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INTRODUCTION
1.1. Problem Statement
Analyse and design an economical and stable RCC framed building for the usage in Residential
purpose using CSI-ETABS and manual calculations.
1.2. Scope
The main scope of this project is to apply standards of Nepal National building codes and IS- 456,
IS-13920, IS-1893 in designing a building. These building require great extent consideration of
earthquake effects on building. This building is located in seismic zone V therefore the lateral
loading of earthquake considered is predominant to the effects of wind loads. Hence wind loads are
not considered. Almost materials and their sizes are so chooses that these are easily available in the
market.
1.3 General
This report summarizes the structural analysis and design of building of .. at
. Municipality/VDC ward no..It has planned to utilize the building as
educational aspect. The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that
structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life.
1. The building will be used dwellings or hotels so that there are Partition walls inside the building.
External walls 230 mm thick and internal walls 115mm thick with 12 mm plaster on both sides are
considered. For simplicity in analysis, no sloping shades are used in the building analysis even though
balconies and terraces are intentionally included.
2. At ground floor, slabs are not provided and the floor will directly rest on ground. Therefore,
only ground beams passing through columns are provided as tie beams. The floor beams are
thus absent in the ground floor.
3. The main beams rest centrally on columns to avoid local eccentricity.
4. For all structural elements except slabs, M25 grade concrete will be used. However, higher M30
grade
concrete is used for central columns up to plinth, in ground floor and in the first floor.
11. As per IS 1893(Part 1):2002, the seismic zoning of Nepal can be taken as ZONE IV and ZONE
V , most severe zone of India. For our case, we take the site lies on Zone V. Hence the building is
designed with great consideration towards earthquake resistant practices.
12. All dimensions are in mm, unless specified otherwise
be assumed in the design of buildings and same is given in the-form of unit weight of
materials. The unit weight of other materials that are likely to be stored in a building should be
also included for the purpose of load calculations due to stored materials. These loads are
calculated as specified in IS875-1987(part I)
1.5.2 Live Load : The load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building,
including the weight of movable partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, load due to impact and
vibration, and dust load but excluding wind, seismic, snow and other loads due to temperature changes,
creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, etc. This analysis covers imposed loads*(live loads) to be
assumed in the design of buildings. The imposed loads, used in this building analysis, are minimum
loads which should be taken into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of buildings. These
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1.5.3 Seismic
earthquake. This
seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which were created by
ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following factors: mass
of the building, the dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration, and frequency
content of the ground motion, and soil-structure interaction. The analysis method and
2. METHODOLOGY
The project provided to us is completed performing each section works mentioned in the
contents before The following stages are involved in the analysis and design of three and half
storey building.
are adopted considering the economy. Square column section is adopted in this building project as
per the internal aesthetic requirements.
2.2.4 Staircase
Stairs is designed as per drawing. Coolum for stairs boxes is not included in the grid
system but they are assumed to be simply tied with main frame with beam.
3. FRAME DESIGN
3.1 ETABS Analysis
3.1.1
Assignments
Materials
Table 1 - Material Properties Concrete
Concrete
Grade
M20
HYSD415
Loads
The following considerations are made for the assignment of loads on the structural model:
The loads distributed over the area are imposed on area element and that distributed over length are
imposed on line element whenever possible.
Where such loading is not applicable, equivalent conversion to different loading distribution is carried
to load the model near the real case as far as possible.
The imposed loading of infill walls are considered(as per architectural drwg.) as equivalent UDL with
25% to 30% deductions for openings, but the actual modelling of infill walls as equivalent Struts are
not performed. Hence the stiffness of infill walls are not considered.
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The Plinth Tie Beams are designed as purely tie members for lateral loads only, not designed as
flexural members as floor beams.
For simplicity of Structural analysis, Modelling of stair case is not performed & no landing beam is
considered. The DL & LL load of stair case is transferred to the floor beam as equivalent UDL.
Load Patterns
Table 4 - Load Patterns
Name
Dead Load
Live Load
Seismic Load(X)
Seismic Load(Y)
Load cases
Name
Dead
Live
EQX
EQY
Beam-1 Depth =
Height Of wall =
Width Of External
Wall =
Width Of Internal
Wall =
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Percentage of
Opening on wall
=
Stair Area =
a)
b)
c)
d)
Floor Slab
Roof =
Terrace =
Note-1: While applying the loads on structural model rounding values are used for simplicity
Note-2: Point load consideration is ignored as the slab has sufficient rigidity to spread the concentrated load;
IS875 (II) Clause 3.1
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Load
Type
Pattern
EQX
Seismic
X + Ecc. Y
EQX
Seismic
X - Ecc. Y
EQY
Seismic
Y + Ecc. X
EQY
Seismic
Y - Ecc. X
Table
4
4
4
4
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15/04/2015
Direction = Multiple
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
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15/04/2015
Story
StairCover
Second
Floor
First Floor
Base
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15/04/2015
Direction = Multiple
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
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15/04/2015
Story
StairCover
Second
Floor
First Floor
Base
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Load Combinations
The load combinations are based on NBC105:1994, clause 4.4 for Limit state design method.
The following load combinations are used during analysis.
Name
1.Combo1.5(DL+LL)
6.Combo (0.9DL+1.25EQX)
7.Combo (0.9DL-1.25EQX)
8.Combo (0.9DL+1.25EQY)
9.Combo (0.9DL-1.25EQY)
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Geometry Assignments
Table 10 Geometry Assignments
S.
N.
1
Design
Type
St
Column
Al
Beam
Al
Beam
Al
2
3
Story
All
Story
Diaphragms
Rigid
Mesh Option
All
Other Assignments
1) 100mm2 steel sections is overridden to beam section at top for ductile reinforcement
consideration.
2) Minimum rebar sizes and numbers are overridden
for beam 12mm dia and 4 numbers of bars
for column 16mm dia and 8 number of bars
3) In every floor slabs are interconnected to act as a diaphragm.
3.1.2 Analysis Preparation
Selection of Analysis Sections
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members.
Grid diagram is the basic guiding parameter for analysis (both approximate and exact)
and is presented below.
Slab
For limit state of serviceability (deflection) criteria,
Span / depth ratio <
Where
, , ,, are modification factors given by IS 456: 2000
= 26, for continuous slab [IS 456: 2000, CL: 23.2.1(a)]
= 1, for span < 10m, [IS 456: 2000, CL: 23.2.1(b)]
= 1.24, for pt = 0.5% (assumed) [IS 456: 2000, CL: 23.2.1(c)]
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S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Storey Drifts
Table: 12 Storey drift
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Storey
Stair Cover
Second Floor
First Floor
ANNEX-I
Storey Drift ratio for all storied are checked as defined in clause 7.11.2, IS 1893-2002.It is found that storey drift ratio
for all stories are within permissible limit 0.004. OK. All the reaction forces, drifts and
deflections are shown in
Base Reactions are used to Design Foundation
Sections Forces
Typical analysis forces of beam/column and slab are presented below. All the beam/column forces are
presented in ANNEX-II
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34
Fig:10 Resultant Bending Moment (1-1 and 2-2 ) contour in First Floor Slab
combinations. The detail check and pass of all the message is shown in
ANNEX-III
b (mm)
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Ec (MPa)
Column End
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Column End
Top
Bottom
Major(Vu2)
Minor(Vu3)
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Ratio
Major33
Minor22
b (mm)
Ec (MPa)
1.5
1.15
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3.1.2
Sizes
mm*mm
1 300*300
**Column Framing Plan and Column Schedule are attached in structural drawing sheets.
Beam
All the sizes of beams and their labels and corresponding rebar are tabulated in Beam Rebar
Table attached with this report in structural drawing section (ANNEX-IV). Mainly the adopted
structurally passed sections are tabulated below
Table:13 Types of Adopted Beams and Their Sizes
Beams
Main Beams
Staircase stair landing Beams
Tie Beams
Cantilever Overhanging Beams
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4. SLAB DESIGN
4.1 General
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and carrying distributed
loads primarily by flexure. A staircase can be considered to be an inclined slab. They
may be supported on walls or beams or in the columns. The beam supporting the slabs
are considered stiff and do have deflections relative small as that compared to the slabs.
The slabs supported on the wall or beams are called edge supported slab.
4.1.1 Types of Slab
Slabs are classified according to the manner of the support
a) One-way Slab spanning in one direction
b) Two-way slab spanning in two direction
c) Circular slab
d) Flat slab
e) Ribbed slab
Two-way slabs are analysed and designed for this building
4.1.2 Methodology of slab design
Important information regarding the design of slab according to IS456:2000
1. Slab is designed for 1m wide strip
2. Temperature reinforcement (Ast min) = 0.12% bD for deformed bars along the
transverse direction to the main bars (Cl.26.5.2.1)
3. Cover minimum = 25mm
4. If Ly/Lx < 2, two way slab is designed
Design Steps for two way restrained slab
Client
Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola, NEC 7059 'CIVIL' A
Slab
group
S1
S2
S3
S4
DL
LL
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
5.750
5.750
5.750
5.750
Table :
Client
Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola, NEC 7059 'CIVIL' A
DL
Slab group
S1
S2
S3
S4
(KN/m2)
5.750
5.750
5.750
5.750
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5. FOUNDATION DESIGN
5.1 General
Foundation are the structural element that transfer the loads from the building or individual
columns to the earth. The scope of foundation design is to consider the excessive
settlement, rotation, differential settlement and safety against sliding /overturning of
foundation.
5.1.1
Types of Footings
a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or circular
shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is
low and sum of individual footing area is more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the structures.
Well foundations are used in bridge foundations.
Selection of footings is made from experience but for economical foundations following
factors governs the major.
- Bearing capacity of soil and N-values of SPT
- Permissible differential settlement
- Soil strata
- Type of structures and loadings on them
Here the type of footing adopted is an isolated footing of size .
Here the safe bearing capacity is taken on the basis of categorization of site soil and
peripheral geographical/hydrological features. Experiences with similar soil type and location
as the determination of proper value is out of the scope of this report. The design parameters
are shown in below and corresponding drawing are also attached in structural drawing section
of the architectural report.
MPA
S.N. F-Group #
Joint
Labels
F1
2,4,12,13
F2
1,3,5,8,10,
11,14,15
3
F3
# F-Group(1) = [Fz=0 to 250 KN] ,F-Group(2) = [Fz=250 to 500 KN] ,F-Group(3) = [Fz=500 to 750 KN],F-Group(4) =
[Fz=750 to
1000 KN],
F-Group(5) = [Fz=1000 to 1250 KN],F-Group(6) = [Fz=1250 to 1500 KN],
Note: 1.Foundation are grouped so as to make simplicity in construction.
2. Minimum dowels of 10 mm bar is provided in each face of column(4 numbers)
3. All footings have 75mm brick/stone soling and 75mm PCC base from where the depth of footings is so defined in this table.
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6,7,9
6. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this building is mainly residential as well as small scale of commercial with
limited resources. Hence due to high cost of soil investigation actual borehole site
exploration and the determination of bearing capacity of soil is omitted and adopted with
the experience and visual inspection of site and local possibilities. The frame system
analysis is made with an well powered software ETABS V17.Attempts are made to
economise and simplified the construction ensuring earthquake safety and adopting
common materials, common sections, and schedules. Design process is interactive process
of selecting frames and checking for loads considered. Final safe checked and passed
model with possible minimum sizes of frame members and minimum reinforcement is
adopted. However this design is safe against earthquake no doubly, however more iteration
are avoided in selection of members which make a little costly but not more than 10%.
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Foundations and Slabs are designed manually with the help of excel- design templates
made on the basis of IS 456:2000.Client is suggested to employ supervisor in the
construction periods to ensure the quality control of works/materials within a limit. All
necessary calculations; analysis results and design outputs are presented in annexes as a
Adarsha.pdf version of soft copy file.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
1) Jain, A.KR.C.C Limit State Design, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1990
2) Shah & Kale- R.C.C Design, Macmillan India Limited
3) Ashok k. Jain- Advanced Structural Analysis, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1990
4) S.S. Bhavikati-Structural Analysis- II, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
5) V.N. Vazirani- Analysis of Structures-II, Khanna Publishers
6) S. Ramamrutham-Theory of Structures, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company
7) www.csiamerica.com
8) Bothara,Jitendra Kumar- Protection of educational buildings against earthquake,NSET-Nepal publication
9) Shrestha, Hima -Retrofitting of common Frame structural houses, NSET-Nepal publication
Codes
1) I.S. 456-2000 -Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
2) I S. 456-1978 -Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete ( S.P.-16 )
3) S.P.34-1987 - Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
4) I S 1893-2003 -Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Structure
5) I S 13920-1993 -Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to
Seismic forces
6) I S 875-1987 -Code of practice for Design Loads for Buildings and Structures
Part 1- Dead Loads
Part 2- Imposed Loads
7) NBC 105 :1994- Seismic Design of Building in Nepal
8) NBC 108 :1994- Site Consideration for Seismic Hazards
9) NBC 201 :1994 - Mandatory Rules of Thumb Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Masonry Infill
Tools
CSI-ETABS V.17: The frame analysis and design of this building is made with CSI-ETABS software
choosing the integrated IS codes of standards. The innovative and revolutionary ETABS is the ultimate
integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. Incorporating 40 years of
continuous research and development, this latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object based modelling and
visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive
design capabilities for a wide-range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic
drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results. The
entire building structure was analyzed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings
utilizing ETABS version 8.4, from Computers and Structures, Inc (CSI). Major success story of software
are shortly explained below.
ETABS is used in the structural design of the Burj Dubai in the United Arab. The Burj Dubai
Tower is the worlds tallest structure, passing all previous height records. The entire building structure was
analyzed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings utilizing ETABS version 8.4,
from Computers and Structures, Inc (CSI).
ETABS is used in the design of the new Museum for African Art on Fifth Avenue in New York
City
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Microsoft Office Excel Templates: The Design of Foundations and Slabs are made with Excel-Template
prepared by myself. The so prepared design templates are based on IS 456:2000 - Code of Practice for Plain
and Reinforced Concrete
ANNEXES
1. ANNEX-I-Base Reactions and Drifts/Deflection Of Structural Elements (Soft Copy)
2. ANNEX-II-Frame Section Forces (Soft Copy)
3. ANNEX-III-Design Outputs (Soft Copy)
4. ANNEX-IV-Structural Drawings (Soft as well as Hard Copy)
5. ANNEX-V- Calculations of Sample Slabs (Soft Copy)
6. ANNEX-VI-Calculations of Sample Footings (soft Copy)
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