Graded Nanoplates

Available online at www.sciencedirect.
com
ScienceDirect
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 297 (2015) 191218
www.elsevier.com/locate/cma
An efficient computational approach for size-dependent analysis of

functionally graded nanoplates
Ngoc-Tuan Nguyen a,b , David Hui c , Jaehong Lee b , H. Nguyen-Xuan d,b,
a Department of Computational Engineering, Vietnamese-German University, Binh Duong New City, Viet Nam
b Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 98 Kunja Dong, Kwangjin Ku, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
c Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Orleans, Lakefront, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
d Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Technology (CIRTech), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Viet Nam
Received 8 January 2015; received in revised form 22 June 2015; accepted 23 July 2015
Available online 1 September 2015
Highlights
We present an efficient computational approach for size-dependent behaviour of FGM nanoplates.

Both shear deformation and thickness stretching effect are taken into account by a novel quasi-3D theory with only 4 variables.
Nonlocal theory that requires third order derivatives of displacement variables is used to capture the size-dependent effect.
NURBS-based isogeometric analysis can handle properly the high-order derivative requirements.
The numerical results show reliability and effectiveness of the present method.
Abstract
In this paper, an efficient computational approach based on refined plate theory (RPT) including the thickness stretching effect,
namely quasi-3D theory, in conjunction with isogeometric formulation (IGA) is proposed for the size-dependent bending, free
vibration and buckling analysis of functionally graded nanoplate structures. The present novel quasi-3D theory not only possesses
4 variables as refined plate theory but also accounts for both shear deformation and stretching effect without any requirement of
shear correction factors (SCFs). The size-dependent effect is taken into account by nonlocal elasticity theory. Isogeometric analysis
shows a great advantage in dealing with the high continuity and high order derivative requirements of the displacement fields used
in quasi-3D and nonlocal theory. The reliability and accuracy of the present method are ascertained by comparing the obtained
results with other published ones. Numerical examples are also performed to show the significance of nonlocal effect, material
distribution profile, aspect ratios and boundary conditions on the behaviour of FGM nanoplates.
c 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Functionally graded nanoplates; Nonlocal theory; Refined plate theory; Quasi-3D theory; Isogeometric analysis
Corresponding author at: Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Technology (CIRTech), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
(HUTECH), Viet Nam.
E-mail address: ngx.hung@hutech.edu.vn (H. Nguyen-Xuan).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2015.07.021
c 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
0045-7825/
192
N.-T. Nguyen et al. / Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 297 (2015) 191218
1. Introduction
With the fast development of technology, a new research area is in growth for understanding of nano/micro structures. Carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene sheet (GS), the most prevalent among nano/micro structures, have been
attracted a vast quantity of research effort owing to its advance mechanical,chemical, physical and electrical properties. Due to their superior features, the application of nano/micro structures was expanded into many areas such
as nano-electromechanical devices [1], space and bio-engineering [2], actuators [3], nanocomposite [4,5]. Obviously,
understanding and analysing the behaviour of nano/micro structures play an important role in research. Therefore,
experiment as well as discrete atomistic methods such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations [6,7] have been utilized. However, these methods are either extremely difficult or highly expensive for computational cost, respectively.
By these reasons, the size-dependent continuum model is developed as another alternative theoretical technique.
It is known that due to the absence of the internal material length scale in the constitutive equation, the classical
theory fails to predict the behaviour at the nano-scale which was reported in Fleck et al. [8], Stolken and Evans [9]
and Lam et al. [10]. In order to consider the size-dependent effect, numerous size-dependent continuum theories (e.g.,
nonlocal elasticity theory by Eringen [11], strain gradient theory by Liu et al. [12], modified couple stress theory by
Yang et al. [13]), which can capture the small-scale effect, have been developed to study the behaviour of nano/micro
structures. In the local (classical) continuum theories based on the hyper-elastic constitutive relations, the stress state
at a reference point is only a function of strain state at that point. The nonlocal continuum theory initially developed
by Eringen and Edelen [14] and Eringen [11] indicates that the stress state at a reference point is a function of every
strain state in the continuum body. The alternative nonlocal formulations were proposed by Aifantis and co-workers
[1518]. These nonlocal models can eliminate strain singularities [15] or both strain and stress singularities [17] and
serve to interpret size effect [18]. Although the nonlocal continuum theory was first introduced by Eringen [11] in
1972, the feasibility of the nonlocal theory for the analysis of nano/micro structures was pioneered by Peddieson
et al. [19] in 2003. After this work, a comprehensive research on the linear and non-linear static, free vibration, and
buckling of beam structure considering nonlocal theory based on various beam theories were reported in the literature [2028]. Using nonlocal elasticity theory, Ansari et al. [29] presented the nonlocal plate model for free vibration
of single-layered graphene sheets based on first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) was used to obtain the approximate solution. Also, the MD simulations were
performed to point out the appropriate nonlocal parameter relevant to various boundary conditions (BCs) in this study.
Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [30] presented an exact solution for free vibration of Mindlin rectangular nanoplates by introducing some auxiliary and potential function for only Levy-type BCs (i.e, two opposite edges are simply supported,
and the others are arbitrary). Malekzadeh et al. [31,32] reported the free vibration and buckling analysis of orthotropic
arbitrary straight-sided quadrilateral nanoplates based on classical plate theory (CPT) and FSDT, respectively. The
differential quadrature method (DQM) was exploited in their studies. Recently, by solving Bassel differential equation, the free vibration characteristics of circular and annular graphene sheets were investigated by Mohammadi et al.
[33,34] using nonlocal classical plate theory. Nonlinear behaviour of nonlocal plate model was reported in the researches of Shen and his colleagues [35,36] using CPT. An extensive effort to the nonlocal analysis of nanoplate or
graphene sheets was studied in [3742]. Most of their works focused on CPT/FSDT and the analytical methods were
almost used for solutions.
Functionally grade materials (FGMs) are classified into composite materials in which the material properties vary
continuously and gradually from one surface to the other. In contrast to the laminated composites, the FGMs eliminate
the undesirable stress discontinuity existing between two surfaces in laminated composites. The FGMs are usually
composed of the mixture of ceramics and metals due to the better thermal resistance of ceramic phase and the stronger
mechanical performance of metal phase. Owing to this advantage, the FGMs are extensively used in many scientific
and engineering fields, such as electronics, optics, chemistry, biomedical engineering, nuclear engineering [43], etc.
With the speedy progress of science and technology, many researchers have been attracted to study the size-dependent
behaviour of FGMs based on the nonlocal theory. Eltaher et al. [44,45] exploited the general finite element method
to figure out the static, stability and free vibration solutions of the nonlocal EulerBernoulli FGM beams. Simsek
and Yurtcu [46] examined the static and buckling responses of the nonlocal FGM beams. In their study, the Navier
solution was obtained for both EulerBernoulli and Timoshenko simply supported beams. Uymaz [47] accomplished
Navier solution for the forced vibration of the simply supported nonlocal FGM beams. Various shear deformable
beam theories were considered and the material properties varied through the thickness direction. For nonlocal FGM
193
plates, we found that there is a deficiency of the literature on this research area. Natarajan et al. [48] reported the
size-dependent free vibration of FGM square plate based on nonlocal theory and first order shear deformation theory.
Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [49] derived the analytical solution for free vibration of FGM circular/annular plate using
FSDT and nonlocal theory.
From the foregoing literature review, most of the existing researches dealt with classical plate theory and first order
shear deformation theory. Classical plate theory is only appropriate to study on the thin plates whilst first order shear
deformation plate theory is though a suitable method to deal with the thick plates but it encounters shear correction
factor and shear locking phenomenon [50]. It hence urges to combine nonlocal plate model with generalized higher
order shear deformation plate theory (HSDT) which developed based on FSDT and has five displacement variables
or four-variable refined plate theory (RPT) [51] which reduces one displacement variable. It is worth to mention that
the HSDT and RPT provide better results and yield more accurate and stable solutions (e.g. inter-laminar stresses and
displacements) [5254] than the FSDT ones without the requirement of SCFs. In the existing literature, there was
only a few researches available about HSDT and RPT for only homogeneous plates. Pradhan [55] and Aghababaei
and Reddy [56] first presented the analytical solution for the buckling and static, free vibration analysis, respectively,
of nonlocal rectangular plate based on third order shear deformation plate theory [57]. Narendar and his co-worker
[58,59] studied on buckling and free vibration analysis of nonlocal rectangular plate incorporating two-variable refined
plate theory [60] using Naviers approach. Using two-variable refined plate theory by Shimpi [60], Malekzadeh
et al. [61] investigated free vibration of nonlocal rectangular plate by employing Naviers approach and DQM. More
recently, based on the sinusoidal shear deformation theory of Touratier [62], Thai et al. [63] expressed Navier solution
for simply supported isotropic considering nonlocal effect.
It should be noticed that in these mentioned 2-D plate theories (i.e., CPT, FSDT, HSDT, RPT), the thickness
stretching effect is neglected (3 = 0), which yields the independent transverse displacement through the plate
thickness. The effect of thickness stretching is expressed in three dimension analysis of FGM plates [6466]. In order
to consider thickness stretching effect, quasi-3D theories can be generally implemented based on the Carrera Unified
Formulation (CUF) of Carrera [67]. Numerous quasi-3D theories have been exploited for analysing the behaviour of
FGM in the literature based on CUF. Nevertheless, these theories require high computational cost due to containing
an enormous amount of variables such as Carrera et al. [68] with 15 variables, Talha and Singh [69], Ganapathi and
Makhecha [70] with 13 variables, Chen et al. [71] and Reddy [72] with 11 variables, Ferreira and co-workers [7375]
and Neves et al. [7678] with 9 variables and so on. Being different with the above quasi-3D theories, Zenkour [79]
has recently proposed a quasi-3D theory for static analysis of functionally graded sandwich plate with only 4 variables.
Afterwards, the 4-unknown quasi-3D theory was extended to investigate the bending behaviour of simply supported
FGM plates by using Navier solution technique [80,81].
Coming back HSDT, RPT or quasi-3D theory proposed in [79], the C 1 -continuity of generalized displacement field
is required. This causes the difficulties for the conventional finite element formulations (FEA) with C 0 approximation.
An alternatively advanced approach of FEA is the meshfree method [82,83]. In the state-of-the-art development of
advanced computational methodologies, Hughes et al. [84] have recently proposed an isogeometric analysis (IGA)
that bridges the gap between Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The main feature
is that the NURBS functions (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) not only represent the CAD geometry exactly but also
become the basis for the numerical approximation of the displacement variable. Moreover, NURBS basic functions
enable to accomplish easily a higher order continuity as well as higher differentiable capacity in comparison with
the conventional FEM. Isogeometric analysis has been widely used in computational mechanic problems such as
structural vibrations [85], KirchhoffLove shell [86,87], linear/nonlinear FSDT laminate composite/FGM plates
[8890], HSDT/RPT laminate composite/FGM/sandwich plates [53,54,91] and so on. Until now, according to the
authors knowledge, there is a recent publication for rectangular nanoplates that were restricted to FSDT and B-spline
basis functions [48].
Motivated by the review literature, in this paper, in order to fill the gap in the literature, the authors investigate the
size-dependent bending, free vibration and buckling analysis of FGM nanoplates based on the 4-variables quasi-3D
theory and nonlocal theory in conjunction with isogeometric approach. A novel 4-variables quasi-3D theory is further
developed based on the quasi-3D theory [79], which is capable of accounting for both shear deformation effect and
thickness stretching effect. Moreover, the 4-variables refined plate theory can be easily simplified from the present
4-variables quasi-3D theory by eliminating thickness stretching effect. Isogeometric analysis not only demonstrates
its advantage in modelling exactly the curved geometry but also shows a very effective way to address the existence
194
of third-order derivatives of the displacement field in the weak form based on the nonlocal theory. The present study
considers both rectangular and circular shape of plate and both RPT and quasi-3D models. Various numerical examples
are provided and obtained results are compared with the valid solutions in the literature. Additionally, the influences of
nonlocal effect, material index, aspect ratios, and boundary conditions on static, free vibration and buckling responses
of FGM nanoplates are discussed in details.
The outline of the present paper is as follows. The nonlocal elasticity theory is first reviewed in next Section.
Section 3 introduces a formulation for FGM plate based on the present quasi-3D and nonlocal theory. In Section 4,
the succinct introduction of IGA and quasi-3D formulation based on IGA is presented. The numerical results and
discussions are provided in Section 5. Finally, we close this article with some concluding remarks.
2. Review of nonlocal elasticity theory
In contrast to the classical elasticity theory, the nonlocal elasticity theory by Eringen [92] states that the stress at a
point x in an elastic continuum body depends not only on the strain at point x but also on those at all other points of
the body. Therefore, the nonlocal stress tensor at point x is expressed as
x x , ti j (x )dx
(1)
i j =
V
where ti j (x) are the components of the classical macroscopic stress tensor at point x; the kernel function x x ,
is the nonlocal modulus or the attenuation
function specifying the nonlocal effect at a reference point x produced by
the local strain at the source x , x x being the distance (in Euclidean distance); is a material constant that
depends on the internal and external characteristic lengths (such as the lattice spacing and wave length, respectively).
The integration is taken for total volume V of elastic body. The macroscopic stress t at a point x is related to the strain
at the point by the generalized Hookes law as follows
t(x) = C(x) : (x)
or ti j = Ci jkl kl
(2)
where C(x) is the four-order elasticity tensor and the colon denotes the double-dot product. The integral constitutive
relation in Eq. (1) makes the elasticity problems difficult to solve, in additionto possible
lack of determinism.
Therefore, Eringen [92,93] discussed in detail properties of the nonlocal kernel x x , and proved that when
a kernel takes a Greens function of the linear differential operator,
(3)
L a x x = x x .
The nonlocal constitutive relation in Eq. (1) is reduced to the following differential equation
L a i j = ti j .
(4)
By matching a dispersion curve with the corresponding atomic model, Eq. (4) can be expressed as follows [93]
1 2 i j = ti j
(5)
where = (e0 a)2 is nonlocal parameter, eo is a parameter to adjust the model to match the reliable results
by experiments or other models; a is an internal characteristics length (e.g., granular distance, lattice parameter),
2 = 2 / x1 2 + 2 / x2 2 is the Laplace operator. In this paper, in order to investigate the size-dependent behaviour
of FGM nanoplates, we assume that the value of nonlocal parameter is taken in range of 0 4.
3. The formulation for FGM plates
3.1. Functionally graded material
Fig. 1 shows the functionally graded (FGM) nanoplates considered in this study. It is assumed that the FGM plate
is made of ceramic and metal phases. According to the rule of mixture (Voigt scheme) [94], the material properties of
the FGM plate can be expressed as follows
Pe = Pm Vm + Pc Vc
(6)
195
Fig. 1. The functionally graded nanoplates model.
where Pm and Pc are material properties of the metal and the ceramic, respectively, including the Youngs modulus
E, Poissons ratio , density . The notations Vm and Vc are the volume fractions of the metal and the ceramic,
respectively. The volume fractions of the FGM are defined by the power-law form as follow [57]
Vc (z) =
1
z
+
2 h
Vm = 1 Vc
(7)
where n is a material index which indicates the material variation profile along the thickness of FGM plate, n = 0
corresponds to an isotropic homogeneous ceramic and n = corresponds to an isotropic homogeneous metal.
However, the Voigt scheme fails to capture the interactions between two constituents according to [64,95]. The
MoriTanaka homogenization scheme [96] has a capacity to take these interaction into account. The effective material
property is obtained based on the distributed small spherical particles (metal phase) into matrix (ceramic phase) [97].
According to MoriTanaka scheme, the effective bulk and shear modulus can be defined as following equations
Ke Km
Vc
=
;
c K m
Kc Km
1 + Vm K mK+4/3G
m
Ge Gm
Vc
=
m
Gc Gm
1 + Vm GGcmG
+ f1
(8)
where
f1 =
G m (9K m + 8G m )
.
6(K m + 2G m )
From Eq. (8), the effective Youngs modulus E e and Poisson ratio e are given as
Ee =
9K e G e
;
3K e + G e
e =
3K e 2G e
.
2(3K e + G e )
(9)
Fig. 2 illustrates the variation of effective Youngs modulus estimated by the Voigt scheme and MoriTanaka
scheme through thickness of plate. It is easy to see that the FGM properties non-linearly distribute through the
thickness based on the material index n with change from metal property at the bottom to ceramic one at the top.
Owing to the distribution of material properties, apparently, the neutral axis would be disagreed with mid-plane for
FGM plate as mentioned by [98,99]. However, let us assume that the neutral axis is still kept at mid-plane which was
widely employed by many researchers working on FGM plate analysis.
3.2. Governing equations
Regarding the effect of shear deformation, the higher-order terms are taken into account the displacement fields.
According to Soldatos [100], a generalized higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is defined as following
equations
u 1 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u 01 x3 u 3,x1 + f (x3 ) x1
u 2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u 02 x3 u 3,x2 + f (x3 ) x2
u 3 (x1 , x2 ) = u 03
(10)
196
Fig. 2. The effective modulus of Al/Al2 O3 plate estimated by the Voigt scheme (in solid line) and the MoriTanaka scheme (in dash line).
T
where the variables u0 = u 01 u 02 , u 03 and = x1 x2 are the membrane displacements, the deflection of the
mid-plane and the rotations in the x2 x3 , x1 x3 planes, respectively. It is clear to see that all higher order shear
deformation plate theories have five variables. The four variables refined plate theory (RPT) is initially proposed by
Senthilnathan et al. [51] by simplifying the well-known Reddys plate theory [101] as follows
u 1 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u 01 x3 u b3,x1 + g (x3 ) u s3,x1
u 2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u 02 x3 u b3,x2 + g (x3 ) u s3,x2
u 3 (x1 , x2 ) = u b3 + u s3
(11)
where u 01 , u 02 , u b3 and u s3 are four unknown variables of the mid-plane of the plate. Herein, the function g (x3 ) =
f (x3 ) x3 is used to describe the distribution of the transverse shear strains and stresses through the plate thickness.
It is essential that the first derivative of the shape function f (x3 ) must provide a parabolic curve in the thickness
direction and satisfy the tangential zero value at x3 = h/2. Thus the SCFs are not required for both HSDT and RPT.
In order to consider stretching effect (3 = 0), the four variables refined plate theory that contains both stretching
effect and transverse shear deformation effect, namely the quasi-3D theory, is firstly introduced by Zenkour [79] for
sandwich plates as follows
u 1 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u 01 x3 u b3,x1 + f (x3 ) u s3,x1
u 2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u 02 x3 u b3,x2 + f (x3 ) u s3,x2
u 3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u b3 + (x3 ) u s3 .
(12)
Obviously, the above quasi-3D theory possesses only four variables as RPT theory. On the other hands, both
stretching effect and transverse shear deformation effect are considered in displacement fields Eq. (12). Moreover, it
is straightforward that the RPT model Eq. (11) is easily attained from quasi-3D model Eq. (12) by setting (x3 ) = 1
and replacing f (x3 ) by g (x3 ).
The description of various plate theories for analysing FGM plates is presented in Table 1. In case of the quasi-3D
1
f (x3 ). In this
with only 4 variables, Zenkour [80] initially exploited hyperbolic function f (x3 ) and (x3 ) = 12
1
paper, we present a novel and simple function f (x3 ) as a quintic polynomial and (x3 ) = 8 f (x3 ) as given in
Table 1. Additionally, a novel quintic polynomial f (x3 ) is also utilized for the refined plate theory.
According to Eq. (12), the straindisplacement relations are given by
T
= 1 2 12 = 0 + x3 b + f (x3 ) s
= 13 23 = f (x3 ) + (x3 ) s
3 = (x3 ) u s3
(13)
197
Table 1
The description of various theories (HSDT, RPT, quasi-3D) for analysing FGM plates.
Theory
(x3 )
Variables
HSDT [100]
3 = 0
4
9
3 = 0
3 = 0
3 = 0
3 = 0
3 = 0
f (x3 ) 1
RPT [53]
3 = 0
RPT [54]
Quasi-3D with sinusoidal
and parabolic functions [77]
Quasi-3D with hyperbolic
Quasi-3D with cubic
Quasi-3D with various
hybrid functions [102]
Quasi-3D with
sinusoidal functions [65]
Quasi-3D with various
hybrid functions [103]
Quasi-3D with
sinusoidal function [104]
3 = 0
3 = 0
f (x3 )

x
h sinh h3 x3 cosh 12
2x33
2x35
7x3
8 h2 + h4
x
tan1 sin h 3
x3
3 = 0
h
sin
Quasi-3D with
hyperbolic function [105]
3 = 0
x3 h sinh h x3

cosh 2 1
f (x3 ) 1
Quasi-3D with
hyperbolic function [80]
Present RPT
3 = 0

x 4x 3
h sinh h3 32 cosh 12
3h
1
12 f (x 3 )
1
8 f (x 3 )
x3
x 9 x 3 + 28 x 5
h 3
5h 3 3
25h 5 3
x 9 x 3 + 28 x 5
3
3
h
5h 3
25h 5 3
3 = 0
3 = 0
Present quasi-3D
where
u 01,x1
u 3,x1 x1
0
,
0 =
b = u b3,x2 x2
u 2,x2
2u b3,x1 x2
u 01,x + u 02,x
s 2 1
s
u 3,x1 x1
u 1
s
s
s
= u 3,x2 x2 ,
= 3,x
u s3,x2
2u s3,x1 x2
(14)
where comma notation stands for the derivative. From Eq. (5) the nonlocal constitutive equations are rewritten as
C
11
1
2
2 C21

3
3 C31
2 =
12
12 0
0

13
13
23
0
23

1
C12
C22
C32
0
0
0
C13
C23
C33
0
0
0
0
0
0
C66
0
0
0
0
0
0
C55
0
0 1
0 2

0 3

0 12
0 13
C44
23
(15)
where in case of quasi-3D theory (3 = 0), Ci j are the three-dimensional elastic constants given as
C11 = C22 = C33 =
E e (1 e )
(1 2e ) (1 + e )
C12 = C21 = C13 = C31 = C23 = C32 =

C44 = C55 = C66 =
Ee
.
2 (1 + e )
E e e
(1 2e ) (1 + e )
(16)
198
In case of RPT theory (3 = 0), Ci j are the plane-stress reduced elastic constants given by
C11 = C22 =
Ee
,
1 e2
C12 = C21 =
Ee
2 (1 + e )
= C32 = C33 = 0.
E e e
1 e2
(17)
C44 = C55 = C66 =

C13 = C31 = C23
The stress resultants are defined as follows

h
2
Ni =
h2
Qj =
h
2
h2
i d x3 ,
Mib
h
2
h2
x3 i d x3 ,
f (x3 ) + (x3 ) j d x3 ,
R3 =
Mis
h
2
h2
h
2
h2
f (x3 ) i d x3 ,
(18)
(x3 ) 3 d x3 .
Using Eqs. (13), (15) and (18), the stress resultants are obtained as
N
A
1
A12
0
B11
11
N2
N2
A22
0
B12
N12
N12
A66
0
b
b
M1
M1
D11
b
b
M
M
2
2
b 2 b =
M12
M12
s
s
M1
M1
M s
M s
2
2
s
s
M12
M12
sym
R3
R3
0
u 1,x1
0
u 2,x2
u 0 + u 0
1,x2
2,x1
b
3,x1 x1
b
u 3,x2 x2
b
2u 3,x1 x2
s
3,x1 x1
u s
3,x2 x2
2u s
u s3
0
0
B66
0
0
D66
E 11
E 12
0
F11
F12
0
H11
E 12
E 22
0
F12
F22
0
H12
H22
0
0
E 66
0
0
F66
0
0
H66
X 13
X 23
0
b
Y13
Y23
0
s
Y13
s
Y23
0
Z 33
(19)
3,x1 x2
s
Q 13
D55
Q 13
2
=
Q 23
Q 23
0
0
s
D44

N
N
A
b
Mb
s 2 Ms =
M
M
R3
R3
sym
B
D
B12
B22
0
D12
D22
s
u 3,x1
u s3,x2
(20)
or
Q 2 Q = Ds s .
0
E X
b b
F Y
H Ys s
Z 33
u s3
(21)
(22)
Then we define
A
B
D
Db =
sym
E X
F Yb
H Ys
Z 33
199
(23)
where A, B, D, E, F, H, X, Yb , Ys , Ds and Z 33 are material matrices and computed by

Ai j , Bi j , Di j , E i j , Fi j , Hi j =
X i j , Yibj , Yisj =
Disj =
h
2
h2
h
2
h2
h
2
h2
1, x3 , x32 , f (x3 ) , x3 f (x3 ) , f 2 (x3 ) Ci j d x3
(x3 ) , x3 (x3 ) , f (x3 ) (x3 ) Ci j d x3
2
f (x3 ) + (x3 ) Ci j d x3 ,
Z 33 =
h
2
h2
(24)
2
(x3 ) C33 d x3 .
In this paper, the Hamiltons principle is used to derive the governing equations for nonlocal FGM nanoplates. The
readers can find more details for the formulation of strain energy, external work and kinetic for nonlocal theory in
[20,21,61]. The variation of strain energy of FGM nonlocal nanoplates can be written as below

U =
T + T + 3 3 d V
V
=
NT 0 + (Mb )T b + (Ms )T s + QT s + R3 u s3 d A.
(25)
and the variation of the work done by the external forces can be expressed as

h
V =
q u b3 +
u s3 + Ni0j u b3,xi + (0) u s3,xi u b3,x j + (0) u s3,x j d A
2
A
(i, j = 1, 2)
here N 0 and q are in-plane critical buckling load and applied transverse loading, respectively.
The variation of the kinetic energy of the mass system can be written as
ud
A
um
T =
(26)
(27)
T
where u = u 01 u b3,x1 u s3,x1 u 02 u b3,x2 u s3,x2 u b3 u s3 0 , the over-dot denotes time derivative and m,
the mass matrix, is calculated according to the following form
m0 0
0
I1 I2 I4
I1 I7 0
m0 0 with m0 = I2 I3 I5 ;
m = 0
m1 = I7 I8 0
(28)
0
0
m1
I4 I5 I6
0 0 0
h
2
1, x3 , x3 2 , f (x3 ) , x3 f (x3 ) ,
(x3 ) 2
d x3 .
(29)
(I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 , I5 , I6 , I7 , I8 ) =
f (x3 ) , (x3 ) , 2 (x3 )
h2
The Hamiltons principle can be stated in form as
t
0=
(U + V T ) dt.
(30)
Substituting Eqs. (25)(27) into Eq. (30) and performing integration by part, the governing equations of plate are
attained as
u 01 : N1,x1 + N12,x2 = I1 u 01 I2 u b3,x1 + I4 u s3,x1
(31a)
200
u 02 : N12,x1 + N2,x2 = I1 u 02 I2 u b3,x2 + I4 u s3,x2

u b3
(31b)
+
+
= q N (u 3 ) +
+ I2 u 01,x1 + u 02,x2 I3 u b3,x1 x1 + u b3,x2 x2 + I5 u s3,x1 x1 + u s3,x2 x2
u s3
b
M1,x
1 x1
s
M1,x
1 x1
b
M2,x
2 x2
b
+ 2M12,x
1 x2
s
M2,x
2 x2
I1 u b3
I7 u s3
+ Q 13,x1 + Q 23,x2 R3

h
=
q (0) N (u 3 ) + I7 u b3 + I8 u s3 I4 u 01,x1 + u 02,x2
2
+ I5 u b3,x1 x1 + u b3,x2 x2 I6 u s3,x1 x1 + u s3,x2 x2

:
(31c)
s
2M12,x
1 x2
(31d)
where
0
u b3,x1 x2 + (0) u s3,x1 x2 . (32)
N (u 3 ) = N10 u b3,x1 x1 + (0) u s3,x1 x1 + N20 u b3,x2 x2 + (0) u s3,x2 x2 + 2N12
Finally, using Eqs. (19) and (31), we obtain the governing equations in term of displacements for nonlocal refined
plate theory
u 01 : A11 u 01,x1 x1 + A12 u 02,x1 x2 B11 u b3,x1 x1 x1 B12 u b3,x1 x2 x2
+ E 11 u s3,x1 x1 x1 + E 12 u s3,x1 x2 x2 + A66 u 01,x2 x2 + u 02,x1 x2

2B66 u b3,x1 x2 x2 + 2E 66 u s3,x1 x2 x2 + X 13 u s3,x1
= 1 2 I1 u 01 I2 u b3,x1 + I4 u s3,x1
(33a)
u 02 : A12 u 01,x1 x2 + A22 u 02,x2 x2 B12 u b3,x1 x2 x2 B22 u b3,x2 x2 x2
+ E 12 u s3,x1 x2 x2 + E 22 u s3,x2 x2 x2 + A66 u 01,x1 x2 + u 02,x1 x1

2B66 u b3,x1 x1 x2 + 2E 66 u s3,x1 x1 x2 + X 23 u s3,x2
= 1 2 I1 u 02 I2 u b3,x2 + I4 u s3,x2
u b3 : Bi j u 0j,ii j Di j u b3,ii j j + Fi j u s3,ii j j + 2B66 u 01,x1 x2 x2 + u 02,x1 x1 x2
(33b)
b s
b s
4D66 u b3,x1 x1 x2 x2 + 4F66 u s3,x1 x1 x2 x2 + Y13
u 3,x1 x1 + Y23
u 3,x2 x2
q N (u 3 ) + I1 u b + I7 u s + I2 u 0 + u 0
1,x1
2,x2
3
3

= 1 2
s
b
b
s
I3 u 3,x1 x1 + u 3,x2 x2 + I5 u 3,x1 x1 + u 3,x2 x2
u s3 : E i j u 0j,ii j + Fi j u b3,ii j j Hi j u s3,ii j j 2E 66 u 01,x1 x2 x2 + u 02,x1 x1 x2
(33c)
s s
s s
+ 4F66 u b3,x1 x1 x2 x2 4H66 u s3,x1 x1 x2 x2 Y13
u 3,x1 x1 Y23
u 3,x2 x2
s s
s s
b b
+ D55
u 3,x1 x1 + D44
u 3,x2 x2 X 13 u 01,x1 X 23 u 02,x2 + Y13
u 3,x1 x1
b b
s s
s s
+ Y23
u 3,x2 x2 Y13
u 3,x1 x1 Y23
u 3,x2 x2 Z 33 u s3
h q (0) N (u 3 ) + I7 u b + I8 u s I4 u 0 + u 0
1,x1
2,x2
3
3
= 1 2
.
2
b
b
s
s
+I5 u 3,x1 x1 + u 3,x2 x2 I6 u 3,x1 x1 + u 3,x2 x2
(33d)
By applying a weak formulation [106], a weak form of static problem for nonlocal plate subject to transverse load
q can be briefly expressed as

h
b T b b
s T s s
b
2 b
s
2 s
( ) D d + ( ) D d =
u 3 u 3 +
u 3 u 3 qd
(34)
2
201
where
0
b
b =
s .
u s3
(35)
For free vibration analysis, a weak form can be derived from the following dynamic equation
b T b b
s T s s
.
( ) D d + ( ) D d =
uT 2 uT mud
(36)
For buckling analysis, a weak form of plate under in-plane force is given as
T u b 2 T u b
3
3
(b )T Db b d + (s )T Ds s d +
T
s
2
+ (0) u 3
T u s3
N0 T u b3 + (0) T u s3 d = 0
(37)
T
here = / x1 / x2 is gradient operator and N0 is defined as
0
N10 N12
N0 =
.
0
N12
N20
(38)
0 = 0 and a bi-axial buckling analysis is N 0 = N 0 =

Here, a uni-axial buckling analysis is N10 = Pcr , N20 = N12
1
2
0 = 0 where P is critical buckling load.
Pcr , N12
cr
It is valuable noting that in weak form Eqs. (36) and (37) for vibration and buckling analysis, respectively, the
displacement variable u b3 and u s3 exist in form of derivative of third order due to nonlocal effect. It hence requires
at least the third order differentiability of approximately interpolation function which encounters a serious problem
when using conventional finite element method (FEA). Moreover, the refined plate theory formulation requires the C 1
continuity. Isogeometric analysis and its NURBS basic functions not only represent exactly the curved geometry of
the problem domain but also provide the high-order differentiability and continuity. Therefore, isogeometric approach
can be nominated as the most efficient method to deal with refined plate theory of FGM nanoplates including nonlocal
theory. The brief discussion about IGA is presented in next Section.
4. Isogeometric analysis
4.1. NURBS basic functions
For sake of simplicity and convenience, we provide here only the basic knowledge about isogeometric analysis for
this study. A monograph on isogeometric analysis
could be found in the excellent book [107]. The primary components
of NURBS basis function
is
a
knot
vector
=
1 , 2 , . . . , n+ p+1 which is a non-decreasing sequence of parameter
values in the interval 1 , n+ p+1 . An open knot vector, i.e, the first and the last knots are repeated p +1 times, is used
in this analysis. Each B-spline basis function is non-negative, C continuous inside a knot span and C p1 continuous
at a single knot. A knot value can be repeated and called a multiple knot. At a knot repeated k times the continuity is
C pk . Given a knot vector, the B-spline basis functions Ni, p ( ) of order p 0 are constructed as follows
1 i f i < i+1
Ni,0 ( ) =
(39)
0 otherwise
Ni, p ( ) =
i+ p+1
i
Ni, p1 ( ) +
Ni+1, p1 ( ) .
i+ p i
i+ p+1 i+1
Fig. 3 illustrates the quadratic and cubic basic functions.
(40)
202
(a) Quadratic basic function = {0, 0, 0, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, 1, 1, 1}.
(b) Cubic basic function

= {0, 0, 0, 0, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 3/5, 4/5, 1, 1, 1, 1}.
Fig. 3. B-spline basic functions.
Considering
and two parametric
dimensions and with two knot vectors = 1 , 2 ,
a 2D geometry
. . . , n+ p+1 and H = 1 , 2 , . . . , m+q+1 , the two-dimensional B-spline basis functions are defined as below
N A (, ) = Ni, p ( ) M j,q () .
(41)
To model exactly the complex curved geometries, non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) functions are employed. Each control point of NURBS has an additional value called an individual weight A [84]. The NURBS
functions R A can be expressed as
R A (, ) =
N AA
mn
(42)
N A (, ) A
Obviously, by setting the individual weight of control point is constant, B-spline function is the special case of the
NURBS function.
4.2. The nonlocal quasi-3D formulation based on NURBS function
The rational basis functions of NURBS surface are used to interpolate the dependent displacement variables defined
as follows:
uh (, ) =
mn
R A (, ) q A
(43)
(a) NURBS curve.
203
(b) NURBS surface.

Fig. 4. NURBS curve and surface and its control net.
T
where m n is the number basis functions, R A (, ) and q A = u 01A u 02A u b3A u s3A are NURBS rational
basis functions and the degrees of freedom of uh associated with a control point A, respectively. In the conventional
finite element method, the degrees of freedom are associated with nodal points which are directly located in physical
domain. On the contrary, in isogeometric analysis, the degrees of freedom are defined at control points which might
be not located in physical domain as shown in Fig. 4.
Substituting Eq. (43) into straindisplacement relations Eq. (14), we obtain the in-plane and shear strains as follows

T
0
T
b
s T
s T
T
=
mn

T
BmA
Bb1
A
T T T
T
qA
BsA
Bb2
A
(44)
A=1
in which
R A,x1
0
0 0
R A,x2 0 0 ,
BmA = 0
R A,x2 R A,x1 0 0
0 0 0 R A,x1 x1
,
Bb2
A = 0 0 0 R A,x2 x2
0 0 0 2R A,x1 x2
0 0 R A,x1 x1
0 0 R A,x2 x2
Bb1
=
A
0 0 2R A,x1 x2
0 0 0 R A,x1
s
BA =
.
0 0 0 R A,x2
0
0
0
(45)
Substituting Eqs. (43), (44) into Eqs. (34), (36), and (37), the matrix forms of global equilibrium equations for
static, free vibration and buckling analysis are rewritten in the following equations
Kq = F
K 2 M q = 0
K cr Kg q = 0
(46a)
(46b)
(46c)
where the global stiffness matrix K is given by

T
m
B
Bm
A
B E X
b Bb1
Bb1
s T s s
D
F
Y

b2
D B d
K=
s b2 + B
B
H Y
B
sym
Z 33
B3
B3
here B3 = 0 0 0 R A and the load vector is expressed as
F=
q0 R 2 R d
(47)
(48)
204
Table 2
Material properties of FGM plates.
E (GPa)
(kg/m3 )
where R = 0
M=
RA
Al
SUS304
Si3 N4
Al2 O3
70
0.3
2707
201.04
0.3
8166
348.43
0.3
2370
380
0.3
3800
T
h
R A the global mass matrix M is expressed as
2
T 2 R
T mRd
(49)
here

RA 0
0
R1
= R2 , R1 = 0
0 R A,x1
R

R3
0
0
0
0 RA
0
0
, R3
R A,x2 0
R2 = 0 0
0 0
0
R A,x2
the buckling matrix is

g T
T
B
2 Bg
Kg =
N0 Bg d
0
;
0
R A,x1
0 0
= 0 0
0 0
RA
0
0
RA
0
0
(50)
(51)
here
Bg =
0
0
0
0
R A,x1
R A,x2
(0) R A,x1
(0) R A,x2
(52)
in which and cr are the natural frequency and the critical buckling value, respectively.
Obviously, by eliminating the stretching effect (3 = 0) which means using the plane-stress reduced elastic
constants Eq. (17), (x3 ) = 1 and replacing f (x3 ) by g (x3 ), the RPT formulation considering nonlocal effect
based on IGA can be obtained.
It is important to note that owing to using the shape function f (x3 ), the shear stress distribution requirement is
automatically satisfied, thus no SCFs are presented in the stiffness formulation for both RPT and quasi-3D formulation.
Also, as aforementioned discussion, the global mass matrix M and buckling matrix Kg include third order derivatives
of basic functions R A associated with nonlocal parameter . Moreover, second order derivatives are involved in the
global stiffness matrix K. Therefore, the basic functions with p 2 are at least enough for the static analysis and the
basic functions with p 3 are at least required for free vibration and buckling analysis of nanoplate structures. It is
clear that the flexibility of fitting naturally high order derivatives of NURBS basis functions shows a great advantage
for size-dependent analysis of nanostructures.
5. Results and discussions
In numerical example, we investigate the size-dependent behaviour of Al/Al2 O3 and SUS304/Si3 N4 nanoplates
whose material properties are presented in Table 2. Al, SUS304 and Al2 O3 , Si3 N4 are considered as metal and ceramic
phase, respectively. The material properties of FGM are estimated by the MoriTanaka scheme unless specified
mention. The refined plate models proposed by [53] (RPT-1), [54] (RPT-2), the quasi-3D plate model by [80] (quasi3D-1) and the present refined plate model (RPT-present), the present quasi-3D plate model (quasi-3D-present) are
fully examined for nanoplates considering nonlocal effect. In this section, we aim to demonstrate the efficiency and
accuracy of IGA method in dealing with the third order derivative which occurs in the formulation. For this purpose,
205
Table 3
3
Convergence of non-dimensional deflection u 3 = Eh 4 u 3 a2 , a2 , 0 of SSSS isotropic square plate (a/ h = 10).
qo a
Number of element per edge

5
7
11
13
15
17
Ref. [63]
2
3
4
0.1271
0.1272
0.1259
0.1267
0.1262
0.1268
0.1266
0.1266
0.1263
0.1265
0.1264
0.1265
0.1265
0.1264
0.1264
0.1265
0.1264
0.1264
0.1265
0.1264
0.1264
0.1264
2
3
4
0.3614
0.3601
0.3548
0.3589
0.3561
0.3585
0.3583
0.3577
0.3566
0.3579
0.3570
0.3575
0.3577
0.3573
0.3571
0.3575
0.3571
0.3571
0.3574
0.3571
0.3571
0.3571
we present the static, free vibration and buckling examples for typical rectangular and circular plate. The following
boundary conditions (BCs) are considered in numerical examples:
Simple support (S):
u 02 = u b3 = u s3 = 0
at x = 0, a
u 01
at y = 0, b.
u b3
u s3
=0
Clamped (C)
u 01 = u 02 = u b3 = u s3 = u b3,xi = u s3,xi = 0.
In IGA analysis, the Dirichlet BCs u 01 , u 02 , u b3 , u s3 are easily treated in the same way as the conventional FEM.
However, the derivative u b3,xi , u s3,xi need to be treated in the special way [107]. Auricchio et al. [108] proposed a
simplest treatment which is imposing the zero values for all the deflection of the control point related to clamped BCs
and for those next to it. Consequently, the zero slope condition of clamped BCs is forced to satisfy, effectively. The
obtained results for clamped BCs show the accuracy of this simple method.
5.1. Convergence and verification
In order to show the reliability and convergence of the present method, the convergence study of the transverse
centre deflection of a SSSS isotropic square plate subjected to uniform load qo is presented in Table 3 by using
3
RPT-present model. The deflection is normalized as u 3 = qEha 4 u 3 a2 , a2 , 0 . The geometry and material properties are
o
referred to Thai et al. [63]. As the number of elements increase, it can be observed that the obtained results approach
the reference results which are obtained by using FSDT. Additionally, the appearance of nonlocal parameter retards
the convergence speed of the present model. Due to the aforementioned requirement of high order differentiability of
NURBS basic functions for free vibration and buckling problems, also from convergence results, a mesh of 15 15
cubic NURBS elements are enough for solving the next examples. Fig. 5 shows the geometry of square plate with a
mesh of 15 15 cubic elements.
3
ch
Table 4 presents the normalized deflection u 3 = 10E
u 3 a2 , a2 , 0 of a SSSS Al/Al2 O3 square plate neglecting
qo a 4
nonlocal effect with respect to material index n and aspect ratio a/ h. In this example, the material properties are
obtained by power-law scheme. The results are computed by using two quasi-3D models and compared with various
quasi-3D theories in literature. Apparently, the results obtained by quasi-3D-1 model using IGA are identical with
the corresponding analytical ones by [80]. In addition, the present quasi-3D model with only 4 variables is in good
agreement with other quasi-3D theories using 15 variables by [68], 9 variables by [77] and 5 variables by [105].
5.2. Static analysis
Next, let us consider a SSSS Al/Al2 O3 square nanoplate with the length a = 10, subjected to uniform load qo for
bending analysis. Hitherto there are no publication for deflection results of FGM plate with nonlocal theory. Hence, the
3
mh
u a , a , 0 presented in Table 5 can serve as the benchmark
obtained non-dimensional deflection u 3 = 12 100E
(1m2 )qo a 4 3 2 2
206
(a) The plate geometry.
(b) Meshing of 15 15 cubic elements.

Fig. 5. A square plate model.
Table 4
3
The dimensionless deflection u 3 = 10E c 4h u 3 a2 , a2 , 0 of SSSS Al/Al2 O3
qo a
square plate subjected to sinusoidal load without nonlocal effect.

n
Source
a/ h = 4
a/ h = 10
a/ h = 100
Ref. [68]
Ref. [77]
Ref. [105]
Ref. [80]
Quasi-3D-1
Quasi-3D-present
1.1585
1.1178
1.0964
1.1001
1.1001
1.0931
0.8821
0.8750
0.8413
0.8404
0.8404
0.8363
0.8286
0.8286
0.7926
0.7933
0.7933
0.7875
10
Ref. [68]
Ref. [77]
Ref. [105]
Ref. [80]
Quasi-3D-1
Quasi-3D-present
1.3745
1.3490
1.3333
1.3391
1.3391
1.3260
1.0072
0.8750
0.9791
0.9806
0.9806
0.9760
0.9361
0.8286
0.9114
0.9140
0.9140
0.9096
result for further comparison. The results are calculated with respect to nonlocal parameter , aspect ratio a/ h and
material index n. It is clear that the three refined plate theories exactly provide the same results for slightly thin plate
(a/ h = 50) whilst the RPT-2 and RPT-present models predict smallest and largest ones, respectively, for thick plate
(a/ h = 5). The increase of nonlocal parameter and material index n lead to the increases of the deflection of
SSSS plate, obviously. Fig. 6 depicts the influences of nonlocal parameter , material index n and aspect ratio a/ h
on the deflection of SCSC Al/Al2 O3 square plate under uniform load qo . It is seen that nonlocal effect increases the
deflection of SCSC BCs, similar to SSSS BCs behaviour. It dues to the fact that consideration nonlocal effect causes
the decrease the stiffness of the plate, as shown in many papers available in the literature. It is worth to note that
the discrepancy between two quasi-3D theories, quasi-3D-1 and quasi-3D-present models, shown in Fig. 6, becomes
larger as material index n increases. Moreover, the quasi-3D-1 model predicts the larger deflection in comparison with
the present quasi-3D model. Finally, Fig. 7 shows the deformed configuration of Al/Al2 O3 for SSSS, SCSC, SFSF
boundary conditions using RPT-present model.
5.3. Free vibration analysis
In this analysis, SUS304/Si3 N4 square and
circular nanoplates are taken into consideration. First, the nondimensional fundamental frequency 1 = 1 h G of SSSS isotropic square plate is compared with published papers
207
Table 5
Non-dimensional deflection u 3 =
Model
3
100E mh
u a , a , 0 of SSSS Al/Al2 O3 square plate.
2 q a4 3 2 2
12 1m
o
a/ h = 5
a/ h = 10
a/ h = 50
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.0900
0.0896
0.0902
0.1057
0.1052
0.1059
0.1526
0.1520
0.1529
0.0786
0.0785
0.0787
0.0927
0.0926
0.0928
0.1350
0.1348
0.1351
0.0750
0.0750
0.0750
0.0886
0.0886
0.0886
0.1294
0.1294
0.1294
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.2249
0.2241
0.2254
0.2641
0.2631
0.2646
0.3815
0.3802
0.3821
0.1976
0.1973
0.1977
0.2330
0.2327
0.2331
0.3392
0.3389
0.3393
0.1888
0.1888
0.1888
0.2230
0.2230
0.2230
0.3256
0.3256
0.3256
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.2719
0.2708
0.2723
0.3189
0.3177
0.3194
0.4600
0.4584
0.4606
0.2343
0.2340
0.2344
0.2762
0.2759
0.2763
0.4020
0.4016
0.4021
0.2222
0.2222
0.2222
0.2625
0.2625
0.2625
0.3834
0.3834
0.3834
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.3240
0.3223
0.3247
0.3797
0.3778
0.3804
0.5467
0.5442
0.5477
0.2728
0.2724
0.2730
0.3215
0.3211
0.3217
0.4676
0.4670
0.4678
0.2564
0.2564
0.2564
0.3028
0.3028
0.3028
0.4422
0.4422
0.4422
10
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.3607
0.3584
0.3620
0.4248
0.4202
0.4243
0.6090
0.6055
0.6109
0.3049
0.3043
0.3052
0.3593
0.3587
0.3597
0.5226
0.5218
0.5231
0.2869
0.2869
0.2869
0.3390
0.3390
0.3390
0.4950
0.4950
0.4950
(a) n = 5.
(b) a/ h = 5.
Fig. 6. Effect of nonlocal parameter , material index n and aspect ratio a/ h on deflection of SCSC Al/Al2 O3 square plate.
in Table 6. The dimension of plate, Young modulus and Poisson ratio are set as a = 10, E = 30 106 and = 0.3,
respectively. As table shows, the obtained results by using RPT-1, RPT-present and quasi-3D-present model agree very
well with those from Aghababaei and Reddy [56] and Malekzadeh et al. [61]. Aghababaei and Reddy [56] obtained
results for classical plate theory (CPT), first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) [57] by using Navier solution. Malekzadeh et al. [61] obtained solution for refined plate theory (RPT)
by using Navier solution and differential quadrature method (DQM). Also, due to considering stretching effect, the
present quasi-3D model provides the better accuracy with respect to three-dimensional solution of Jomehzadeh and
Saidi [109] for moderate thick plate (a/ h = 10). Moreover, owing to reducing the rigidity of nonlocal effect, the
fundamental frequency decreases with the increase of nonlocal parameter
as describing in Table 6.
Table 7 presents the non-dimensional natural frequency = h Gcc of SSSS SUS304/Si3 N4 square nanoplates.
The geometry is a = 10 and a/ h = 10. The results are compared with those reported by Natarajan et al. [48] for
208
(a) SSSS.
(b) SCSC.
(c) SFSF.
Fig. 7. Deformed configuration of nonlocal Al/Al2 O3 square plates (a/ h = 5, n = 5, = 4).
Table 6
Comparison of non-dimensional fundamental frequency 1 = 1 h
a/ h
RPT-1
RPT-present
G of SSSS isotropic rectangular plate.
Quasi-3D present
Ref. [56]
TSDT
FSDT
CPT
Ref. [61]
Ref. [109]
10
0
1
2
3
4
0.0931
0.0851
0.0788
0.0738
0.0696
0.0930
0.0850
0.0788
0.0737
0.0695
0.0920
0.0841
0.0779
0.0729
0.0688
0.0935
0.0854
0.0791
0.0741
0.0699
0.0930
0.0850
0.0788
0.0737
0.0696
0.0963
0.0880
0.0816
0.0763
0.0720
0.0930
0.0850
0.0788
0.0737
0.0827
0.0751
0.0692
0.0646
20
0
1
2
3
4
0.0239
0.0218
0.0202
0.0189
0.0178
0.0239
0.0218
0.0202
0.0189
0.0178
0.0239
0.0218
0.0202
0.0189
0.0178
0.0239
0.0218
0.0202
0.0189
0.0179
0.0239
0.0218
0.0202
0.0189
0.0178
0.0241
0.0220
0.0204
0.0191
0.0180
0.0239
0.0218
0.0202
0.0189
0.0211
0.0191
0.0176
0.0164
n = 5. It is evident to see that for first mode, the results of three RPT models are almost identical and are in an
excellent agreement with those from Natarajan et al. [48]. However, for second mode, the present results slightly
diverge in comparison to [48]. In addition, as observed in Table 6, the results obtained by the present quasi-3D model
are slightly smaller than the results of RPT models. The first six natural frequencies of CCCC SUS304/Si3 N4 square
209
Table 7
Non-dimensional natural frequency = h
n
Model
c
G c of SSSS SUS304/Si3 N4 square plate.
Mode 1
Mode 2
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
0.0542
0.0543
0.0542
0.0538
0.0496
0.0496
0.0495
0.0491
0.0459
0.0460
0.0459
0.0455
0.0405
0.0406
0.0405
0.0402
0.1294
0.1296
0.1293
0.1259
0.1059
0.1060
0.1058
0.1031
0.0918
0.0919
0.0917
0.0894
0.0750
0.0751
0.0750
0.0730
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
0.0485
0.0485
0.0485
0.0480
0.0443
0.0443
0.0443
0.0439
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0406
0.0362
0.0363
0.0362
0.0359
0.1155
0.1157
0.1154
0.1122
0.0945
0.0947
0.0944
0.0918
0.0819
0.0821
0.0819
0.0796
0.0670
0.0671
0.0669
0.0651
Ref. [48]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
0.0441
0.0438
0.0438
0.0438
0.0433
0.0403
0.0400
0.0401
0.0400
0.0396
0.0374
0.0371
0.0371
0.0371
0.0367
0.0330
0.0328
0.0328
0.0327
0.0324
0.1051
0.1043
0.1045
0.1042
0.1010
0.0860
0.0853
0.0855
0.0853
0.0827
0.0746
0.0740
0.0741
0.0739
0.0717
0.0610
0.0605
0.0606
0.0604
0.0586
10
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
0.0416
0.0416
0.0416
0.0411
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0375
0.0352
0.0352
0.0352
0.0348
0.0311
0.0311
0.0311
0.0307
0.0991
0.0993
0.0990
0.0959
0.0811
0.0812
0.0810
0.0785
0.0703
0.0704
0.0702
0.0680
0.0575
0.0576
0.0574
0.0556
Table 8
The first six non-dimensional natural frequencies = h
a/ h
Model
c
G c of CCCC SUS304/Si3 N4 square plate.
Mode number
1
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.1785
0.1794
0.1778
0.2468
0.2487
0.2456
0.2468
0.2487
0.2456
0.2814
0.2839
0.2797
0.2969
0.3001
0.2946
0.2980
0.3010
0.2960
10
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
0.0539
0.0540
0.0539
0.0802
0.0804
0.0800
0.0802
0.0804
0.0800
0.0956
0.0959
0.0954
0.1039
0.1043
0.1036
0.1045
0.1049
0.1042
plate are given in Table 8 for thick and moderate thick plate (a/ h = 5, 10) with n = 5, = 4. Corresponding to
a/ h = 10, the six mode shapes are illustrated in Fig. 8 using RPT-1 model.
As a case study, let us consider a circular plate of radius R and thickness h as shown in Fig. 9. The non-dimensional
natural frequencies of isotropic circular plate (R = 10, h = 0.34) are computed and tabulated in Table 9 for simple
and clamped supports. The material properties are used according to Mohammadi et al. [34]. Apparently, the good
agreements are observed from Table 9. The differences of the present results and Mohammadi et al. [34] using classical
plate theory are insignificant for the first mode but increases as mode number increases. Table 10 represents the first six
natural frequencies
of SUS304/Si3 N4 circular plate with R = 10, n = 5 using RPT-present model. The normalized
form is = R 2 Dc ch . The corresponding first six mode shapes are plotted in Fig. 10 for SSSS boundary condition
with = 4. At the end of free vibration analysis, Fig. 11 shows the variation of the non-dimensional fundamental
frequency of CCCC SUS304/Si3 N4 circular plate with respect to nonlocal parameter and material index n using
present RPT and present quasi-3D models. Owing to thickness stretching effect, the frequencies predicted by quasi3D-present model are slightly smaller than those of RPT-present model. As it is clear from Fig. 11, size-dependent
effect weakens the stiffness of plate through reducing of fundamental frequency. Another considerable observation
is that the increasing of material index n yields the decreasing of natural frequency due to the fact that the plate
is softened as material index n increase. Seemingly, these observations are consistent with the foregoing bending
analysis.
210
(a) = 0.0539.
(c) = 0.0802.
(e) = 0.1039.
(b) = 0.0802.
(d) = 0.0956.
(f) = 0.1045.
Fig. 8. The first six free vibration modes of CCCC SUS304/Si3 N4 square plate.
5.4. Buckling analysis

In this example, we examine the buckling behaviour of Al/Al2 O3 nanoplates. To verify the precision of present
2
method, the non-dimensional critical uni-axial buckling load P cr = PDcr11a of orthotropic rectangular plate is compared
with the published researches in Table 11. The geometries and material properties of rectangular orthotropic plate are
taken as E 1 = 1765 GPa, E 2 = 1588 GPa, 12 = 0.3, 21 = 0.27, a = 10, b = 20, h = 0.34 according to Farajpour
et al. [110]. It is obvious that the obtained results are coincided with the results presented by [110] and [111]. The nondimensional critical uni-axial buckling load P cr = PDcrma of SSSS Al/Al2 O3 square plate are presented in Table 12 with
the length a = 10. As seen, RPT-2 and RPT-present models gain the largest and smallest buckling loads, respectively,
which conform to the results of static analysis presented in Table 5. It is interesting that the nonlocal effect remarkably
reduces the buckling load as shown in Table 12. The influence is intensified for thick plate (a/ h = 5).
211
(a) The plate geometry.
(b) Meshing of 15 15 cubic elements.

Fig. 9. A circular plate model.
Table 9
Comparison of non-dimensional fundamental frequency 1 = 1 R 2
BCs
Simple support
Clamped support
Model
Mode number
1
h
D of isotropic circular plate.
Ref. [34]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
4.9345
4.9304
4.9305
4.9304
13.8981
13.8597
13.8598
13.8587
25.6132
25.4816
25.4821
25.4798
29.7198
29.5480
29.5445
29.5390
39.9571
39.6561
39.6430
39.6331
48.4788
48.0464
48.0191
48.0046
Ref. [34]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
4.7979
4.7934
4.7935
4.7933
12.9976
12.9413
12.9415
12.9404
22.8460
22.6716
22.6680
22.6644
26.0189
25.8688
25.8658
25.8610
33.8033
33.4299
33.4191
33.4108
39.7242
39.3324
39.3108
39.2989
Ref. [34]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
4.4455
4.4420
4.4421
4.4420
11.0822
10.9987
10.9988
10.9979
17.9775
17.7776
17.7748
17.7720
19.9529
19.8383
19.8361
19.8324
24.7733
24.4587
24.4510
24.4450
28.1431
27.8867
27.8718
27.8634
Ref. [34]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
10.2158
10.1847
10.1851
10.1839
21.2604
21.1476
21.1473
21.1433
34.8772
34.6133
34.5988
34.5892
39.7706
39.3671
39.3762
39.3624
51.0295
50.4949
50.4579
50.4385
60.8290
60.0541
59.9869
59.9580
Ref. [34]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
9.8784
9.8490
9.8493
9.8482
19.6683
19.5651
19.5648
19.5612
30.6495
30.4192
30.4063
30.3980
34.4275
34.1026
34.0910
34.0795
42.4139
41.9721
41.9406
41.9249
49.1569
48.5428
48.4856
48.4631
Ref. [34]
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
9.0348
9.0081
9.0084
9.0074
16.4191
16.3334
16.3329
16.3300
23.5943
23.4180
23.4069
23.4008
26.0253
25.7850
25.7748
25.7666
30.5057
30.1898
30.1653
30.1542
34.4357
34.0141
33.9693
33.9540
To close the numerical example, the critical buckling loads of Al/Al2 O3 circular plate are studied. The accuracy
of the present results are ascertained by comparing non-dimensional buckling load P cr = Pcr R 2 /D for circular
isotropic plate with the closed-form solution of Farajpour et al. [112] in Table 13. The numerical values are obtained
with R = 10, h = 0.34. Table 14 presents the non-dimensional buckling P cr = Pcr R 2 /Dm of Al/Al2 O3 circular
plate for simple and clamped BCs with R = 10, h = 0.34. Finally, Fig. 12 depicts the first six buckling mode shapes
of CCCC Al/Al2 O3 circular plate corresponding to n = 5, = 1 using RPT-1 model.
212
Table 10
The first six non-dimensional natural frequencies = R 2
c h
Dc of SUS304/Si3 N4 circular plate (h = 0.2R).
BCs
Mode number
1
2
Simple support
0
1
4
2.2550
2.1926
2.0324
5.9738
5.5796
4.7444
5.9738
5.5796
4.7444
8.2379
8.1046
7.1943
8.2379
8.1046
7.1946
10.3075
9.1712
7.7409
Clamped support
0
1
4
4.3445
4.2038
3.8499
8.4712
7.8470
6.5629
8.4712
7.8470
6.5629
12.9784
11.4291
8.8174
12.9968
11.4395
8.8208
14.2135
12.3538
9.3818
(a) = 2.0324.
(b) = 4.7444.
(c) = 4.7444.
(d) = 7.1943.
(e) = 7.1946.
(f) = 7.7409.
Fig. 10. The first six free vibration modes of SSSS SUS304/Si3 N4 circular plate.
213
Fig. 11. Effect of nonlocal parameter and material index n on free vibration response of CCCC SUS304/Si3 N4 circular plate (h/R = 0.2).
Table 11
2
Comparison of non-dimensional critical uni-axial buckling load P cr = PDcr a of orthotropic rectangular plate.
11
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPTpresent
Quasi-3Dpresent
Ref. [110]
DQM
PSM
Ref. [111]
15.5117
(1.7428)
15.5133
(1.7532)
15.5109
(1.7375)
15.6421
(2.5981)
15.2460
15.2460
15.2451
0.25
15.0478
(1.7499)
15.0493
(1.7601)
15.0469
(1.7439)
15.1742
(2.6046)
14.7890
14.7890
14.7890
13.8087
(1.7515)
13.8099
(1.7604)
13.8077
(1.7442)
13.9246
(2.6056)
13.5710
13.5710
13.5709
2.25
12.1421
(1.7523)
12.1430
(1.7598)
12.1411
(1.7439)
12.2439
(2.6054)
11.9330
11.9330
11.9328
10.3867
(1.7506)
10.3875
(1.7584)
10.3858
(1.7418)
10.4737
(2.6029)
10.2080
10.2080
10.2078
Value in parentheses is the error with respect to Ref. [110].
Table 12
Non-dimensional uni-axial buckling load P cr = PDcr a of SSSS Al/Al2 O3 square plate.
m
Model
a/ h = 5
a/ h = 10
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
7.0310
7.0614
7.0164
1.6143
1.7951
1.4663
0.4218
0.4690
0.3831
8.0851
8.0946
8.0807
4.2780
4.4771
4.1349
1.1174
1.1695
1.0800
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
5.8071
5.8325
5.7968
1.2386
1.3783
1.1190
0.3236
0.3601
0.2923
6.8126
6.8208
6.8095
3.2429
3.3952
3.1305
0.8470
0.8868
0.8176
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
4.8621
4.8891
4.8501
0.9442
1.0539
0.8478
0.2467
0.2754
0.2215
5.8461
5.8554
5.8423
2.4485
2.5732
2.3533
0.6395
0.6721
0.6146
214
Table 13
Comparison of non-dimensional buckling load P cr = Pcr R 2 /D of isotropic circular plate.
BCs
Simple support
0
1
2
3
4
4.1921
4.0226
3.8664
3.7220
3.5881
4.1923
4.0228
3.8666
3.7221
3.5882
4.1920
4.0226
3.8664
3.7220
3.5880
4.2563
4.0798
3.9176
3.7680
3.6294
4.1976
4.0285
3.8725
3.7281
3.5941
Clamped support
0
1
2
3
4
14.6144
12.7432
11.2968
10.1452
9.2067
14.6163
12.7448
11.2982
10.1465
9.2079
14.6135
12.7424
11.2960
10.1446
9.2061
15.1679
13.2132
11.7021
10.4988
9.5175
14.6819
12.8023
11.3493
10.1925
9.2497
RPT-1
RPT-2
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
Ref. [112]
Table 14
Non-dimensional buckling load P cr = Pcr R 2 /Dm of Al/Al2 O3 circular plate.
BCs
Simple support
Clamped support
Model
n
0
RPT-1
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
RPT-1
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
RPT-1
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
22.7572
22.7567
23.1059
21.8371
21.8367
22.1473
19.4782
19.4779
19.7025
9.6391
9.6389
10.0048
9.2241
9.2257
9.5755
8.1913
8.1920
8.4927
8.1921
8.1920
8.5094
7.8382
7.8396
8.1448
6.9602
6.9608
7.2273
6.9000
6.9002
7.0907
6.6039
6.6053
6.7891
5.8774
5.8784
6.0387
6.0401
6.0399
6.1583
5.7855
5.7863
5.8991
5.1565
5.1572
5.2522
RPT-1
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
RPT-1
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
RPT-1
RPT-present
Quasi-3D-present
79.3355
79.3304
82.3402
69.1774
69.1730
71.7287
49.9794
49.9762
51.6664
31.5217
31.5202
33.5902
27.4857
27.4844
29.2705
19.8579
19.8569
21.1039
26.7612
26.7602
28.5574
23.3347
23.3338
24.8837
16.8589
16.8582
17.9361
23.1849
23.1835
24.4165
20.2163
20.2151
21.2721
14.6059
14.6050
15.3215
20.7162
20.7141
21.6023
18.0637
18.0619
18.8188
13.0507
13.0494
13.5514
10
6. Conclusions
The size-dependent static, free vibration and buckling analyses of FGM nanoplates have been investigated in
this paper. Shear deformation and thickness stretching effects are taken into account in the framework of the novel
quasi-3D theory with only four variables and the size-dependent effects are taken into consideration by nonlocal
theory. Isogeometric analysis well captured third-order derivatives of the displacement field in the formulation.
Some benchmark results were obtained for static, free vibration and buckling of FGM nanoplates. The accuracy
and efficiency of the proposed method were well demonstrated through its comparison with other published ones.
Parametric studies indicate that the nonlocal effects cause reduction of the rigidity of nanoplates. In addition, the
discrepancies of two quasi-3D models are increased with the increase of material index n and the decrease of the
aspect ratio. Moreover, due to thickness stretching effect, the natural frequencies obtained by the present quasi-3D
model are slightly smaller than those of the corresponding present RPT model and closer to the three dimension
solutions.
Acknowledgements
This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)
under Grant No. 107.02-2014.24. The third author would like to thank Infrastructure and transportation technology
(a) P cr = 20.2163.
(c) P cr = 32.8051.
(e) P cr = 45.2611.
215
(b) P cr = 32.8051.
(d) P cr = 45.2064.
(f) P cr = 51.4178.
Fig. 12. The first six buckling modes of CCCC Al/Al2 O3 circular plate.
promotion research program funded by MOLIT (Ministry Of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) of Korean
government (under Grant No. 14CTAP-C077285-01-000000) and a grant (2013-R1A12058208) from NRF (National
Research Foundation of Korea) funded by MEST (Ministry of Education and Science Technology) of Korean
government.
References
[1] C. Hierold, A. Jungen, C. Stampfer, T. Helbling, Nano electromechanical sensors based on carbon nanotubes, Sensors Actuators A 136
(2007) 5161.
[2] K.-T. Lau, H.-Y. Cheung, J. Lu, Y.-S. Yin, D. Hui, H.-L. Li, Carbon nanotubes for space and bio-engineering applications, J. Comput. Theor.
Nanosci. 5 (2008) 2335.
[3] R.H. Baughman, C. Cui, A.A. Zakhidov, Z. Iqbal, J.N. Barisci, G.M. Spinks, G.G. Wallace, A. Mazzoldi, D.D. Rossi, A.G. Rinzler, O.
Jaschinski, S. Roth, M. Kertesz, Carbon nanotube actuators, Science 284 (1999) 13401344.
[4] A.K.-T. Lau, D. Hui, The revolutionary creation of new advanced materialscarbon nanotube composites, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 33 (2002)
263277.
216
[5] K.-T. Lau, M. Chipara, H.-Y. Ling, D. Hui, On the effective elastic moduli of carbon nanotubes for nanocomposite structures, Compos. Pt.
B-Eng. 35 (2004) 95101.
[6] S.J.V. Frankland, A. Caglar, D.W. Brenner, M. Griebel, Molecular simulation of the influence of chemical cross-links on the shear strength
of carbon nanotubepolymer interfaces, J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 30463048.
[7] K.M. Liew, X.Q. He, C.H. Wong, On the study of elastic and plastic properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes under axial tension using
molecular dynamics simulation, Acta Mater. 52 (2004) 25212527.
[8] N.A. Fleck, G.M. Muller, M.F. Ashby, J.W. Hutchinson, Strain gradient plasticity: Theory and experiment, Acta Mater. 42 (1994) 475487.
[9] J.S. Stolken, A.G. Evans, A microbend test method for measuring the plasticity length scale, Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 51095115.
[10] D. C. C. Lam, F. Yang, A. C. M. Chong, J. Wang, P. Tong, Experiments and theory in strain gradient elasticity, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51
(2003) 14771508.
[11] A.C. Eringen, Nonlocal polar elastic continua, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 10 (1972) 116.
[12] Y. Liu, J. Zhou, D. Hui, A strain-gradient plasticity theory of bimodal nanocrystalline materials with composite structure, Compos. Pt.
B-Eng. 43 (2012) 249254.
[13] F. Yang, A. C. M. Chong, D. C. C. Lam, P. Tong, Couple stress based strain gradient theory for elasticity, Int. J. Solids Struct. 39 (2002)
27312743.
[14] A.C. Eringen, D. G. B. Edelen, On nonlocal elasticity, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 10 (1972) 233248.
[15] E.C. Aifantis, On the role of gradients in the localization of deformation and fracture, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 30 (1992) 12791299.
[16] E.C. Aifantis, Strain gradient interpretation of size effects, Int. J. Fract. 95 (1999) 299314.
[17] E.C. Aifantis, Update on a class of gradient theories, Mech. Mater. 35 (2003) 259280.
[18] E.C. Aifantis, On the gradient approachRelation to Eringens nonlocal theory, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 49 (2011) 13671377.
[19] J. Peddieson, G.R. Buchanan, R.P. McNitt, Application of nonlocal continuum models to nanotechnology, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 41 (2003)
305312.
[20] J.N. Reddy, Nonlocal theories for bending, buckling and vibration of beams, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 45 (2007) 288307.
[21] J.N. Reddy, Nonlocal nonlinear formulations for bending of classical and shear deformation theories of beams and plates, Internat. J. Engrg.
Sci. 48 (2010) 15071518.
[22] M. Aydogdu, A general nonlocal beam theory: Its application to nanobeam bending, buckling and vibration, Physica E 41 (2009) 16511655.
[23] C. Wang, S. Kitipornchai, C. Lim, M. Eisenberger, Beam bending solutions based on nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory, J. Eng. Mech. 134
(2008) 475481.
[24] S.C. Pradhan, Nonlocal finite element analysis and small scale effects of CNTs with Timoshenko beam theory, Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 50
(2012) 820.
[25] S. A. M. Ghannadpour, B. Mohammadi, J. Fazilati, Bending, buckling and vibration problems of nonlocal Euler beams using Ritz method,
Compos. Struct. 96 (2013) 584589.
[26] Y. Zhang, C. Wang, N. Challamel, Bending, buckling, and vibration of micro/nanobeams by hybrid nonlocal beam model, J. Eng. Mech. 136
(2010) 562574.
[27] J. Yang, L.L. Ke, S. Kitipornchai, Nonlinear free vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes using nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory,
Physica E 42 (2010) 17271735.
[28] L.L. Ke, Y. Xiang, J. Yang, S. Kitipornchai, Nonlinear free vibration of embedded double-walled carbon nanotubes based on nonlocal
Timoshenko beam theory, Comput. Mater. Sci. 47 (2009) 409417.
[29] R. Ansari, S. Sahmani, B. Arash, Nonlocal plate model for free vibrations of single-layered graphene sheets, Phys. Lett. A 375 (2010) 5362.
[30] S. Hosseini-Hashemi, M. Zare, R. Nazemnezhad, An exact analytical approach for free vibration of Mindlin rectangular nano-plates via
nonlocal elasticity, Compos. Struct. 100 (2013) 290299.
[31] P. Malekzadeh, A.R. Setoodeh, A. Alibeygi Beni, Small scale effect on the free vibration of orthotropic arbitrary straight-sided quadrilateral
nanoplates, Compos. Struct. 93 (2011) 16311639.
[32] P. Malekzadeh, A.R. Setoodeh, A. Alibeygi Beni, Small scale effect on the thermal buckling of orthotropic arbitrary straight-sided
quadrilateral nanoplates embedded in an elastic medium, Compos. Struct. 93 (2011) 20832089.
[33] M. Mohammadi, M. Goodarzi, M. Ghayour, A. Farajpour, Influence of in-plane pre-load on the vibration frequency of circular graphene
sheet via nonlocal continuum theory, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 51 (2013) 121129.
[34] M. Mohammadi, M. Ghayour, A. Farajpour, Free transverse vibration analysis of circular and annular graphene sheets with various boundary
conditions using the nonlocal continuum plate model, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 45 (2013) 3242.
[35] L. Shen, H.-S. Shen, C.-L. Zhang, Nonlocal plate model for nonlinear vibration of single layer graphene sheets in thermal environments,
Comput. Mater. Sci. 48 (2010) 680685.
[36] H.-S. Shen, Nonlocal plate model for nonlinear analysis of thin films on elastic foundations in thermal environments, Compos. Struct. 93
(2011) 11431152.
[37] T. Murmu, S.C. Pradhan, Buckling of biaxially compressed orthotropic plates at small scales, Mech. Res. Commun. 36 (2009) 933938.
[38] T. Murmu, S.C. Pradhan, Vibration analysis of nanoplates under uniaxial prestressed conditions via nonlocal elasticity, J. Appl. Phys. 106
(2009) 104301.
[39] S.C. Pradhan, A. Kumar, Vibration analysis of orthotropic graphene sheets using nonlocal elasticity theory and differential quadrature
method, Compos. Struct. 93 (2011) 774779.
[40] S.C. Pradhan, T. Murmu, Small scale effect on the buckling of single-layered graphene sheets under biaxial compression via nonlocal
continuum mechanics, Comput. Mater. Sci. 47 (2009) 268274.
[41] S.C. Pradhan, J.K. Phadikar, Nonlocal elasticity theory for vibration of nanoplates, J. Sound Vib. 325 (2009) 206223.
[42] T. Murmu, S. Adhikari, Nonlocal vibration of bonded double-nanoplate-systems, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 42 (2011) 19011911.
[43] V. Birman, L.W. Byrd, Modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and structures, Appl. Mech. Rev. 60 (2007) 195216.
217
[44] M.A. Eltaher, A.E. Alshorbagy, F.F. Mahmoud, Determination of neutral axis position and its effect on natural frequencies of functionally
graded macro/nanobeams, Compos. Struct. 99 (2013) 193201.
[45] M.A. Eltaher, S.A. Emam, F.F. Mahmoud, Static and stability analysis of nonlocal functionally graded nanobeams, Compos. Struct. 96
(2013) 8288.
[46] M. Simsek, H.H. Yurtcu, Analytical solutions for bending and buckling of functionally graded nanobeams based on the nonlocal Timoshenko
beam theory, Compos. Struct. 97 (2013) 378386.
[47] B. Uymaz, Forced vibration analysis of functionally graded beams using nonlocal elasticity, Compos. Struct. 105 (2013) 227239.
[48] S. Natarajan, S. Chakraborty, M. Thangavel, S. Bordas, T. Rabczuk, Size-dependent free flexural vibration behavior of functionally graded
nanoplates, Comput. Mater. Sci. 65 (2012) 7480.
[49] S. Hosseini-Hashemi, M. Bedroud, R. Nazemnezhad, An exact analytical solution for free vibration of functionally graded circular/annular
mindlin nanoplates via nonlocal elasticity, Compos. Struct. 103 (2013) 108118.
[50] L. Beirao Da Veiga, T. J. R. Hughes, J. Kiendl, C. Lovadina, J. Niiranen, A. Reali, H. Speleers, A locking-free model for ReissnerMindlin plates: Analysis and isogeometric implementation via NURBS and triangular NURPS, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 25 (2015)
15191551.
[51] N.R. Senthilnathan, S.P. Lim, K.H. Lee, S.T. Chow, Buckling of shear-deformable plates, AIAA J. 25 (1987) 12681271.
[52] L.V. Tran, A. J. M. Ferreira, H. Nguyen-Xuan, Isogeometric analysis of functionally graded plates using higher-order shear deformation
theory, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 51 (2013) 368383.
[53] H. Nguyen-Xuan, C.H. Thai, T. Nguyen-Thoi, Isogeometric finite element analysis of composite sandwich plates using a higher order shear
deformation theory, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 55 (2013) 558574.
[54] H. Nguyen-Xuan, L.V. Tran, C.H. Thai, S. Kulasegaram, S. P. A. Bordas, Isogeometric analysis of functionally graded plates using a refined
plate theory, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 64 (2014) 222234.
[55] S.C. Pradhan, Buckling of single layer graphene sheet based on nonlocal elasticity and higher order shear deformation theory, Phys. Lett. A
373 (2009) 41824188.
[56] R. Aghababaei, J.N. Reddy, Nonlocal third-order shear deformation plate theory with application to bending and vibration of plates, J. Sound
Vibr. 326 (2009) 277289.
[57] J.N. Reddy, Analysis of functionally graded plates, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 47 (2000) 663684.
[58] S. Narendar, Buckling analysis of micro-/nano-scale plates based on two-variable refined plate theory incorporating nonlocal scale effects,
Compos. Struct. 93 (2011) 30933103.
[59] N. Satish, S. Narendar, S. Gopalakrishnan, Thermal vibration analysis of orthotropic nanoplates based on nonlocal continuum mechanics,
Physica E 44 (2012) 19501962.
[60] R.P. Shimpi, Refined plate theory and its variants, AIAA J. 40 (2002) 137146.
[61] P. Malekzadeh, M. Shojaee, Free vibration of nanoplates based on a nonlocal two-variable refined plate theory, Compos. Struct. 95 (2013)
443452.
[62] M. Touratier, A generalization of shear deformation theories for axisymmetric multilayered shells, Int. J. Solids Struct. 29 (1992) 13791399.
[63] H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo, T.-K. Nguyen, J. Lee, A nonlocal sinusoidal plate model for micro/nanoscale plates, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C-J.
Eng. Mech. Eng. Sci. (2014) 0954406214521391.
[64] S.S. Vel, R.C. Batra, Exact solution for thermoelastic deformations of functionally graded thick rectangular plates, AIAA J. 40 (2002)
14211433.
[65] A.M. Zenkour, Benchmark trigonometric and 3-D elasticity solutions for an exponentially graded thick rectangular plate, Arch. Appl. Mech.
77 (2007) 197214.
[66] S.S. Vel, R. Batra, Three-dimensional exact solution for the vibration of functionally graded rectangular plates, J. Sound Vibr. 272 (2004)
703730.
[67] E. Carrera, F. Miglioretti, M. Petrolo, Accuracy of refined finite elements for laminated plate analysis, Compos. Struct. 93 (2011) 13111327.
[68] E. Carrera, S. Brischetto, M. Cinefra, M. Soave, Effects of thickness stretching in functionally graded plates and shells, Compos. Pt. B-Eng.
42 (2011) 123133.
[69] M. Talha, B.N. Singh, Static response and free vibration analysis of FGM plates using higher order shear deformation theory, Appl. Math.
Model. 34 (2010) 39914011.
[70] M. Ganapathi, D.P. Makhecha, Free vibration analysis of multi-layered composite laminates based on an accurate higher-order theory,
Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 32 (2001) 535543.
[71] C.-S. Chen, C.-Y. Hsu, G.J. Tzou, Vibration and stability of functionally graded plates based on a higher-order deformation theory, J. Reinf.
Plast. Compos. 28 (2009) 12151234.
[72] J.N. Reddy, A general nonlinear third-order theory of functionally graded plates, Internat. J. Aerosp. Lightweight Struct. 01 (2011) 01.
[73] A. J. M. Ferreira, C.M. d. C. Roque, E. Carrera, M. Cinefra, O. Polit, Analysis of sandwich plates by radial basis functions collocation,
according to Murakamis Zig-Zag theory, J. Sandwich Struct. Mater. 14 (2012) 505524.
[74] J.D. Rodrigues, C. M. C. Roque, A. J. M. Ferreira, M. Cinefra, E. Carrera, Radial basis functions-differential quadrature collocation and a
unified formulation for bending vibration and buckling analysis of laminated plates according to Murakamis zig-zag theory, Comput. Struct.
9091 (2012) 107115.
[75] D.A. Maturi, A. J. M. Ferreira, A.M. Zenkour, D.S. Mashat, Analysis of laminated shells by Murakamis zig-zag theory and radial basis
functions collocation, J. Appl. Math. 2013 (2013) e123465.
[76] A. Neves, A. Ferreira, E. Carrera, M. Cinefra, C. Roque, R. Jorge, C. Soares, A quasi-3D hyperbolic shear deformation theory for the static
and free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates, Compos. Struct. 94 (2012) 18141825.
[77] A. Neves, A. Ferreira, E. Carrera, C. Roque, M. Cinefra, R. Jorge, C. Soares, A quasi-3D sinusoidal shear deformation theory for the static
and free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 43 (2012) 711725.
218
[78] A. Neves, A. Ferreira, E. Carrera, M. Cinefra, C. Roque, R. Jorge, C. Soares, Static, free vibration and buckling analysis of isotropic and
sandwich functionally graded plates using a quasi-3D higher-order shear deformation theory and a meshless technique, Compos. Pt. B-Eng.
44 (2013) 657674.
[79] A.M. Zenkour, Bending analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates using a simple four-unknown shear and normal deformations theory,
J. Sandwich Struct. Mater. 15 (2013) 629656.
[80] A.M. Zenkour, A simple four-unknown refined theory for bending analysis of functionally graded plates, Appl. Math. Model. 37 (2013)
90419051.
[81] J. Mantari, C. Guedes Soares, Four-unknown quasi-3D shear deformation theory for advanced composite plates, Compos. Struct. 109 (2014)
231239.
[82] T. Rabczuk, P.M.A. Areias, T. Belytschko, A meshfree thin shell method for non-linear dynamic fracture, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg.
72 (2007) 524548.
[83] F. Amiri, D. Milln, Y. Shen, T. Rabczuk, M. Arroyo, Phase-field modeling of fracture in linear thin shells, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 69
(2014) 102109.
[84] T. J. R. Hughes, J.A. Cottrell, Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric analysis: CAD finite elements, NURBS exact geometry and mesh refinement,
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 194 (2005) 41354195.
[85] J.A. Cottrell, A. Reali, Y. Bazilevs, T. J. R. Hughes, Isogeometric analysis of structural vibrations, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg.
195 (2006) 52575296.
[86] N. Nguyen-Thanh, J. Kiendl, H. Nguyen-Xuan, R. Wuchner, K.U. Bletzinger, Y. Bazilevs, T. Rabczuk, Rotation free isogeometric thin shell
analysis using PHT-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 200 (2011) 34103424.
[87] N. Nguyen-Thanh, N. Valizadeh, M.N. Nguyen, H. Nguyen-Xuan, X. Zhuang, P. Areias, G. Zi, Y. Bazilevs, L. De Lorenzis, T. Rabczuk, An
extended isogeometric thin shell analysis based on Kirchhoff-Love theory, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 284 (2015) 265291.
[88] T. Le-Manh, J. Lee, Postbuckling of laminated composite plates using NURBS-based isogeometric analysis, Compos. Struct. 109 (2014)
286293.
[89] T. Le-Manh, J. Lee, Stacking sequence optimization for maximum strengths of laminated composite plates using genetic algorithm and
isogeometric analysis, Compos. Struct. 116 (2014) 357363.
[90] N. Valizadeh, S. Natarajan, O.A. Gonzalez-Estrada, T. Rabczuk, T.Q. Bui, S. P. A. Bordas, NURBS-based finite element analysis of
functionally graded plates: Static bending, vibration, buckling and flutter, Compos. Struct. 99 (2013) 309326.
[91] C.H. Thai, A. J. M. Ferreira, S. P. A. Bordas, T. Rabczuk, H. Nguyen-Xuan, Isogeometric analysis of laminated composite and sandwich
plates using a new inverse trigonometric shear deformation theory, Eur. J. Mech. A-Solids 43 (2014) 89108.
[92] A.C. Eringen, On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface waves, J. Appl. Phys. 54 (1983)
47034710.
[93] A.C. Eringen, Nonlocal Continuum Field Theories, 2002 ed., Springer, New York, 2002.
[94] T. Nakamura, T. Wang, S. Sampath, Determination of properties of graded materials by inverse analysis and instrumented indentation, Acta
Mater. 48 (2000) 42934306.
[95] L.F. Qian, R.C. Batra, L.M. Chen, Static and dynamic deformations of thick functionally graded elastic plates by using higher-order shear
and normal deformable plate theory and meshless local petrovgalerkin method, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 35 (2004) 685697.
[96] T. Mori, K. Tanaka, Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions, Acta Mater. 21 (1973)
571574.
[97] Y. Kiani, M.R. Eslami, Thermal postbuckling of imperfect circular functionally graded material plates: Examination of voigt, moritanaka,
and self-consistent schemes, Trans ASME, J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 137 (2014) 021201021201.
[98] D.-G. Zhang, Y.-H. Zhou, A theoretical analysis of FGM thin plates based on physical neutral surface, Comput. Mater. Sci. 44 (2008)
716720.
[99] S. Abrate, Functionally graded plates behave like homogeneous plates, Compos. Pt. B-Eng. 39 (2008) 151158.
[100] K.P. Soldatos, A transverse shear deformation theory for homogeneous monoclinic plates, Acta Mech. 94 (1992) 195220.
[101] J.N. Reddy, A simple higher-order theory for laminated composite plates, J. Appl. Mech 51 (1984) 745752.
[102] J. Mantari, C. Guedes Soares, Generalized hybrid quasi-3D shear deformation theory for the static analysis of advanced composite plates,
Compos. Struct. 94 (2012) 25612575.
[103] J. Mantari, C. Guedes Soares, Five-unknowns generalized hybrid-type quasi-3D HSDT for advanced composite plates, Appl. Math. Model.
(2015).
[104] H.-T. Thai, S.-E. Kim, A simple quasi-3D sinusoidal shear deformation theory for functionally graded plates, Compos. Struct. 99 (2013)
172180.
[105] H. Hebali, A. Tounsi, M. S. A. Houari, A. Bessaim, E. A. A. Bedia, New quasi-3d hyperbolic shear deformation theory for the static and free
vibration analysis of functionally graded plates, J. Eng. Mech. 140 (2014) 374383.
[106] J. Reddy, An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, third ed., McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY, 2005.
[107] J.A. Cottrell, T. J. R. Hughes, Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric Analysis: Toward Integration of CAD and FEA, first ed., Wiley, Chichester, West
Sussex, UK, Hoboken, NJ, 2009.
[108] F. Auricchio, L.B. da Veiga, A. Buffa, C. Lovadina, A. Reali, G. Sangalli, A fully locking-free isogeometric approach for plane linear
elasticity problems: A stream function formulation, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 197 (2007) 160172.
[109] E. Jomehzadeh, A.R. Saidi, Decoupling the nonlocal elasticity equations for three dimensional vibration analysis of nano-plates, Compos.
Struct. 93 (2011) 10151020.
[110] A. Farajpour, A.R. Shahidi, M. Mohammadi, M. Mahzoon, Buckling of orthotropic micro/nanoscale plates under linearly varying in-plane
load via nonlocal continuum mechanics, Compos. Struct. 94 (2012) 16051615.
[111] S. Sarrami-Foroushani, M. Azhari, Nonlocal vibration and buckling analysis of single and multi-layered graphene sheets using finite strip
method including van der Waals effects, Physica E 57 (2014) 8395.
[112] A. Farajpour, M. Mohammadi, A.R. Shahidi, M. Mahzoon, Axisymmetric buckling of the circular graphene sheets with the nonlocal
continuum plate model, Physica E 43 (2011) 18201825.

Graded Nanoplates

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Graded Nanoplates

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

An efficient computational approach for size-dependent analysis of

We present an efficient computational approach for size-dependent behaviour of FGM nanoplates.

Fig. 1. The functionally graded nanoplates model.

C12 = C21 = C13 = C31 = C23 = C32 =

C44 = C55 = C66 =

The stress resultants are defined as follows

where A, B, D, E, F, H, X, Yb , Ys , Ds and Z 33 are material matrices and computed by

1, x3 , x32 , f (x3 ) , x3 f (x3 ) , f 2 (x3 ) Ci j d x3

(x3 ) , x3 (x3 ) , f (x3 ) (x3 ) Ci j d x3

u 02 : N12,x1 + N2,x2 = I1 u 02 I2 u b3,x2 + I4 u s3,x2

+ I2 u 01,x1 + u 02,x2 I3 u b3,x1 x1 + u b3,x2 x2 + I5 u s3,x1 x1 + u s3,x2 x2

+ I5 u b3,x1 x1 + u b3,x2 x2 I6 u s3,x1 x1 + u s3,x2 x2

+ E 11 u s3,x1 x1 x1 + E 12 u s3,x1 x2 x2 + A66 u 01,x2 x2 + u 02,x1 x2

u 02 : A12 u 01,x1 x2 + A22 u 02,x2 x2 B12 u b3,x1 x2 x2 B22 u b3,x2 x2 x2

+ E 12 u s3,x1 x2 x2 + E 22 u s3,x2 x2 x2 + A66 u 01,x1 x2 + u 02,x1 x1

u b3 : Bi j u 0j,ii j Di j u b3,ii j j + Fi j u s3,ii j j + 2B66 u 01,x1 x2 x2 + u 02,x1 x1 x2

u s3 : E i j u 0j,ii j + Fi j u b3,ii j j Hi j u s3,ii j j 2E 66 u 01,x1 x2 x2 + u 02,x1 x1 x2

0 = 0 and a bi-axial buckling analysis is N 0 = N 0 =

Fig. 3 illustrates the quadratic and cubic basic functions.

(b) Cubic basic function

(a) NURBS curve.

(b) NURBS surface.

where the global stiffness matrix K is given by

here B3 = 0 0 0 R A and the load vector is expressed as

Number of element per edge

(a) The plate geometry.

(b) Meshing of 15 15 cubic elements.

square plate subjected to sinusoidal load without nonlocal effect.

G of SSSS isotropic rectangular plate.

5.4. Buckling analysis

(a) The plate geometry.

(b) Meshing of 15 15 cubic elements.

Value in parentheses is the error with respect to Ref. [110].

You might also like