very edgesof the psssband.To accesstho gatllit,a usor will need about
l OOOwatts e.r.p.on 7O cms - but hlgh galn antennas to achieve this effectlva radlated powel
economicallyare feasibleas near apogee (plue or
minus 3 hours)AMSAT Phaeelll-A wlll move ver!
slowly and through a comparatlvelysmall arc; tracking will be a fairly simple matter.

s.w,
AERIAT
TUNINGUNIT

by
R. A. PENFOLD

I mproves receiver performance

over l.6lWHz to SO\VIHz
is _one of the
^r3g
-aerial unit (or art.u.)
um_qtest
acceseories for -q--sh"iit
wave
receiver and yet i

ca_ntand,r;dd:"_jfiid[i::ff_Ti,,:il-$:T:
rormance.It

has two
these
beins an iacrease beme-dii"itfElt",
and an
T eignii-iii;;lE
attenuationof spuriouJ
respon;i-i.*
9_ir." an.a.t.u. is a-p?ssivedevicea claim that it
r,_
ncreases
_signaI strength m ay s"em-;"j ii;!, ;1i;;

Capacitors

, V8l'r?P*ff;i31";
"1nHi,:il9%o;'[:T

rnduetor
L1 see text
Switches

j:'fi
ilili4,J'"?m,,:J6tf1*uf"'"':nlT,
#;itf 3}

not, and what it doei do-isto i_priu.

if,J
beti,elntil;;;di;rla,thereceif,er-in-pui;f,

iHrT?f

most receiverinstallqti*r, i. iriir,iidiJri,

over at

ii"{*

rtl9$h rotary,withadjustabre
end

Sockets
SKl insulated wander plug socket
riKz insulated wander
$KB insulated wander blrE il;[;;
irhE 6;t;;
Miscellaneous
Metal instrument case (see
text)
J control knobs
4 cabinet feet

il"",,hxll:"S1.1.:?.,f
:i:x*
ffi!T[!j'ii,"i;ff

srgnar en-e_rgy
4g Rgssibleis coupied
il6-?i;
-"rilncrease
receiver.Normallv.it can prouia"
of
two or three,,S" ini,

nriTj#iier*liJ"f'{*r"i:?ffi
-lir-^6i,1rid;1$ffi;: $iil'i:
_ Th," reauclion
applies

bhort*"u"'rlr"iiers. The
11lilJr1with superhet
aenat,tuning.unit
is made.reso-nant
adihe freq;;_
cy or thedesired
signat,
tt e"Jlviiriirii
".iirlir"riii

The

circuit employed
-pinetwork
the
aerial tuning unit

in

Wire, nuts,-bilts,etc.

input tuned
tiltering and reducing the effect of im.
age and similar res[onses.

CIRCUIT OPERATION
The conventionalarrangement?or an a.t.u. is the
well-knownpi network ciriuit shownin Fig.1.This
is a form of matching circuit which, if correctly set
up. provides an input impedance which correctly
of the aerial (which,
niatihes the source-impedance
like anv other simal source.must have a sourceimpedanci) and which also matches the input impedance of the receiver. The aerial impedance
varies considerablyat different frequenciesand, if
a wide range of fiequencies is to b-ecovered,it is
impossibleTor a sinile
-theaerial to have a sourceiminput impedance of the
nedance equal to
ieceiver at dll of these.Optimum si!'nal transfer occurs when sourceimpedanceis equal to input impedance.
The input impedanceof the a.t.u. can be made
variable by adjusting VCl, and the output impedancemay be altered by VC2. A further factor is
tttat VCt dnd VC2 in ieries provide a tuning
capacitancewhich is connectedacrossthe coil. Il
therefore,the two variable capacitorsare adjusted
such that the consequenttuned circuit is resonant
at the desired frequbncv and also provides the reouired input and outpu[ impedancesit followsthat
the tunin'gunit must provid-emaximum transfer of
signal en6rgy from the aerial to the input of the
recelver,
The working circuit of the a.t.u. describedhere
appearsin Fie.2. and it differs mainly from that of
fii.t bv maki-nsthe inductancevariable bv means
of iwitdh 52, wf,ich selectssectionsof the cbmplete
coil. A variable inductance is necessaryif the unit
is to carrv out the threefold requirement of being
resonantit the desired frequency and, at the same
time, of presenting the colrect input and output
impedances.
A refinementis the inclusionof SL(a)(b),which
can be switched so that the unit is bypassed.This
feature can be very useful when setting up the
a.t.u., as it provides an instant check on the effect
of the unit.
The two variable capacitors are Jackson type
"O" single gang air-spaced componentshaving a
maximu-mvalue of 365pF. It is not essentialto use
these particular capa6itors and any other airspaced variable capacitors having a maximum
value in the range of goOpFto 500pF will be equally satisfactorv.Solid dielectric variable capacitors
should not be employed as these do not have the
required performanc6 at short wave frequencies.
CONSTRUCTION
The author's a.t.u. is housedin a metal instrument case having dimensionsof l52.by -118 by
51mm. This is icase tvpe BCl, available from
Harrison Bros., P.O. Bo-x 55, Westcliff-on-Sea,
other metal caseof about the
Essex.
SS0 7LO. Anv-or
'dimensions,
slightly larger, should be
same
equally satisfactoiy.The inpui and output sockets,
uutih socket,and switch 51(a)(b) a-remounted
"tt
o" tiie rear panel of the case, whilst the two
variable capuditor. and the-c-oiltap switch 52 are
iiil"a-i" itr^eriont panel. VC2 is t6 the left of the
VC1 is'to its right. The spindlesof all
r*it.tt
""a
are at thl same holizontal level
tffi;"ilponents
in symmetricalmanneras ilout
laid
are
in"u
""a
lorit"t"h in the photograph of the front panel'
The Jackson 365pF variable capacttorshave
three mountine holei in the front plate which are
i^pp"a +gn. fhtee corresponding4BA clear holes

Fig. 2. The practical a.t.u. circuit requires

variable inductance in addition to variable
capacitance, and this is provided by tappings
in the coil which are selected bv 52. The
numbers indicate the number of turns in each
section of the coil

have to be drilled in the front panel for each

canacitor and thev mav be marked out in the
foliowing manner. Take I piece of pqper, cut out a
hole of *in. diameter in its centre anilpass the hole
over thb spindle of the capacitor. Mark on the
Daper.witli a pencil, the positionsof the three 4BA
tariped holes.-Thenuse-the paper as a form of
template to mark out the 4BA clear holesrequired
in the front panel of the unit. Drill out the holes,
toeether with the central hole for the capacitor
snlndle. The capacitor is then mounted by three
short 4BA bolts. with spacingwashers(which could
be 2BA nuts) betweeir the-inside surface of the
front panel and the front plate of the capacitor.
Short bolts are essentialbecausetheir ends must
not protrude more than fractionally beyond the
capacitorfront plate as they could then damagethe
fixed or moving vanes.
and, becauseof the
The coil is ho-me-constructed
laree variablesin the circuit, is not as critical in its
coriitruction as would be, say, the aerial input coil
of a short wave receiver. The former used in the
orototvpe is a plastic tube about 72mm.long and
2Smm.in diameter. It was orginally part of a reel
on which Multicore solder was supplied. Any
reasonably strong tube made of plastic material

The thrce sockats and the bypass switch,

are mounted on the rear panel of
Slb)(il,
the case

#'

V,

9'
'fro,,fat

with about the samedimensionscan be emploved.

An.alternative is a length of lin. diameter iimbei,
s.uchas a piececut frofr a broom handle. Fiouiaeci
that it is dry this will ha-vemore than adequateinsulation resistancefor the present purDose.
^ A 68A solder tag is mouirted at 6acfi end of the
tormer.to_provide _anchoringpoints for the ends of
the cort. lt a plastic tube is emploved.a 684 clear
mounting hole is-drilled in it o-pp6sit6each solder
tag..w-lth a wooden f'ormer, the mounting will be
carried out with woodscrews.The coil ii wound
with enamelled copper wire of around 26 to g0
s.w.g.r28 s.w.g. wire being employed for the coil
used rn-the prototype. A length of b* metres of the
wrre wrll be more than sufficient. Th-ecoil is wound
in sectiongthe turn numbersbeing indicated in the
circuit of Fig.2.Fach se-ctionhas alen$h of about 6
to /mm., wlth the result that sectionswith a small
numb-erof turns have the wire fairlv well spaced
o_utwhilst thosewith a_largenumber-of turnd have
the wire very
nearlv closelwound
-enamef
Strip the
from the winding wire at one
end-and solderthis to o?e_ofthe sold6r tags.Wind
on the first section,which has B turns. ttri"winaine
proper ,may start about 5mm. in from the soldei
tpg, and a.narr.ow.bandof p.v.c.-insulation tape is
then usedto hold the sectionin placeon the former.
A small loop is made in the wiie and the next sec-

Looking down into tha case with the tid

ramoved. The genbral view is the sama as
that in the wiring diagram of Fig. 3

tion, with 2 tu-rns,is wound on and securedin place

with tape. A loop is again made in the wire.'This
procedureis continued with further sec{ionsof 8,4,
7,9,14 and 15 turns, the free end at the'lastsection
being cut to length, stripped of enamel and
solderedto the secondsolder tas. Note that it is important for all the turns on the coil to be wound in
the same dilection. Mark the former in anv convenient way, say-bya piece of colouredtape, jo that
lfe cgll start end, with the 3 turns section,may be
identified.
.Ne-xtcar-efullyscrapeaway the enamel from the
wlre loops betweenthe sectionsand tin these with
solder. The completed coil is then mounted in the
case as shown in the photograph of the interior,
with the coil start near-erVC-t. it is this end of the
coil which connectsto the fixed vanesof VC1. The
coil former is sp.acedoff from the case surface by
two spacing washersabout l"0mm. lone.
Wiring is then carried out as illustratiedin Fie.B.
52 -is a singl-epole l2-way switch with adjusta'ble
end stop set for 8-way operation.Beforeconnectins
to its tags, check with a continuitv tester or bf
visual inspection the eight outer tass which thl
switch brings into circuit. With some-switchesthe
relativ,epositioning of these tag-sq4rdthe centra.ltag
may differ from that shown in Fie.3. The wrrrne
should be -kept reasonably short a"nddirect, and
care shouldbe taken to avdid dry ioints. partidularly at the tappingpoints in the'ctiit. Tli6 wire conl_e,cllngtogether the moving vanes tags of VCl and
VC2 is not essential,sincelhe bodies of these two
capacitors are connected together via their mounting .to the front panel, buf it is in general good
practrce to llt the wue.
USINGTHE UNIT
A2-way cable is used to connectSK2 and SK3 of
the a.t.u. to the receiveraerial and earth terminals.
It is not essential,or evendesirable,to use a coaxial
cable here, and ordinary unscreened wire is
perfectly suitable. If the receiver earth terminal
connects to an external earth this connection is
retained.
The unit will match any long wire aerial of about
10 metres or more in length to a receiver having a
normal input impedance in the range of 50 ,o to
600o.
Setting up is considerably eased if the receiver
has a tuning meter or an "S" meter. 52 is then tried
at various settings,with VCl and VC2 being adjusted at each setting in an attempt to peak the
received signal as indicated by the meter.
Switching the unit in and out by meansof Sl(a)(b)

by
is introdu-ced
will showthat if any improvement
a
have
not
does
receiver
the
;ir; il;ine unit. Ii
meterthe tuning unit-can be set9P
;is";i
with the
"itelttsthuoi"tn uti" g a ie ak signal,.
i;ffi;;fi;";
" offif possible.lt.willbeim;;;;i;;;;.;.c. .*ii"nea
;;;iti; if,itdi"p the a.t.u.6v volumeindications
iig"al wilh the a.s'c.switched
il,ir",i"
"""iit!?.tt-ong

in. as the a.g.c.will mask any improvementstn

rhe a.t.u- will-not alwavs provide
;ii";i
"i.""sfi.in signal strength-since thgre m3yan increase
b";"-aa-eiuate match betweenthe aerial
;i;";;;
o'n some short- wave bands' In
;;-tti";;ivei
can eithe-r b-e set up. for
controls
the
itt""""
"it!..
or the unit can be bypassed by
;;i*ffi-iesults,
meansof 51(a)(b).
'-tf t*i"".iv'e iisiening is to be c-a-rriedout over a
rt"qi""c"ies, it would be worth-while
,"ie; ;;ft;;i

for 51(a)(b)
iiiliilj;fi;i;g i"aip..aroundthekn-obs
setlTt"ffrniariablecapacitor-s.-The-optimum
found
be
can
band
each
ior
""d
controls
tnese
ii"es l;t

Switclr 52 is mounted at the centre of the front

panal with VCt to its right and VC2 to its left

Resetting ths -ssnhsl:s whel

ilfii;ttr
"ot"a.
""a
then be much simpler and
will
.t ir,siis--U""ds
ouicker.
''itr-L-"n"tul,
the
the lower the reception-fre-quency,
be
has
to
which
turns
coil
of
number
sreater the
!;idh;d into circuit by 52. It shou'ldle possibleto
;;; ah; aerial tuning unit successfullyat a^nyfreouencv within the short wave spectrum of about
I
t.OUftz to 30MHz.

FOR DX LSTENERS

^ lI\"

90_metre Broadcast Band extends from

glrd Vernaculars scheduled from 0BB0 to 0600

32oo to-34ookHz and within ttrere-;;fi;fiiii
throughto 2100)
f"dirrl-itif t" Zrbb.
be found a wholehost of Dx ,t"ti""r,-"i-o-ri'Vfi'i,_ 'I'he
Slunday
poweris 25k\ry.
""a
poweredAfrican and South.{mCricantr-ansnii6;s
as fqr as listenersherein the UX. aie concerrrea. O ANGOLA
Jfg pain requirementsfor any'hoil;f ;i,;l:-ei;
RgdigNacional,.Luqnda,.on
8-826at 0400,in_
Dandare (a).a.selective
receiver,(b) an ef- ^
ll,Ents
sgnal;
al9
eight.chime
themerepeatedin
r_lclent
outclooraerial,(c) reaso4able
!ely$
receptioncon_ g.drrrermg
scale,NationalAnthem,party-Anthem.
fpr
the
(a)
requirbd
itea,
paUe"c6a"d, t"st
y L wlth announcements
iilioll
in portuguese
whenopen_
Durnot least- somemeasureof operatingability
daily
transmissions.
ttre"scneauFl; f;;;
inq^the
with the receiverconcerned.
OlpQ_to
(d) areprobablythe most 10kw. 0800and from 1bB0to 2400.T[e poweiis
. Of the lbgyg, (a)-a-nd
rmportant,f.ollowedbV ft) and (c). Tlie receivei
sno,urcl
ldauy be capableof bandwidthvariation O SOUTH
AFRICA
and/ or a bandpass-tu4i_ng
_ the main
arrangement
SABC Meyertonoq 826O at 1g58,local folk
Darto plogesson the 90 mehebandbeinethat of in
sgng.si.n A-frilaans..The sch_-duie
''overlay'of-commercial
_teti'NIifi S;;'.
eRM, beneath"which
one vice) is-from 2200
'dig'
to qB00 (Su;hi,y-bloO),
must
for results.
Springbg\ Ra{ig_(May tn Siptcni[Jri ]i5oo tS-uri:
Howevter,
.from time to time, if one hae the day 04O0)to 05b2 aid froni 1662t'o 2200.-Th;
qauenceancl llstenson the band regularlv.con_ power
is 100kW.
ditionsprevailsuchthat somi-Airidn;eG;i;
Amerlcanstationsmay be loggedby almostanvone
O MALAWI
aroundat the^appropiiate
f,fre _"but tt-d*Ta""i
Blantyre on BBSO at 2004, OM with an_
occ_asions
are few and far between.
nouncements
in vernacularfollowedby a churctr
;oLJerving'the
band
, Just recentlyw-ehavebeen
scheduleis from oiqs iiosilo tniiit t"
ourmg
whatmay betermednormalconiiitionsand lervice.'The
Octoberuntil 1110)an4from L74ii;ttldiAi;il
wnat tollowsare the results0btained.
i;
Octoberfrom 1306).The poweri.-i00[W.
O MOZAMBIQUE
O ZIMBABWE.RHODESIA
on B2lO at 1g82.
.. RadioMozambique,
Mgputo,
Salisburyon a measured88g6 at 2008.
..38.C
light orchqstralmtieic,Vli;ith ;t"ll"l;}6;:
y L's.rnoperaticchorus.This is the General
Servicri
'^
is^
the
grq+-e
i" Foituguei", scheduledtiom
IEy::E
Tl'is
ll_p.o
to 0b30 and from 1bB0to
scneoulect
heretromO2Ep
to 0580andfrom t6B0to 2200.The power0355
is 20kW.
(exceptfor an Englishprocram;;?rom 1800
2210to 1815).The poweris"100kiM."o coNco

O LIBENIA
M.onrovia
on a meaguted}227at 19bg,OM
-S;;i;;;
with
a .talk.in- v-ernacular^.
Thig-li tl;-Hil;
sche^duled
from 0600 to OAOb
t80b to
2220,the powerbeing10kW "ria-iii. MALAGASY
Tan_anarive
on a meaeured
B2SZ.Eat 2006,OM
and YL with a duet in uJ.r,a"uiai ,"i1.a'*iilfi
Ittl"^.odvpgQRM. The schedud id fr;; 0800 to
0600aqd from tA00to 2100and is tlie-ilomJSer_
vicein FrenchandMalgache.
Thepo;;r is 100kW.
O NIGERIA
. , Lqgg.on a measuredBB26.Eat 2000,yL with
loentrtlcatlon
and a newscast
in English.New fre_
quency,scheduleunknownat preselnt
_ testing?

ona measured
B2B4at 188g.
_-FTyp Brazzaville
YL with announcemqLts
in Fren;hi;i"ile l#;

musica.l interlude. This is a new irequencv.

probably a m-ovefrom 8232 th;;
tla;;[;ffi;
was from 0400 to 0200 and from iZOOi" fi0b;tti;
power being 4kW.
O IRAQ
.Baglrdad on a measurcd 8242.6 at 2008. yL
with the program_m-e
in Kurdish ftto-" S"r-.}i"ri
sc-neduledtiom 0258 to 0gbb and from 1230 to

Turkmenfrom0900to iZiS. tiii po*eris

??99.._1"
50kw.

. ECUADOR

. Radio Iris,,Fsmeraldag on B3g0 at 038g, local_

s.tylepops, YL song in Spanish. The schehule is
Irom 1100 !9 _0_Q00
(c-losinghme is variablei ;e ;h;'
power
is 10kW.
O BURUNDI
^^&rd!g _Zaracay, Santo_Domingo, on BBSO at
on 33OOat 0410,OM with (news?) 0350,
. Bujumbura'l'his
OIv[with alb.ngin Spanish,-Ioi"i_.tv-fJ
In vernacular.
a;";;
is the HomeService1 in French musrc.
r ne scheduleis from 1000 to 0b00 (closing
220

time is variable) and the poweris 10kW.

O GUATEMALA
La Voz de Nahuala,^Nahuala,
on 386O at 0834,
localmusicsimilar to Sambabut with a loud drum
beat predominating,OM announcerin Spaniiti.
The schedule
is from 1100to 1800andfrom?280to
0430,the powerbeing1kW.
O VENEZUELA
on 3396 at 085b,
--Sadiq Universidad,--Merida,
OM with a lovesongfollowedbv announcements
in
Spanish.The scheduleof thiebne is from 1000to
0400and the powerie lkW.
All of the foiegoinghoweverdoesnot includeall
that wasloggedon tlie g0 metreband- eeeunder
Now Heai-This.
60 METRE BAND
As this particular article would apDearto be
aimedat the Dxer - as distinctfromihe SWL we migratenow to this band.

o coNco

PointeNoire on ameasured4843 at 1944,OM

with a harangr:ein French.The echeduleis from
0400to 1200andfrom 1500to 2100,usuallyrelaying Brazzaville.The poweris 4kW.

O IIONDURAS
La Voz Evangelica,Te*ucicalpa.on 482O at
0418,OM and YL in EngliJh.YL wiih hvmns.The
scheduleof this one iifrorir 1030 to bSOOwith
programmesin English from 1500to 1600,0300'
and 0400 and from 0415 to 0430.The power is
5kw.
OTHER BANDS
On the remainingbandssomeitems of interest
were logged,such as O LEBANON
Beirut on 21610 at 1932,Arabic musicin the
Arabicprogrammefor Africa,scheduled
from 1900
to 2000. For those interested, the English
programmefor Africa is from 1830to t900 ori-this
channel.
O LIBYA
Tripoli on l6lOO at 1949,OM in Arabic,local
songsand music.The scheduleon this channel,entirely Arabic,is from 0800to 2200.
OEGYPT
Cairo on 17690 at 1430,OM with identification
in the openinsof the Hindi Drortammefor South
and SouthEast Asia, scheduledlerefrom 1530to
1630.

. CAMEROON
Radio Bertoua on 476O at 0430. National
Anthem and announcements
in French'byOM on O EQUATORIAL GUINEA
openingthe daily transmiseions.The echeduleis
Malaboon 626Oat 1948,OM and YL with anfrom 0430to 0730,1630to 2200and there is,an nourlcementsand newsiteme
in Spanish.Thie is
from 1830to 1845.Thepower the Home Servicescheduledfrom OSOO
Frylir_,t_Orogramme
to 2gOO
is 20kW.
is an EngliehprogrammelistedfromZOgO
to
Radio Garouaon 6OOO(yes. the frequencvis lhere
2100,the^evening
transmissionbeingfrom
Qpanigh
correct)at 1938,local-stylemusic,OM with an- l9pQ,_to
2030and from 2100to 2900.The pdweris
nouncements
in French,all mixed with MSF. Also 1Okw.
logged on the listed 6O10 at 0439. OM with
religiouschant_e.
They would appearto be using O CHINA
both channelsbut nol simultan66usly.
CPBSPekingon 7385 at 2000,YL with iden'East is
tification and openingannouncements,
O NIGERIA
in
Red',
the
opening
of
the
Domestic
Service
1
Lagoson 499Oat 0436,YL with the Drocramme
scheduled
onthis channelfrom 2000to
review in English. This is the Natioial-service Programme
which is in English and vernaculars,scheduled 2300.Also loggedin parallelon 7604.
from 0430 to 1000and from 1700to 230b.The
poweris 20kW.
NOW IIEAR TIIIS
FrenchGuyana,on 338b at 0340,
.. FR3 Cayennq,
light orchestral mueic, OM announcementsii
O COLOMBIA
Emisora Nuevo Mundo, Bocata.on 4?66 at French,YL songin French.The scheduleis from
0410,local-styledancemusic.OM-with vocal in 0900to 1200and from 2100to 0200but on SaturSpanish.Thie hansmitter is oir the air aroundthe day (when_!ogged)
cloeingtime is variable. The
poweris 4kW.
clock,the powerbeing1kW.

GREAT CIRCLE DX MAP

The Radio Society of Great Britain have recently published a sdcondedition of their f'amous
Great Circle DX Map.
This colourful wall map-shows,thetrue bearingsfrom the UK of countriesthroughout the world,
and is thus invaluable for radio enthusiastswith directional antennas.Amateur radio prefixes
are included, and the map is plastic laminated for extra durability.
76O by 620mm, Price fl..60 (J1.99 inc p&p) from RSGB
36 Doughty Street, London WC1N zAE.

DIGITAL
TANTALISER

ilnlilrilllililililltillillllillmlillilillllilll

ililllillilillllilillillil

By l. M. Attrill

M atch your timing skill against

this ingenious electronic game
This amusing electronic game is a development
of a circuit which was published some yearsigo in
Radin & Electronics- Corctruetor ('iThe 'Tantaliser'- An Electronic Game", by G. A. French,
October 19?5issue).In the earliertircuit an l.e.d.
flashed on and off continuallv. and it was required
that a push-button be press6d durins the p6riods
when the l.e.d. was ex[inguished. TFis all-oweda
capacitor to aquire a small charse. If the button
was-pressedwh-enthe l-.e.d.was alilht the capacitor
discharged at a much higher ralte. The voltage
acrossthe capacitor was monitored by a voltmeter
and the purpose of the game was to achieve as high
a voltage as was possible in a given period of time,
or to take the voltmeter indication up to full-scale
deflection.
DIGITAL CIRCUIT
The present circuit emplovs a basicallv similar
approaih for the charg6 aird discharg6 of the
capacitor. The l.e.d. indicator flashes on and off at
a fairly slow rate of around 0.6H2. There is a pushbuttori on lhe front panel of the unit and it isigain
intended that this bie pressedwhen the l.e.d. is'extinguished. Where the design now differs from the
previous one is that there is a digital readout instead of the simple voltmeter arransement used in
the previous des-ign.A 2-digit counf,ercommences
to count at the start of the same and ceasesonlv
when the voltage acrossthe cipacitor has reachedi
pre-determined level. As a result, a skilful player
will be able to stop the digital'count at a low
number, whereasa less skilful player may only be
able to'do so after a higher c6urit has 6een displayed. Of course, the aim is to abtain the lowest
possible final score on the counter.
It is not possibleto cheat bv merelv holdins the
push-butt6n depressed co-ntinuoislv as-the
iapacitor disqhqrie rate is highe-r_thanihe-charge
rate. Thus it is important to ivoid havins the bulton pressedwhen fhe l.e.d. is alight, as aiy charge
previously acquired by the capacitor will be moie
rapidly lost again.

The game can be made slightly more difficult by

switching the l.e.d. to a second,faster, flashing rate,
once the player has become competent at the game
with the lower flashins rate selected.
This game obvious$ tests the reactions of the
player, since in order to do well it is necessaryto
activate the push-button verv quicklv after-the
l.e.d. indicatoi has switched off. Howe-ver,a good
sense of timing is also needed, because it is not
possible to succeedat the game by waiting for the
indicator light to switch on again before releasing
the push-button. However fast one's reactions may
be, this would inevitably leave a short period with
th; l.e.d. on and the brifuon depressedl leadins to
very slow progressfor the reasonstated aarher. It is
necessarv for the plaver to anticipate the switchins
on of thi l.e.d. ihdicator, Eo th'at he or she cail
release the push-button momentarily before the
l.e.d. turns on. This gives a steady progresstowards
completion of the game without any "back
tracking", and therefore gives a good low score.
This game ie also a good test of concentration
because,during the half minute or so that the game
usuallv lasts. it is necessarvto concentrate carefullv and contiituouslv on th-e same. A slicht loss of
ioncentration almoit invariablv leads to-the pushbutton being depressed at ttie wrong timd and
ground being lost in consequence.

GENERAL
ARRANGEMENT
The general arrangement of the unit is shown in
the block diagram ol FiS.l. The l.e.d. indicator is
driv-en by a low frequency oscillator whicb
produces a square wave having a 1:l mark-space
ratio, and the l.e.d. lishts up when the oscillator
output is low. As wellls ligliting the l.e.d. the oscillator output is taken via a time constant circuit
and the push-button to the storagp capacitor. When
the pu_sh-buttonis pressed in thC required manner,
the voltage across the capacitor incieases.
At the start of the game the clock oscillator
feeding the 2-digit counter commenced operation,

,.:

..Tantalise/..
The front panel of the digital
This offers
challenge
to test skiil in timing and visual reaction

and the count starts

tom zero. Clock frequency is
approximatelv ?yq. The voltage;a;il
th" storace
capacltor rsapplred.to a voltage detector and, when
rr,rea.cnesthe required level, the voltage detector
lnnlblts the co-unte_r.
The ,.frozen" count which is
tnen dlsplayed is the player's score.

flashingrate of'approximatelyone flash every 1.7

seconds,and RB ii-made larg"ein ,"i;ii;" to li2-so
tnat a mark-space
ratio of virtually 1:1is obtained.
iVtrg,pS1.is.clbsed,Rl is shunt".i;";;; R3, r"a,]"_
lt]{,1n9 trmrng resistanceand nearly doubling the
()sclllator
lrequencv.
C3 is the .dtorag'ecapacitor and, when the b5b
F U L LC I R C U I T
ourpur rs hrgh,_rt_charges
via R5 when push_button
,,Tantaliser"game
. Thefull circuitof the
appears sz rs p-ressed.
D2
becomes
forward biised if 52 is
in 11S..!.
The oscillatordrivinglt" tl".a. i.a SSS pressedwhen the b55.output
iq !ow,
R6 t"
multivibrator,-andthe l.e.d.^ria ."rG.-r"sistorn+ be effectively
parallet
in
"aGirg
i,iitr
Rs. i;-;ilequence.
are-connected
betweenits output and the positive the dlschargerate is much greater
than the'charge
rail sothat the l.e.d.is turneddn *[e" tii"
i. rate.
low. Timing components
R2, nS a;d bz"nipri
eio;",
The voltagedetectorusesoperationalamplifier

Disploys

Fig'l' Basic line-up of the'Tantaliser"

wave which lights the t.e.d. when the
manipulate the push-hutton su.chthat
trigger the vottage detector.

game. The low frequency oscillator produces a sguare

output vortage is riw. rne purpi"" or the game is to
the storage capacitor becomai charged sufficiently to
The tanir then stops tn, t*o-iiat
counter

,l*
l.

o-

o
no

uo
-t

s$j
:tI
3t

(,
L

= ,"$l

UJ

4
o

les
.sF
s g8

nd +.zto

R9 4.7k o
R10 1M n
R 1 11 M n
R12 100ko

Capacitors
C1 100pFelectrolvtic.10V.Wl
C2 2.2p.Felectrolvtic..6BV.
Wk
q3 10iF electrollitic,'tOV.Wt i
C4 22ipFceramii plate
or ty1
ll_O.ZZpFpolycarbonate
c280
C6 0.1pFtype C280

iEF

!l

.9
9a a
o
9-

8!

3E

Fi
$bF

Eri

hr

at o

-<

Reslsfors
(All I watt E%l
R1 560ko
R2 2.7ka
Rg 470k o
R4 1ko
R5 560ko
R6 56k o
R7 100

93;

oc

3P

$li
Eilg
iEE

Setniconductors
IC1 555
2 CA3130T
IC3 555
tc4 4026
IC5 4033
pf l.e,d. type TIL220 or simila

oz rNnr+b-

Esi
EF$

Displays

Pl9^I
ll!p600 (seetert)
DIS2 FND500 (see

G'
U

o
o

q
a

224

FF

$11

texti

Switches
91 r"p.g.t, toggle
sz push-button, press to make
53 d.p.d.t. toggie-

Miscellaneous
Plastic case (seetext)
Veroboard, 0.1in. matrix
I
2-off 16-way i.c. holders
g-volt battery type pp? or ppg
Sattery connectors
P-anel-_mounting
bush (for Dl)
Nuts, bolts, wiie, etc.

:::;:

o o

H
F
t

D
o
o

o\

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t

o
o

o
Ol

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!$ilfl;;i
l"'li

: :;6

29 3r
DISt

GE
Cothode

0
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x n\:I
;?l:

o
o

/):{

M
L

B
A

i/:i IaQ
;

AB

Dts2

,D^
Cothode

E
B

A
I
D
F

F
H
I

J
K
I
M
N

a
)
T

684 clcor

Fig'3' The-wiring and taYout of components on the vercboard

panel. tc4 and tcs arafitted in
i.c. horders and shourd be the tast components
to be fitted to the board

IC2 as a comparator.The inverting input is biased

to approximatelyhalf the supply voltageby R8 and
R9, and the voltage on the positive plate of C3 is
applied to the non-invertinginput. When, as occurs
at the start of the game,the non-inverting input is
negativeof the inverting input so alsois the op-amp
output. When, due to CB charging, the noninverting input voltage rises and becomes even
marginally positive of the inverting input, the output of the op-amp swings fully positive. The
CA3130T has no internal compensationcapacitor,
necessitatingthe use of the external component,

c4.

The clock oscillator for the counter circuit

employs a second555, IC3. A CM0S 4026 decade
counter/decoder,IC4,'drivesthe units display.The
4026 will couple directly to an efficient-common
cathode7-segmentl.e.d. display, and FND500 displays are employed in the prototype. A clock
enable input on pin 2 is available with the 4026.
and this is connectedto the output of IC2. When
IC2 output goespositive at the successfulconclusion of a game the clock input of IC4 is inhibited
and the count is then halted.
A CM0S 4033deviceis usedto drive the tens displav. This is basically similar to the 4026, and it
ian also drive an efffcient ?-segmentdisilay. It

differs from the 4026 in that it can provide zero

blanking, which means that the displav is switched
off when the counter is at zero.This has the advantage of conservingthe battery supply by not displaying a superfluouszero in the first digit of the
readout.The clock signal for the 4033is taken from
the divided-bv-ten "carrv out" output of the 4026.
It is not neceisarvfor IC2 to contr6l both IC4 and
IC5, since the odtput from IC4 to IC5 is stopped
wheh IC+ is inhibited. At switch-on, both counters
are reset to zeto by the positive pulse generated by
C6 and R12.
On-off switching is provided by S3(b), and C1
gives all the supply decoupling that is necessary.
When the unit is switched off, S3(a) dischargesCB
via the low value current limiting resistor R7, so
that the circuit is ready to comme-ncea fresh game
when it is next switch6d on.
Current consumption dependsto a large extent
on the number of displav segmentswhich happen
to be turned on, and ihe-curient drain is norririlly
within the range of 40 to 80mA. A fairly large 9 voft
batterv such as a PP7 or PP9 is needed for
econoriricalrunning.
The FND500 7-segment display is available
from Messrs. Tom Powell, 306 St. Paul's Road,
Highbury Corner, London, N.1.

CONSTRUCTION
. The protgtype is assembledin a plastic casehav_
tnglpproximate outsidedimensionsof 1g0 by il0
pv 6Umm. A-ny plastic case of about this size or
larger sFogt4 be capablF of accommodatingthe
parts-.The_lidof the casebecomer t"*-ouuUt8."u,
panel and the Verohoa-rd compo""nt
"
;il"i-la
mounted on it. The displays, th; l.e.d. ddic;to;,
and the three switches are mounted on it. f.trii
p.anel, as- can be seen in the a""o-b".,Vins
photographs.The ex-actfront paneT-t"v"ut is not
cnucal and any sensiblearrangementcan be used.

t;

[l1,"
t',

In thc prototype the ftashing l.e.d. is situated

upper left on the hont panet. To its right are the
two 7-segment displays. Below. 33 is mounted
cantrally with Sl to its teft and 32 to its right

.t

,+'
i,.
;tl

st
ffi
sI

The two displays each require a rectangular cutout measurinq lbmm. wide.by 1_6mm,high. The
pu3-oqtscan_be made by first drillins a*central
nole about 13mm. in diameter and then filing this
gut qo-the-correct size and shape with a *iniiture
flat file_.Altcrnatively a fretsaw or coping saw could
be used. The di.sptayi can be gtued if, pt?;;,.fi;;
gooa,quauty.adhesivesuch as an epoxy type or they
gqn qe pa{e a tight push fit into ih-e- cut_outs.
.['nedecrmal points of the displavs are not used in
the present application but thev will assistin in_
drcatrng- which \ryay up the displavs should be
Also,, the indentations- in- the displays
n9ITJ"g.
snoutd-be at the top. The specified FNDb0d dis_
pl?I/Lshave built-in display filters, incidentally.
. r ne remalnrng components are assembledon a
pteceof O.lin. matrix Veroboardhaving 42 holesby

20 coppersflip.s,and detailsare givenin Fig.B.The

board should first be-cut out witl a hacksaw,after
which the two 684 clear mounting hoieJi-li;"td
-6rS"
b;
drilled. The layout requires a "relatively
n_umDerot breaks ln the copper strips and these
should be made next. The'link wirLs and c.omponentsare then solderedin place. It is advisable
to gqe_
i.c. holders for IC4 and-ICb, since theseare
CMOS deviceswhich can be damagid by high itatic
voltages.The two i.c's should Uij ntt'6a io these
holders when all oth-erwiring has been conrpleted.
and-until tha! time shouldbe*leftin their protective
pqckag-rng.Care must also be taten with ieZ.
which has a MOS input stage,and this i.c. should
also be left in its protective pickagine until it is time
fbr it to be fitted to the board. It sh<iuldbe the last
component to be soldered into position, and thesoljlering iron must have a reliably eartfred bit.
., The completed comqonent panei is wired up to
the co_mponents
on the front panel bv meansof ihin
flexibie p:v_.c.coveredwires. The wirine is finallv
completedbyconnecting the two batter! .lip.. nf;i
tne leactwhlch connectsbetween52 and SB. The
componentboard-is then mounted on the rear panel of the caseon the extremeleft hand side,as liiewed from the rear. This leavesa suitable spacefor
the battery on the right, and the latter may Uet eia
in place QVa qimple_home-made
clamp.-Spacing
washersabout 6mm. long should be firted over thi
two 68A mounting screwswhich securethe component board to the rear panel, thesespacinsthe c;np-g.!gnt board underside away fiom the panel.
Without thesewashersthe boar-dwould be strained
and could crack when the mounting nuts and bolti
were tightened up.
After giving the unit a thorough check for wiring
errors a battery
- may be conneCted,and it is their'
readv for use.
It-should be noted that if a player is very slow at
completingthe game the counler will cycle througli
a complete count and commencefrom zero once
qgain.The actualscoreis then equalto the number
dtsplayed plus 100. Alternatively, the same cau
simply be consideredas lost if the plavCr fails to
complete it before the count goesback-to zero. I
A fe-w co-pies of the October lg?6 ieeue contaillng the original'Tant-alieer' article by G.
A. French, are etill available price 66p, in_
clusive of postage (a free piece-of ve"ofda"a
rs also contained in the ieeue).

really explains
W

microprocessors
series
No,5

By lan Sinclair

Addressing Memory
ln this fifth article in oul | 2-part serieson
w0 examinethe variousmethods
microproco$sor$
memory.
for addressing
omployed
structions,however,it often looks as if there are
more types of addressingthan reallyexist- some
differencesare so slight that they hardly merit
separate descriptions.The addressing problem,
remember,is that any addressconsistsof two bytes,
but the accumulatorcan hold only one byte at a
time. Direct memory addressinglooks straightforward.A typicaldirectmemoryaddressinginstruction would have a 1 byte instructioncode followed
by the two bytes which give the memory address'
Some CPU'srequirethe addressbytesto be loaded
in with the high order (the first byte of the number)
first,
others,notablythe 6502 as used in KIM-1,
I M M E D I A T EA D D R E S S ! N G
require
the reverseorder.Whatevermethodof loadTaking the simplest type of memory addressing

Y o u r e m e m b e rt h a t , i n p a r t 4 , w e w e n t o v e r t h e
ways in which the normal 1,2,3 count of the
p r o g r a m r e g i s t e r c o u l d b e i n t e r r u p t e db y j u m p s o r
b y c a l l i n gd a t a o u t o f m e m o r y ? I n t h i s p a r t w e ' r e g o ing to look at these processes in more detail,
b e c a u s et h e w a y w e c a n u s e a m i c r o p r o c e s s ovr e r y
much depends on what methods we can use for
m e m o r y a d d r e s s i n g .B e c a u s e m e m o r y a d d r e s s i n g
metlrods are important, what appears to be a
b e w i l d e r i n gv a r i e t y o f m e t h o d s h a s b e e n d e v i s e d ,
and at first sight they all look pretty much alike.

f i r s t , i m m e d i a t e a d d r e s s i n gm e a n s t h a t t h e a d d r e s s
of the data is the next address in the program.
l m r r e d i a t e d a t a i s p a r t o f t h e p r o g r a m .s o t h a t w h e n
a p r o g r a r ni n s t r u c t i o ni s " i m m e d i a t e " , t h e n t h e n e x t
p r o g r a m b y t e i s t h e d a t a . F o r e x a m p l e ,t h e i n s t r u c tion called"load immediate" will be followed in the
p r o g r a mb y a b y t e w h i c h i s t h e n u m b e r t o b e l o a d e d
i n t o t h e a c c u m u l a t o r .M o r e o f t h i s f o l l o w s i n p a r t 6 ;
for the moment we can forget the immediate instructions, because they have no effect on the
smooth flow of the program.
Two important types of memory addressing are
D I R E C T a b s o l u t e a d d r e s s i n ga n d I M P L I E D a d d r e s s i n g ,T h e r e ' s a l s o a m e t h o d c a l l e d I N D I R E C T
a d d r e s s i n gw h i c h i s r a t h e r l e s s c o m m o n a n d w h i c h
we'll leave out of this section. Becausethere are
different methods of carrying out these address in-

PC

E
tr;:-]
rre
I

Fig. l. A "load immediate" instruction in

program memory causes the next byte in
program memory to be loaded into the
cumulator. Decimal numbers are shown
simplicity

the
the
acfor

PC
t20

Progrom
mmory
Lood

Addrcss
rc9 rster
Lo

High
bytc

N"xt

Low
byt?

Instruction

Fig. 2. Direct addressing. The instruction code

is followed bV two bytes which are assembled
into a | 6-bit number in an address register.
This is then gdted to the address pins, ciuiig
data to be released from the memory with thit
address. The data on the data lines ii gated into
the accumuldtor, completing the in-struction

ing is used in the program, the two byte number is

the address of the memory which has to be read or
loaded by the instruction. The word "direct', is a
good reminder of what is de6s - the address of
the memory is the byte pair directly following the
instruction byte.
l m p l i e d a d d r e s s i n gi s r a t h e r m o r e c u n n i n g . T h e
m e m o r y a d d r e s si s l o a d e d i n t o t h e d a t a c o u n t e r ,a n d
the read or write instruction simply specifies the
data counte
switching the address lines to
t h e d a t a c o u n t e r . l f m o r e t h a n o n e r e g i s t e rc a n b e
used for this purpose, the instruction byte will
specify which register is used to store the address.
The advantage of this method is that the address
does not have to be specified right away - it can be
loaded into the data counter (or whatever register is
used) later, after all the rest of the program has been
completed.The address can also be a number which
i s c a l c u l a t e dd u r i n g t h e p r o g r a m a n d l o a d e d i n t o t h e
data counter.
I n d i r e c t a d d r e s s i n g ,i n c i d e n t a l l y ,i s a r o u n d a b o u t
business in which two bytes of program contain an
address which is loaded into the data counter. This
address in memory contains one byte of another address, with the next byte in the addresswhich is one
greater (for example, addressing No, 59 for the first
byte, with the second in 6O). This second address is
where the data is to be found. lt has its advantages
but not many programmers make much use of indirect addressinga
, nd not all CpUs permit indirect
addressing.

A D D R E S SL I N E S
Not all CPUs allow direct addressing as we,ve
described it either. Some instructions use only one
byte, so that a full two byte address cannot be
specified; a few CPUs have less than the normal six-

teenaddresslines.When fewer than sixteenaddress

lines are used, the CpU is said to have paged
memoryaccess- for exampleif only ten lineswere
used the "memory page" would have 2ro : 1024
addresses.
The rest of the normal65536 addresses
are obtained by using other signals (such as bits
from the programcounter)as th; ,,pagenumbers,,.
Singlebyte memoryinstructionsalJo restrictthe
rangeof addresses
to a page of 28 :256 words.
This would be unsafisfactory
for some types of in_
struction,but acceptablefor others,such as jump,
becausenot many programsneed to jump over a
large numberof programsteps.The methodsthat
are used to deal with paged memory are a bit
beyondthe scopeof this series,however.What we
want to look at for the moment are some of the
methodsof memoryaccess,director implied,which
are commonlyused.
One very common method is what is called
program-relative
displacement;it is a two_bytein_
struction in which the first byte is the instruction
code and the secondis a pure number.The instruc_
tion is the byte which sets up the CpU readyfor the
number that follows. The number is a number of
progrdm steps addedto the number that is already
storedin the programcounter.This numberis called
the displacement. Suppose,for example,that we
are at programstep number21 (decimal),
and the
jlmp instructionbyte is followed by b6 (decimal).
The effect is then to add 56 to 21 giving 77
(decimal),so that the next programstep we want is
77 (decimal).
The number77 (in binary,of course)
would then be transferredto the data'counter(or
addressregister)so as to fetch the byte which is
stored at that address.We've used the decimal
numbers here rather than binary becausethey,re
easierto follow,but the numberswhichare handled
by the programare,of course,binarynumbers.This
is a procedurefor a jump, but we can also use this
type of add-to-program-count
methodto find an ad_
dress in memory to deposit or recover a byte of
data.

Progrom
memory

59

High

:t:.
LOW

bytc

Fig. 3. lmplied addressing. A two-byte address

is stored in a data counter, DC2 in this example. The instruction
to load. implied, followed
by the code address of the data counter caus@s
the numher stored in DC2 to be gated to the
address pins so that it fetches data from that
memory address into the accumulator

NEGATIVE NUMBER
Do I hear an objection?lt looks rather as if we
could only add a number on, going to an address
number higherthan the one the programhas reached. Don't you believe it - we can add a negative
number,so that the programgoes6ack a numberof
places equal to the number byte following the instruction.Now there's anotherobjection- nobody
has ever told you how a binary number can be
labelled as + or -. Not now, folks, but definitely
later.
The advantageof program-relativedisplacement
(splendidphrase,isn't it?) is that it doesn't depend
on any particularaddressbeing available.Let me explain that. Supposewe have a program starting at
address1, and at address15 (decimal)there is a
displacementof 1O (decimal),sendingthe counter
to 25 (decimal).lf now we need this row of memory
addressesfor some other program,we don't needto
alter our program in any way - it can be fed in at
any other address,and when the iump part of the
program occurs,it's still a jump of ten places.lf by
contrast,the instructionhad been one which forced
the CPU to move to step number 25, that instruction would need to be changed if we moved the
program to another patch of memory.
There'sa disadvantage,though. For a reasonthat
should become clearer later on when we discuss
signed binary numbers, we can only displace the
programcounterby +127 or *128 places.For a lot
of work, this isn't a serious restriction; and if we
really need to get hold of an address more than
these numbers away from the program count then
there are othor ways.
The type of program displacement we've iust
describedis called direct program-relativedisplace-

Progrcn ond
doto marlory

Fig.4. Prcgram-relatiw
addrcssing. When the
pmgmm-rclative l@d instntction is uscd, the
ncxt bytc in memory is added to dte number
whic, is in the prcgram countcr regis& and
the sum is esedas a memory address. Thc addtw numbbr must be fairly itosc (l28 slrlps or
/ass/ to t ra stqp in prognm whera this instruction is used

Mcmory
545

Fig. 5. lndexdd addressing. The indexed-load

instruction causes the nert number b6e in the
program to be added to a two-b6e number (the
base number) which has been stored in a data
countq. The sum of these numbets rb ased as
an address to fetch data from memory. Any
part of the memory can ha addressed in this
way. Decimal numberc are used in the illustration

ment - becausethe number of steps to be added

to the program counter comes directly after the
iump instruction.There's another type of programrefativedisplacementcalledindexed which involves
a rather more roundabout method. When we use
this sort of iump, the first byte, as usual,sets up the
GPU ready for the next byts. The next byte once
again is the number of steps to be displaced,but
this displacementis not added to the number in the
program counter. The program counter is held
waiting, while this number is added to a number in
the data countar and the total of these two is the
addresswhich is used in the instruction.
INDEXED DISPLACEMENT
Now that may look a rather elaborateway of adding a displacement,but it has its advantages.For
example,while you're wdting a program you may
very welt not know how many places you nant to
jump until the program is finished. Using indexed
displacement,you can leavethe decisionuntil later,
then entr the number into the data counter which
is specified after the jump instruction. The step
forward from this is true indexedaddressing.In this
msmory addressing systom, an address number
storodin memory is addedto the number in the data
count6r,or in some othsr rogister.The advantageof
this systom is that a much wider range of memory
addressescan be accessed;in some types of CPU,
for example,this is the only way of getting from one
page of memory to the next.
All microprocessorCPUs can use this programrelative displacementsystems, and some have interesting variations.One such variation is indexed
displacementwith increment. In this scheme, the
jump instruction spscifies a memory address in
(Continued on Page 2311

,,RING
OF LEDS" P
ldeal attention-catchingpresentation

UlllQutDISPLAY
indirores
8 segm;nrs
of timingperiod
16 METRE DELTA
BEAM
A_ "DX-grabbing"
antenna
which requires little outgide
space. Costg only a few
pounds, this driven delta
will work real DX and is
equivalent to a 8-element
Yagi in performance.
The antenna is very eimple
to construct and can be a-irborne in a couple of houre.
I'he results should eatiefy
the moet critical DX chaeei.

NEWS & COMMENT

ELECTRONICS DATA
Controlled
Voltage Gain

-..-

G'

l*"
I hr

The CMOS 555 has now become

availableon the home constructor
market. Known more properly as
the 1CM7555, it is a fully pincompatible with the wellestablishedbipolar 555 i.c., but
draws a much lower supplycurrent.
It is suitable for supply voltages
trom 2 to 18, and its output can
drive both t.t.l. and CMOS devices.
The trigger and threshold pins have
much higherinput impedancesthan
do the correspondingpins in the
555.

SHORT WAVE NEWS

ULTRASONIC REMOTE CONTROL

ustNc CM OS555' s

IN YOUR WORKSHOP

I I

li f.

Ff

LONG TIME
LOW C By E. A. Parr
!i:lri

For timing periods of up !o a few minuQg'lhe

timer i.c. ieigrrs supreme. Unforubiquitous S--5E
tundtely, the period is given by the formula:
T:1.1RC,
periodeaboveabout 5 minutes
which meansthat for 'goes
into hundreds of kilohms,
iesistance
the li-ilt
iviis "irito
;r;utems with leakage, and the capacitance
thousands of microfarads, resulting in
Eoes
firoblems with leakage'poor tolerance and cost.
F E R R A N T IZ N 1 O 3 4
The Ferranti ZN 1034was designedto overcome
theseoroblemsin a rather novel way. Its main internal'connectionsare shownin Fig. 1. Basically,it
consistsof an oscillator and a 12 stagedivider. The
oscillatorruns at a frequencydeterminedby a timine resistor and capa-citor.-The12 stage divider
diiides the oscillatoi frequencyby 4096.When the
chip is triggered (by a nelativC pdlse on pi1 1 or bv
application of the supply) output Q at pin 3 goes
niin: tne divider is reset then starts to count up at a
raie' determined by the oscillator. When the
divider reaches4096 the control takes output Q
back low again. This approach allows--verylong
timing periols to be given for quite small valuesof

R and C. With pins 12 and 11 linked,the periodis

givenby:
T : 2700RC.
With 500k o betweenpins 11 and 12 the periodis:
T:7500RC.
Another useful feature of the chip is the inclu'
sion of a 5 volt shunt regulatoron pin 5. This
allowsthe timer to be run on a widerangeofsupply
voltagesfrom 5 volt d.c.-upto (with suitableexter440 volts a.c.
nal components)

Iiesisfors
(All fixed values I watt 5%)
R1 100ko
R2 470a
R3 470 0
VR1 4?ko pre-set Potentiometer,0.1
watt, horizontal
Capacitors
bt ropP electrolytic, 10 V. Wkgr^^^
C2 O.tuF ceramic disc or tYPe uzdu
C3 10iF electrolYtig,10 V. Wkg,^^^
C+ O.tpf ceramil disc or tYPe C280
Semiconductors
ICl 2N1034 in 14 Pin d.i.l.
TRl BCIO?
Sruitch
51 seetext
BatterY
81 9 volt batberYtYPe PPB

OO
, OutPUts

Fig. l.

5V

Ruzzer
Audible alarm -

Shunt
reguiotor

The main intemal lunctions

of the

see text

Miscellaneous
Veroboard, 0.1 in. matrix
Case - see text'

/'
The output is.taken from

not_Q output,
which.is ldw duringitreli*ini thei"iila
and hish
whentheti ming
ip q6mptlt..i'd; 6; ;td; Tffi
-of
on at the end the tjmed pdiiia,iiir-"d1ft-ti;
".,

audible alarm.

'fi;
.,f
::$ll,!,:ii:'"ltttT*,i**t'"',",H".,"li
ggpply is turned.on. Switch-Si-tiiilJ-.d;t HS

timer. C3 decouples^
tlre b;itert
*", found
necessarybecaudrof the extra iurient
""i &;;;'d;
the audiblealarm.
CONSTRUCTION

C3

.,,T1'"$T3f,:J?riffi
:
i:i,ff5fLHht;ff

TRt
BCrO7

necessary
with a fbb wg,ul{
-Ulritt,i"'q
Mnt;;;&A'ffi;;
pqcfe*-!)Thecircuit,,*9!
ffi tft ei. Bl

0.1 in. Veroboard,yth

,thelavorTrh;w" irii;fl. g:
Tfig shouldbe .self-explanat6ry.
r ne casetor the protQ{ne quryq someeearching,
until.a domesticc-alculatordied in a rather
ter_
mi{ral

BcroT
i6-\o
Lcoa-outs
\_19,,,r

manner.
with tlit F bd;a ;;;li;;i
rii"
endmadegoodwith fiAalert;iletic-"rd-;j
it madeaniaJii i"."-.ilil.t";ilt
tltli:-p-lttv,
Daftery
compartmentand connector!

Fig. 2. lhe clrcutt of the pa*lng

motcr
'thc
rcminder timcr, Thls cauacs
b'uzir to
sound aftcr EO mlnutcs

es'an iaaed
bonus,the switch
.Sl *qr- plgvided bt tt;l;;k
socket.o1 thp ca.tculator
side:Eeri;;aii,r tr,i, ii"ii
ptug startsthe timer, g+4 the alaim is slie;;A
;;
re-inserting.
theplus.this si6il;i;r;;il;t;i
.
agalnstrnadvertent.
operationthan a normal ;;:;ii
switch,which coutddasilyil
a pocret.
6;fd-in
When.the

P A R K I N GM E T E RR E M I N D E R
-_Theauthor hasusedttreZN10g4in a numberof
appjrcauons,
the most-interestingof which ii a
par[mg meter reminder.
to
.!]ris w-ae_designed
sound.aminiFture buzzetatthCend
6f i-du mrnute
period,and the unit had to be imail ."-*il,6Tit
a.pocketand run off a 9 uoti ualliivl,iirie"circuit i;is
ghown Fig.. 2. The same circuit
4
can ;ho bl;
enlp^tgy.ed
to fu nction aJ il- tr6iir iil;;:'
ICl is the ZN1OB4,
and hi ana Cf ir.. timins
c.omponents
with fine adjustmentblinc nven n.,
vRl.-The

circuitis lirsf ffiitilel .lro-uii--6d

^
grUF.
Thiswillgivea timilsilrioh;fth";;a;r;i
"oiei;iidd b;;ffi i:
40seconds,
alloviingcorrect

ed and the circuit de-busged]

CALIBRATION
With all the timing-componentsat their nominal
value, the_calculatpdtinlilt ;ils; is 45 6 -6t.6
minutes. In practice, tolei"ancii'lf-";i";;
;;;:
ticularly with- Cl, miy cauJJtir. arrir"o umrns

cir_cuit
is pow6red
ti"T'"8titilili
PPl,and
the
intirna_l
shunfr"n;t"tii,frpfi'6
Fq:

gf
j*di t
fi.$:?f,
J:t',":Ti.:ly
decoupling capacitor.
"Tli'"'l;"io

periodJg-o_ptlrrt"s-of
t honil to u.-i,iit ia" tii8
rang.e
ofVRl.-This
discre,panpv
il 6ffi;p$
employing.a
differentvaluefo'r$l
Ri,;;
ietcrminel

ln [ne cauDratron
process.

Direction ot strips

oo"looo
I
"?olooo
ooC4
ooo

" lRrl-I
rlooo
I

fl*

lll,
I
^

II
'/t

xt
x

X: btcok in strip

Fig. 3, The @omponent sidc of thc vcroboad

asscmbtv cmoroved

l"

o o o o
o

-( @
o

VR'

" \---J-.

f .

The calibration is a simple, but somewhat

f""cthv, ;oceduie. Wittr Cf a-tits correctnominal
i0rzF, turn VRl to its minimum.resistance
;;iiili

.ti,if tte timer. Note the time which

i"i,iiiri
"iia lhe b,rr""r sounds.The.setti-ngfor
;1";;; Gi;ri
VnTi""a the possiblealteredvalue in R1) can
then
--ili".be calculated.
45minutes
."pposethe timersounds.aftpr
for a 50 minute-period'45
"nd-*.-ai6'aiming
minutes.oit.tpottdt to 100ko, and therefore50
.ot-t.t-io"d.,in kilohms,to!p0 multiplied
;il;;;
totalvalue
bv BOanddividedby 45,or 111ko-.-The
is thenadVR1
and
;t' Ri ;a Vnii. ttti,"titko ,
a
aimtng.at
were
we
If
l1ko.
insert
to
iusted
'p;;i;a
Rl
in
re-quired
total-valuc
the
minutes,
of 6o
;;AVRi *""ia 6. 1b0multiplie4bv 60 anddivid;a.;i ,ib, filSgksi- VRl wiruldthen be adjusted
for 33ko .

tuated. Its red terminal connectsto the,positive

of suqnlv. and its black terminal to the
;;;;;;
nesativesupplV whrch, in this case,is the collector

u3d9r
dtiJbM-oi aiarmcanbeo!1arned,
"iTni.
*naiti"".' from Field TechLtd',
i;li;;ft
;h.
siiitriiJ"i#"4;- H;athrqq {i3port, Lo.ndon,
fr5il;i;*,^iw6'gAF. FietaTechLtd' normallvim'
*i"imum order chat-geof t10 but, as a
"
""*
io out readirs, are prepared.to
5JJ"i"j ;;;;;.6;
tne atarms at a special price of.el each, inonlv
"Ti.t
for cashw-ithordersIirXi'iiii,,i.T;;A ;;.ki"s'
-monttri'from

thedateof publicai;;;';".ii;e or 5
the alarms
ordeling
Rqqders
article.
;i;; Jal-hG
r"'.i-t? rJi:i t- il; did & Etectronics Cois trucror and
io
- tne present article. - Editor') aiu*" bv the 2N1034 during the
fi;'."-.tJ"i
i.
approxiirately 8'5r-n$.'The timing
timine ;;i"d

;i;;;i?'"i-iiie. 2-d"i' be madd va.riableby hqviSts

VitT ;tet aEcessible.Becausethe- length of the
to h, anv scalefitfud to VRl
A U D I B L EA L A R M
""ri"di.-irt";;;ii;ili
minimum value of timing
fiif"il"fi;;;;:-ihe
The audible alarm emplqyedin the-prototype ...i.ti".u iJlko , and the authorhasm.adea ygry
Electronic.Buzzer^type
*a. a *iniature SolidStat-e
making
? to 105minute-s^bv
;;;?;i;i';;;
-and
ojl-3 bI
OUOd. Tttii ha. apptoximatedimensions
tr
multito0k
"ou"ii"e
a
using
o
bv
l.zt<
Rl
16bv 1?mm.,drawsa maximumcurrentot r'lmA CibTin
position'
VRl
the
in
turn
botentiometer
acwhun
;; f"""I;t ild biod,rce.a rich clearsound
I

Databus Series No. 5

ADDRESSING MEMORY
(Continued from Page 23O)
which the displacement is stored, but a/so inc r e m e n t st h e a d d r e s sn u m b e r s o t h a t e a c h r e p e a t e d

jump goes to a different memory address' This is a

u"ty J*utt method of making sure.that different
jump' The
nr*b"r. are fed in each time there is a
is autosystem
of
fancy name for this type
displacerelative
program
indexed
incremented
ment. lf no displacementis added, and no increment, then this "indexed" system is just the implied
m e t h o d o f a d d r e s s i n gw h i c h w a s d e s c r i b e de a r l i e r '
T h e s i m p l e r m i c r o p r o c e s s o r sl i k e - t h - e N a t i o n a l

lNSSo6oior sC/tvtp)the REA 1802 and the

of stepping
iairchildF8 will usejustthesemethods
into a different address, but the microprocessors
which are used in computing, as distinct from
machine control, need the more f ar-ranging
methods like absolute direct addressing'
Convenient as program-relative displacement is
for srnall programs which are in RAM, it's not entirely satisfactoil for machine-control work, in which
rnost of the memory is ROM. There's not much
p o i n t , f o r e x a m p l e ,i n a d d i n g a d i s p l a c e m e n tn u m b e r
to a program number. and so getting an address
which is an addressin ROM if you need to write
data out to RAM. In the simpler CPUs which use
o n l y p r o g r a m r e l a t i v ed i s p l a c e m e n t ,i n d e x i n gh a s t o
be used to provide addresseswhich are outside the
range of the ROM.
tiext month - a look at a very important data

r"s
Lrants to knott' when Palt-daY

r e g i s t e r ,t h e a c c u m u l a t o r .

(To be continued)

EXHIBITION
PREVIEW

'79
BREADBOARD
. Followingupon the great success

of last yeal': Breadboard z_g,_which

attracted more
'itie"n;
than 10,000visitors-q-tregrga4ig_ei.,
i"-t^i,iiiirri"i
bxhibitions Ltd.. have
bookedthe RovalHorticuitu'ralil;ii.'"i dlu"rto'
street,westminsterfrom Tuesdav4th
I)ecemberto saturdaysth De;e;b;i ioirn
bGs;";hidiiior _ Breadboard 29.
Breadboard 79 will containmoreihan-go
"u"r,
uir,iuifi?".i""Jr
uK, and
overseas,
manufacturglland suppliersof'components,-io'oG-anct
"""ommodating
test equipment.The
standswill featuremicrocomputet,svstems,:;fiii,F;G'.ri"s"i"
tl*t acggsgories,
hi_fi kits,
moduiators
etc..as welras.auariedianse.ofconitructioftit, and
games.
rV
Therewill alsobe a numbet r"*p"tlii"". iira"iriii""*ii"i"i""s in
whichvisitorscan
participate.
"r
We give brief details of some of the items to be exhibited which will
be of special interest to our readers.
. Ambit fnternational will
lncludeamong the manv items
on their stand the DFM5 shown
tn the pho-tograph.The I)FM3
was rntroducedin responseto
man1r'req-uestsfor receivedfre_
quency displays for portabie
0peratlon.
.. Th"- I2IM3 incorporatesa S
dr$t Lql), giving direct fre_
quencydrsplayon the following
ranges:
VHF

with 10kHz resolution up to

200MHztyp (lim_
ited by pi6scalar
theoretical
maximum
is
399.99MH2).

I)irect

reading the above

range without IF
offset.

LWZIVIW

with 100H2 resolution for the

Marine DF chan_
nels.

LWISW

with tKHz resolution for up to

39.999MHz.-

Tb" IF offsets include all

standards around 4bO-470kH;
- anJ

it.u.
l :A
Y ,^ p l .us zM Hz
i rvtHzlor

shortwavein addi_
llgl_to the 450-4Z0kHzranges.
VFIF offsets are based arofrnd
10.7MH2.
The unit is supplied for panel

Ambit continue receiver freguency

display line with the DFM?

mountrng__as a double deck

-bL_
g-vstem,with the rear section
rng. devoted to input shapine
and prescalar operations. Th6
tront ssction carrying the main
{u anq dlsplay can be used in_
ctependentlyin the AM mode
only, p_rorriding
facilities for -tti"
por_
table DF rec-eivers *t
total c-urrentdrain of 4mA
"i" is es-,
sential.
The. display is static, thus
cre-atlng no strobing in_
terterence,and enablingtf,e hst
olglr stagetp be incorporated in
a slmpte trequency stabilizer
sensorsvstem.
. Made- in Fngland by Ambit
lnternatlonal
Prige ready made module
844.90+ VAT.

, A brief mention of just two of

the new additioni to the
Stevenson Electronic Conpolents
.-r4nggof components
to be exhibited.
First a range of rugged
genergrpurpose multimeters of
verv high quality yet as alwavs
verv
,reasonably-priced. The
mooet luustrated has over 20
ranges including DC voltaee
trom 100mV to 1000V anid
current from SOpAto 0.2bA. Ali
ranges are well protected
against_voltage or current
overload..
.An interesting feature
rs lts. abrlrty to read directlv
translstor parameters such ai
hFE and lieo.
complete
.The meter
wrth probes, -comes
batteries.

comprehensivemanual, and is
pric6d
at s12.95(inc VAT).
A secondnew line rePresents
an article which in thesedaYsof
disital electronicsis increasinglv?ifficult to find. but for which
ih manv appiicationsthere is no
substitute.A rangeof 2" moving
coil oanel meterswith an attractive'modern appearanceand a
toueh acrvlic fb-ce.The window
is itisntty raised so that the
metei-mavbe mounted behind a
rectansulir cutout in the Panel.
Alternitivelv bolts are Provided
at the rear ior front mounting.
There i3' a wide choice of
ranses including a VU meter
and' an illumination kit is
available which is easily installed. Price is s4.75 for the meter
and 50p for the illumination kit.

The HT-32O multimeter from Stevenson Electronic ComPonents

EXI{lBlTonS

1979,Continental Specialties Corporation

At Breadboard
(U.K)';;d.
rc featuttng its extensiverange of ,Pt-o-t9tIP:T
.-it."it aurigners,ls well as se-veral
il;;a;
of io*-.oii alitt"i ti"tflesfiootiirg and test aids for
;;;;;"t;; "ii-i..rr.Lii;-i;"t
environment'
iti.
" a*lfl"pment, productionor service
i*o"e ttt" tt.* ptoducts o-nsh-owis.the C.SCpxperimentor
to prqviQga
f'-ii;;? -oaiii"t ioldeiie.sbradboards,designed
Ex-

;t[1d Ji"ioi"-i'?1il;d;C;;;tisi"e "ie"t'bnic;ircuits''rhe

withtheunu" tt?a in conjunction
ffidd;;Ib;.i'a6"itaJ.i"
rapto
'scratchboard'

con-ceIt to Drovrde
worlrsheet
-.-it."i;
and Experinientor'Matcha;is6'
or
afi;*;;;'do"il;;e;-F;:itiiia,--i'e-etct'6d'printed-iircuit boardsare
if a perminlnt circuitis required'
includethe MAX-100
"urit"Uti
testlnlrut"e.*"on-sh6w
Newlow-cost
the minia-ture
prescaler;
;A;ilciated
counter
frequencv
z;
u
at
w-hi
cli
-zbor ;""t";;
ifo"XiH6 f;;il;;y;
.o'perates p to 550MH
can
.*..pi-tti runctioir generator,
;ff^i\4-"d"i
^w-hich
to ruuKriz'
ique

produce sine, square or triangle waves at up

t"ttg. ,of circuit-powered
-probes' {iSital
CSC is also showing
digital
" rnctuorlg.
logic
ttoii6l"shooU"g equrpment'
pulsers, logic monitors and loglc test klts'

The continentat Specialties Corporation Experimentor system of

solderless bradboard and, underneath, the matchboard pre-drilled

Ace MailtronixLtd.
Acorn MicrocomPutersLtd.
Alcon InstrumentsLimited
Ambit Intornational
Amtron UK Limited
AuraSounds
Bernard Babani (Publishing) Ltd'
Bi-Pak Semiconductors
BossIndustrialMouldingsLimited
T. J. BrineAssociates
The British Amatour Elecronics Club
CarstonElectronicsLtd.
CharcroftElectronicsLtd'
ChordgateLimitsd
ChromasonicElectronics
Chromatronics
Clef Products
CommodoreSYstemsDivision
fhe ComPonentCentre
CompshoPLtd.
Continental Specialtier CorPoration
CraelUK Ltd.
CrimsonElektrik
CroftonElectronicsLimited
De Boer Elektronika
ElectronicOrgan ConstructorsSociety
ElectronicsTodaYInternational
Electroni-KitLtd.
ElectrovalueLtd.
EverydayElectronics
Expo(Drills)Limitod
FalconAcousticsLtd
GMT Electronics
Hart Electronics
HavantInstrumentsLtd.
Henry'sRadio
LektrokitLimited
Liqht SolderingDevelopmentsLimited
r-tNDY-KlausLindenbergKG
LotusSound
Manx Electronics
M.C. Miirketing
MagnumAudio Ltd.
Maplin Electronic SuPPliesLtd'
A. Marshall(London)Ltd.
MedelecLtd.
MicrodigitalLtd.

One of Maplins
range of syrfrresrsers

Erhlbhon (contlnuodl
N.l.C.Models
The NewbearComputingStor
OK Machine & Toot (UKi lta.
P.l.L.Lrd.
T. Powell
PowenranElectronics
PracticalComputino
PracticalElectronicl
SentinelSupply
Stevenson ElactronicsComponents
Drrun Etoctrical& Mechanical
rngineeringLtd.
TransamComponntsLtd.
TUAC Ltd
Two PlusOne ComponentsLtd.
Vero ElectronicsLtd.
Watford Electronics
West Hyde DevelopmentsLtd.

gtr***l*;lfiffi
l*I'ififfi:dix*
c-hangeof venue to the Agricdd;i'i{;ir.

!!E9ner a loj moreroorfiio.ii,*.iliffi,

*r,r oe a great assetas

; ",yitemson..r,I* ii,:;,,Ttf,i t fl:'"Tl'li

f "3,r"i
tif,f
lfi:
Their

range of prglr:J kits will be

on, display with special
tb theorgan.;i.,J;i;"".,z_er
(see
photo)for
31i:*t::::ilg-gi_"F,
-gfi.i;;.;;_
w'rcr proressronalmusicians-will
be iir attendanbe

lH:f'*"tr"""1,'T1,;l,nr;,liy;Ji"J

In addition manv of,the.linesshown

in this company,slarre
cataloguewill be on sale
*iir{iii.i'J ,ung" ot. teaflets.
"t"r,ri

_ Dq" to the succes.l-olfast

year,sshow,BI_pAK
uemiconductorg g

partintr';!,i;.,;;f,ifali'6"i1?iu1il,
j"r:f;,l?,[ff
*;ir
k;;;;
iotonrv.
to
;'T,fiff.:t;lf xi^**

#iT*iHti:,""*Tl*:',"":x"#;lnrffi
i:
,,|,i',i,gt*lJIi:,3","f,ffiTrflauq'
:,qlJirilt{ii?fi
"1";:,i ',;,'Wffitffif
,iif;J?',li*?f,
*#".glt'l{{f{Ti'f
T,f"m}'!l,tig
wrth customers'requirement.-?oi
ponents at competitive
_q,i"firv
pricls ina"il"jntain
"orn_
a
sameday service-.

il,$"i'#[l'q,::r"""":r:Sji::";;u*tl,;ii';

componentson sale.

,,__Bftl""q Babani (publishing) Ltd wiu be

clsplaying
their entire rangeof publications.

The British

Amateur.Electronics

Otub
(prA,E.q..yistheonivna-tl",i".t"-"i'itrrlljectronics

club in this countrv.no-rrstmportance

avaitable
,H,; ;;;;s;i.il;rl#;'"'
is widelv
I*i:l'""::j jjll-,i: 91eof thelargest
l,1l^_"-ou.""q,s"ii-""ut;i;;#;il"?tt""ir#fr
nics,in-i,iafi'e i| tffi
Tstectro
rrtLeresr

.-""J
ff I AfrXlef

Jt""ri."iir,u.iast,
att enthusiasts
'!u
Fj3*"",1':':11i^*j*t"toi"t"if
from the
-+hoi,
('u
the
rne nrghly
Yv61'r'sr
highly jjpe'enced.
perienced. "o-pi"Jl'?w
exAlt ih-"i-r. ?:T,l^t"-t-t"
All
_ Members keep in
u'cr extremEly-good
exf,remltl_eoqd
"--^o offer
value,- being
varue.
beinq i"eiie,
i_o*^^-p..9.*1
paperbacks
ranging in
price
pnce from
trom zsp to ez.lflle

"

"ir,

**,*l,ru$-ilH'*t'ld*

'r:$J*?,',"otT:',',
jf',:.fitffi
t"J";.frr;ilbTfifissions on
:e,Q:iillt:r,l|f,
; will betheplacer"ano
au usrtors to fteir Stand.
a chanceto plavwith

VMOSPOWER
1
DEVICES-Port
By JohnBoker
The first of two articles describtng
applications for tlre new YI|OS
porrrer transistors
TYPES
VMOS power field-effect transistors are not a AVAILABLE
medium power
At the time of writing, th-re-enu*-d"uut6pment but they have only been in exto-the amateur
readily-ivailable
that
are
is
onlvrecentlv
devices
it
VMbS
anh
i"* vuars
i;;;;;;'rot'"
"vNnoaF,^vN66AF and
tle
exth;;;-5eils
;;;
Itt"v ttuu" beconie available to-the amateur
bv the
VN?ig/iFl""[*Ji-i,tti"ttare manufactured
o".i-""tut. Frevious f'e.t. types have been mainly
from
be
obtained
ma.v
Thev
hlgh
iiiil"'.ii'c"lporation'
iuitable for low power applications, such as
difference
main
The
s"pplitis.
prenoise
low
ivi;;ii;"Et;i'oniJ
amplifiers,
i*n"dance buffbr
thesethree devicesare,thetr maxlmum
amblifiers and similar functions. Devices such as t
uotl^s" ratings,which are 40-volts'
"l*u"n
dissipafiiJe
have
maximum
;;;il-;;
etc.,
2N3820,
in"'zNg8ig.
iu.p""ti"vilv' Thev are all in a
first
nott"
at
and
6o'",iriJ
ii"" ncui". bf f** hundred milliwatts,
"iiTd
"
T"of;id J"""pi"t"1i"tt, hauea riaximum drain-tobe consideredsuitable for
conceivably
;i-ilt;*ld
output
the
as.in
such
*ntce current rating of 2 amps and a maxlmum
power
applications,
*?aiuttt
stagesof portableradios-'In prgctice' howver'tJley power dissipation of 72.5 watts'.
""ih;;"Vli,ibSdeviies are enhancement f'e't"s
rtt*'it"Ut" fot such aiplications since their
con".?
rather than the depletion types^whlch are more
resistancewhen made fully
aiui"-io-.ource
and
100n
about
than
;H;^";;;"1"i.a. i-aeptetion-f'e't' is normallv
less
be
to
du.tiu" is unlikely
biased
li''? ii' ga6 mustbereversed
il;h;;;"#;,
U" u. muc6 as several times this.fiSure"'.S.n
' ;lth"r;;;;;tb
off the
turn
to
order
in
this
.ou-."e
of
it"
devices
"outa
employing
stage,
output
-*ould
i.L.i. audio
An enhanceIot ii"""t operatio.n'
obviously give very poor efficiency ;;;T.;;il;."it
ivpe.
loudspeaker' ;;;';;d;T".t'
is much more iikq. an ordinary
ev'en'whendriving a high imp-edance
off'
VI\'IOSdevices,or "vertical" f.e.t.'s-asthey are i;iiliJi"ri"n.i'.-to; il it'"t itli "ormally.turned
respect.to
biased-with
forward
;;'d i;; e;1" ;J"t be
sometimescalled, have the structure shown in the
i;i;6 be turned o4'-Fo1a drain-toiepresentitive cross-sectionaldiagram of {ig' 1, ft:;".;;'l;lf
and
or rmA, the VMos devicesrequirea
;;;;;;;;ni
flows vertically betweenthe drain
Tfie
case
"utre"t
the
u"i*,i"" 1.8 and 2 volts' Like orag5
horizon-tqly
i;;;;i;i;i'ii
than
rather
tn" .oui"",
arevoltage,nt!:t
fi nsistors
is
the
It
ih;
ililffii.;;.U
;iih an oidin"ty JUGFET or MOSFE{.
havevery htghpthey
and
VMOS
operated,
which
itt"n
6utt""t
structure
VMOS
u"urual
-enables
saturatlon
drain-to-solrrce
The
nut imoedancbs.
devicesto handle high powers and currents'

bi; of 10 volts and a drain

;;ld;";iifr'u-eut"
voltsmaximum(4 voltsmaxlamfl;3
;;;;;;i;f
imum for the VN88AF).
ADVANTAGES

VMOS f.e.t.'s have several advantages- over

rrip"i"t p"*ut- tiu".ittors, the most obvious-being
tiieh i"p"t impedance. This makes it
;h;i.;"il
p"..it i" f"t tiie devicetg liovide an outPut current
'of
an amp or more whilst being driven trom a nlgrll
imoedanie circuit, since no signrtrcant lnpur
tranststor'In conse-device
' drawn by a VMOS
cuirent is
can often be
-t*o
;;;;;;:.
"i"it"-"vMoS
""
three
or
*it"iu
;;;i;;;d
-bipolar transistors
i"-u butti"gton confisir-ation would be;;#Jfi
can"ofrset qni. dig.a{ygntageof i
"i"J"i.-rtti"?act
tt"n.i"tot", *t ictt is their slightlv hie\."1 i
VMOS

itlustrating

the internal

.".t lel the time dl y::*?

wrth
whencompared

' -e{qynjr+.'1

- Another advantagewith VMOS transistorsis the

tact that they do not have the rrinoritv carrier
storagetime effect associatedwith bipolar translstors,slnc.ethey are majority c-arrierdevices.In
practrce thrs means that they have a very fast
switchingspeed,-the actual figures for the a"r,vicei
mentroned-herebeing 2 nanosecondstvpical and b
nanosecondsmaximum. Typical FT i;-600MH2.
. A third advantageof VMOS transistors iJ that
they do not suffer from thermal runaway and
secondarybreakdown.Bipolar transistorsari ,ul;ect to thermal runaway because they have a
positive temperature coeificient; as thei i"ciease
in temperaturethey conduct more heavifu.therebv
producingincreasedpower dissipation and further
temperature rise. Unless apprbpriate steps are
takg.n,this regenerativeproceis can easilv corrtinue
untll the transistor is- destroyed. Secondary
breakdowncan be regardedas a?orm ofto""ii."i
thermal runaway within a transistor, and it limits
the maximum voltage-current combination that
can be safely handled. VMOS devices have a
negativetemperature coefficient,so that increased
, tempe_rature
causesa-reducedcurrent flow. Thus, a
lsort of negative feedback action prevents thermai
runqway and secondarybreakdown.
-There are disadvanlagesto VMOS transistors
whi,chare, once.mo.re,-applicable the time of
-at
wnung. I ne marn cllsaclvantage
is that the satura_
tion voltage is higher than that of a bipolar transistor, whereupon -they become slightly less efnclent ln so_me
applications.Another disadvantaee
ts that, in the -power range being consideredheie,
only n-ciannel devicesare available at present.It
is probablethat future developments
will overcome
theseproblems.

Touch
contocts Ott

[-[-plA

I
|.ffiu

l+l-u

N-^

VN88AF
L c o d- o u t s

Fig. 2. A very simple

touch switch
incor_
porating
a VMOS
transistor.
tf leakage
resrbfarrces
are kept
very high the circiit
iemains almost indefinitely
in the on or the off
stata

\" i}i

,-'i{,

-'+:

'1PqJif4(-:rEI

TOUCH SWITCH
The remainder of this present article will be
devotedto two circuits incoiporatins a VMOS transistor, and the first of thesels shown in Fie. 2. The
diagram showsa very simple touch switcl which
demonstrates the main properties of a VMOS
device.
It is assumedthat, when power is first applied to
the circuit, Cf iq in a dischargedstate.TRi-is, as a
result, turned off. Onlv leakaeecurrent will fl6w in
the load and at most this should be only 10pA. The
leakagecurrents in severalprototvDecircdits were
all much less than l.pA; too low, in fact, for the
author to detect at all.
The switch can be set to the on statebv touchins
the u_pper-set
o-fcontacts.Cl then chargei up to thii
supply rail voltage through the skin r:esistinceof
the operator,biasingTR1 into the on state.The circuit will remain in this state until Cl sraduallv dischargesinto TR1 gate and through itl own leikaee
resistance,or until the operator touchesthe lowbr
set of contactsto provide a dischargepath throueh
his skin resistanCe.The input resistince of Tt{l
and the leakageresistancebf Ct will both be extremely high, and it is found in practice that the
circuit seemsto stav in the on state indefinitelv.
The touch contacti do not needto be particulailv
efficient in terms of low contact resistaircewith th"e
skin of the finger which touches them, as a high
resistancehere.will merelv increasethe time takdn
for the circuit to switch frirm one state to the other.
rather than preventinethe circuit from workine a[
all. On the other handit is important to ensuret'hat
there is a very high resistancebetweenthe contacts
since even a minute leakagecurrent would be sufficient to prevent the circuit from functioning correctly. For the samereasonthere must be very high
resistancein the wiring to the transistor gate lea-dout, and.the capacito-rmust be a good quality
plastlc loll component.
The touch switch circuit works well with loads
drawing current up to about 100mA. At these
currents there is no significant voltagedrop across
TRl when it is tgrned on.

CMOS TIMER
An obvious field of application for VMOS
{qv_igqsis as an output switching device driven by
CMOS logic. An eiample is giien in the CMOS
timer of Fig. 3. Here, two gates of a CMOS 4001
quad 2-input NOR i.c. are connectedto act as a
monostalrlemultivibrator which produces a timed
positive output when switch Sl is closed. The
length of the positive output can be varied bv
means of VR1. The range of timing period._"
available will vary to a small extent due to
tolerancesin the value of C2 and variations in
transfer characteristic between different NOR
gates,but it shouldbe ofthe order ofless than 1 second to slightly in excessof 1 minute.
At the end of a timing period, with 51 open, C1
will be dischargedand-the output at the- second
gate,at pin.4, will be low. Both the inputs, at pin-s1
an4 ?, of the first gate will therefori also bi low,
and the first gate_ouiput,
at pin 3, will be high.If 51
is rnomentarilyclosed,pin I of the first eatewill be
taken high causingpin 3 to go low. SinceC2 is discharged,pins 5 and 6 of the secondsatewill alsobe
taken low. and its

vl
lN400l
VRt
lMn
Lin.

ls----

IOOUF

V4 -4<nt

l/4-4ool

7.8,9.12,13

gate couples dir*tlv to the gate of the

Fig. 3. A timing circuit in which the output of a cMos
is negligiblY low
VMOS transistor. ii. toading'placed on the CMOS output

the low output at pin 3 of the first gate'Ttre high

tti"ieco,ia gateturns onTRl and causes
"i *tioie coit is in its drain circuit, to
"riput
iti""t.t"r.
energlse.
C2 commences to charge viq R2 and VRl' When

ii"iufficientlv positive the

idiiit't'tri"i-;i;t"
takgate
startsto gonegative,
iic'ona
oiitpuTor tne
i;;i; t ;iifiii;.t
iate nesativq4l-so'The overall
oiTn'intttii*o e;t". iJsultsin a fairly rapid transiii"" 6 itt-" "gatestatein which thd output at pin
"iiid"*i is high and pin 4 of the seconcl
3 of the first
;";; i; t;. hl. ti-id period is then.over,with
Tni i"i""a off and th"eielav de-energised'
The low currentoutput of a CMOS g-ateis not
a ielay directly,and a VMOS
.uriicienlto
""Ltgi."
convertinga CMoS
devicdfor
dft-ird; is a"latA

output voltage to a high load current' Indeed, a

drive more than a

bM.dS ;;ffit .outa
"".tu"llv
transistors.
hundred
"TJ'*Ittt VMOS
dttetoii.ti.*itch of Fig, ?,the VMOS
t.i"".i.ii,t'ofFid. g ;"" readilyprovideoutput load
tp to-100mA.Thii enablesrelavs with
i*tliiit
to be used'
doil resistances
iJ*
iuil"
NEXT MONTH
In next month's concludi4S- article' rye

iii",isithe uJeot vu-os Eevicesin the

"r,iii
A i.f. amptifiersand in other
ffi;"i-ilfi;J
applicatione.

(To be concluded)

BOOK REVIEW
By Tom Duncan.64 pag_es,
ADVENTURESWITH ELECTRONICS.
-i+si
bv John Murrav'Pricef2'5O'
igO.tn (9* x 7$inl. Published
proiectsfor beginners,a.particularfeature
This hard cover book presentssimpleconstructional
are
made
up on S-DeC's,and variousmethods
The
assemblies
required.
is
no
soldering
that
being
soldered'For instance,if a transistor
normally
be
are elmpbyedfor making connectionswhich would
by
lead-outis to be extendeda pieceof 22 s.w.g.tinnedcopperwire is held againstthe lead-out
is
to
leads
with
stranded
lf
earphone
the
two.
an
plastic
over
sleeving
p*.i"g 1mm bore rubberor
to the S-DeC,ih" neat trick of openingout one leg of a paperclip is recommended.
6e con-nected
is held in the
ihe opened-outpart of the clip is passedinto the S-beC hole and the strandedlead
r e m a i n i n gs e c t i o n .
fifAfter a-nintroductorypassagethe book proceedsto a few simple circuits and then describes
f'e't'
an
and
metronome
electronic
an
alarm,
a
burglar
teen projects.Theseincludea rain detector,
the testing of
raaio. me book carries on to two short sectionscoveringthe working of radio and
may be
proiects.
The
components
the
for
parts
required
transistors,and concludeswith a list of the
purchasedindividuallyor as a completekit for the book'
,,AdventuresWith Electronics"is printed in red and black, and has an imaginative approach
which will panicularly appeal to ths younger reader'

fradio Topics
By Recorder
+TVVYYYVY
Now that everybody is going
mad about microprocessors, it
becomes desirable for all of us to
get at least a smattering of
knowledge about some of the things
which go on in the realm of what
the media keep referring to, annoyingly, as the "silicone chip". The
extra "e" added to the correct word
"silicon" conjures up horrible
visions of chunks of unhealthy looking potato fried up in silicone
grease.
One of the mildly eccentric points
about microcomputer i.c.'s is the
numbering of inputs and outputs.
Instead of numbering these in the
o r d e r 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 a n d s o o n , t h e f i r s t
input is numbered zero, giving the
seriesO, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.

2 T OT H EN O U G H T
Perhapsthis makes sensewhen
we consider binary numbers.We
may
in
reading
about
m i c r o p r o c e s s o r se n c o u n t e r t h e
n u m b e r1 1 1 1 1 1 ,' l w h i c h c o n s i s t s
of seven binary digits. This is ob.
viously 1 less than l OOOOOOO
which, when we count the number
of digits (8) we may erroneously
assumeto be 2 to the powerof 8, or
2 5 6 . T h e n u m b e r1 1 1 1 1 1 1m u s t
thereforebe 1 less,or 255.
But we would be wrong because
1OOOOOOO
is not 2 to the power of
8, but is 2 to the power of 7, which
is equal in decimalto 128. Why is
this? lt is becausethe least significant digit in the number,the one at
the extreme right, does not represent 2 to the power of 1, it
represents2 to the power of zero.
Let's try it with smaller binary
numbers. 10O in binary is 4 in
decimal,and is obviouslyequalto 2
squared or 2 to the power of 2. lt
we count the numberof digits,from
right to left.we do not usethe series
1, 2, 3 but, instead,the seriesO, 1.
2 to arriveat the correct power of 2,
With the binarynumber IOOO,the
digits, counting from right to left,
n u m b e rO , 1 , 2 , 3 . S o 1 0 O 0i s 2 t o

the power of 3, or 2 cubed, or 8 in

decimal.
The same state of affairs exists in
d e c i m a l .1 0 0 i n d e c i m a li s 1 O t o t h e
power of 2, as can be determined by
counting the digits from right to left,
u s i n g t h e s e q u e n c eO , 1 , 2 .

N U M B E RD O O D L E S
Whilst on the subject of numbers,
some mild and harmless amusement can be obtained from doodling
with pocket calculators. As an exa m p l e ,k e y i n a n y n u m b e r f r o m 1 t o
, n d t h e n m u l t i p l yt h i s b y
9 i n c l u s i v ea
3. Multiply again by 7, then by 11,
then by 13 and then finallyby 37.
After this, press the "equals" buttQn.
The numbers 11 and 1O'l multiplied together in any order produce
palindromic number (numbers
which read the same in both directionsl until vou take the number of

Most people know the result of

k e y i n gi n 7 7 3 4 a n d t h e n t u r n i n gt h e l
calculator upside-down. Another
n u m b e r w h i c h c a n b e t r e a t e di n t h e
same manner is 58008.

P O W E RS U P P L I E S
The illustration shows the smart
lines of the TPS 21 bench oower
s u p p l y n o w a v a i l a b l ef r o m G r e s h a m
Lion Limited, Gresham Housr!,
Twickenham Road, Feltham,
M i d d l e s e xT, W 1 3 6 H A ,
O u t p u t v o l t a g e o n a l l t y p e Si s a d j u s t e d b y a h i g h - a c c u r a c y1 O - t u r n
potentiometer mounted on the front
panel, and this allows setting to be
c a r r i e do u t t o w i t h i n 5 m V . S i m i l a r l y ,
current trip adiustment is made using a single turn "Cermet" potent i o m e t e r . I n t h e r a n g e ,t h e T P S 2 0
power supply offers a single
variable voltage from 0 to 30 volts
with current limiting up to 1 amp
a n d a s e p a r a t e5 v o l t 1 a m p o u t p u t .
The TPS 21 gives two 0-30 volt
outputs up to 1 amp, together with
a 5 volt 3 amp output. Variations on
the TPS 21 are the TPS 21 D, which
h a s l , e . d .d i g i t a l d i s p l a y s i n s t e a d o f
meters, and the TPS 234 with
variable current limiting up to 2
amps. The two remaining power
s u p p l i e si n t h e r a n g e a r e t h e T P S 2 5
with a single 0-4O volt output and
variable curreht limiting up to 1
amp, and the TPS 28 which offers a
s i n g l ev a r i a b l e0 - 6 0 v o l t o u t p u t a t 2
amps maximum, or tracked O-3O
volt positive and negative outputs,
again up to 2 amps maximum.

Ecnch power supplv two fPS 2r. fhls ls ono of a now rango of prccislon power suppllos m.nuf.cturcd by Otuham Lion Limitcd

multiplications too high. For instance, try keying in 1 1 times 1 1

times 1O1 times 1O1 equals.The
result will stand another multiplication bv 1 1 before the number
becomes too large.
guarantee that all
lcan't
calculators will give the desired
answer to the next little doodle, but
it's wor"th trying. Key in 9.876543
and then divide it by 8. The result,
with simpler calculators, should be
1.2345678.

CAM SWITCHES
The cylindrical components with
terminals in the second photograph
are husky rotary cam switches
marketedbyJ&NWade
(Switches) Limited. Meeting most
European specifications, these
switches feature a positioning cell
which determines the switching
angle (3O, 45, 60 or 90 degrees)
and also sets the start and stop
positions of the switching function.
Either one or two double-make,

Cam swltch.s of 18 and 25 amp ntlng tvtlloblo from J e Iy Wadc

lSwltchosl Llmltod, Th.t. v.rt dlo and taggd unlt c.n b. odqt.d to
control o wldc nngo ol hlgh cunont twltchlng clrcufts

double-break contacts are available,

and the switch design enables the
user to employ up to 72 contacts by
using, for example, a three-column
u n i t h a v i n g a s i n g l e o p e r a t i n gh a n dle.
The switches are available for
mains, on-off, changeovr, step
control, starter, motor reversing,
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and
group control applications. Spring
return functions are available on
many of the switches and a range of
s e r i e s - p a r a l l euln i t s i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e .
The switches are described as 16
amp (type K) and 25 amp (type A)
units. Voltage ratings are up to 660
volts, and thermal current ratings
range from 16 to 200 amps, or
2,000 amps with contacts in
p a r a l l e l .F u r t h e r d e t a i l s m a y b e o b tained from J & N Wade (Switches)
L i m i t e d ,L i m b e r l i n eR o a d , H i l s e a l n dustrial Estate, Portsmouth, PO3
5JO.

I M M E R S I O NS W I T C H
I have just received a sample of
the new lmmersion Heater Time
S w i t c h m a n u f a c t u r e db y S m i t h s I n dustries Limited, and a very neat little item it is, too. Intended for
operation lrom 22O to 25O volt
5OHz mains supplies, it is capable of
switching on an off resistive loads
up to a maximum of 16 amos. ln its
nominal applicationas an immersion heater time switch it can offer
savings in electricity since it
a u t o m a t i c a l l yp r o v i d e sj u s t t h e r i g h t
amount of water heating in each
day. There is no need to rely on
memory. The switch can, of course,
be used for switching resistiveloads
other than immersion heaters.
The switch measures 2!in.
square by 2fin. deep, and can be
fitted directly into any flush conduit
fixing or surface mounted switch
242

box. lt is supplied complete with

mounting screws and bracket and
can be purchased from electrical
retailers.
The timing mechanism incorporates a plastic ring, calibrated in
hours from 1 to 24, which is driven
by the internal synchronous clock so
that it rotates once every 24 hours.
Near the periphery of the ring are
two concentric circles of holes.
these being spaced out at quarter
h o u r i n t e r v a l s .A m e t a l p e g i s i n serted at the appropriate hole in the
inner circle to give switch-on, and a
second peg is fitted to another hole
in the outer circle to provide the
switch-off function. Four additional
pegs are provided,enabling the controlled item to be switched on and
off wvo or even three times a day. A
lever at the front of the switch can
b e m a n u a l l ya c t u a t e dt o s w i t c h t h e
load on or off (apart from a period
up to ten minutes after a timing
operation, during which the lever
a c t i o n i s i n h i b i t e d )a n d t h e t i m e r w i l l
then automatically take over the
subsequent switching off or on at
the appropriate time. Indeed, the
timer can have only one peg inserted, whereupon it simply
switches on or off at a predeterminedtime.

EARTHSTATION
N o w f u l l y o p e r a t i o n a la t M a d l e y ,
Herefordshire,is the 6M Madley I
s a t e l l i t ec o m m u n i c a t i o ng r o u n d s t a tion commissioned by the Post Office. The inauguration took place in
April and the prime contractor was.
M a r c o n i C o m m u n i c a t i o n sS y s t e m s
Limited,
Initially Madley I is being used
with the Indian Ocean IntelsatIVA
satellite and provides a large capacit y f o r t e l e p h o n e ,t e l e x a n d t e l e v i s i o n
traffic. The station has facilities for

further expansion and it is foreseen

that it will be used with the next
generation of international telecommunication satellites, Intelsat V,
whereupon the system channel
capacity will be doubled. In terms of
quantity of equipment Madley l,
with its 32 metre antenna, is one of
the largest satellite earth stations
operating in the Intelsat system. In
all, 55 chains of receiving equipment, 14 chains of transmitting
equipment and IO high power
amplifiers give Madley lthe
capability to communicate with
about 40 countries simultaneously,
and Marconi Communication
Systems is already manufacturing
equipment to extend this capacity.
As prime contractor, Marconi
Communications Systems is coordinating the efforts of an international team of sub-contractors including Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan, for the antenna subsystem and Comtech, in the U.S.A.
for the low noise amplifiers.
The complete Madley I station is
built up in modular fashion from a
number of individual sub-systems.
The largest of these is the steerable
32 metre parabolic antenna which
is mounted on a building housing
rhe steering and control equipment.
Also in this building are the high
power transmitter amplifiers with
their associated control logic, and
low noise cryogenically cooled
broadband receivers.
In the Post Office central building
is installed the Marconi Ground
Communication Equipment. This
consists of s.h.f. branching, s.h.f,/i.f.
downconverters,
demodulators.
modulators and base-band equipment. Also in the building is the
cross-site make-up amplifier
operating at the s.h.f. receiver frequency, fixed station test facilities
and all associated control and
m o n i t o r i n g e q u i p m e n t . ( S . H . F . ,i n cidentally, stand for Super High
Frequencies
of 3,O0O to
3O.OOOMHz.)
Peripheral systems, such as public'
address, air conditioning, fire detection and weather recording facilities
have all been supplied.
I t s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e dt h a t M a r coni has a long record of achievement in the technology and construction of communication earth
terminals. For the Post Office the
company designed and equipped
t h e I n t e l s a tA s t a t i o n s a t G o o n h i l l y
2 and 3, and in Seotember of
1978 handed over Goonhilly 4. Marconi Communication Systems remain the only British Company to
have supplied complete communication satellite earth stations.
(INNSTFIITNfnNrl

READERSN

0ur

HINTS
& TIPS

'$
tent fault was curedin leasthan ten
secondsby a touch of the soldering iron and the expenditureof three
millimetresof resin corgd soldor.
" K n o c kK n o c k l "
READERS'HINTS
Smithy sighedwearily.
"Who's thereT"
"Come on Smithy, cheer up."
"Two people:Killerand Mugger."
calledout Dick from his side of the
"Killer who and Muggerwho?"
,
Workshop.
r.
Dick grinned expansively.
Smithy looked ovoi at hls assis"Killer HErtzand MuggerHertzl"
tant and then glancedat hls watch.
"You must admit," he stated,
Smithy grunted irritably.lt had
';that
been a tiresome day. On the "For
it hasn'tbeenbne of our better
Repair" rack were no fewqr than
days.Oh well, there'sno us mopfour colour television receivers
ing about it, I suppoee.You can
which had been collectingdust over
f press on home early if you llke, as
the last week awaiting replacement Ithere won't be anythingelse to do
parts from their manufacturrg'gr- r today."
vice departments. Accompanying
But Dick seemed rluctant to
them were two black and white
deoart.
"D'you remmber," he asked
television receiverg which wre
parts
similarlyawqjtingreplacement
casually,"when we were doingthat
from the dfanufacturers' service
cassettrecorder;you aekedme to
dpartmentg.Also on the rackwas a
havea look in your benchdrawerfor
multi-knobbedsilvery music centre
an insulated rod which you could
for which a replacementpart had
use to poke at the components?"
actually arrived from the manufacA pained expressionpasaedover
turer's servicedepartmentthat vsry
the Serviceman's
face.
"l don't think 'poke' is quite the
morning,the only snagbeingthat it
was for the wrong model.
right word to us.I employthat llttle
Smithy drew some comfort from
rod to gently tap th components."
the fact that h and Dick had at
"You were poking them all rlght
least clearedthe rst of the stock on
near tho end, when you wer gtthe "For Reoair"rack.The last item
ting all het up about that interhad been an inexpensivecassett
mittent," retorted Dick. "Anyway,
recordor with an intermittent fault
while I was lookingin your drawerI
on "Playback".They had struggled
noticedthat you had quite a largo
for a fruitless and frustrating two
sheafof lettersin there,all clipped
hours of the afternoon in their
together with a whacking great
search for the source of the interpaperclip. I was wondering. . ."
mittent. tapping components and
His voicetrailedawayxpoctantflexing the printed board without a
ly.
"Sheaf of letters?" rep6sted
singlesign of succegs.lt was eventually Dick who noticedthat the inSmithy frowning.Suddenlyhie extermittentfaultbecameevidentonly
pressionchangedand his eyes llt
when the "Playback"button on the
up. "Why, of courselThosar th6
" R e c o r d - P l a y b a c k "s w i t c h w a s
letterswith hints sent in by readers,
pressedin at a certainangle.This
and they've been gradually acfinally led to the discoveryof a cold
cumulatingover the months.There
joint at one of the switch tags. After
should be quite a pile there by
the wasted two hours,the intrmitnow."
DECEMBER.1979

He opened the drawer and took

out the letters.
"Yes," he went on cheerfully.
'We've got quit
a selection here.
Certainly enough for ug to have a
good readers' hintg sesslon. Shall
we do just that?"
"Yes pleasel"
"Right. Well. you come over here
and l'll have a go at thm."
As Dick carried his stool acrosg
the Workshop and sot it up
alongsideSmlthy's,the Servlceman
looked through the letters. He extracted one from the sheaf.
"Here's a good one for startors,"
he announced. "And it'a from a
reader who uses a homoconstructdshort-wave prgselector
with plug-in coils.The onee he ugeg
are the Denco miniature types
which plug into a B9A valveholder.
As you will very probably know,
these coils are supplied In
aluminiumcans which can b usod
as screansfor the colls, and ln hls
preselectorhe first fits the coll he
wants to use and then screwg tho
screenover it." (FiS. 1.)

B9Avitvchotdcr
Flg. l. Dcnco plug-ln colls ar.
supplled ln an alumlnlum aontalner wlth a sctew-on lld, lf
the lld ls sccurtd undor tho
valveholder lnto whlch thc coll
is plugged, tho cont lnar may
than ba scrcw.d lnto lt to form
a scracnlng can
243

Fig. 2(a), The threc neon bulbs arc wltcd to th. BgA
valveholder so th.t each llghts up whon ono of throc t pa/'.atc
coils is plugged in. The sezbs resr'stor has a value suitable for
h.t. voftcgc ol atound l5O to 2(X) wlts

Fig. 2(b). With scmlconductor cqulpmcnt havlng a low tupply

voltage, llght amlttlng dlodcs may bo omployod lnttood of ncon
hulbs

"Yes?"
"The snag is that he doesn't
alwavsknow which coil happensto
be pluggedin without havingto uncrew the can againlAnd so he uses
an electricalmethod of indicating
which coil is in use.Therearethree
coil rangesand he has modifiedthe
coilsby addingto eacha bridgewire
which connectsbetweena common
Dinat chassispotentialand a disused pin. The disusedpin is different
with each coil. The result is that
whichevercoil is insertedcompletes
a circuit between chassis and a
neon indicatorcoupled to the h.t.
positiverail. I should add that his
preselector
is a valvejob with a high
v o l t a g eh . t . s u p p l y . "( F i g '2 ( a ) . )
"Does that mean You can't use
the idea with a low voltag transistororeselector?"
"Not at all. With a low voltage
preselectorthe bridged pins could
j u s t a s r e a d i l yt u r n o n l . e . d ' ' s .("F i g .
2(b).)
"Why, of coursetheYcould,"said
Dick excitedly."And, whether the
indicators were neons or l.e.d"s,
they could all be mounted on the
to give
front panelof the preselector
a reallyeffectiveand strikingindication of the rangewhich is in use.I've
iust thoughtof somethingelse.With
you could use three different
l.e.cJ.'s
colours for the three ranges; red,
g r e e na n d y e l l o w l "
"Okav, okaY," said SmithY,
h o l d i n gu p h i s h a n d ." D o n ' t g e t a l l
carried awaY.There's one Point I
should make to anyone who considers adding the bridgingwire to
t h e D e n c oc o i l P i n s . "

"What's that?"
"The pins are mounted in
polystyrene,which melts very readily with heat, and so the soldering
iron shouldbe appliedand withdrawn
very quickly.A good plan is to firct
plug the coil into an odd B9A
valveholder,fit the bridgingwire to
the pins and then solderit quickly.
After that, give the coil a good few
minutes to allow the polystyrneto
reset hard again before removing it
from the valveholder."(Fig. 3.)

ETCHANTTRAYS
"That bridging wire idea is a
good hint to begin with," said Dick
"What's the nxt
enthusiastically.
o n e ,S m i t h y T "
"lt's a method for making up
trays for etching printed circuit
boards,"replied Smithy slowly, as
he read a new letter."There aretwo
diagramsattachedto th letter,9o
you'd better have a look at these."
He removed a sheet of paper
from the letter and oassedit over to
his assistant.(Figs.4(a) and (b).)
"What's the advantageof these
trays?"
"The main advantageis that they
cost nothingat all," stated Smithy.
"As you know, it's often
recommended
that I photodeveloping tray be used for printed circuit
etching,but traysof that naturear
not so easy to com by nowadays,
and they can also be quite pricey,
too. What this lttersuggestsis that
suitableetchanttrays can be made
up with the plastic availablefrom
discardedwashing-upliquidbottles,

plastic milk bottles or similar circularcontainers.Firstof all the neck

and base of the bottle are cut off,
afterwhich a cut is made down the
resultantcylinder,givinga roctanglo
of plastic sheet. lf necessary,this
can be cut down again to give a
final rectangleof the desiredsize.
Next, you draw lines on the rsctangleas shownin the first diagram.
and then fold or creasealong the
lines. Follow this by folding the
sheetto the shapeillustratedin the
seconddiagramand,usingan office
paper stapler, staple together the
multiplelayersof plasticmsterialat
the corners. The staples mugt bo
high enoughup the wallsof the tray
which has now been formed to be
above the surface of th otchant."
"What size of tray can you make
up with this idea7"
Smithy studiedthe ltter.
"The averagewashing-upliquld
bottle will make a tray measuring
about six by six incheswith threeouartorinch walls," he stated.
"Furthermore,a seriesof smaller
trays could be made,to fit one inside the next. As a result, an aPp r o p r i a t e l ys i z e d t r a y c a n ' b e
selectedfor whatever board is to be
etched, with a consequentsaving
on etchant.Finally,traysmade up in
this way are neat and durable,and
will survivethe etching of many a
orintedcircuit board."
He turned to a further letter.
" S n a ol "
"What did you say?"
"l said snapl" chuckledSmithy.
"Believeit or not, but the vory next
letter l've picked up descrlbes
anotherhome-madeplasticbathfor
etchingprintedcircuits.Let me read
'The bath which I
from th letter.
now use, and have used very
successfullyfor two years, is made
from one of those boxy-shaPed
plastic bottles in which supermarketscommonlysell half-gallons
of lemon squash.The plasticfrom
which theseare madeis translucent
and reasonablytough but is quite

B r i d g i n gw r r e

Fig. 3. The bridglng wltc ls

soldered to the appropriato coll
pins in the manner shown hcrc

Radio& Electronics
Constructor Data Books
PanelSigns
Transfers

I
3lao

-*

(o)

Fig. 4(a). A tt/ctanglo of pl.stlc cut hom e pl.Etlc cont.inu is

ma*od up as lllustratod
(U. The plestlc ls thcn foldcd up to form a tny, tho comcrs bclng sccund by cteplu

easyto cut with a sharp knife.'"

"l think I know the sort of bottle
that's being referredto," said Dick,
frowning. "but I'm not entirely certain."
"The reader has drawn I sketch
of th bottle after it has been converted to a bath."
Smithy handed Dick a skstch
which had been attached to the
letter.(Fig. 5.)
"Oh, I know the type. of bottle
that's meant now," said Dick. "Go
on. Smithy."
"Okeydoke," replled Smlthy
equably. "Tho bottls la used laylng
on its side, and a restengularaperture measuring.say four by five Inches is cut centrally in the upper
face. This hole is slgnlflcantly
smaller than ths maxlmum whlch
could be cut out, so that there ls an
overhang all round the inner surface, giving the advantagethat accidental spillage of tho contents ls
very unlikely.This home-madebath
still has the screw cap on it, whlch
makes it very easy to empty and
wash out when it becomes dlrty.
Another point is that the handle,
which is algo left on, provldesa convenientplaceto attach I cord which
can be looped over a slmple crank
on tho spindleof a slow-speedelectric motor. This allows the contents
of the bath to be gently agltated
whilst etching is in progr6$."
"Blimey," said Dick appreclably,
"that's a cunningapproach.There'g
one thing. though. Won't the
overhangingedges make it difficult
to remove the printed board after
etching?"
"Our correspondenthag covered
that point too," grinnedSmlthy."All
that has to be done ie to thread a
piece of plastic covered wlre about
a foot long through a sultable hole
in the board before it's put In the
bath. The board may them be
removed by thls wire."

He pausedfor a moment.
"l think it's worth glving a word
of warning here," he continugd.
"Ferric chlorideetchingsolutionis a
pretty active chemicaland like all
activechemicalsit shouldbe handled with care.
"Dissolvingfanic chloride crystals
can sometimes cause the cr8tion
of heat, and so the processof dissolving should not be carriedout in
a plastictray or bath, althoughit is
of course in order to store a cool
and fully prepared ferric chloride
solution in a suitable plastic container."
"That seems sensibleenough,"
commentedDick."ls that th6 flnish
of that letter?"
"No," ststod Smithy, "there's I
secondhint in lt. This also has to do
with printd circuits and lt deals
with a good and cheap etch resist.
The letter says that the cheapest
and best etch resist the writer has
yet com across is a proparation
sold as engineer's marking out liquid. This is a spirit based lacquer
which is usuallyblue in colour,and
it is widely used in metal worklng to
provide a coloured backgroundon

Flg. 5. A hom*madc
bath for
prlnted drcult etchlng ls madc
from a supetmarkct
lomon
squash contalnct

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which scribedlinesstandout clearly. lt should not be confusedwith

'marking blue', a non-dryingpaint
sold in toothpasttype tubes which
is usedfor quite different purposes.
The correct markingout liquid can
be put on the cleanedcoppersurface of ths board with a paint brush
or a pen to form the tracks,or it can
be appliedall overandthen scratched away, when dry, at the places
whereit is not wanted.The lacquer
driesin a few momsntsand etching
may then be carried out
straightaway.After etching is complete,the lacquercan be removed
with a paper towel wttd with
methylatedspirit."
"That soundslike iust the thing
for printed circuit buffs," commented Dick. "How d'you get hold
of this markirlgout liquidT"
"That's not quite so easy," seid
Smithy,as he continuedto readthe
letter. "lt sems that the liquid is
sold in largebottlesonly,which are
much too big to providethe small
quantities required for amateur
printed circuit work. On the other
hand,the liquid shouldbe available
in any good enginer'stool shop,
and it may well be possibleto obtain an odd ounce or two in an old
ink bottle from a small local
engineering company, Even this
small quantititywould be adequate
for dozensof printed boards."
"Does the marking out liquid
have a trade name?"
"Let me see now," said Smithy,
as he continuedto look throughthe
letter."Ah yes, here we ar.A very
widely used brand of the liquid is
'Spectra
Color',
soldunderth name
and this shouldhelp you to identify
it if you should go around hunting
for it."
"'Spectra Color', eh?" repeated
Dick."l mugtremembrthat for any
future printed circuit jobs I start off
on. Any more hints, SmithyT"

AWKWARD SCREWS
Smithy pickeduP anotherlettr.
"Here's a neat little one," he
chuckled. "lt's a golution to the
perennialproblemof gettingscrewg
started in awkward Places."
He pointed to a sketch in the
l e t t e r .( F i g .6 ) .

"lf you have to offer up a screw

in an awkwardplace,"he continued,
"you first put two turns of corsd
soldertightlyroundthe scrwin thg
direction indicated in the sketch,
The screw is then placedin the required position by holding the
solder, after which a tug on th
solderwill tend to turn the screwin.
lf possible,you can put tho tip of a
finger on the screw head while
you're doing this. Once th screw
has startsd the screwdrivr takeg
over,"
"Hey, that's craftyl"
"lt r's neat, isn't it?" agreed
Smithv. "Now let's see what I've
got nxt."
Smithy picked up sveralltters
and lookedthroughthem carefully,
After a little thought, he arranged
them in a new order.
"Comeon, Smithy,l'm gettingall
i m p a t i e n!t"
"Sorryto holdyou up.The reagon
l'm sortingthese lettersout is thet
they comefrom one readerwho has
sent in a numberof hints.However,
thesebreakdown largelyinto thre
main ideas,Right,I'll got startedon
the first,This ie an ideafor replacing
drive belts in reel-to-reel tape
recordersand cine projectors.Our
correspondent statg that having
paid pricesfrom f2.50 to nearlyfB
for replacementblts and, in some
cases,not beingableto obtainbeltg
at all for some importedjobs, he got
so fed uo that hs decided to gee if
he could make up his own belts.
And here is one of the belts he act u a l l ym a d e h i m s e l f . "
Smithy took out a belt from the
letter envlope and handed it to
D i c k .( F i g .7 ) .
Dick picked it up and stretchedit
experimentally.
"lt seemsto have quite a bit of
'The
elasticityin it," he remarked.
two ends are tied togthorwith cotton thread.Here,hang on a minute
this isn't a solid material- it's got
a hole down the middle."
"That'sright,"confirmedSmithy.
"lt's plasticsleevingand it's known
'Symel' Sleeving.As with that
as
etch resistlacquerit may be a little
difficultto get hold of, but it ehould
be availablefrom surplus dealers,
uses is
The size our correspondent

Fig. 7. A drlvlng bcft madc up

from tough plastlc slocvlng,
The belt wlll bc found a sultablo
replacement in many rccl-torcel tape rccordc,E-

1| mil bore with I mil wall

thickness.A lengthof 25 yardscan
be obtained for quite a moderate
sum and this can be cut up and
made into a considerabl
numborof
belts. The sleeving'is cut to the
length requiredfor the replacement
belt and the two ends are tied togetherwith severalturns of thin strong
thread.The sleevingwill run overthe
smallest pulley likely to be encountered, and it has even besn
used successfullyin replacementg
for square section drive belts. A
further advantageoccurs wlth tape
recorderswhich have to b pertlally
stripped down to fit a replacement
belt. All that is required with the
'Symel'
sleeving is to thread lt
through and get someoneto hold lt
in position while you tie the enda
together."
"That's certainly an idea I've
never heard of before," commntsd
Dick. "What's the next hint?"
"lt's a holding device for goldering small components," sald
Smithy. "All it consistsof basically
is a crocodileclip solderedon to tho
end of a piece of fairly heavycoppor
wire about 6 to 10 incheslong. lf
desired,the teeth of the clip can be
filed down so that they don't mark
the item to be held. The free end of
the copper wire is securedin a vice
or movableclamp,and the wire can
be bent into any position.The item

Corcd

soldc.

Fig. 6, An idea for tt.rtlng

screws in awkward placcs,
Pulling tha solder tums th.
screw through sevortl
revolutions, aftcr whlch thc
screwdriver may bc brought
into uso

246

CONSTRUCTOR
IiAI)I0 ANI) ELECTRONICS

to be soldered is held In the

crocodile clip, leaving both hands"
completely free to hold wires
against the itm for soldering.An
exampleof how the holding devlce
can be used is for the solderingof
wires to a gram cartridge plug in a
pick-uparm. There'sa sketchof th
holding device in the lettor. Ses?"
,Smithy's finger indicated the
sketch.(Fig.8).
"Stap me," said Dick eagerly,
"That's just the sort of thing we
need in this place.l'll make up one
of these holding gadgetsfirst thing
tomorrow."

Hcovy copper
wrfc

Fig. 8. A "thlrd hand" for

holdlng components durlng
soldering. The copper wlrc can
be bent to placc thc crocodllc
cllp in any daslrcdposftlon

"lt will certainlybe jolly useful,.,

agreed Smithy. "Now here'a the
third hint and it is concernedwith
mains units for transistor radios.
Insteadof makingup a mainssupply you simply obtain on of the
pocket calculator mains adaptors
which are on offbr very cheaply
these days. The lettr writer gtatos
that he bought one rated at 7.s
volts d.c. at 50mA for less than a

pound.Theseadaptorsare intended
for charging the battoriesof pocket
calculators. and they include a
mains transformer and a rectlfler.
Now, there is of course no
guaranteethat a calculatoradaptor
will be suitablefor a partlcularradio
and so thre's some risk that you
may not be abls to use th6 adaptor
for this purposeafter you've bought
it. So far as hum is concerned,the
electrolyticsacrossthe radio supply
rails should provide sufficient
smoothing in most cases. Tho
calculatoradaptorsusuallyhavethe
d.c. output carried by a 2-core wlre
terminatedin a jack plug.The radio
can then be fitted with a sultable
jack socketwhich isolateetho internal battery when the plug ia inserted,lt is essentialthat you check
the output polarity of the calculator
adaptorby meansof a meter before
wiring up the jsck sockt."(Flg.9).
"That sounds to me," said Dlck
slowly,"as though the idea should
only be usedby peoplewho understand the technicalities
involved."
"That's right," agreed Smlthy.
"But againstthis hasto be balanced
the fact that thes calculatormains
adaptorscan be picked up at giveaway prices. Now let's have a look
at th next hint.Which,incidentally,
brings us to the end of our present
batch."

ETECTROTIIC
CONgTBUCTOFS

Wlth our BAROATN

PARCEL.. . *

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Tcl: (028314E868 rpcciet ordon

THE

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19-21 PRAED STREET

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Tel: Ol4O2 9176

L E A DA N C H O R I N G
Smithy took up the final letterin
the sheaf on his bench and read it
carefully.
"Ah". he remarked,"what we
have here is an idea for anchoring
leads which connect to Veroboard
assemblies.Now, external connections to Veroboards are usually
made with flexibleinsulatedwires
and thesecan passthroughthe appropriateholes in thE boardsand be
solderedto the coppr underneath.
A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,V e r o p i n s c a n b e

+I
I

Plugtrom
odoptor

BYTHEG3HSC
BHYTHM
IUETHODI
I hese courses which hav8 boen sold

for
over 23 years,have been proved marrytimbs
to be the fastest method of leaming Morse.
Yil start right away by learning the sounds
of the various letters, numbrs, etc., as you
will in fact use them. Not a seriesof dots and
dasheswhich later you will haveto translkat
into letters and words.
Using scientificallyprepared3 speed records
you automatically learn to recognise the
code, RHYTHM without translating.yor
can't help i1. lt's as easy as learninga tuns
18 WPM in 4 weeks guarantesd.
The Complete Course consists of three
recordsas well as instruction books.
For Complete Course send f5.5O (overseas
surfacemail e 1 extra).

T H E G 3 H S CM O R S EC E N T R E
Fig. 9. Using a low-cost pocket calculator matns adaptor to
power a small radio. lt is necessary to find the polarity and
voltage available at the adaptor output plug before using it with
the rcceiver. Not all calculator adaptors may be suitahte for this
application

8ox 8,45 Green Lane, Pudcy, Surrey.

I enclose f5.5O or s.a.e.for oxplanatory
booklt.

Addrsss

solderedto the board and th extornal l6adssoldrodto thes. Both of

these methods are perfectly acceptable, but Veroplns ere to b
preferredif the leads connectlngto
the board will be subJectedto any
physicalmovm6nt,ag would occur
if they wEre leadsgolng to a battory
connector. Even with a Veropln
there is still a weak polnt. thls
appearingwhere the wlre leavesthe
rigid soHlr joint at the pin' itself"'
"That's true," agreed Dlck. "l've
bumped into several cageg where
wires havefracturedat thelr Veropln
solder joints."
"ThE answer to th6 problem,"
said Smithy, readlng through the
letter, "lg to phyelcallyanchor the
wires at the edge of the Veroboard.
What is requlredfor each lead are
two adJacent holes ln a slngle
copper strip near the edg6 of the
Veroboard, assumlng that the
Veroboardclrcult layout allows thlg.
Cuts ar made ln the gtrlp on elther
side of th two adJacentholee.Next,
a piece of singlecore Insulatedconnctlng wire has lts ende bared for
about half an lnch at ono and and
about an inch and a half atthe other
end. Like thls."
Smithy pa$ed ovor a shot attached to ths l6tter. (Flg. 10 (a).)
"l'm wlth you so far. Go on.
Smithyl"
'Then," sald Smlthy, "you pasg
the half inch bared end through one
of the Vroboardholes and solderlt
to the coppor."
" R i g h tl "
"Next," resumed Smlthy, "you
pass the lead to be secured under
the wire." (Fig. 10(b).1
"Checkl"
"Finally," stated Smlthy, "you
pull the one and a half lnch wlre end
fairly tight wlth a palr of pllers and
quickly solder lt at the aecondhole
in the copper."(Flg. lo(c).)
"Rlghtl"
"And that's lt," sald Smlthy. "Cut
off the exc6s8 wlre on the copper

CASSETTETAPES
C6O - Suoer-Low Noise/HiACADEMY
outout. Cssstto Tapes (Feiric Oxide) 2 x 3O
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S I G T B O N I CE L E C T R O N I C S
-'
st';. st.P.nhrrr
;t ;;;Burton-on-Trrnt 8t ft . OEIA tDY

--

r-.

a-

lo.(olccl'o'l

ol

Wire soldcrcd

(o)

o
o

o
o

(c)

Fig. lO (a). Firct step in anchoring a lead at the edge of a piece

of Veroboard
(b). Thc shoft ond dtho whc lc mldqtd.tthy.robmd
holc
thtough wrrlch lt p.ttg
(d. fhc long cnd b pullcd dght wlth o pdr of pllcn, ond ft ls
also soldcrod a thc Votoboard cag.r itdp
(d). Top vlcw lllustadng how tho lnd b c.dtr.d ln pelfion
near the edgc of thc Votoboard. Thotr lc t ow no rl* of tho lud
brcaldng at thc polnt whctc ft lqv''
tho toldu tolnt at
the Vercpin

side of the Veroboardand the lead

is then held securelyat tho sdge of
the board. Eaay, len't lt?" (Flg.
10(d).)
"l'll say." agreed Dlck warmlY.
"Just a minute, though."
"What's wrong?"
"At the start you sald that tho
copper strip ls cut 8t the two hols
on either side of the t\ ro whlch the
securingwlre ls solderedto. Why do
you need th68 cuts?"
"lt's slmply a precautlon.There'g
a very sllght rlsk that, wlth tlme, the
two lots of wire insulationcould be
worn away and the lead and the
securingwire could come lnto contact with each other.Shouldthla occur the extrnalwlre lg stlll lsoletod
from the rest of the copper strlp bY
the cuts on elther slde of the two
holes at whlch the securlngwlre ls
soldered. The precaution is, admittedly, in th ultra-cautlous
category if no other connectlongare
mad to the.strlp concemed,bitt lt
is worth carrylng out, nevertheleae."
Smithy plcked up the lotters,

tidied them up and cllpped them

together again.
"Well." sald Dlck, "thla has been
a realli good hlnt sEalon."
"lt certalnlyhae," agreedSmlthy.
"lt's always of Interestand valuo to
know what other peoPle are thlnking about, and the ldeaatheY uae to
make life easler. Knock knockl"
Dlck looked startled.
'Who's thers?"
'Wee Wllllel"
'Wee wlllle who?"
',\rl/e will eagerly look fonvad to
seeingany further hlnts thet readera
I
send ln to usl"
The hints In thls eplaode of "ln
Your Workshop" were gubmltted, In
the ord6r in whlch they appear,by
D. W. Mepham, H. KennedY, F.
Dickens, C. M. Llndarg, W. H.
Spindler and T. F. Joneg.
Ar Smhhy ttltcr, furdrcr hlntr
for thlr fcaturc erc wrlcomcd.
Payment lr medc for thor tfrtt
are published.

---.\_-.

it..')l
r\

'./

l'

/'t,'^{

a) |
"l Y

v\
at,
LJ\

\h)

) ( (-'.-

)q

il,
t/

Theres a lotgoingonatBreadboard!

Seventyexhibitorsshowingand sellingeverythingthat the hobbyelectronics

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RadioStations22 brcadcasting
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- get the adviceancjinformationthat coutdstartyou
Careers
in Electronics
off on a rewarding
and interesting
career.
It's worth goingto Breadboard!

RoyalHorticultural
HallsElvertonStreet
Westminster
LondonSWl
December4-8th
1979
Admissionfl (students70p)

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R;;d, ii;;f, W";6i.y.
F-4e.ncombe
_Ltd., 84 Nathari ""i.
MiddlesexHAO5RX.
C_q_ryqTRUqTp{S.200
components
4.SOWsolder-mix.ed
rnqrro_n_s
12.60.Full refund
guarafiteei.Iisfi iip retuna_

ai3;#,lilsily;,,..ifi
L,iiffitil;''ils;r;iii'.;;;i;,

COMPLFI.Lp REPAIR INSTRUCTIONS for any re<luested

TV, t5 (with diagramssb.S0).Anv requr.t.il .u._
f I plus.s.a.e.S.a.e.brings free newslerter,
I,^.^9,;*h".!
cetatts_unlque_pubLcations,
vouchers-and
servicesheets
l.Ll ,?0,e AtISREC, 76 Church Street, Lariit'rall,
Lanarkshlre.

(IONS'IRUCT.METAL DE'IECTORS:
pulse
1. f 12_0
cnmtnator (12 constructioncost). 2. 160 modeiitO dis_
*;_

COMPONENT
PACKS
P U 1 : 5 0 u n t e s t e d ,u n m a r k e d
t.t.l. i.c.'s (mostly 74OO
series)
65p
P U 2 : U n t e s t e d ,u n m a r k e ds i l i c o n d i o d e s ,s o m e g e r m a n i u m .
P a c ko f 2 0 0 ( a p p r o x . ) . 6 S p
PU4: Resistorsm
, ixed values,
various wattages. Good select i o n o f v a l u e s .A p p r o x 1 O 0 . 6 E p
P T 1 : T e s t e d ,m a r k e d s s l e c t i o n
o f p o p u l a rd i o d e s .C o n t a i n s2: 5
x 1 N 9 1 4 , 1 O x 1 N 4 O O 25, x
8Y127
12Sp
PT4: Strandedconnectingwire.
F i v ec o l o u r se a c h 5 i n e t r e s . 6 S p
P T S :A s p a c k P T 4 b u t s o l i dc o n ductor.
65p

BARGAIIUSPOT
Whilststockslast

.,.AND MOBE
PT12: Pack of five reeo
switches
SOp
P T 1 3 :F o u r ' l O k Q m o n o s l i d e r
pots
gsp
P T 1 4 :T e n p o t s ,a s s o r t e dv a l u e s
and types. Good selection but
no guarantee of anV particular
v a l u e .H e n c e o n l y
BSp
P T ' l5 : 1 O 0 s q u a r e i n c h e s o f
copper clad s.r.b.p,board 66p
P T I 6 : H a r d w a r eA
. s s o n s dn u t s ,
b o l t s ,w a s h e r se t c . A p p r o x 1 O O
p i e c e s ,c o u n r b y w e i g h t 6 5 p
SPECIAL XMAg OFFER
8uy f5 worth of the above
p a c k s ,a n d r e c e i v eo n e D a c ko f
y o u r c h o i c e .F R E E ,
O f f e r se n d s 3 1 - 1 2 - 7 9
CASLE AND WIRE

Money refunded if unavailablo

2 , 2 O O y F2 5 V e l e c t r o l y t i c 3 8 p
AD142 Transistor
3Op
S . P . S . TT. o g g l es w i t c h
29p

price
per metre
S i n g l e M i c r o p h o n eC a b l e l O p
M a i n s ,3 4 3 c o r e
15p
T w i n L i g h t i n gF l e x
6p

Mail order only. All prices include VAT. please add 2Op for
postage {excapt component packs). Full list
a v a i l a b l eo n
r e c e i p to f l a r g e s . a , e .

T.& J. ETECTBONIC
COMPOTTIENT
98 Burrow Road, Chigwell, Essex lG7 4HB

3, s0BFO(cBcon/cost).
eoiati itiee'tie"tr,"r,
1l_9..j1:
wrrtten^guaranteed
j:

d.i.y. plans.send q2. (Gpi.-Rt;;

Lucas,2 CollegeRoad,Griys, ps."il (E;ti6'riir,.d
rg;sr.
CLXARING ELECTRONICS LABORATONY.
quality,componentsauaihfte
LlT:lo,r.
i9b7,'n"*1, in",
puncned panels. boxes. wafer-switches,
poteniiometers,
resistances,
tools, etc.
iljl?l^"_-.i{q
(/nrepearable_ so hurry! ^semrconductors,
Se-ndtb for a valuable.etb.iio,
worth at leastS20.Money,retundguaraltee.
l\{. J.' Evans,
7 Shap l)rive, Warndon, WorcestEr,Wil-gNV.
FOR SALE: Inverter,
^ 12V d.c.to 240y a.c.Suitabler

electricshave',.",ji"p-ii,g;
l;;tt&, ;;. Hbt'#liil:.

JOIN.'IHE IN'IERNATIONAL S.W. LEAGUE.

-y',mateu,
Free
servicesto members including Q.S.L. Bureau,
and Broadcast Translation, T6ch}icai and ia.hiiri."tion
- both Broa4cast ina Fiiea Statio*,--OX C".P.:pt,
utrcates, contestsand activities for the SWL and transmit_
trng members,Monthly magazin-e,
Monitor, containingar_
ucles ot.gneralinterest to B_roadcast
and Amateur SWLs,
'Iransmitter
Section and League affairs, etc. League
luf nlies such as badges,.headed"notepaJeilna-;nu;ifr'.."
QSL cards,etc., are availableat reasonablecost.Send for
parttcutar.s:Membership including monthly
leagu9
magazrnes,.etc.,
t6.00 per annum. (U.K. and Biitish Com"_
monwealtn), overseas612.90i
_SecretaryISWL, I Grove
Road, Lydney, Glos.. GLfS bJE.-----^'
P.C.B. DESIGN. Outline drgwinge,layouts, projects, lor
the_constructor. Cost according t-o'circuit cbrirptliiw. O.
G..Harrington, 2b poynter Roai, Bueh Hiit piil, tt',iiilii,
Middlesex-.
I'O-R SALE: Fundamentals of Radio
Seruicing bv B. W.
Hicks, publishe.iby
- Hutqhinsonspducatiffi izlzo po.t
d..
H
a
nd
b
o
o
k
o
S
a
t et ti t es ;;n s p *; V; i; n-i;lv
f
42i
R. p.
navrland, 8.b0post paid. _ Box No. GS66.
IN'TERESTED IN OSCAR?- Then- join AMSAT_UK.
Newslettc.rs,OSCAR NEWS Jou_rnal,
prediction .h";;;;
etc._Detailsof membership froml non fio"ai"irtCSAA;.

94Herongate
Road,Waniteadp;ii; t;;a;;,'ilit;ffil'
(Continuedon page 2S3)

Wilmslow
Audio
THE firm for speakers!
- - _ g E r y D3 o p F o RT H EW O R L D SB E S T
CATALOGUE
OF SPEAKERS,
OCIVCUrUrrS

KrTs.cRossovERs
ETc.Ai\tDbiscburui
P R I C EL I S T

A U D A Xo A UD I o M A S T E R
I B A K E Ro B O W E R S
&I
- W I L K I N S . C A S T LoEC E L E S T I ooN
C H A R T W E LoLC O L E So o A L E S F o R Do
D E C C Ao E M t o E A G L Eo E L A Co f e r u_l o
G A U S S G o o D M A N S. i . r v r . r .
o J R . J O R D A NW A T T So K E Fr
_I9OPON
L E A Ko ^ L O W T H E. R
M C K E N Z I E. M O N I T O R

pEERLESS
oRADFoRD
.nArvrj
_+I.f
P.lg_.
RIcHAR
DALLAN
oSEAS
.SIAG.rAl(riiCif.
VIDEOTONEOWHARFEDALEOYAMAHA
S H A C K M A No T A N G E N T

wttMstOwAUD|00,,,,,,
S W A N W O R K S , B A N K S O U A R E ,W I L M S L O W
C H E S H I R ES K g l H F
0ircouniHiFi Etc.rt 5 Swrn Srrot
Tsl: 0625-529599
lor Speakom,
0025-520213
br HiFi

a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

BASEMENT!
BARGAIN
S A V EI
NOr NEw'

SAvEr {tcff t
bur In rio too condrro.
ONE ONLY
AT OLYSPIA. MODEI CDO
wilh 7 dign 916.n
Erecron'c c.lculalor
4 luncrion3
drsola!
.nd wn3l rlrap
tor ca.ryrng
OUR PRICE ONLY C6.2A . ?\? &O
Oof r ( o.tuse rh's w rh cheap carculalor5
iTr,. ..c was made n Ge/6anv)
SUPEA VALUE t _ EUPTtr VALUE I
Aqn'. ^.! {6w
bJr ,n orc6ll.nr co.diton
fWO ONLY
TIIEIMOOEI U
b.l sh made
f P ( i ( , , . C d r . r ua r o r s
w r h 8 d , q , r , p l l c d d i s o a va ^ d w i l h 4 n , n c l o n s
,
and memorv
and many olner realu.es
. PiP aOP
OUR PRICE ONLV C3.tO sh
lldal lor Chri.imt! prct.nEll
T h p a b o v e c a l c o a r o r s . e D r e s e n lf e a l l v q o o d v a l u 6
h
a
v
e
lr flo.pv and , so
been chccled and l6sl6d
wnb tu6q

tsdffi

d *
d r.Ei

dr

Contains 35 - mixed caoacitors, All good usabl valu6s, i.s.,

1 . s o o p l / O . 0 1 u f/ o , 1 5 p f / 0 . 4 p f
etc.48p per pack or 2 packs
lor onlv 82p

C o n t a i n s5 0 - G e r m a i n i u mD i o d e sS i m i l a rt o O A 9 0 / 9 1 . O n l Y4 2 P P r
oack or 2 packs for onlv 77P

@l
Conrains 50 - Silicon Diodos
Simliar to 1N41 48, a real bargain at
80P
lor
per
pack
or
2
48g
Packs

Contains 30 - mixed transislorsSome new and branded - NPN &

P N P / - S i l i c o na n d G o r m a i n i u m
(Most usable)
Great value at only 65p per pack
o r 2 p a c k sf o r o n l y f l . 1 O

Contains 50 - Mixed Wattage

Resistors. Really super valus at only
45p per pack or 2 packs for only 80P

contains 2o - ElectroliticcaDacitorsldeal for transistorcircuits.Values lik

lomfd / somfd /22Omld / loomfd
at f1 oer pack or 2 Packs for f1.7O

N.r".b",

.rab}i

l*;.

SlCrfnOlrcglgC.fnOnlCS,2]M"tu"rnSrrer.Stapenhitt.Builon-onTrenr.staffs.DE15gDY.T6lphon6:(0283)
and Ouotations.All pricis includa VAT. Add 37i ro order for P&P - ChequeVGiroChequeVP.O's accoptd.'
Sp*i"ibio"o

R&E Constructor for price

46868sfter6p'm

for8ll

++++++++++++++++

Random Electronib

ffiftffiY ffitffi,ffi

l,,j
r,
r1

'EASY
DICE' from the 5 Intergrated
Buildyour own
f
u
l
l
c
o m p o n e n t ss u p p l i e d ,i n c l u d i n gb o x
c i r c u i t sa n d
a n d d e s c roi t i v e i n s t r u c t i o n s
Complete
or

. MODEL RAOIO CONTROT

Detailing both Theory and Practice, this book,
bv leadinq authority Paul llewell, has bcome
the stand-ard referehce work. A brief historical
survey leads up to a detaild description of
proportional systsms, with over 1OO itiustrations, including theorelical circuils and
p.c. layouts for an advanced digiral system.
134 pages
Price f3.35

All you need rs a solderrng rron

U.K. Peckine
& Poaregc

32C

TWO DICE FACES TOUCH CONTROL

a * S e l f A s s e m b l eD i c e
b * R e a d yb u i l t D i c e

t3.95
f.4.75

( ) r ( i l rr r r . r w
l r r r r r F r i n g e w o o d E l e c t r o n i c sl t d
1 H a t t o nC o u r tl p s w i c hS u f o l k l ) 4/ ' . ' l 2 l t ) ) l t 1

ON SALE NOW
at all leadingshops
or direct from:R A D I OM O D E L L E R
B O O K SD r V r S l O N ,

A m o u n t e n c l o s e df

High Street,
Sunningdale,
Berkshire SLs ONF.

Mail Order Protection Scheme

'fhe
publishers ofthis magazinehave given to the Director
(leneral of Fair Trading an undertaking to refund money
sent hv readers in reso"onseto mail oriler advertisernenrs
placed' in this magazirie by mail order traders who have
i r e c , , m et h e s u b j e c t ' o f l i q u i d i t i o n o r b a n k r u p t c y p r o c e e d i n g s
a n d u h o h a v e f a i l e d t o s u p p l y g o o d so r r e f u n d m o n e y . T h e s e
refunds are made voluntarily and are subject to proof that
I)avlnent was made to the advertiser for goods ordered
through an advertisement in this magazine. The arrangenrent does not apply to any failure to-supply goods advirtised in a catalozue or direct mail solicitation.

Ifa mail order trader fails, readers are advised to lodge a

claim with the Advertisement Manager of this magazine
within 3 months of the appearance of the advertisement.
For the purpose of thiir scheme matl order advertriing'is
defined as:
"l)irect response advertisements, display or ^postal
has to be sent in advance of goods
;h;itcash
b;;;i;.
being delivered."
Classified and catalogue mail order advertising are excluded.

FIRST

SMALLADVERTISEMENTS

otdsilllBtsr

{Continuedfrom page 25,l}

We've been producing our Electronics Components Catalogue for

over 2O years. During that time
w e ' v e l e a r n e da l o t , n o t o n l v i n t h e a r t
of catalogue production but in
b u i l d i n g a b u s i n e s st h a t s e r v e st h e
needs of constructors.Little wonder
that we have a reputationsecond to
none tor our catalogue - and lor the
s e r u i c et h a t b a c k s i t u p . E x p e r i e n c e
both for voursalf. Just snd f1.3O
w i t h t h e c o u p o na n d a c a t a l o g u ew i l l
c o m e b v r e t u r no f p o s t .

RADIO, ELECTRONICS, TELEVISION BOOKS.

l,argest..
variety. Lowest prices. Write for iist. Fjusine.s
l'romotronBureau,376 Lajpat Rai Market, Delhi 110006,
lndia.
FOR S4LE: U.S. Signal Corps signalgenerator.tOOkHzto
lJ?\4U".Mains opeiated.etS. Tdlepho"ne:
Tu"brilge Wefii
28607.
FOlt SALE: Bush cassettetape recoider, batterv
-f
driven.
Itlicr-ophone,-etc. Excellent iondition. ri O ius" po.tage.
Box No. G375.
THT] RADIO AMATEUR INVALID & BEDFAST
qLUB is a well establishedSocietyproviding faciiiti"s f*
the physjcally handicappedto enjoyihe hobb-vof Amateur
Kadro. rlease becomea supporterof this worthv cause.
Details from the Hon. Seciitary, Mr. H. n. So"utiJ,'ll
Queens Drive, Bedford.
FOR SALFI: _"Challenge
o/ tfteSrars" by patrick Moore and
I)avid A. Hardy 12.00.'"Destroyeri'rbtA;t";t
Fili6;
,c4.00.Box No.-G3?6.
IVANIED:
FAX equipme-nt,manuals, service sheers,etc.
- Road, Oulton Sri,aa, iowestoli,'Sui92.JJK,2l Romany
folk. NR32 SPJ.
COLLECTORS' ITEMS. Nearly 50 copiesof Radio Socie_
ty of Great Britain'e Bulletini coverini prioa igne to
1949.In reasonablecondition. Offers toi fi; N"..b31t.
FOR SALE: C15 l0MHz SCOPE. Completewith probes
and accessories,plus spare parts, Excellent con'dition,
hardly ever used.-e50.0d.
Tel6phone:051-33445?4.
AERIAL BOOSTERS - Bl1 VHI'/FM Radio - BtrA
VHF 2 Metre Radio - 845 UHF Television.Price 15.
S.A.E, for leaflets, Electronic Mailorder Ltd., Ramsbottom, Bury, Lancs. BLO 9AG.

OAbout 2,500 items clearlylisted and indexed.

I Profuselyillustratedthroughout.
a 128 A-4 size pages,bound in full-colourcover.
offers includedfree.
O Bargainlist of unrepeatabl
O Cataloguecontainsdetailsof simple Credit Scheme.
LTD.
HOMERADIO(Compon.nu)
Dcpt. nC., 23+240 London Road, Mitcham, Surrey CR4 3HD
Phonc:01-648 8422

E!

Plcase writc your Ntme

8!
Oci

NAME

a- qJ

ot4\o

ADDRESS

F
Qc,
c't .:

FO_R SALE: Metal Detector 10. S.a.e. for lists. Box No.
G384.
FOR SAf:Ej Copie-sof Radio Constructor, ll.W., P.W.,
l.E*., \996 on,__fr-om5p plus poat. S.A.E. enquiries.
1 Hazel Grove, Yelverton, Devon, PL20 6DX.
FOR SALE: Non-wq4ing video tape recordere, complete
t50, incomplete t30 plua e6 cairiace. Cloeed ciicuit
cameras e45. Commoilore Pet compltr c800. Stereo
cagsettemechanismst10 and EL6,25 2W zenersb0p. Boi
No. G385.
WANTED: WB. HF1016 speaker. State price. Burton,
!! Hglly Road, Birmingh-am, 816 9NII. (Telephone:
o2t-454-20461.
(Continuedon page 2551

HOME RADIO lComponentsl LTD., D6pt. RC

2g+24O London Road, Mitcham, Surrey CR4 3HD

I
I

R g d .N o . 9 1 2 9 6 6 , L o n d o n
I

{}

From
Kam

WANTED: Telford CommunicationsTC10 "Multimode" 2

metre transmitter. Details and price please to Box No.
G383.

POS'IAL ADVERTISING? This is the Holborn Service.

Mailing liets, addreseing, enclosing, wrapping, lacsimile
letters, automatic typing, copy service, campaign planning, designand artwork, printing and stationery. Please
ask for price liet. - The Holborn Direct Mail Company,
Capacity,House,2-6 Rothsay Street, Tower Bridge Road,
London, S.E.l. Telephone:01-40?6444.

ffi

l-3

FOR SAL[) Gent's wrist watch. e20.Nursewatch.112.Box

No. G382.

VHF/FM TRANSMITTER
KIT. New silicon chip
deeign meane low price (beietsanyone elge) and bettel
performance. Very small. Fully tuneable 88-108MH2.
Instructions etc., all included. INTRODUCTORy
OFFER.c1-95n_!us30p P_&!. (U4licensable).M. Henry,
30 WestholmeGardens,Ruislip, Middlesex.

tnd Addrcss in block ctplt.ls

it

7:t, Circuits
p.G.b.

anCW
'battcty
\-opctated
I[iniDrill

Availablewith or withouta portablestandthis

new powerfulprecisiondrill will enableyou to drill
holesin p.c.b.'s,metal,woodenpanelsor
anywherethat smallholesareneeded.Bit sizes
0 . 6 m m ,l . O m ma n dl . 5 m m .
Powersupply4 x UM3 batteries.
of p.p.and VAT).
Pricewithoutstandf 19.02(inclusive
of p.p. & VAT).
Standpricef8.63(inclusive
Write for technicalbrochurenow:
Kam CircuitsLimited
PorteMarsh Road.Calne.Wilts. SNI I 9BW
Telephone:{0249)815262Telex:4442ltl

DIREGT READER SERVICE

RADIO & ELEGTRONICS BOOKS
t 7. Solld Statc Powcr Supply Handbook

86p

fr.26
e1 . 2 5

18. 50 P?ol.ct Urlns lC CA3130

19. 60 CMO8 lC Proj.st!
20. A Prrctlcal Introductlon to Dlgltd lc't
21. How to Bulld Advanccd Short Wavc Rccelvere
22. Bcglnnc't Guldc to Eulldlng Elccfionlc Projcct!

96p
f3.20
t1.26

23. Etlcntlal Thcory for thc'Elcdtronice Hobbyirt

24. Con$ruqtorl Manual ol Elcctronlc Clrcuitt fol
thc Homc

f1.26

26. 7S Elcctronlc Nov.lty Circulte

fr.00
95p

2A. 62 Prolcctr.Udng 1G741

'27.
Hout to Bulld Your Own Elcctronic and Ouartz
Controllcd Watchc! & Clockr
28. Two Tranelotor Elcctronlc Prolcct

6op

35. Fun cnd Gamce wlth your Elcctronlc Calculator

30. 50 IFETI Flcld Effcct Tranrlrtor Prolcctc
37. 50 Slmplc L.E.D. Clrcutu

85p

32. Handbook of lC Audio Prcamplificr and Power

Ampllflcr Conrtructlon
fl .26
33. 50 Glrcultr Urlng Gormanlum, Slllcon and Zener
75P
Diodce
34.50 Prollar Uring Rclayr, SCR'r and TRIACS fl.25
POSTAGE: 2Op PEB BOOK. lF MORE THAN

f1.25
7Ep

38. How to Makc Walklc-Talklcr

fl .28

39. lC 565 Prolcct!

f1.75

40. Prolccte In Opto-Elcctronlcr

41 . Radlo Clrcult Urlng lC'r

e1 ,26
fl,g6

42. Mobllc Dlrcothcquc Handbook

f I .36

43. Elearonic Prcrcct

1 .35

for Bcglnncru

44. Popular Elcstronlc Projcct

45. lC LM39qt Proicctr

40. Elcaronlc Muelc and Crcatlvc Tepc Recording
E6p 47. Practlcll Elcctronlc Calculationr end Formulae

29. Hor to Build Your Own Maal and Treagure Locatorel .O0
95p
30. Elostronlc Galculator Urcre Handbook
31 , Prrctlcal Rcpair and Rcnovrtlon of Colour TVs
(Rqrintlng)
fi.25

76p

48. Radlo Statlonr Gulde

49. Elcctronlc Sccurlty Dovlcct
50. How to Bulld Your Own Solld State
Orcllloccopc
51 . 50 Clrculir Udng 74dl Serler lc'a
52. Sccond Book of CIUOS lC Prolccu
93, Practlcal Conrtructlon of Prc-Ampr, Tone
Controlr, Flttcrr & Attcnurtoru
54. Bcglnncru Guldc to Dlgltal Tcchnlquer

3 B O O K SO R D E R E D : l o pP E R B O O K

To: Data PublicationsLtd., E7 Maida Vale, LondonW9 lSN

Pleasesend me within 21 days
Book Nos:

....'. copy/copies

I enclose Postal Order/Chequefor f

Name
Address
.....ir

(Block LettersPlease)
(We ragret this offer is onty avaitabte to readets in the U'K')

f I .45
f1.35
t1.25
e2-26
el .45
f 1 .45

f 1.50
f 1.45
1.50
e1 . 4 5
95p

,'t'sc;FilIq

SMALL ADVERT]SEMENTS
(Continuedfrom page 253)

STGNAL INJECTORS (AF/RF) c2.50 $'ith tull instructions. Pin Doints faults in radios/amps. ouicklv. Or send
s.a.e. for list of low priced test equipmint. gobker, 29
Chadderton Drive. U;sworth. Burv. Lancs.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER Doram. Cost168.Also similar
myltimeter _(Watford) e55. Offers, 4 Riversley Road,
Gloucester, GL2 0QT.
WANTED: Large and small quantrties of transistorsi,I.C. s
displays, etc.,-etc.Call any Saturday to: 306 St. Paul's
Road, London N.1. Telephone:01-359 4224.
X-BAND SPDCTRUM ANALYSER for saleor exchange
for good multimeter, Telephone Swindon 751112.

ACAREENINRADTO

Start trainingtoday and make sure you are qualifiedto take

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person. ICS can further your technical knowledge and
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. lCS, the world's most experiencedhome study college,
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higtherpaid jobs -- they can do the same lor you.
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There is a wrde range of courses to choose from, including:
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Telecommunications Techniciarrs'
Radio W Electronics TeChnicians.

I C S o t l e r . aw r c , ec h o i c eo t n o n - e x a m

Instarations
Erecrricar
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