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Mid 1960s During the Cold War need for bomb proof
communications system.
Government Agency and few Universities
Emergency military communications system operated by
Department of Defenses Advanced Research Project Agency
(ARPA) ARPANET system
Eventually all Universities with defense related projects
connected to ARPANET
Military pipeline and communication tool for scientists. ARPA
transferred to National Science Foundation.
Years later businesses began using the internet and the
administrative responsiblilities were again transferred.
No one party operates the internet, but there are several
entities that oversee the system and the protocols involved
Dynamic IP Addresses
DHCP
Server
DHCPDISCOVER
DHCPOFFER
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPPACK
Following introduced to reduce the load on .com domain. Not all are in
use yet but they officially registered.
.areo
.biz
.museum
.pro
.info
.coop
.name
ie
Ireland
ca
Canada
au
Australia
uk
United Kingdom
de
Germany
In total there are more than 250 top-level domain names
The IP address is a 32 bit number but is now being expanded to a
128 bit number to allow for more IP addresses to be accommodated.
Since networks vary in size, there are four different address formats
or classes to consider when applying for a network number:
Class A addresses are for large networks with many devices.
Class B addresses are for medium-sized networks.
Class C addresses are for small networks (fewer than 256 devices).
The IP address is usually made up of two parts, 1st part identifies the
network, the 2nd the node (host or actual computer).
An IP address is expressed as four decimal numbers (octets), each
representing eight bits, separated by periods. The first few bits of
each IP address indicate which of the address class formats it is
using. The address structures look like this:
130.5.5.25
Each of the decimal digits represents a string of four binary digits.
Thus, the above IP address really is this string of 0s and 1s:
10000010.00000101.00000101.00011001
Class A
0
Network (7 bits values 1-126) Local address (24 bits, 3
remaining octets used to identify host)
Class B
10
Network (14 bits first octet 128-191 + second octet used to
identify network) Local address (16 bits, 2 octets used to identify
host)
Class C
110 Network (21 bits, first octet 192-223, 1st , 2nd and 3rd octet
identify network) Local address (8 bits, 1 octet identifies host)
Use
ftp://
File transfer
http://
Hypertext
https://
Hypertext Secure
Mailto:
Sending email
News:
Requesting news
telnet://
Remote login
Routers are traffic cops of the Internet. They ensure that data gets to
its final destination via the most efficient route.
Routers check the IP envelopes for the destination address
Calculate the best route and then send the package on its way
Router sends packet to another router closer to its final
destination. This router in turns forwards the packet on to a
router closer to the final destination (hops).
Each router has to consider factors such as
Traffic congestion
Number of hops (IP packets carry a segment that holds the
max hop count)