What is the improvement in noise figure with RF

equal to 200 kHz and an IF of 10 kHz?

ANS. 10 log (

For an FM super receiver that uses high side

injection and has a LO frequency of 1355 kHz,
determine the IF carrier, USF and LSF for an RF wave
that is made up of a carrier, an upper and lower side
frequency of 900, 905, 895 kHz respectively.

) = 13 dB

ANS. A) IF = 1355 900 = 455

kHz

Determine the bandwidth for lower side and upper

side frequency of an AM signal (535-1605 kHz).
(Q=54)
ANS. BW= =

B) USF = 1355 895 = 460kHz

C) LSF = 1355 905 = 450kHz

= 10 kHz

Find the Doppler shift caused by a vehicle moving

toward a radar at 60 mph, if the radar operates at 10
GHz.

A RECEIVER IS TUNED AT 590KHZ. CALCULATE

a.) the image frequency
b.) the IFRR with Q=40

ANS. FD =
(

ANS. A.) Fimg = Fs + 2IF = 590 +

2(455) = 1500 kHz

)(

)(

)(

= 1788.16 Hz

B.) IFRR = 20 log

38.7dB
X=

= 2.149

Compute for bandwidth for a signal whose carrier is

10 kHz

In a microwave system, the antenna sees a sky

temperature of 120 K and the antenna feedline
has a loss of 2dB. Calculate the noise
temperature of the antenna/ feedline system,
referenced to the receiver input.

ANS. Ta =

182 K

a.) using a two single tuned amp

b.) using three single tuned amp
c.) using four single tuned amp
d.) using double tuned amp with critical
coupling equal to 0.02 at frequency equal to
10.7 MHz

The system operates at a bit rate of 40 Mbps.

Calculate the energy per bit to noise density
ratio, in dB. (Given that PR = 631 pW, TNOISE = 350
K)
ANS.
Eb =

ANS. BW = fc
;
n = number of tuned amp

-18

= 15.67 x 10

No = kT = k (350) = 4.83 x 10

A) 6436 Hz; B) 5098 Hz; C)

4350 Hz; D) 359 Hz

(dB) = 10 log
= 35.1 d
Given: space diversity

= 10 log

-21

W/Hz

F = 1.8 Ghz

ans: 2

DISTANCE = 2.4 km
R = 99.99%
Smooth terrain = 4
Weather is humid = 0.5
100
40
ANS. FM = 30 log Dkm + 10 log 6abfGHz 10 log
(1-R) 70 = 113.35 dB

Given: S/N =2,fsig= 5kHz, broadcasting signal

find: worst case S/N
ans: phi= N/S = .5
.5(5kHz)=2.5 kHz
S/N = 75kHz/2.5kHz = 30

GIVEN: 10MHz?
F = -104 + 24 = 80
F = -80 +113.35 = 33.35

Calculate the energy per bit of a system given that

the power received is equal to 1000 W and
operates at 50 Mbps.
ANS. Eb = 10 log (

Given: fsig= 2000( blah blah blah) (xensya gd )

find: a.)
b.)power
c.)
d.)mf
e.)
ans:
a.) 1000 kHz (d sure)
b.) 40 kW
c.)5 kHz
d.)2 (sa equation)
e.) ---

Given: D = .15in, d = .025in,

Find: Zo

) = -47 J
Zo = 71.9

Given: fsig= 620 khz, IF=455 khz

find: fim= fsig+2IF= 1530 khz
Find Q(SSB): (SSB suppression formula)
a.) given: 1MHZ, 80 db suppression
ans: 125,000
b.) given: 100 khz, 20 db suppression
ans: 12,500 (d sure)

Given: L = 118H/ft, C = 21pF/ft

Find: Zo

Zo = 75

Given: C= 96.6pF, L = 241.56nH,

Given: upper freq = 100.001 MHz, lower freq =
99.999 MHz, 100 cycles/s

Find: Vf

Find: intelligence signal

ans: 100 Hz (patibong lg, given ang answer)
Vf = .69
Given: freq dev = 20 kHz, fm= 10 kHz
Find: mf

Or

G(dBi) = 10log1.39 = 1.43 dBi

Vf = .66

Given: Ei = 5V, Er = 3V

The ERP of a transmitting station is specified as 17W

in a given direction. Express this as an ERP in dBm so
that it can be used with the path loss equation.
Solution: Convert the ERP to dBm, then add
2.14 dB.

Find SWR,

ERP(dBm) = 10log
10log

SWR = 4

ERP
=
1mW

17
= 42.3 dBm
1 103

ERP(dBm) = 42.3 + 2.14 = 44.44

dBm

= .6

Given: f = 150MHz, Zo = 50, ZL = 150 Vf = 1

Find: Zo,

Zo =86.6

= 2m

A helical antenna with eight turns is to be

constructed for a frequency of 1.2 GHz.
a) Calculate the optimum diameter and
spacing for the antenna and find the total
length of the antenna.
b) Calculate the antenna gain in dBi.
c) Calculate the beamwidth.
Solution:
a) =

3 10 8
= 0.25 m
1200 10 6
0.25
D=
= 80mm

0.25
S=
=
= 62.5 mm
4
4
L = NS = 8 x 62.5 mm = 500mm

Given: Vp = .8c, t = 1s
Find d distance of object from the radar

d = 120m

A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate

its gain in decibels.
Solution: The directivity of 2.14 dBi can be
converted to a power ratio:
D = antilog(2.14/10)
= 1.638
Find the gain:
G = Dn = 1.638 x 0.85 = 1.39
Convert to dBi:

15N 15 8
=
= 30 = 14.8 dBi
4
4
104 104
c) =
=
= 36.6
N
8
b) G =

A parabolic antenna has a diameter of 3m, an

efficiency of 60%, and operates at a frequency of 4
GHz. Calculate its gain and beamwidth.
Solution: Free-space wavelength is

300 10 6
= 0.075 m
4 10 9
70 0.075
= 1.75
=
3

G=

2D2
2

0.6 2 32
0.075 2

Solution First convert the temperature to kelvins:

T(K) = 27 +273

= 9475 = 39.8 dBi

= 300 K

If a transmit antenna has a directive gain A = 10 and

radiated power Pr = 100W, determine: a) EIRP, b)
power density at a point 10 km away, c) power
density had an isotropic antenna been used with the
same input power and efficiency.
Solution:
a) EIRP = PA = 100 x 10 = 1000W

100 10
PA
=
= 0.796
2
4 (10,000 )2
4R

b) PD =
uW/m

100
P =
= 0.0796
2
4 (10,000 )2
4R

c) PD =
uW/m

Calculate the wavelength in free space

corresponding to a frequency of:
a.) 1 MHz (AM radio broadcast band)
b.) 27 MHz (CB radio band)
c.) 4 GHz (used for satellite television)
Solution

PN = kTB
-23

= (1.38 x 10

-17

= 4.14 x 10

Solution
PN = kTB
-23

= (1.38 x 10

-15

= 24.2 x 10

(b) =
= 11.1m
(c) =

J/K)(293K)(6 x 10 Hz)
W or 24.2 fW

VN =

= 300 m

A 300 resistor is connected across the 300

antenna input of a television receiver. The
bandwidth of the receiver is 6 MHz, and the resistor
is at room temperature (293 K or 20C or 68F). find
the noise power and noise voltage applied to the
receiver input.

c = f

(a) =

J/K)(300K)(10 x 10 Hz)

=
)(

)(

)(

= 5.4 V
Of course, only one-half this voltage appears across
the antenna terminals; the other half appears across
the source resistance. Therefore the actual noise
voltage at the input is 2.7 V

= 0.075 m or 7.5 cm

A receiver has a noise power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A

resistor that matches the receiver input impedance
is connected across its antenna terminals. What is
the noise power contributed by that resistor in the
receiver bandwidth, if the resistor has a temperature
of 27 C?

A diode noise generator is required to produce 10

V of noise in a receiver with an input impedance of
75 , resistive, and a noise power bandwidth of 200
kHz. (These values are typical of FM broadcast
receivers.) What must the current through the diode
be?

Solution First, convert the noise voltage to current,

using Ohms Law:
IN =

=
)(

)(

)(

= 779 nV

This is of course, the open-circuit noise voltage for

the resistor combination. Since in this case the load
is equal in value to the sum of the resistors, one-half
of this voltage, or 390 nV, will appear across the
load.

= 0.133 A
Next, solve for Io:
IN = (

)
P=

I N=
=

= I N/2qB
-6

= (0.133 x 10 A) / 2(1.6 x 10

-19

-15

= 0.506 x 10

W or 0.506 fW

C)(200 x 10 Hz)
= 0.276 A or 276 mA

The circuit in the figure shows two resistors in series

at two different temperatures. Find the total noise
voltage and noise power produced at the load, over
a bandwidth ot 100 kHz.

A receiver produces a noise power of 200 mW with

no signal. The output level increases to 5 W when a
signal is applied. Calculate (S + N)/N as a power ratio
and in decibels.
Solution The power ratio is
(S + N)/N =
= 25
In decibels, this is
(S + N)/N (dB) = 10log25
= 14 dB

Parallel LC circuit: L= 3 mH, C = 0.47 F, R= 2

Solution
Calculate: (a) fr, (b) Q (c) Z max (d) BW

VN =
= (

Soln:
(a)

=
=

(b)
(

(c)

4240
= 39.9

)(

Let: f1= 11 MHz ; f2 = 10 MHz

(d) BW=

f1= 11 MHz
2 f1= 22 MHz
f1 + f2 = 21 MHz

A varactor has a maximum capacitance of 80 pF and

is used in a tuned circuit with a 100H inductor. (a)
find the resonant frequency with no tuning voltage
applied. (b) find the tuning voltage necessary for the
circuit to resonant at double the frequency found in
part (a).
SOLN:
a.

= = 1.78MHz

b.

;
Tuning voltage:

=20 pF
; V= 7.5 V

A portable radio transmitter has to operate at

o
o
temperatures from -5 C to 35 C. If its signal is
derived from a crystal oscillator with a temperature
coefficient of +1 ppm/degree C and it transmits at
o
exactly 146 MHz at 20 C, find the transmitting
frequency at the two extremes of the operating
temperature range.
Soln:
fT = fo + kfo(T-To)
fmax = 146 MHz + (146 MHz)(1 x 10^-6)(3520) = 146.00219 MHz
fmin = 146 MHz + (146 MHz)(1 x 10^-6)(-520) = 145.99635 MHz

Sine wave signals with frequencies of 10 MHz and 11

MHz are applied to a square-law mixer. What
frequencies appear at the output?
SOLN

f2 = 10 MHz
f1 - f2 = 1 MHz

2f2 = 20 MHz

A phase-locked loop has a VCO with a free-running

frequency of 12 MHz. As the frequency of the
reference input is gradually raised from a zero, to
loop locks at 10 MHz and comes out of lock again at
16 MHz. (a) find the capture range and the lock
range
(b) suppose that the experiment is repeated, but this
time the reference input begins with a very high
frequency and steadily moves downward. Predict
the frequencies at which lock would be achieved and
lost.
SOLN:
(a) Capture range = 2(12 MHz 10MHz) = 4
MHz
Lock range = 2(16 MHz 12 MHz) =
8 MHz
(b) The frequency at which lock will be
acquired, moving downward the frequency
is,
12 MHz + 2 MHz = 14
MHz
Lock will be lost on the way down
at
12 MHz 4 MHz = 8 MHz

A synthesizer has fref = 20 kHz and a local oscillator

operating at 10 MHz. Find the frequency range of
the output as the value of N ranges from 10 to 100.
Also find the minimum amount by which the
frequency can be varied.

b) Pout in mW , and in dBm

c) Each gain in dB
d) Total Gain in dB
Solution:
a)

SOLN:
fo = Nfref + fLO

= -10 dBm

Pout(mW) = 100 mW
Pout(dBm) = 10 log (100mW / 1mW) =

fo = 10 x 20 kHz + 100 MHz = 10.2

For N = 100:
fo = 100 x 20 kHz + 100 MHz = 12
MHz

= 10 log ( 1x10^-4 / 1 x 10

b) Pout(mW) = (1 x 10^4)(100)(40)(0.25)

For fLO = 10 MHz, = 20 kHz, N=10:

MHz

Pin(dBm)
^-3)
Pin(dBm)

20 dBm

c)

Each gain in dB
Ap(1) = 10 log 100 = 20 dB
Ap(2) = 10 log 40 = 16 dB
Ap(3) = 10 log (0.25) = -6 dB

Convert absolute power ratio 200 to power gain in

dB.

d) Ap(total) = Ap(1) + Ap(2) + Ap(3)

= 20 + 16 -6
Ap(total) = 30 dB

Solution
P(dB) = 10 log 200
P(dB)= 23 dB

Three stage system

Given:
Three stage
Pin = -20 dBm
Given:
Ap(1) = 13 dB
Pin = 1 x 10 ^ -4 W
Ap(2) = 16 dB
Ap(1)= 100
Ap(2) = -6 dB
Ap(2) = 40
Ap(3) = 0.25
Reqd :
Reqd :
a)
a)

Pin in dBm

Pout in dBm
Soln

Pout = Pin + Ap(1) + Ap(2)

+ Ap(3)
= -20 dBm + 13 dB +
16 dB 6dB

Sout = 1,000,000( 2x 10^-10) = 2 x

10 ^-4 W
(S/N)out = 10 log (2x 10^-4 / 8 x
10^ -12)

Pout = 3 dBm

=
c)

b) Pout in mW = 10^(3/10) x
1mW = 2mW

74 dB

Noise Factor and Noise Figure

NF = 80 74 = 6dB
F = 10^(6/10) = 4
30) Three stage system

Signal power level 20 dBm combine with another

signal power level 21 dBm.

NF = 3 dB
Ap = 10 dB

Soln:
10^(20/10) x* 1mW +
10^(21/10)*1mW = 0.225 W

Reqd
NF(total)
F(total)

10 log (0.225/ 1mW) = 23. 5 dBm

Soln
Non- ideal amplifier
F= 10^(3/10) = 2
G= 10^(10/10) = 10

Parameters:
Input signal power = 2 x 10^-10 W
Input noise power = 2x 10^ - 18 W

F(total) = 2 + (2-1)/10 + (2-1)/100

= 2.11

Power Gain = 1,000,000

NF(dB) = 10 log (2.11) = 3.24 dB

Internal Noise (Nd) = 6 x 10^ -12 W

Reqd:
a)

A 10 MHz signal with temperature coefficient of

k=10 Hz/Mhz/oC . Determine the frequency of
operation if the temperature a) increase by 10
o
C and b) decrease by 5 oC

S/N input in dB
Soln:
S/N (in) = 10 log (2x10^-10
/ 2x10^-18)
= 80 dB

b) S/N output in dB
Nout = 1,000,000(2x 10^-18) + 6x
10^-12 = 8 x 10 ^ -12 W

Solution:
A. f = k (fn x C) = 10 Hz/MHz/oC (10
MHz x 10 oC) = 1000 Hz = 1 kHz
fo = fn + f = 10 MHz + 1 kHz = 10.001
MHz

B. f = k (fn x C) = 10 Hz/MHz/oC (10

MHz x (-5 oC) ) = -500 Hz
fo = fn + f = 10 MHz 500 Hz = 9.9995
MHz

Find the modulation index of a 10 V carrier if

amplitude-modulated by different signals of
1V, 2V, and 3V, respectively.
Solution:

For a PLL with a VCO natural frequency fn = 200

kHz, external input frequency fin = 210 kHz, and
transfer functions of Kd = 0.2 V/rad, Kf = 1, Ka =
5, Ko = 20 kHz/V. Determine the following:
a) PLL open loop gain in Hz/rad and
rad/s
b) Change in frequency needed to
achieve lock (f)
c) PLL output voltage (Vo)
d) Phase detector output voltage (Vd)
e) static phase error e
f) fmax
Solution:
a) KL = (Kd)(Kf)(Ka)(Ko) = (0.2V/rad)(1)(5)(20
kHz/V) = 20 kHz/rad
Kv = 2pi x KL = 20 kHz/rad = (20
kilocycles/ rad-s)(2pi rads/cycle) =
125,663 = 125, 600 rad/s
b) f = fin fn = 210 kHz 200 kHz = 10 kHz
c) Vout = f/Ko = 10 kHz/(20 khz/rad) = 0.5V
d) Vd = Vout/(Kf)(Ka) = 0.5 V/ (1)(5) = 0.1 V
e) e = Vd/Kd = 0.1 V/ (0.2V/rad) = 0.5 rad or
28.65o
f) fmax = (+ pi/2 rad)(20 kHz)/rad = + 31.4 kHz

m1 = 1V/10 V = 0.1
m2 = 2V/10V = 0.2
m3 = 3V/10V = 0.3
m = sqrt of (0.1)2 + (0.2)2 + (0.3)2 = 0.3741

An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier

output of 50 kW. What will be the total power
produced by 80% modulation?
Solution:
Pt = Pc (1 + m2/2) = (50,000 W)(1 + (0.8)2/2) =
66,000 W = 66 kW
A 1.4 MHz carrier is modulated by a music
signal that has components of 20 Hz and 15
kHz. Find the range of the upper and lower
sidebands.
Solution:
Upper sideband:
1,400,000 Hz + 20 Hz =
1,400, 020 Hz = 1.40002 MHz
1,400,000 Hz + 15,000
Hz = 1,415,000 Hz= 1,415 MHz

Lower sideband:
1,400,000 Hz 20 Hz =
1,399,980 Hz = 1.39998 MHz
1,400,000 Hz 15000
Hz = 1,385,000 Hz = 1.385 MHz

**Refer to Tomasi, pages 78, 98 - 100

Find the %m for the following conditions if the
unmodulated carrier is 80V pk to pk, modulated
carrier max is 100V and modulated carrier min
is 60V.

Solution:

%m = (VmaxVmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) = (100 60)/(100+60) =

0.25
Determine the sideband power if the carrier output
is 1 kW and calculate the total transmitter power.
( )

Given: Pc=10 kW Pt=11.2 kW

Calculate m. If
the Pc is modulate by another modulation index of
50%. Calculate the maximum output power
transmitted.
(

( )

m=0.49
A 500 W carrier is to be modulated to a 90 % level.
Determine the maximum output power transmitted.
(

)
(

Given: Pc=10 kW in 100% modulation.

Given:

Calculate the sideband power in 70% modulation.

( )

f_c= 100 kHz

f_(m(max))= 5 kHz

Required:
f_USB; f_LSB
Solutions:
f_USB= 100 + 5 kHz 100 kHz 105 kHz

Given:

I=12A unmodulated

f_LSB= 100 5kHz 95 kHz 100 kHz

I=13A modulated
Calculate the modulation index.
( )

Required:
m=0.41

f_USB;f_LSB with single frequency tone of 3

kHz tone
Solution:

Given: Pt=50 kW m=95%

f_USB= 100 + 3 kHz 100 kHz 103 kHz

Calculate the sideband power.

f_LSB= 100 3 kHz 97 kHz 100 kHz

(
(

)
(

Required:
) Pc=34.45 kW

BW

Pc = 100 W; m1= 0.2; m2=0.4; m3= 0.5

Solution:

Required:

BW= 2f_m = 2(5kHz)= 10 kHz

Given:

V= 10V Vp

Total modulation index, total sideband power, total

transmitted power
Solution:
Total modulation index= (m1^2+m2^2+m3^2 )

m=1
R_L= 10

= (0.2^2+0.4^2+
0.5^2 )

Required:

= 0.67

P_C; P_LSB and P_USB

Solution:

PTSB = (m^2 Pc)/2

P_C = V^2/2RL
P_LSB= P_USB= (m^2 Pc)/4
= (10^2)/(2(10))
= ((1)^2 (5))/4

=22.45 W
PT= Pc[1+m^2/2]
= 122.45 W

= 5W
= 1.25W
Given:
R_1= 10 k
Required: P_SBT
C_1= 0.001 f
Solution:
f= 5 kHz
P_SBT = (m^2 Pc)/2
= ((1)^2 (5) )/2

Required:
Carrier frequency

= 2.5W
Solution:
Required:
f_C= 1/((C_1 )(R_1)) = 1/((0.001 f)(10 k))
P_T
= 100 kHz
Solution:
Required:
P_T= Pc[1+m^2/2]
fusb; flsb
= 7.5W
Solution:
flsb= 100 kHz 5 kHz 95 kHz
AM modulation DSBFC
fusb=100 kHz + 5 kHz 105 kHz
Given:

An fm modulator has kf= 30 kHz/V and operates at a

carrier frequency of 175 MHz. Find the output
frequency for an instantaneous value of the
modulating signal equal to:
a. 150 mV

An FM signal has a freq. deviation of 5khz and a

modulating freq. of 1khz. The signal-to-noise
ratio at the input to the receiver detector is
20dB. Calculate the approximate signal-to-noise
ratio at the detector output.

b. -2V

Soln.

Solution:

Es/En= antilog((S/N)(dB)/20) = antilog(20/20) =

10

fsig= fc + (kf)(em)
a.

b.

fsig= (175 X 10^6 Hz) + (30 X 10^3

Hz/V)(150 X 10^-3 V)

En/Es = 1/10 = 0.1

Since Es>>En, we can use equation

= 175.0045 MHz

= En/Es =0.1rad

fsig= (175 X 10^6 Hz) + (30 X 10^3 Hz/V)(2V)

MfN = 0.1

= 174.94 MHz

N = mfFm = (0.1)(1Khz) = 100Hz

(Es/En)out = s/n = 5khz/100Hz =50

An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its

maximum frequency deviation of 75khz. Find
the modulation index for a sinusoidal
modulating signal with a freq. of a.)15khz b.)
50hz
Soln.
a.) Modulation index = freq.
deviation/modulating freq.
75khz/15khz = ans. 5
b.) Modulation index = freq.
deviation/modulating freq.
75khz/50hz = ans. 1500

(S/N)out(dB) = 20log(50) = ans. 34 dB

A phase modulator has Kp = 2rad/V. what RMS

voltage of a sine wave would cause a peak
phase deviation of 60?
Soln.
360 = 2 rad
60 = 2 rad 60/360
Vrms = Vpeak /
= 0.524/

= ans. 0.37 V

= /3 rad
Kp = /Em

An FM communication transmitter has its

maximum freq. deviation of 5khz and a range of
modulating freq. from 300hz to 3khz. What is its
maximum phase shift that it produces?

Em = / Kp

Soln.

A phase modulator has a sensitivity of Kp = 3

rad/V. How much freq. deviation does it
produce with a sine wave input of 2V peak at a
freq. of 1Khz?

max = /fm
Maximum phase shift = Mf = freq. deviation/
modulating freq. = 5khz/300hz = ans. 16.7 rad

Em =((

Soln.

)rad)/(2 rad/V) = /6 rad or 0.524 V

Mp = max = KpEm = 3 rad/V

2V = 6 rad

Mf = /fm
= fmMf
= 6 1 Khz
= ans. 6 Khz

A crystal oscillator has an accurate rate of

0.0005%. How far off could its output be at 27
MHz?
Soln.
F = (27 MHz) (0.0005/100)
F = ans. 135 Hz