Expert system is a computer system that

emulates the decision-making ability of a human

expert.

A decision support system (DSS) is a computerbased information system that supports business
or organizational decision-making activities.

Expert systems are designed to solve complex

problems by reasoning about knowledge,
represented primarily as ifthen rules rather than
through conventional procedural code.

DSSs serve the management, operations, and

planning levels of an organization (usually mid and
higher management) and help people make
decisions about problems that may be rapidly
changing and not easily specified in advance

Expert systems were among the first truly

successful forms of AI software.
An expert system is divided into two sub-systems:
The inference engine and the knowledge base.

Decision support systems can be either fully

computerized, human-powered or a combination
of both.

The knowledge base represents facts and

rules. The inference engine applies the
rules to the known facts to deduce new
facts.
Inference engines can also include
explanation and debugging capabilities.

A mobile agent is a composition of computer

software and data which is able to migrate (move)
from one computer to another autonomously and
continue its execution on the destination computer.
Mobile agent is a process that can transport its
state from one environment to another, with its
data intact, and be capable of performing
appropriately in the new environment. Mobile
agents decide when and where to move

There are two types of mobile agent

Mobile agents with predefined path : Have
static migration path
Free roaming mobile agent: Have dynamic
migration path. Depending up on the
present network condition the mobile agent
chooses its path.

DSS tends to be aimed at the less well

structured, underspecified problem that
upper level managers typically face
DSS specifically focuses on features which
make them easy to use by non-computer
people in an interactive mode

Intelligence has been defined in many different

ways including as one's capacity for logic,
understanding, self-awareness, learning,
emotional knowledge, planning, and problem
solving. It can be more generally described as the
ability to perceive information, and retain it as
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive
behaviors within an environment or context.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited
by machines. Machine is a flexible rational agent
that perceives its environment and takes actions
that maximize its chance of success at some goal.
Artificial intelligence is applied when a machine
mimics "cognitive" functions that humans
associate with other human minds. As machines
become increasingly capable, facilities once
thought to require intelligence are removed from
the definition.
AI research is divided into subfields that
focus on specific problems or on specific
approaches or on the use of a particular

tool or towards satisfying particular

applications.

The Classical AI system is made up of two

basic parts:
A knowledge base
o Name of objects (things, people,
places, events ... in the chosen
domain
o Concepts and theories about these
objects
o Practical procedures and
relationships representing realworld knowledge
An inference mechanism
o Procedures which examine the
knowledge base in an orderly
manner
o Procedures are used to reason,
answer questions, solve problems
& make decisions within the domain

Strong AI is a hypothetical machine that exhibits

behavior at least as skillful and flexible as humans
do and the machines could be made to think or in
other words could represent human

The Statistical AI system

Sophisticated mathematical tools to solve specific
sub problems. These tools are truly scientific, in
the sense that their results are both measurable
and verifiable, and they have been responsible for
many of AI's recent successes.

Weak AI is non-sentient artificial intelligence that

is focused on one narrow task.

The shared mathematical language has

also permitted a high level of collaboration
with more established fields (like
mathematics, economics or operations
research)

Statistical Ai is more
concerned with
inductive thought like
given a set of pattern,
include the trend

While classical Ai, on

the other hand,
deductive thought
given as set of
constraints

However, Strong AI, which is in its infant

stage, promises a lot due to the recent
developments in nanotechnology.
Nanobots, which can help us fight diseases
and also make us more intelligent, are
being designed.

Weak AI is defined in contrast to either strong AI or

artificial general intelligence

All currently existing systems considered

artificial intelligence of any sort are weak AI
at most.

Weak AI is focused towards the technology which

is capable of carrying out pre-planned moves
based on some rules and applying these to
achieve a certain goal

. Applications of artificial intelligence

Best approach in developing game in AI

Computer science
AI researchers have created many tools to
solve the most difficult problems in
computer science. Many of their inventions
have been adopted by mainstream
computer science and are no longer
considered a part of AI

Minimax Algorithm
The Minimax algorithm is one of the most
widely used algorithms applied in two
player games
Its purpose is to determine which move is
best for the AI (computer player) to make.
Player 1's strategy is to maximize its
minimum gain, and that the Player 2's
strategy is to minimize its maximum loss

Finance
Financial institutions have long used
artificial neural network systems to detect
charges or claims outside of the norm,
flagging these for human investigation.
Hospitals and medicine
Artificial neural networks are used as
clinical decision support systems for
medical diagnosis.
Natural Language Processing
It is possible to interact with the computer
that understands natural language spoken
by humans.
Telecommunications maintenance
Telecommunications companies make use
of heuristic search in the management of
their workforce

A* Algorithm
A* algorithm offers a solution to a common
problem in more complex games - path
finding or making characters know where
they can and where they should move.
It is widely used because of its
performance and accuracy.
There are two things you will need in order
to make A* work:
1. A graph of your terrain
2. A method to estimate cost to reach
between points
State Machine
The finite-state machine is a mathematical
model that perceives an object as an
abstract machine that can be in a finite
number of states.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

A computing system made up of a number
of simple, highly interconnected processing
elements, which process information by
their dynamic state response to external
inputs
ANNs are composed of multiple nodes,
which imitate biological neurons of human
brain.
The neurons are connected by links and
they interact with each other
Each link is associated with weight. ANNs
are capable of learning, which takes place
by altering weight values

The machine can be only in one state at a

time. It can also change states.
1. This is called a transition and can
be triggered by an event or
condition
Determine the behavior of AI

Artificial Neural Networks

To simulate human thinking.
It receives input, the neurons communicate
with each other and produce a "smart"
output.
Artificial neural network has three layers of
neurons:
1. Input layer
2. Hidden layer
3. Output layer