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i=1,2,...,a
ij
j=1,2,...,n
where yij is ijth observation, iis the me an of the ith factor level of treatment,
and ij is a random error.
An alternative way to write model:
i =+i
i=1,2,...,a
ij
i=1,2,...,a
j=1,2,...,n
Table 3.3 shows the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table for the single-factor,
fixed effect model.
3
=y
..
2MSE
yi./2,N-
-t y + t
i
N
i.
/2,N-
2MSE
N
Unbalanced Data
In some single-factor experiments, the design is unbalanced
because the number of observations taken within each
treatment may be different. There is slight modification must
be made in the sum of squares formula for analysis of variance.
Let n i observations be taken under treatment i (i=1,2,...,a)
and N= i=1 n i . The manual computional formulas for SST and
a
SSTreatments become:
y..2
SST = i=1 j=1 y N
a
ni
2
ij
and
yi.2 y..2
SSTreatments = i=1
ni N
a
yij = + i + ij
The errors are normally independently distributed with mean zero and constant but
unknown variance. However, this assumptions will usually not hold exactly. Violations
of the basic assumptions and model adequacy can be easily be investigated by the
examination of residuals.
We define the residual for observation j in treatment i as:
e=
yij y ij
ij
where y ij is an estimate of the corresponding observation yij
obtained as follows:
+ i
y =
ij
=y .. + (y i . y .. )
= y i.
Examination of the residuals should be an automatic part of any analysis of variance.
If the model is adequate, the residuals should be structureless: that is, they should
contain no obvious pattern.
Figure 3.6
Contrasts
Hypothesis:
H 0: =
i
H1
:
i
j
j
Or equivalently,
H 0 = -
=0
i
j
H1 = -
i 0j
In general, a contrast is a linear combination of parameters of the form:
=
c
i
i=1
i=1 i
of contrasts:
a
H 0 :
=
c0i
i=1
a
H1:
0ci
i=1
10
Orthogonal Contrast
Two contrasts with coefficients {ci} and {di} are orthogonal if:
a
c d
i
=0
i=1
n c d
i i
=0
i=1
For a treatments, the set of a 1 orthogonal contrasts partition the sum of squares
Due to treatments into a 1 independent single-degree-of-freedom components.
Thus, tests performed on orthogonal contrasts are independent.
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Note that contrast 1 with ci = -2,1,1 compares the average effect with the
control, whereas contrast 2 with di = 0,-1,1 compares the two level of the factor
of interest.
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u=1,2,...,m
i=1
where n i is the number of observations in the ith treatments. It can be shown that the critical
value against which c u should be compared with:
S,u =Scu
( a-1) F,a-1,N-a
j
j
Y max -Y min
MSE n
i - j Y i. -Y j. -
q (a,f)
2
1 1
MSE +
n n
j
i
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j
j
Test statistic:
t0 =
yi. -y j.
1 1
MSE +
n n
j
i
Assuming a two-sided alternative, the pair of means i and j would be declared
significantly different if yi. -y
/2,N-a
j. > t
1 1
LSD=t /2,N-a MSE +
n n
j
i
is called the least significant difference. If the design n1 =n 2 =...=n a =n, and
2MSE
LSD=t /2,N-a
n
To use the Fisher LSD procedure, we simply compare the observed difference
between each pair of averages to the corresponding LSD. If yi. -y j. > LSD,
we conclude means i and j differ.
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