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Vignesh
Assistant Professor
VIT University
Energy dense
Easily storable and transportable
Stable over wide range of temperatures
Non-damaging to combustion systems
Inexpensive to produce and distribute
Available from secure sources
Not detrimental to air quality
Low CO2 over its life cycle.
Fuels
Primary Fuels
Secondary Fuels
Natural Fuels
Derived Fuels
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Wood,
Coal,
Lignite
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Coke,
Petrol, Coal Gas,
Charcoal Kerosene, Water Gas,
Bio Gas
Diesel
Furnace Oil
Diesel Oil
Petrol
Kerosene
Ethanol
Viscosity
Internal resistance to flow
Redwood
Viscometer is used to measure viscosity
Important characteristic in the storage and use of
fuel oil
Viscosity
Influences the degree of pre- heating required for
Flash Point
lowest temperature at which the fuel can be
Pour Point
lowest temperature at which it will pour or flow
when cooled
rough indication of the lowest temperature at
which fuel oil is ready to be pumped
Specific Heat
Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature
of 1 kg of oil by 10C.
Unit KJ/kg K
determines how much steam or electrical energy
it takes to heat oil to a desired temperature
Light oils have a low specific heat, whereas
heavier oils have a higher specific heat
Density
Defined as the ratio of the mass of the fuel to the
Specific gravity
Ratio of the Weight of given Volume of oil to the same
LDO
(Light Diesel Oil)
Furnace oil
LSHS
(Low Sulphur Heavy Stock)
Specific Gravity
0.85-0.87
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
Sulphur content
Ash content
Inorganic Materials in Fuels.
Typically, 0.03 0.07 %.
Corrosion of Burner Tips and Materials /
Equipments
Damage @ High Temperatures
Carbon Residue
Tendency of Oil to Deposit a Carbonaceous Solid
Water content
Normally very low as the product at refinery site
is handled hot
Maximum limit <1%
can cause damage to the inside furnace surfaces
during combustion especially if it contains
dissolved salts
Spluttering of the flame at the burner tip, possibly
extinguishing the flame and reducing the flame
temperature or lengthening the flame
121 MJ/kg
44-46 MJ/kg
45 MJ/kg
42-44 MJ/kg
20 MJ/kg
49 MJ/kg
34-55 MJ/m3
25 MJ/kg
17.4-23.9 MJ/kg
<17.4 MJ/kg
16 MJ/kg
Typical properties
Properties
Fuel Oils
Furnace Oil
L.S.H.S
L.D.O
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
0.85-0.87
66
93
66
20
72
18
HCV (MJ/kg)
43.95
44.34
44.8
0.25
0.25
0.1
< 4.0
< 0.5
< 1.8
1.0
1.0
0.25
0.1
0.1
0.02
Solid Fuels
Anthracite
Bituminous
Lignite
Hard,
Soft Coal,
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Calorific Value
Range
( in kCal/kg)
Exceeding 6200
5600 6200
4940 5600
4200 4940
3360 4200
2400 3360
1300 2400
Physical Properties
Heating Value
Moisture content
Volatile Matter
Ash content
Chemical Properties
C, H2 ,O2 ,S
Moisture Content
% of Moisture in Fuel ( < 0.5 10 % ).
Fixed Carbon
Fixed Carbon = 100 ( Moisture + Volatile Matter
+ Ash )
Responsible for Heat Generation during
Combustion
Volatile Matter
Ash Content
Will not burn
5 40%
Important for designing combustion chamber
Composition
Fuel
Moisture in
Dried
Sample
(ppm)
C
(%)
H
(%)
N
(%)
O
(%)
Calorific
Value
(MJ / kg)
Wood
25
50
0.5
43.5
16.7 18.8
Peat
25
57
5.7
35.3
17.3 22.6
Lignite
20
67
1.5
20.6
27.2 29.7
Bituminous
83
10
33.5 35.6
Anthracite
1.5
93
0.7
36.2 36.5
Proximate analysis
Determines only Fixed Carbon, Volatile Matter,
Moisture and Ash.
Useful to Find HCV.
Ultimate analysis
Determines all of Coal Component :
i.e. C, H2, O2, S, and others.
Gaseous Fuels
Naturally Found
Natural Gas,
From Coal,
Methane, etc.
From Biomass,
From Industrial Wastes
Oil Gasification
From Petroleum
From Chemical
Fermentation
Processes
LPG :
LNG :
Methane (CH4) of 95 %.
Fuel Gas
Relative
Density
Higher Heating
Value
(MJ / Nm3)
Air / Fuel
Ratio
(m3 / m3 )
Flame
Temp.
(oC)
Flame
speed
(m / sec)
Natural Gas
0.6
39.14
10
1954
0.290
Propane
1.52
93.0
25
1967
0.460
Butane
1.96
119.3
32
1973
0.870
Fuel Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Carbon
84
41.11
74
Hydrogen
12
2.76
25
Sulphur
0.41
Oxygen
9.89
Trace
Nitrogen
Trace
1.22
0.75
Ash
Trace
38.63
Water
Trace
5.98
High CV
Less pollution
Cleanliness of space
Easy control of combustion
Economy in space
No wear and tear of grate
Easy handling and supply
Easy starting and stopping
Easy distribution
Good control of combustion
Pollution control is simple
Complete combustion without pollution is
possible
Cleanliness