Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Reproduksi

Oleh Dina Mulisari. 1406574434. Mahasiswa S1 Reguler FIK UI 2014

Praktikum 4 Kelas E
Email: dinamulisari@hotmail.com

Sistem Reproduksi Wanita

Organ dalam sistem reproduksi wanita meliputi ovarium, tuba falopii atau
oviduk, uterus, vagina dan vulva atau pudendum. Selain termasuk dalam sistem
reproduksi, kelenjar mamae termasuk juga dalam sistem integument. Struktur
sistem reproduksi wanita terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu internal (ovarium, tuba
uterine, uterus, dan vagina) dan eksternal (mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora,
klitoris, orificium vaginae, vestibulum) selain itu terdapat payudara.

A. Struktur Interna
a. Ovarium
i. Ovarium letaknya di setiap sisi uterus, dibawahnya dan di
belakang tuba falopii. Terdapat ligament yang menjaga
ovarium pada tempatnya yaitu, ligament lebar yang mana
memisahkan ovarium dengan dinding pelvis, dan ligament
ovarii proprium yang mengikat ovarium dengan uterus
(Bobak, 2013). Fungsi ovarium menghasilkan gamet, oosit
sekunder yang berkembang menjadi ovum yang matang
(telur) setelah pembuahan, dan hormon (progesterone,
estrogen, inhibin, dan relaksin).
b. Tuba Uterina (Falopii)
i. Tuba uterine merupakan sebuah kanal bersilia yang
panjangnya sekitar 10 cm mulai ovarium menuju uterus.
Pada bagian distal atau bagian infundibulum, tuba falopii
berubah bentuk menjadi bentuk seperti terompet dan
memiliki fimbria, bagian tengah dan terpanjang tuba adalah
ampula, dan bagian dekat dengan uterus adalah isthmus
(Saladin, 2016).
ii. Tuba falopii merupakan jalan bagi ovum dan tonjolantonjolan infundibulum (fimbria) beerfungsi dalam menarik
ovum

kedalam

tuba

atau

kanal

dengan

gerakan

bergelombang, ovum tersebut didorong sepanjang tuba

dengan gerakan peristaltic dan bantuan silia menuju uterus.
Hormone estrogen dan prostaglandin yang mempengaruhi
gerakan perstaltis tersebut. Saat ovulasi gerakan peristaltis
dan sekresi mukosa meningkat, dan sel-sel kolumnar
menyekresi nutrisi untuk ovum selama di dalam tuba
(Bobak, 2009).
c. Uterus
i. Uterus merupakan ruang yang beerdinding otot tebal dan
memiliki fungsi sebagai tempat janin berkembang saat
masa gestasi, sumber gizi dalam bentuk plasenta, dan
membantu keluarnya janin saat masa akhir kehamilan
(Saladin, 2016). Uterus berbentuk seperti buah pir dan ada

lengkungan yang luas disebut fundus, lalu bagian tengah

yaitu corpus, dan terdapat leher Rahim atau servix. Panjang
uterus dari fundus ke servix biasanya 7 cm, lebarnya 4 cm,
dan ketebalannya mencapai 2.5cm. Namun, ukuran uterus
atau Rahim dapat berubah apabila sedang di masa
kehamilan (Saladin, 2016).
d. Vagina
i. Vagina, letaknya di depan rectum dan di belakang kandung
kemih serta uretra, memanjang dari introitus (muara
eksterna di vestibulum antara labia minora vulva) sampai
ke serviks, dan disokong oleh perlekataannya dengan otot
dan fasia dasar pelvis (Bobak, 2009). Vagina adalah tuba
yang fungsinya mengeluarkan cairan menstruasi, tempat
menerima penis dan semen saat melakukan hubungan
seksual, dan keluarnya bayi saat melahirkan (Saladin,
2016). Membrane mukosa melapisi dinding otot polos dan
selama masa reproduksi mukosa ini tersusun menjadi
bentuk lipatan transversal (rugae). Sel-sel mukosa meluruh
saat siklus menstruasi dan masa kehamilan, dan sel ini
dapat menjadi pengukur kadar hormone seks steroid.

B.

B. Stuktur Eksterna
The external female reproductive organs collectively are called the vulva
(which means covering in Latin). The vulva serves to protect the
urethral and vaginal openings and is highly sensitive to touch to increase
the females pleasure during sexual arousal (Coad & Dunstall, 2005). The
structures that make up the vulva include the mons pubis, the labia majora
and minora, the clitoris, the structures within the vestibule, and the
perineum
a. Mons Pubis
i. Mons pubis merupakan jaringan lemak subkutan yang
lunak dan padat serta mengandung banyak kelenjar minyak
dan ditumbuhi rambut hitam yang kasar dan ikal pada masa
pubertas. Mons pubis melindungi pubis simfisis saat
berhubungan seksual.
b. Labia Majora
i. Terdapat kelenjar sebaseus, jaringan adiposa, kelenjar
keringat. Setelah masa pubertas, bagian ini tumbuh rambut.
Fungsi labia majora melindungi pembukaan vagina.
c. Labia Minora
i. Labia minora merupakan lipatan kulit yang halus dan tidak
berambut, berada di dalam lipatan labia majora dan

mengelilingi bukaan vagina serta uretra. Labia minora

memiliki

saraf

yang

banyak

dan

berfungsi

untuk

melubrikasi vulva, membengkak sebagai respon dari

d.

stimulasi, dan sangat sensitif.

Klitoris
i. The clitoris is a small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue
and nerves. It is located at the anterior junction of the labia
minora. There are folds above and below the clitoris. The
joining of the folds above the clitoris forms the prepuce, a
hood-like covering over the clitoris; the junction below the
clitoris forms the frenulum. Like the penis, the clitoris is
very sensitive to touch, stimulation, and temperature and

can become erect

e. Orificium Vaginae
i.
f. Vestibulum
i. The vestibule is an oval area enclosed by the labia minora
laterally. It is inside the labia minora and outside of the
hymen and is perforated by six openings. Opening into the
vestibule are the urethra from the urinary bladder, the
vagina, and two sets of glands.
ii. The opening to the vagina is called the introitus, and the
half-moonshaped area behind the opening is called the
fourchette. Through tiny ducts beside the introitus,
Bartholins glands, when stimulated, secrete mucus that
supplies lubrication for intercourse. Skenes glands are
located on either side of the opening to the urethra. They
secrete a small amount of mucus to keep the opening moist
and lubricated for the passage of urine (Schuiling & Likis,
2006)
iii. The vaginal opening is surrounded by the hymen
(maidenhead). The hymen is a tough, elastic, perforated,
mucosa-covered tissue across the vaginal introitus. In a
virgin, the hymen may completely cover the opening, but it
usually encircles the opening like a tight ring. Because the

degree of tightness varies among women, the hymen may

tear at the first attempt at intercourse, or it may be so soft
and pliable that no tearing occurs.
g. Perineum
i. Area eksterna ini terdapat diantara vulva dan anus.
Perineum terdiri dari kulit, otot, dan fasia, yang mana dapat
diinsisi atau dilaser selama proses melahirkan, dan dapat
diperbaiki dengan dijahit. Memberi insisi pada daerah ini
dapat juga disebut dengan proses episiotomy, dan proses ini
dapat memberikan rasa ketidaknyamanan, trauma perineal,
dan inkontinensia fekal (Cunningham et al., 2005 dalam
Ricci, 2009)
C. Payudara
a. Payudara merupakan sepasang kelenjar mamae yang letaknya di
antara tulang iga kedua dan keenam, kelenjar mamae tersebutlah
yang memproduksi ASI. Bentuk dan ukuran payudara pada wanita
dewasa yang sehat biasanya sama, namun dapat mengalami
perubahan tergantung pada usia, keturunan, dan status gizi wanita
tersebut. Estrogen dapat merangsang pertumbuhan payudara
dengan menginduksi desposisi lemak di payudara, menginduksi
perkembangan jaringan stroma, pertumbuhan sistem ductus secara
luas, dan meningkatkan vaskularisasi jaringan (Bobak, 2009).
b. Setiap payudara memiliki 12-20 lobus dan terbagi lagi menjadi sub
lobus, yang membentuk kluster acini. Setiap acini dilapisi sel-sel
epitel yang akan menyekresi kolostrum serta susu. Kontraksi sel
miopitelial disekitar epitel membantu ASI keluar dari acini (Bobak,
2009). Saat mengumpul, ductus (dari kluster acini) berdilatasi
membentuk sinus laktiferus atau ampula, sinus ini berfungsi
sebagai reservoir susu. Keluarnya ASI distimulasi oleh oksitosin,
dan sebagai respon dari rangsangan menghisap bayi (Tortora,
2013).
c. Puting susu menjadi tempat untuk keluarnya ASI dan di sekitar
puting terdapat aerola yang bertekstur kasar karena adanya kelenjar
keringat dan fungsi kelenjar tersebut untuk melumasi puting susu

(Tortora, 2013). Payudara memiliki jaringan otot yaitu suspensory

ligament atau Coopers Ligament yang mana seiring dengan
bertambahnya usia jaringan tersebut akan mengalami penurunan
elastisitas dan menjadi kendur, hal ini dapat dicegah dengan
menggunakan sports bra.
Sistem Reproduksi Pria
Organ sistem reproduksi pria meliputi testikel, epididymis, kelenjar, dan
penis. Hormone yang terdapat pada pria yaitu, testosterone dan estrogen. Struktur
sistem reproduksi pria dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu, interna dan eksterna.

A. Struktur Interna
a. Testis
i. The testes (TES-tez
are

witness), or testicles,

paired

oval

glands in the scrotum measuring about 5 cm (2

in.)

long

and

2.5

cm (1 in.) in diameter (Figure 28.3). Internal to

the

tunica

vaginalis is a white fibrous capsule composed

of

dense

irregular

connective tissue, the tunica albuginea (albu-JIN-e-a;

albu-

white); it extends inward, forming septa that

divide
a

the

series

of

testis

internal

lobules.

into

compartments

Each

called

of

the

200300 lobules contains one to three tightly

coiled

tubules,

seminiferous

tubules

semin-

the
(sem-i-NIF-er-us;

seed;

-fer-

to carry), where sperm are produced. The

process

by

which

the

seminiferous tubules of the testes produce

sperm is called spermatogenesis.
b. Epididymis
i. The epididymis (ep-i-DID-i-mis; epi- above or
over;

-didymis

testis) is a comma-shaped organ about 4 cm

(1.5

in.)

long

that

lies along the posterior border of each testis

(see
The

Figure
plural

is

28.3a).

epididymides

(ep-i-di-DIM-i-

dez). Each epididymis consists mostly of the

tightly coiled ductus epididymi.
ii. Functionally, the epididymis is the site of
sperm

maturation,

the process by which sperm acquire motility

and the ability to fertilize an ovum. This occurs
over

period

of

about

14

days.

The

epididymis also helps propel sperm into the

ductus

(vas)

deferens

during sexual arousal by peristaltic contraction

of

its

smooth

muscle.

In

addition,

the

epididymis stores sperm, which remain viable

here for up to several months. Any stored
sperm that are not ejaculated by that time are
eventually reabsorbed.
c. Ductus Deferens
i. Within the tail of the epididymis, the ductus
epididymis becomes less convoluted, and its
diameter

increases.

Beyond

this

point, the duct is known as the ductus

deferens or vas deferens.
ii. Functionally, the ductus deferens
sperm

conveys

during

sexual

arousal from the epididymis toward the urethra

by
tractions

peristaltic
of

epididymis,

its

muscular
the

con
coat.

Like

ductus

the
def

erens also can store sperm for several months.

Any

stored

sperm

that are not ejaculated by that time are

eventually reabsorbed.
d. Vesika Seminalis
i. Through the seminal

vesicle

ducts

they

secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains

fructose

(a

monosaccharide

sugar),

prostaglandins, and clotting proteins that are

different from those in blood. The alkaline
nature of the seminal fluid helps to neutralize
the acidic environment of the male urethra and
female reproductive tract that otherwise would
inactivate and kill sperm. The fructose is used

for ATP production by sperm. Prostaglandins

contribute to sperm motility and viability and
may stimulate smooth muscle contractions
within

the

female

reproductive

tract.

The

clotting proteins help semen coagulate after

ejaculation. Fluid secreted by the seminal
vesicles normally constitutes about 60% of the
volume of semen.
e. Prostat
i. The prostate (PROS-tat; prostata
stands

before)

one who

is

single, doughnut-shaped gland about the size

of

golf

ball.

It

measures about 4 cm (1.6 in.) from side to

side,

about

cm

(1.2

in.) from top to bottom, and about 2 cm (0.8

in.)

from

front

to

back
ii. The prostate secretes a milky, slightly acidic
fluid

(pH

about

6.5) that contains several substances. (1) Citric

acid

in

prostatic

fluid is used by sperm for ATP production via

the

Krebs

cycle.

(2)

Several proteolytic enzymes, such as prostatespecific

antigen

(PSA), pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, and

hyaluronidase,

eventually

break

down

the

clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles. (3)

The function of the acid phosphatase secreted
by

the

prostate

is

unknown.

(4)

Seminalplasmin in prostatic fluid is an antibiotic

that can destroy bacteria

f. Kelenjar Bulbourethral
i. The paired bulbourethral glands (bul-bo-uRE -thral), or Cowpers glands (KOW-pers),
are about the size of peas. They are located
inferior to the prostate on either side of the
membranous urethra within the deep muscles
of the perineum, and their ducts open into the
spongy urethra.
ii. During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands
secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that
protects the passing sperm by neutralizing
acids from urine in the urethra. They also
secrete mucus that lubricates the end of the
penis and the lining of the urethra, decreasing
the

number

of

sperm

damaged

during

ejaculation.
B. Struktur Eksterna
a. Penis
i. The penis ( tail) contains the urethra and is a passageway
for the ejaculation of semen and the excretion of urine
(Figure 28.10). It is cylindrical in shape and consists of a
body, glans penis, and a root.
ii. The weight of the penis is supported by two ligaments that
are continuous with the fascia of the penis. (1) The
fundiform ligament (FUN-di-form) arises from the inferior
part of the linea alba. (2) The suspensory ligament of the
penis arises from the pubic symphysis
iii. Upon sexual stimulation (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory,
or imagined), parasympathetic fibers from the sacral
portion of the spinal cord initiate and maintain an erection,
the enlargement and stiffening of the penis. The
parasympathetic fibers produce and release nitric oxide
(NO). The NO causes smooth muscle in the walls of
arterioles supplying erectile tissue to relax, which allows

these blood vessels to dilate. This in turn causes large

amounts of blood to enter the erectile tissue of the penis.
iv. NO also causes the smooth muscle within the erectile tissue
to relax, resulting in widening of the blood sinuses. The
combination of increased blood flow and widening of the
blood sinuses results in an erection. Expansion of the blood
sinuses also compresses the veins that drain the penis; the
slowing of blood outflow helps to maintain the erection
b. Skrotum
i. The scrotum (SKRO -tum
bag), the
supporting

structure

for

the

testes, consists of loose skin and underlying

subcutaneous

layer

that hangs from the root (attached portion) of

the

penis

scrotum

(Figure

looks

28.1a).

like

Externally,

single

pouch

skin separated into lateral portions

median

ridge

the
of

by a

called

the

raphe (RA-fe seam). Internally, the scrotal

septum

divides

the

scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single

testis.
ii. The location of the scrotum and the contraction
of

its

muscle

fibers regulate the temperature of the testes.

Normal

sperm

production

requires

temperature about 23C below core body

temperature.

This

lowered

temperature

is

maintained within the scrotum because it is

outside the pelvic cavity. In response to cold
temperatures,

the

muscles contract.

cremaster

and

dartos

Daftar Pustaka

Black, J. & Hawks, J. (2009). Medical-surgical nursing, 8th ed. St. Louis, MO:
Saunders/Elsevier.
Saladin, K. S., Sullivan, S. J., Gan, C. A. (2016). Human anatomy, 5th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill Education
Tortora, G. & Derrickson, B. (2012). Principles of anatomy & physiology, 13th ed.
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.