PRESENTATION

-Diabetes is a chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the blood
(hyperglycaemia)
- There are two principle forms of diabetes which is type 1 and type 2. Former
names for these conditions were insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent
diabetes, or juvenile onset and adult onset diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (formerly
known as insulin-dependent) in which the pancreas fails to produce the insulin
which is essential for survival. This form develops most frequently in children and
adolescents, but is being increasingly noted later in life.
Type 2 diabetes (formerly named non-insulin-dependent) which results from the
body's inability to respond properly to the action of insulin produced by the
pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is much more common and accounts for around 90%
of all diabetes cases worldwide. It occurs most frequently in adults, but is being
noted increasingly in adolescents as well.
treatment
1) primary :
-type 1 through insulin injection .
-type 2. Treatment usually consists of dietary control alone or dietary control and
medication. Some may also need insulin injections.
-type 2 always heredity
2) secondary diabtes
-The treatment in gestational diabetes is diet alone or diet with medication.

-# Alternative Treatment For Diabetes

Alternative therapies are treatments that are neither widely taught in medical
schools nor widely practiced in hospitals. Alternative treatments that have been
studied to manage diabetes include acupuncture, biofeedback, guided imagery,
and vitamin and mineral supplementation. The success of some alternative
treatments can be hard to measure.
Acupuncture is a procedure in that a practitioner inserts needles into designated
points on the skin. Some Western scientists believe that acupuncture triggers the
release of the body's natural painkillers. Acupuncture has been shown to offer
relief from chronic pain. Acupuncture is sometimes used by people with
neuropathy, the painful nerve damage of diabetes.

Biofeedback is a technique that helps a person become more aware of and learn
to deal with the body's response to pain. This alternative therapy emphasizes
relaxation and stress-reduction techniques. Guided imagery is a relaxation
technique that some professionals who use biofeedback do. With guided
imagery, a person thinks of peaceful mental images, such as ocean waves. A
person may also include the images of controlling or curing a chronic disease,
such as diabetes. People using this technique believe their condition can be
eased with these positive images.
#
Insulin Therapy
People with type 1 diabetes require multiple insulin injections each day to
maintain safe insulin levels. Insulin is often required to treat type 2 diabetes too.
Using an insulin pump is an alternative to injections. The pump is about the size
of a pager and is usually worn on your belt. Insulin is delivered through a small
tube (catheter) that is placed under the skin (usually in the abdomen).

There are four major types of insulin:

Rapid-acting
Short-acting
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting
Your doctor will determine your dose and how often you need to take insulin.
There is no standard insulin dose as it depends on factors such as your body
weight, when you eat, how often you exercise and how much insulin your body
produces.
# Oral Medications
Sometimes blood sugar levels remain high in people with type 2 diabetes even
though they eat in a healthy manner and exercise. When this happens,
medications taken in pill form may be prescribed. The medications work in
several different ways. These include improve the effectiveness of the body's
natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and
inhibit blood sugar absorption. Oral diabetes medications are sometimes taken in
combination with insulin.
# Pancreas transplantation. Pancreas transplants have been performed since the
late 1960s. Most are done in conjunction with or after a kidney transplant. Kidney
failure is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and receiving a
new pancreas when you receive a new kidney may actually improve kidney
survival. Furthermore, after a successful pancreas transplant, many people with

diabetes no longer need to use insulin. Unfortunately, pancreas transplants

aren't always successful. Your body may reject the new organ days or even years
after the transplant, which means you'll need to take immunosuppressive drugs
the rest of your life. These drugs are costly and can have serious side effects,
including a high risk of infection and organ injury. Because the side effects can
be more dangerous to your health than your diabetes, you're usually not
considered a candidate for transplantation unless your diabetes can't be
controlled or you're experiencing serious complications. On the other hand,
pancreas transplantation may be an option if you are age 45 or younger, have
type 1 diabetes and need or have had a kidney transplant, or if insulin doesn't
control your blood sugar.
#
Prevelance
- Recently compiled data show that approximately 150 million people
have diabetes mellitus worldwide, and that this number may well
double by the year 2025. Much of this increase will occur in developing
countries and will be due to population growth, ageing, unhealthy
diets, obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
By 2025, while most people with diabetes in developed countries will be
aged 65 years or more, in developing countries most will be in the 4564 year age bracket and affected in their most productive years.
Develop
Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body's
needs), production of defective insulin (which is uncommon), or the inability of
cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes.
This latter condition affects mostly the cells of muscle and fat tissues, and results
in a condition known as insulin resistance. This is the primary problem in type 2
diabetes. The absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process
affecting the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main disorder in
type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells
that adds to the process of elevated blood sugars. Essentially, if someone is
resistant to insulin, the body can, to some degree, increase production of insulin
and overcome the level of resistance. After time, if production decreases and
insulin cannot be released as vigorously, hyperglycemia develops.

Glucose is a simple sugar found in food. Glucose is an essential nutrient that

provides energy for the proper functioning of the body cells. Carbohydrates are
broken down in the small intestine and the glucose in digested food is then
absorbed by the intestinal cells into the bloodstream, and is carried by the
bloodstream to all the cells in the body where it is utilized. However, glucose
cannot enter the cells alone and needs insulin to aid in its transport into the
cells. Without insulin, the cells become starved of glucose energy despite the

presence of abundant glucose in the bloodstream. In certain types of diabetes,

the cells' inability to utilize glucose gives rise to the ironic situation of "starvation
in the midst of plenty". The abundant, unutilized glucose is wastefully excreted in
the urine.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by specialized cells (beta cells) of the

pancreas. (The pancreas is a deep-seated organ in the abdomen located behind
the stomach.) In addition to helping glucose enter the cells, insulin is also
important in tightly regulating the level of glucose in the blood. After a meal, the
blood glucose level rises. In response to the increased glucose level, the
pancreas normally releases more insulin into the bloodstream to help glucose
enter the cells and lower blood glucose levels after a meal. When the blood
glucose levels are lowered, the insulin release from the pancreas is turned down.
It is important to note that even in the fasting state there is a low steady release
of insulin than fluctuates a bit and helps to maintain a steady blood sugar level
during fasting. In normal individuals, such a regulatory system helps to keep
blood glucose levels in a tightly controlled range. As outlined above, in patients
with diabetes, the insulin is either absent, relatively insufficient for the body's
needs, or not used properly by the body. All of these factors cause elevated
levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
develop
Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body's
needs), production of defective insulin (which is uncommon), or the inability of
cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to diabetes. This latter condition
affects mostly the cells of muscle and fat tissues, and results in a condition
known as insulin resistance. This is the primary problem in type 2 diabetes. The
absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process affecting the
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main disorder in type 1
diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells that adds
to the process of elevated blood sugars. Essentially, if someone is resistant to
insulin, the body can, to some degree, increase production of insulin and
overcome the level of resistance. After time, if production decreases and insulin
cannot be released as vigorously, hyperglycemia develops.