AP Chemistry

KINETICS: RATE LAW DETERMINATION OF THE CRYSTAL VIOLET + SODIUM HYDROXIDE REACTION
PURPOSE:
To create an absorption spectrum of 25.0 M crystal violet using a spectrophotometer.
To prepare and generate a Beers law calibration curve for crystal violet.
To determine the rate law, pseudo rate constant, and half-life for the reaction of crystal violet (CV+)
and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by creating an Absorbance vs. Time plot.
INTRODUCTION:
Background information:
The field of chemistry that is concerned with studies of reaction rates is called chemical kinetics. It can be
qualitative (e.g. a reaction can be described as being either "slow" or "fast") or it can be quantitative with such
terms as obtaining a "specific reaction rate constant" for a reaction, or obtaining an "order" of a reaction.
Quantitative studies lead to very important predictions not only about how fast a reaction proceeds and how
much of a product will form after a certain time, but detailed studies can lead to understanding mechanisms of
reactions.
Consider the general reaction:
A+BC
[1]
The rate of this reaction can be measured by experimentally determining the amount of reactants A or B that is
consumed as a function of time, or the amount of C that is formed as a function of time. Choosing which species
to observe is usually a matter of convenience. Mathematically, the rate of reaction monitoring the
concentration of A can be expressed as follows:
Rate of disappearance of A =

_ change in concentration of A
time required for change

_ [A]
t

In most cases, the overall rate of the reaction will depend on the concentrations of the reactants.
Rate = k [A]m[B]n

[2]

where [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of species A and B, m and n are the powers to which the
respective concentrations must be raised to describe the experimental rate, and k is the specific rate constant.
A main goal in kinetic studies is to determine the numerical values of m and n from experimental data. Suppose
that we found m = 2 and n = 1 for the hypothetical reaction shown in [1]. Then, the rate law would be
expressed as:
Rate = k [A]2[B]
[3]
It should be apparent from equation [3] that if the concentration of B were doubled (keeping [A] the same) the
reaction rate would double. On the other hand, if the concentration of A were to be doubled (keeping [B] the
same) the rate would increase by a factor of four because the rate of the reaction is proportional to the square
of the concentration of A. The powers to which the concentrations in the rate law are raised are called the
order of the reaction. In this last example, the reaction is referred to being second order in A and first order in
B. The overall order of the reaction is the sum of all the exponents: in the present example the overall reaction
would be described as being third order.
It is possible to experimentally determine the order of a reaction by noting the effects of changing reagent
concentrations on the rate at which the reaction proceeds as explained above. It should be noted, however,
that the order of a reaction is not necessarily dependent on the stoichiometry of the reaction. Thus a reaction of
the general form:
2A + B C
[4]
may have a rate law that is first order with respect to A and first order with respect to B.
The k in the rate law is called the rate constant. It has a definite value that is independent of the
concentration. It is characteristic for a given reaction and is temperature dependent. Once the rate of a
reaction is known as a function of concentrations, the value of k can be calculated.
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Determining the rate law, rate constant, and reaction order of a chemical reaction:
There are several ways to determine the rate law, rate constant, and reaction order of a chemical reaction. In
this experiment, you will determine how the concentration of a reactant changes as function of time. By
comparing how the experimental data follow concentration-time behavior for reactions with different rate
laws, you can determine whether the reaction follows a zero, first, or second order kinetic law.
As described in your textbook:
if a reaction is zero order, a plot of concentration [C] vs time gives a straight line
if a reaction is first order, a plot of ln [C] vs time gives a straight line
if the reaction is second order, a plot of 1/[C] vs time gives a straight line
By analyzing the resulting plot(s), you can obtain the order of the reaction and evaluate the specific reaction rate constant.

In this experiment, you will observe the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. Crystal violet, a
triphenylmethane dye, is an intensely colored organic compound. This dye can also be used as an acid-base
indicator because the structure and color depend on the pH level.
The relationship between concentration of crystal violet and the time elapsed during the reaction will be
studied spectroscopically with the use of a spectrophotometer. Under the assumption that absorbance is
proportional to concentration of crystal violet (using Beer's Law), the order of the reaction with respect to
crystal violet will be determined by graphical analysis. Once the order with respect to crystal violet has been
determined, you will also be finding the rate constant, k, and the half-life for this reaction.
Optional: The order with respect to sodium hydroxide will be determined next by keeping the concentration of
crystal violet constant and changing the concentration of sodium hydroxide.
Spectrophotometry:
A spectrophotometer passes a narrow beam of light of specific wavelengths though a sample. There is a
detector to record the intensity of the light that passes through the sample. The settings can be changed to
display either % transmittance (intensity of light that passes/intensity of light through a blank sample, usually
distilled water) or absorbance (amount of light absorbed by the sample). When a sample absorbs light of a
particular wavelength from a beam of white light, the observer sees the complementary color. For example, if
the spectrometer is set to 650 nm (red light), you will see green light.

Figure 1: Spectrophotometer

Figure 2: Cuvette

Figure 3: Simplified diagram of spectrophotometer

Figure 4: Color Wheel

Beers Law:
The absorbance for a specific concentration of a solution with a fixed path length varies directly with the
absorptivity coefficient of the solution. This relationship is known as Beers law.
A = abc

[5]
-1

-1

where A is absorbance (no units), a is the molar absorptivity coefficient (M cm ), b is the path length in cm
(distance light travels through the solution, the length of the cuvette used), and c is the concentration of the
solution (M). The concentration of a solution can be calculated if the absorbance is known while keeping a and
b constant. This can be done by preparing a calibration curve, where absorbance is plotted over a set of
known concentrations and a linear regression line is generated in the form of y=mx. In this case, y = A and x = c
and the m (slope)= ab.
The optimum wavelength to set for a calibration curve is by examining the absorption spectrum for the original
stock solution. The absorption spectrum is a plot of absorbance values of a range of wavelengths (350-750nm).
The wavelength selected for the calibration curve should be where the absorbance value is 1.0.
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The Experiment:
The equation for the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide is shown below:

A simplified version of the equation is:

CV+ (aq) + OH (aq)

purple
The rate law for this reaction is in the form:

CVOH (aq)
colorless

rate = k [CV+]w [OH-]z

[6]

where k is the rate constant for the reaction, w is the order with respect to crystal violet (CV+), and z is
the order with respect to the hydroxide ion. By keeping the concentration of [OH-] very large compared to the
concentration of [CV+], for all practical purposes the concentration of [OH-] remains constant and does not
change (the system is swamped with [OH-]). In fact, the technique is called swamping. The concentration of
crystal violet will change dramatically though, allowing the order and rate constant with respect to crystal violet
to be determined with only one reaction. The rate constant obtained in this manner is called the pseudo rate
th
constant (k), because it only applies to part of the reaction. The reaction is said to follow pseudo w order
kinetics.
Under these conditions, the rate equation simplifies to:
Rate = k [CV+]w
[7]
where the pseudo rate constant

k = k [OH-]z

[8]

Optional: Now, in order to evaluate z and k, two kinetic runs with different excess concentrations of [OH-], say
[OH,1]and [OH-,2] are required. Each kinetic run will give different pseudo rate constants k1 and k2, where
k1 = k [OH-,1]Z
k2 = k [OH-,2]Z

[9]
[10]

If the two [OH ] concentrations are known, a simultaneous solution of these two equations provides the values
of the value of z and k.

k1'
k2'

k [OH-concentration #1 ]z
k [OH-concentration #2 ]z

[11]

The above will allow you to calculate z, with a final substitution of w and z values to calculate k.
As the reaction proceeds, a violet-colored reactant will be slowly changing to a colorless product. Using a
spectrophotometer set at a wavelength at 565 nm, you will monitor the absorbance of the crystal violet
solution with time. We will assume that absorbance is proportional to the concentration of crystal violet (Beers
law).
Absorbance will be used in place of concentration in plotting the following three graphs:
Absorbance vs. time:
A linear plot indicates a zero order reaction (k = slope).
ln Absorbance vs. time:
A linear plot indicates a first order reaction (k = slope).
1/Absorbance vs. time:
A linear plot indicates a second order reaction (k = slope).
Analysis of the above graphs will provide the data needed for the completion of the lab report.
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MATERIALS:
0.20 M NaOH
25.0 M crystal violet
Distilled water
Small and large beakers
Stirring rod

Small test tube

10-mL graduated pipets
Laptop, LabPro, SpectroVis Plus
Spectrophotometer with cuvettes

SAFETY:
Crystal violet, a dye, will stain skin and clothing
NaOH corrosive skin irritant
COMMENTS/LAB TECHNIQUES for a cuvette (say: q vet):
Types of cuvettes: plain, frosted, grooved (pictured to the left)
To clean cuvette: rinse with soapy water then with distilled water. Do not
use test tube brush/sponge because this will scratch the sides of the
cuvette. This will cause light to bend differently.
Handling cuvette: do not touch the sides of the cuvette that will pass
through the spectrophotometer. Your fingerprints will cause the light to
bend differently. You hold the cuvette at the top of the frosted or grooved
sides.
Fill cuvettes to about full (to avoid spills) and cap them (if available).
To place cuvette into the spectrophotometer:
o Gently wipe the smooth sides free of smudges and water drops before
placing into the spectrophotometer with a Kimwipe (low-lint tissue),
if available (use regular facial tissue, lotion-free, if not available).
o Smooth sides go through where the light passes.

PROCEDURE:
Write down procedure in your own words you dont need to include every detail with software only write
down the main parts. Include detail with chemicals. You will be allowed to use this printout at the lab table
printing the procedure is recommended because there is a lot of information to follow (print pages 3-13).
PART A Prepare Laptop & Spectrophotometer (SpectroVis Plus)
1. Get laptop (with power cord), SpectroVis Plus (with power cord and USB cable), and one cuvette.
2. Create a folder in your student folder called CV Lab. We will save a total of 5 files .
3. Set up your laptop and spectrophotometer on the opposite side where you will prepare your chemicals.
In most cases, this will be on the opposite side of the lab drawers.
4. Open Logger Pro 3.8.5.1 (shortcut should be on Desktop)

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5. After the program loads, connect the LabPro to the laptops USB port and the outlet. The LapPro should
make a beeping sound and a green light will turn on. Connect the SpectroVis Plus to the laptops USB port.

6. If everything is working, you will see a screen similar to this (with absorbance and wavelength).

7. Save this file in your CV Lab folder. Label it similar to this: 01-01-CrystalVioletLab.cmbl (period-group#CrystalVioletLab.cmbl).
PART B Calibrate SpectroVis Plus
1. Fill cleaned cuvette about full with distilled water and place into the cuvette holder. This is called
your blank.
2. Choose: Experiment, Calibrate, Spectrometer: 1

3. Follow instructions
a. Allow lamp to warm up (dont press anything). Press Finish Calibration when it says Place a
blank cuvette in the device:

b. Press OK when it is done.

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PART C Generate an absorption spectrum (Absorbance vs. Wavelength)

1. Designate a larger (250- or 400-mL) beaker to be your waste beaker. Youll empty the contents of
this beaker into the designated waste container at the end of your experiment.
2. Obtain about 2 mL of 25.0 M CV (doesnt need to be exact). You can put this in a small beaker.
3. Rinse cuvette with about 1mL of 25.0 M CV. Empty rinse solution into the waste beaker.
4. Fill cuvette to about full with 25.0 M CV. Wipe smooth sides and place into the SpectroVis Plus
cuvette holder.
5. Click the Configure Spectrophotometer Data Collection icon
6. Check Absorbance vs. Wavelength. Click OK.

7. Click
to generate a spectrum. Click
to end data collection after the
spectrophotometer has gone through the range of colors. It should look similar to graph pictured below.

8. Choose and record the wavelength to use for Parts D and E (write it in your lab notebook). Refer to last
paragraph of page 2 or Pre-Lab Question #1 for guidelines. Also write wavelength here: __________
9. Take a screenshot of your graph (make sure x- and y-axes are showing). Press Fn + PrtScn and paste
onto Paint. Save the picture as a .jpg. Save the file name as 01-01-CVSpectrum.jpg (Period-GroupCVSpectrum.jpg) to your CV Lab folder in your student folder.
10. Save your file.
PART D Create a calibration curve (Absorbance vs. concentration of CV+)
1. Make your calibration solution - each group will make 1 solution and you will share with the other
groups. Refer to Pre-lab Question #2a for amounts. Prepare your solutions in a clean beaker on the
opposite side of the lab table, away from the electronic equipment. Ill pass around Post-Its to label the
concentration.
2. Leave the 25.0 M CV cuvette in the SpectroVis Plus.
3. Click the Configure Spectrophotometer Data Collection icon
4. Check Absorbance vs. Concentration
a. Note: these screenshots will have different values and graphs because I used white grape juice
as my sample (which as small samples looks very close to the color of distilled water).
b. Leave the other options as is.

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5. Click on the desired wavelength that you determined from C.8. OR: There is also a graph that is shown
to the right which allows you to click on the desired wavelength. Click on the wavelength that is at
Absorbance value of 1.0.

6.
7.
8.
9.

Click OK
Remove the 25.0 M CV sample. Empty into your waste beaker.
Rinse your cuvette with a few drops of the calibration solution you will use (empty into waste beaker).
Fill cuvette about full with your first calibration solution. You do not need to go in order of Solution
A-F. Go to a solution that is free.

10. Place your first sample into the cuvette holder of the SpectroVis Plus. Click

and wait a few

seconds for Absorbance reading to stabilize (look at the bottom-right corner of screen). Click
and enter the concentration of the sample and click OK. This will plot the data point on the graph.

11. Empty the solution into the waste beaker.

12. Repeat steps #8-11 for your remaining samples.
13. When you are done with all the samples, click

14. Click the Linear Fit icon

. Write down the equation and correlation value displayed in your lab
notebook. Also write it here: equation = ________________________; correlation =_____________
15. Take a screenshot of your screen (with data table, graph and equation). Press Fn + PrtScn and paste
onto Paint. Save the picture as a .jpg. Save the file name as 01-01-CVCalibrationCurve.jpg (PeriodGroup-CVCalibrationCurve.jpg) to your CV Lab folder in your student folder.
16. Save your file.
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PART E Reaction between CV+ + OH- (Absorbance vs. time)

1. Remove cuvette from SpectroVis Plus. Empty contents into the waste beaker.
2. Calibrate the SpectroVis Plus with a new blank (a mixture of distilled water and 0.200 M NaOH).
(i) Mix 6.00 mL of distilled water with 4.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH in a small beaker.
(ii) Rinse the cuvette with about 1 mL of water/NaOH solution and fill cuvette full with the solution.
(iii) Follow Part B (except replace distilled water with the water/NaOH mixture).
(iv) Empty cuvette and the remaining water/NaOH solution into waste container.
3. Prepare the next data collection: Click the Configure Spectrophotometer Data Collection icon
.
Choose Absorbance vs. Time, choose the same wavelength as you chose in Part C.8 (and Part D.5).
Press OK.

4. Click on the Data Collection icon

. At the Collection tab, Mode should be Time Based. Change the
Duration to 10 minutes. Uncheck Sample at Time Zero. Leave all other options as is. Press Done.

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5. Prepare your sample.

(i) Measure out 6.00 mL of 25.0 M CV and place into a small beaker.
(ii) Measure out 4.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH and place into a small test tube.
(iii) Bring back to your lab table.
6. When you are ready (the next few steps need to be done quickly):
(i) Cuvette should now be empty.
(ii) Mix the CV and NaOH together with a stirring rod in the small beaker.
(iii) Rinse the cuvette with about 1 mL of the CV/NaOH solution and pour into waste beaker.
(iv) Fill cuvette way with the CV/NaOH solution.
(v) Wipe sides and put in cuvette holder.
(vi) Click

7. While you are waiting, observe and record the color of the mixture in the small beaker since you are
unable to observe the color in the SpectroVis Plus.
8. After 10 minutes have elapsed, the program should stop automatically. Click
to end
collection early.
9. Take a screenshot of your screen (with graph, axes, and as much of the data table as you can get).
Press Fn + PrtScn and paste onto Paint. Save the picture as a .jpg. Save the file name as 01-01CVReaction.jpg (Period-Group-CVReaction.jpg) to your CV Lab folder in your student folder.
10. Save your file.
11. Export your data to an Excel file. We will graph that data later.
a. Click File, Export As, CSV

b. Save as 01-01-CVdata.csv (Period-Group-CVdata.csv) into your your CV Lab folder in your student folder.
12. The experiment is complete. Email your group members and your instructor the following files (subject
of email: Period __ - Group ___ - CV files):
a. 01-01-CrystalVioletLab.cmbl (LoggerPro File)
b. 01-01-CVSpectrum.jpg
c. 01-01-CVCalibrationCurve.jpg
d. 01-01-CVReaction.jpg
e. 01-01-CVdata.csv (Excel file)
13. To clean up:
a. Unplug SpectroVis Plus from USB and outlet. Return to teacher (SpectroVis Plus, USB cable, Power
Adapter).
b. Periods 1-5: log off laptop. Period 6: shut down laptop and put back in cart.
c. Empty cuvette into waste beaker and empty waste beaker into designated waste container.
d. Rinse cuvette with soapy water and rinse with distilled water. Do not use sponge/brush.
e. Wash all other glassware with soap and water. Put back in drawer (allow to air dry).
f. Wipe lab table with wet paper towel.
g. Wash hands with soap and water.
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PART F Graphical Analysis (copy down the main plots to graph in your lab notebook for Procedure section)
1. Open 01-01-CVCalibrationCurve.jpg to view the linear regression line equation.
2. Open 01-01-CVdata.csv with Excel.
3. Rename Sheet 1 to LoggerPro data
4. Click Sheet 2 at the bottom of the screen. Rename the sheet to CV graphs and move the tab so it is
the first sheet listed.
5. In Column F, type the following in this order:

6. Label and create your data as follows:

A
B
1 Time (s)
Absorbance
2 From Logger Pro data From Logger Pro data
3

C
[CV] (M)
Will input formula

D
ln [CV]
Will input

E
1/[CV]
Will input

7. Copy and paste your time and absorbance data from the LoggerPro data sheet.
8. To calculate [CV] in Column C, use the equation from your calibration curve.
a. Rearrange your equation to solve for [CV].
b. Enter an equal sign = into cell C2 followed by your function. The equal sign tells Excel you
want to input in a formula or function. For example, if you wanted to multiply cell B2 by
6.022x1023, you would enter the following: =B2*6.022E23 and then press enter. If you want to
divide, use the / key. If you want to multiply, use the * key.
c. To fill in the rest of the column, click on cell C2. You will see a small black square at the bottom
of the cell. Hover your mouse over the cell so the mouse display changes from a white plus sign
into a black plus sign. Left-click the black square, keeping the mouse clicked, and scroll down
until you reach 10 minutes.

9. To calculate ln[CV]
a. Enter the following in cell D2: =ln(C2)
b. Press enter
c. Fill the rest of the column using the same technique as Part F.7.c.
10. To calculate 1/[CV]
a. Enter the following in cell E2: =1/C2
b. Press enter
c. Fill the rest of the column using the same technique as Part F.7.c.
11. Graph 3 plots separately (Choose x-y scatter and display as Object in Sheet)
a. Label title, axes
b. Add Trendline, linear equation, display equation and R2 value on chart.
2
c. Move equation and R value so it doesnt block the trendline.
d. Put your Group #, Group members names, period, and date on all the graphs (as a textbox).
12. Print 2 copies of the Data Table and 3 graphs. Tape 1 copy into your lab notebook and turn in the other
copy to your instructor.
13. Save file.
14. Email your file to group members and also your instructor. Subject: Period __ - Group ___ - CV Graphs
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OBSERVATIONS: Create your own observations table

DATA: Most of the data will be collected on LoggerPro and later exported to an Excel file. You will print out
your data from Excel and include it in your lab report. Other items to include (create a table):
Part D Calibration Curve
Solutions made for calibration curve (concentrations and absorbance)
Wavelength for calibration curve
Equation for calibration curve
Correlation for equation
Part E Reaction between CV and NaOH
Volume and concentration used of CV and NaOH
Time of reaction
CALCULATIONS: Show these calculations in your lab report (instead of calculations for every type). Show all
work neatly, box your final numerical answer with sf and units. Skip lines in between questions.
1. Show calculation on how to make 10.0 mL of a 5.0M CV solution from a 25.0 M CV stock solution.
2. Write your calibration curve equation. Show how to calculate [CV] if the absorbance value is 0.576 from
the calibration curve equation. Show original equation and how it can be manipulated to solve for [CV].
3. Determine the order of the CV + NaOH reaction with respect to CV based on your 3 graphs from
Procedure Part F. Explain how you reached your conclusion.
4. Using the equation from the graph you chose, calculate the pseudo rate constant for the reaction.
Include units. We call this a pseudo rate constant at this point because it is only with respect to crystal
violet, not crystal violet and sodium hydroxide.
5. Determine the half-life for this reaction. Show the equation used and substitute in numbers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS: For any calculation question, show all work and box final answer with sf and units. Skip lines.
+
+
1. The reaction CV + OH CVOH has a very large K value.
a. Is this reaction reversible?
b. Would an ICE table be required to calculate the concentration of CV+ after the reaction is
completed? Explain.
2. You used 6.00 mL of 25.0 M CV+ and 4.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH in your experiment. After the reaction
is complete:
+
a. Calculate the moles of CV remaining
b. Calculate the moles of OH- remaining
c. Calculate the % CV+ remaining
d. Calculate the % OH- remaining
3. Based on your answers to question #2, why was the concentration of NaOH chosen to be much higher
than the concentration of CV+? How does this affect the pseudo rate law?
4. Describe how you would determine the order of the reaction with respect to NaOH. Include a general
description of the experiment you would run and what you should you do with the data collected.
ERROR ANALYSIS: In addition to error analysis, calculate % error with the value of k.
CONCLUSION: No further instructions (follow lab guidelines).
Staple to the end of your lab report in this order:
Absorbance Spectrum
Calibration Curve (with equation and correlation displayed) with Data Table (Concentration and Absorbance)
Absorbance vs. Time Graph for CV + NaOH with Data Tables (Time, Absorbance, [CV], ln[CV], 1/[CV] from Excel)
Graphs (including trendline and R2 value on graph) for: [CV] vs. time, ln [CV] vs. time, 1/[CV] vs. time).
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AP Chemistry
* Bring a copy of this paper with you to class. I will go over it before we perform the lab.
Kinetics: Crystal Violet + Sodium Hydroxide Reaction
Pre-laboratory Questions
1. Absorption Spectrum. In order to collect data from the reaction between crystal violet and sodium
hydroxide, you need to select a wavelength for your experiment. The absorption spectrum for 12.5M
crystal violet is shown below. The wavelength selected for the calibration curve should be where the
absorbance value is 1.0.

a) On the graph above, draw a vertical line at the wavelength which will intersect at absorbance value
of 1.0. Sketch or tap a copy of this spectrum in your lab notebook with the vertical line.
b) What would be the best wavelength for generating a Beers law calibration curve for CV and also
measuring absorbance vs. time for the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide?
2. Calibration Curve. Before you perform the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide, you
need to prepare a calibration curve. You will prepare 6 solutions with varying concentrations of crystal
violet and record the Absorbance value. You will then generate a linear regression line to determine
the equation for the curve.
a) Using 25.0 M CV as your stock solution, complete the table below (copy into your lab notebook) to
show how you would prepare various diluted solutions. The total volume should be 10.0 mL for
each solution. Assume volumes are additive (we will not be using volumetric flasks we will be
using graduated pipets).
25.0M
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
CV stock
A
B
C
D
E
F
solution
Concentration of solution (M)
25.0
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.0
12.5
15.0
Volume of stock solution (mL)
10.00
Volume of water (mL)
0
Total volume of solution (mL)
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
b) Show work for volume of stock solution needed for Solution A.
c) Show work for volume of water need for Solution A.
d) Do you predict Absorbance to increase or decrease as you record the absorbance values for
Solution A to F? Explain.
e) Assume the 25.0 M CV stock solution has an absorbance value of 1.30. According to Beers Law
(A=abc), absorbance and concentration are directly proportional. Determine the absorbance values
for Solutions A through F and fill out the chart below (copy into your lab notebook).
25.0M CV

Solution A

Solution B

Solution C

Solution D

Solution E

Solution F

25.0
1.30

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.0

12.5

15.0

Concentration of solution (M)

Predicted Absorbance

f)

Show work for Predicted Absorbance for Solution A.

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* Bring a copy of this paper with you to class. I will go over it before we perform the lab.
g) Using the information from the calibration curve below, calculate the concentration of an unknown
crystal violet solution with an absorbance value of 0.427. Show work and box final answer with sf
and units.

3. Reaction between CV+ + OH- . In order to determine the order of the reaction with respect to CV+, you
must plot 3 graphs vs. time from the original Absorbance vs. Time graph from the experiment.
a) Which graph best depicts the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide over time?
Explain.
Graph X
Graph Y

* initial concentration of NaOH used

h) Fill in the missing values in the chart below based on the calibration curve (copy this chart into your
lab notebook). Show work below this chart and box final answer with sf and units.
Time (s) Absorbance
ln [CV]
1/[CV]
[CV] (M)
40
0.773
b) The following graphs were created below. According to the graphs, what is the order of the
+
reaction with respect to CV ? Explain.
Graph P
Graph Q
Graph R
[CV] vs. time
ln [CV] vs. time
1/[CV] vs. time
2
y = -0.13x+7.573, R = 0.99976
not linear
not linear

c) What is the rate law equation with respect to CV? Follow the same format as equation [7].
d) What is the half-life of the reaction with respect to CV? Show work (original equation), substitute
numbers, and box final answer with sf and units.
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