Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The foremost basic in structural engineering is the design of simple basic components and members
of a building viz., Slabs, Beams, Columns and Footings. In order to design them, it is important to
first obtain the plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the particular rooms (Drawing
room, bed room, kitchen toilet etc.) such that they serve their respective purpose and also suiting to
the requirement and comfort of the inhabitants. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of
beams and the position of columns are fixed. Thereafter, the loads are calculated namely the dead
loads, which depend on the unit weight of the materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads,
2
which according to the code IS:875-1987 is around 2kN/m .
Once the loads are obtained, the component takes the load first i.e the slabs can be designed.
Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two-way slab, the end conditions and
the loading. From the slabs, the loads are transferred to the beam. The loads coming from the slabs
onto the beam may be trapezoidal or triangular. Depending on this, the beam may be designed.
Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by the columns. For designing
columns, it is necessary to know the moments they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis
is done by Moment Distribution Method. After this, the designing of columns is taken up depending
on end conditions, moments, eccentricity and if it is a short or slender column. Most of the columns
designed in this mini project were considered to be axially loaded with uniaxial bending. Finally, the
footings are designed based on the loading from the column and also the soil bearing capacity value
for that particular area. Most importantly, the sections must be checked for all the four components
with regard to strength and serviceability.
Overall, the concepts and procedures of designing the basic components of a multistory building are
described. Apart from that, the planning of the building with regard to appropriate directions for the
respective rooms, choosing position of beams and columns are also properly explained. The future of
structure engineering mainly depends on better and more effective methods of designing the
structures so that they serve better and are also economical. The advancement of innovative and
environmentally friendly building materials are also coming up. They can give a new direction to the
structural engineering field as the availability of concrete and steel is not only decreasing but also
they are harmful to the environment. Hence, eco friendly materials which are economical and more
effective methods of designing will decide the future of structure engineering.
ii
iii
deflection
and cracking .
iv
vi
vii
viii
When the locations of two columns are near to each other (for e.g.
the corner of the building and intersection of the walls), then as for
as possible only one column should be provided .
ix
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
Based on Load:
External column
M20
M25
Internal column
2500
1800
2000
1500
1800
1200
For example for 3 storeyed building interior column with M20 concrete
with 3m by 4m grid
Area required = (3 storey) x tributary area (3x4)x 1500 mm2
=54000mm2
Assuming width of column b=230 mm
Depth required
Residential
building
1.2t/m2
1.7t/m2
2.2t/m2
Office/commercial
building
1.4t/m2
1.9t/m2
2.4t/m2
Column size
(mm)
Up to 45
46 to 80
81 to 110
111 to 150
151 to 195
Above 195
230 x 230
230 x 450 or 300x 300
230 x 600
300 x 600 or 230 x 750
300 x 750 or 450 x 450
300 x 830
D=400mm;
D=500mm
Assume that line of action of axial load is inside the section and check
this later.
c.s area required =2460x103 /0.45x20x106
=0.273m2
If one dimension is 460mm, the other needs to be
=0.273/0.46=0.59m say 0.60m
Section is 460mm x 600mm
Area of steel reinforcement= 0.02x0.273x(250/415)x106
=3289.16 mm2
6. Capacity of Columns based on % of steel
Steel Grade
Concrete Grade
Fe 415
Fe 500
M20
P=(2.7005 p+ 8)
P=(3.27p + 8)
M25
bD/1500
P=(2.6805 p+ 10)
bD/1500
P=(3.25p +10)
M30
bD/1500
P=(2.6605 p+ 12)
bD/1500
P=(3.23p + 12)
M35
bD/1500
P=(2.6405 p+ 14)
bD/1500
P=(3.21p + 14)
M40
bD/1500
P=(2.6205 p+ 16)
bD/1500
P=(3.19p + 16)
bD/1500
bD/1500
Where P is Axial Load carrying capacity of column in Kn.
p = % of steel reinforcement (say 2% is 2)
b = Breadth of Column in mm
D = Depth of Column in mm.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS
A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:
1. Based on shape
Rectangle
Square
Circular
Polygon
2. Based on slenderness ratio
Tied columns
Spiral columns
Minimum eccentricity
Size of column
Size of column
Square Column
230 x 230
Rectangular
230 x 300
300
400
450
500
600
300
400
450
500
600
x
x
x
x
x
300
400
450
500
600
x
x
x
x
x
230 x380
300 x 380
380
450
530
600
750
300
400
450
500
600
Circular Column
x
x
x
x
x
450
530
600
680
840
380 dia
400 dia
450 dia
500 dia
600 dia
Longitudinal reinforcement
Minimum dia
12 mm
Maximum dia
40 mm
Minimum reinforcement
Maximum reinforcement
4% bD
Common No.
4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Other aspects
1.
Normally size of column should not be altered for atleast four floors in multistoried buildings. Not zig-zag
2.
3.
4.
For columns , rich concrete mixes like M 25 and M30 in the lower storeys of
multi-storeyed building will lead to economy. Column sizes should be chosen
on the higher side and richer concrete mixes and age factors shall be used in
the lower storeys . For durability, the minimum concrete mix in all concrete
members shall be M20.
5.
For achieving economy in shuttering , column size can be kept the same
throughout
least ) . Varying the reinforcement and the concrete mix as required in the
design. Normally size of the column should not be altered for atleast four
floors in multi-storeyed building.
6.
7.
7.
1.
Lateral Ties
(I)
6 mm
(II)
Maximum dia
2. Pitch:
16 mm
(I)
(II)
(III)
300 mm
POSITION
AND
ORIENTATION
OF
Alternatively trapezoidal
cantilevers
One-way Twoway
1.5m
2.0m
Simply
supported
One-way Twoway
3.5m
4.5m
Fixed/continous
One-way Twoway
4.5m
6.0m
compared to one way slab because steel along the spans acts as main
steel and transfers the load to all its four supports. The two way action is
advantageous essentially for large spans and for live loads greater than
3kN/m^2. for short spans and light loads, steel required for two way slab
does not differ appreciably as compared to steel for one way slab because
of the requirement of minimum steel.
3) Spanning of the slab is also decided by the continuity of the slab.
4) Decide the type of the slab. While deciding the type of the slab whether a
cantilever or a simply
supported slab or a continuous slab loaded by UDL it should be borne
in
2
mind that the maximum bending moment in cantilever
(M
=
wL
/
2)
is
four times that of a simply supported slab (M=wL2/8) , while
it is five
to six
2
2
times that of a continuous slab or a fixed slab (M=wL /10 or wL /12) for
the same span length.
5) Similarly deflection of a cantilever loaded by a uniformly distributed load
is given by :
= wL4 /8EI = 48/5 *(5wL4 / 38EI)
which is 9.6 times that of a simply supported slab = (5wL4 / 384 EI).
While designing any slab as a cantilever slab, it is utmost importance to see
whether adequate anchorage to the same is available or not.
CHOICE OF FOOTING TYPE
1) The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and
bearing capacity of the supporting soil. It may be noted that the earth
under the foundation is susceptible to large variations. Even under one
small building the soil may vary from a soft clay to hard murum.
2) It is necessary to conduct the survey in the area where the proposed
structure is to be constructed to determine the soil properties. Drill holes
and trail pits should be taken and in situ plate load test may be performed
and samples of soil tested in the laboratory to determine the bearing
capacity of soil and other properties.
3) For framed structure under study, isolated column footings are normally
preferred except in case of soils with very low bearing capacities. If such
soil or black cotton soil exists for great depths, pile foundations can be
appropriate choice.
4) If columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil is low,
raft foundation can be an alternative solution. For column on the
boundary line, a combined footing or a strap footing may be provided.
The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and the
bearing capacity of the supporting soil. The soil under the foundation is more
susceptible to large variations. Even under one small building the soil may
vary from soft clay to a hard murum. The nature and properties of soil may
change with season and weather, like swelling in wet weather. Increase in
moisture content results in substantial loss of bearing capacity in case of
certain soils which may lead to differential settlements. It is necessary to
conduct the survey in the areas for soil properties. For framed structure,
isolated column footings are normally preferred except in case of exists for
great depths, pile foundations can be an appropriate choice. If columns are
very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil is low, raft foundation
can be an alternative solution. For a column on the boundary line, a
combined footing or a raft footing may be provided.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
Working stress method (WSM)
Ultimate load method (ULM)
Limit state method (LSM)
Working stress method (WSM):
This was the traditional method of design not only for reinforced concrete,
but also for structural steel and timber design. The method basically
assumes that the structural material behaves as a linear elastic manner, and
that adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in
the material induced by the expected working loads on the structure. As
the specified permissible stresses are kept well below the material strength,
the assumption of linear elastic behavior is considered justifiable. The ratio of
the strength of the material to the permissible stress is often referred to as
the factor of safety.
However, the main assumption linear elastic behavior and the tacit
assumption that the stresses under working loads can be kept within the
permissible stresses are not found to be realistic. Many factors are
responsible for this such as a long term effort of creep and shrinkage, the
effects of stress concentrations, and other secondary effects. All such effects
resulting significant local increases in a redistribution of the calculated
stresses. The design usually results in relatively large sections of structural
members, thereby resulting in better serviceability performance under the
The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to
provide adequate safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability
at service loads, by considering all possible Limit State.
Limits States:
A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases
to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety of
serviceability i.e. it either collapses or becomes unserviceable.
There are two types of limit states:
Ultimate limit states (limit states of collapse):- which deal with strength,
overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture etc.
Serviceability limit states: - which deals with discomfort to occupancy and/ or
malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack width, vibration leakage
etc., and also loss of durability etc.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE:
Grades of concrete:
Concrete is known by its grade which is designated as M15, M20 etc. in
which letter M refers to concrete mix and number 15, 20 denotes the
specified compressive strength (fck) of 150mm cube at 28 days, expressed in
N/mm2. Thus, concrete is known by its compressive strength. M20 and M25
are the most common grades of concrete, and higher grades of concrete
should be used for severe, very severe and extreme environments.
Compressive strength
Like load, the strength of the concrete is also a quality which varies
considerably for the same concrete mix. Therefore, a single representative
value, known as characteristic strength is used.
Characteristic strength
It is defined as the value of the strength below which not more then 5% of
the test results are expected to fall (i.e. there is 95% probability of achieving
this value only 5% of not achieving the same)
Characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member
The characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member is taken as 0.67
times the strength of concrete cube.
Design strength (fd) and partial safety factor for material strength
D.O.R.
2. This method becomes intractable for large D.O.R. (>3), when computed
manually especially because of simultaneous equations involved.
This method is not ideal for computerizing, since a structure can be reduced
to a statically determinate form in more than one way.
SLOPE DISPLACEMENT METHOD:
It is displacement or equilibrium or stiffness method. It consists of series of
simultaneous equations, each expressing the relation between the moments
acting at the ends of the members is written in terns of slope & deflection.
The solution of slope deflection equations along with equilibrium equations
gives the values of unknown rotations of the joints. Knowing these rotations,
the end moments are calculated using slope deflection equations.
Limitations:
1. This method is advantageous only for the structures with small Kinematic
indeterminacy.
2. The solution of simultaneous equation makes the method tedious for
annual computations.
The formulation of equilibrium conditions tends to be a major constraint in
adopting this method.
Hence flexibility coefficients & slope displacement methods have limited
applications in the analysis of frames. While other methods like iterative or
approximate methods are used for analyzing frames containing larger
indeterminacy.
APPROXIMATE METHODS:
Approximate analysis of hyper static structures provides a simple means of
obtaining quick solutions for preliminary designs. It is a very useful process
that helps to develop a suitable configuration for final (rigorous) analysis of a
structure, compare alternative designs & provide a quick check on the
adequacy of structural designs. These methods make use of simplifying
assumptions regarding structural behavior so as to obtain a rapid solution to
complex structures. However, these techniques should be applied with
caution & not relied upon for final designs, especially complex structures.
The usual process comprises reducing the given indeterminate configuration
to a structural system by introducing adequate number of hinges. It is
possible to check the deflected profile of a structure for the given loading &
there by locate the points of inflection.
Since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero moment in
the structure, the inflection points can be visualized as hinges for purpose of
analysis. The solution of the structure is rendered simple once the inflection
points are located. In multistoried frames, two loading cases arise namely
horizontal & vertical loading.
The analysis is carried out separately for these two cases:
VERTICAL LOADS:
The stress in the structure subjected to vertical loads depends upon the
relative stiffness of the beam & columns. Approximate methods either
assumes adequate number of hinges to render the structure determinate or
adopt simplified moment distribution methods.
HORIZONTAL LOADS:
The behavior of a structure subjected to horizontal forces depends on its
height to width ratio. The deformation in low-rise structures, where the
height is smaller than its width, is characterized predominantly by shear
deformations. In high rise building, where height is several times greater
than its lateral dimensions, is dominated by bending action. There are two
methods to analyze the structures subjected to horizontal loading.
PORTAL METHOD:
Since shear deformations are dominant in low rise structures, the method
makes simplifying assumptions regarding horizontal shear in columns. Each
bay of a structure is treated as a portal frame, & horizontal force is
distributed equally among them.
The assumptions of the method can be listed as follows:
1. The points of inflection are located at the mid-height of each column
above the first floor. If the base of the column is fixed, the point of inflection
is assumed at mid height of the ground floor columns as well; otherwise it is
assumed at the hinged column base. 2. Points of inflection occur at mid span
of beams. 3. Total horizontal shear at any floor is distributed among the
columns of that floor such that the exterior columns carry half the force
carried by the inner columns.
CANTILEVER METHOD:
This method is applicable to high rise structures. This is based on the
simplifying assumptions regarding the Axial Force in columns.
1. The basic assumption of the method can be stated as the axial force in
the column at any floor is linearly proportional to its distance from the
centroid of all the columns at that level.
Assumptions 1&2 of the portal are also applicable to the cantilever method.
POINTS OF INFLECTION METHOD:
Kanis method is best and much simpler than pther methods like moment
distribution method and slope displacement method.
PROCEDURE:
1. Rotation stiffness at each end of all members of a structure is determined
depending upon the end conditions.
a. Both ends fixed
Kij= Kji= EI/L
b. Near end fixed, far end simply supported
Kij= EI/L; Kji= 0
2. Rotational factors are computed for all the members at each joint it is
given by
Uij= -0.5 (Kij/ Kji)
{THE SUM OF ROTATIONAL FACTORS AT A JOINT IS -0.5}
(Fixed end moments including transitional moments, moment releases and
carry over moments are computed for members and entered. The sum of the
FEM at a joint is entered in the central square drawn at the joint).
3. Iterations can be commenced at any joint however the iterations
commence from the left end of the structure generally given by the equation
M ij = Uij [(Mfi + M i) + M ji)]
4. Initially the rotational components Mji (sum of the rotational moments at
the far ends of the joint) can be assumed to be zero. Further iterations take
into account the rotational moments of the previous joints. 5. Rotational
moments are computed at each joint successively till all the joints are
processed. This process completes one cycle of iteration. 6. Steps 4 and 5
are repeated till the difference in the values of rotation moments from
successive cycles is neglected.
7. Final moments in the members at each joint are computed from the
rotational members of the final iterations step.
Mij = (Mfij + M ij) + 2 M ij + M jii
The lateral translation of joints (side sway) is taken into consideration by
including column shear in the iterative procedure.
8. Displacement factors are calculated for each storey given by
FUNDAMENTALS:
(i)
Grade of Concrete (RCC): Minimum Grade M20.
(ii)
Grade of Steel:
Mild Steel Fy 250 N/mm2
Tor Steel Fy 415 N/mm2
(iii) Unit Weight of material (Density):
(a) Unit weight of RCC 25 KN/m3
(b) PCC
24 KN/m3
(c) Brick Masonry
19 KN/m3
(d)Cement mortar
20 KN/m3
(e) Water
10 KN/m3
(f) Steel
78.5 KN/m3
LOADS TRANSFORMATION:
Live Load (IS 875)
Slab
Beams
Columns
Footings
Soil
CONCEPT OF STRUCTURAL DESIGNING:
(a) Section: Satisfy three conditions
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Deflection Concept
3) Avoid larger spans of beams. When the centre to centre distance between
the
intersection of walls is large or when there are no cross walls, the spacing
between
two columns is governed by limitations of spans of supported beams
because
spacing of columns decides the span of beam. As the span of the beam
increases,
the required depth of the beam, and hence its self weight, and the total
load on
beam increases.
It is well known that the moment governing the beam design varies with
the square of the span and directly with the load. Hence with the increase
in the span, there is considerable increase in the size of the beam.
On the other hand, in the case of column, the increase in total load due to
increase in length is negligible as long as the column is short. Therefore
the cost of the beam per unit length increases rapidly with the span as
compared to beams on the basis of unit cost. Therefore the larger span of
the beams should be preferably avoided for economy reasons.
In general, the maximum spans of beams carrying live loads upto 4 kN/m^2
may be limited to the following values.
Beam type
rectangular
flanged
Cantilevers
3meters
5meters
simply
supported
6meters
10meters
Fixed/continuou
s
8meters
12meters
moments of addition to the axial load. In such cases, the column should
be so oriented that the depth of the column is perpendicular to major axis
of bending so as to get larger moment of inertia and hence greater
moment resisting capacity. It will also reduce Leff/D ratio resulting in
increase in the load carrying capacity of the column.
3) It should be borne in mind that increasing the depth in the plane of
bending not only increases the moment carrying capacity but also
increases its stiffness, there by more moment is transferred to the
column at the beam column junction.
4) However, if the difference in bending moment in two mutually
perpendicular directions is not large the depth of the column may be
taken along the wall provided column has sufficient strength in the
plane of large moment. This will avoid offsets in the rooms.
POSITION OF BEAMS
4) Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy
concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Since
beams are primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing shall be
decided by the maximum spans of slabs.
5) Slab requires the maximum volume of concrete to carry a given load.
Therefore the thickness of slab is required to be kept minimum. The
maximum practical thickness for residential/office/public buildings is
200mm while the minimum is 100mm.
6) The maximum and minimum spans of slabs which decide the spacing of
beams are governed by loading and limiting thickness given above. In
the case of buildings, with live load less than 5kN/m^2, the maximum
spacing of beams may be limited to the values of maximum spans of
slabs given below.
Support
condition
One-way Twoway
Maximum
Recommended
span
of slabs
cantilevers
One-way Twoway
1.5m
2.0m
Simply
supported
One-way Twoway
3.5m
4.5m
Fixed/continous
One-way Twoway
4.5m
6.0m
5) The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and
bearing capacity of the supporting soil. It may be noted that the earth
under the foundation is susceptible to large variations. Even under one
small building the soil may vary from a soft clay to hard murum.
6) It is necessary to conduct the survey in the area where the proposed
structure is to be constructed to determine the soil properties. Drill holes
and trail pits should be taken and in situ plate load test may be performed
and samples of soil tested in the laboratory to determine the bearing
capacity of soil and other properties.
7) For framed structure under study, isolated column footings are normally
preferred except in case of soils with very low bearing capacities. If such
soil or black cotton soil exists for great depths, pile foundations can be
appropriate choice.
8) If columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil is low,
raft foundation can be an alternative solution. For column on the
boundary line, a combined footing or a strap footing may be provided.
(b) R.C.C. layout at various floor levels or at typical floor level (depending on
Architectural plans).
(c) R.C.C. layout at terrace level.
(d) R.C.C. layout at staircase roof level.
and where lifts are provided.
(e) R.C.C. layout at lift machine room floor level.
(f) R.C.C. layout at lift machine room roof level.
Where good foundation is available at
Alternatively trapezoidal
In case there is a wall, over the beam without any opening, inverted
than 2 and two way slab, if the ratio is equal or less than 2.
Where Lx is shorter span and Ly is longer span of the slab.
(ii) However as per Designs Circles practice slabs upto 2.5 m. spans may be
designed as one way slabs.
(iii) Canopy, Chajja, balcony slabs are generally provided as cantilever slabs.
(iv) W.C. slab is generally made sloping or sunk by about 50 cm. OR as
indicated in architects drawing below general floor level for Indian type
water closet. Slabs for toilet block and Nahani slab are generally sunk by 20
cm. OR as indicated in architectures drawing below general floor level.
(v) Staircase waist slab shall be generally one way slab.
(vi) Loft slabs over toilets are generally supported on partition walls of toilet
and W.C. Loft load should be considered while designing the beams
supporting these walls.
Once the loads are obtained, the component takes the load first i.e the slabs
can be designed. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or
a two-way slab, the end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads
are transferred to the beam. The loads coming from the slabs onto the beam
may be trapezoidal or triangular. Depending on this, the beam may be
designed. Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by
the columns. For designing columns, it is necessary to know the moments
they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done by Moment
Distribution Method. After this, the designing of columns is taken up
depending on end conditions, moments, eccentricity and if it is a short or
slender column. Most of the columns designed in this mini project were
considered to be axially loaded with uniaxial bending. Finally, the footings
are designed based on the loading from the column and also the soil bearing
capacity value for that particular area. Most importantly, the sections must
be checked for all the four components with regard to strength and
serviceability.
Overall, the concepts and procedures of designing the basic components of a
multistory building are described. Apart from that, the planning of the
building with regard to appropriate directions for the respective rooms,
choosing position of beams and columns are also properly explained. The
STAAD
A. Set up
X
Z
Node
Give Data for nodes
Views available for
Front, back, top & isometric
Rt. Click - labels - node no apply OK
Edit ( Top menu bar ) to edit data
Add Beam :
to add beam or to connect two nodes
Add beam from left to right & top to bottom.
Z
bbb
ddd
STAAD Screen
Menu bar
- on top
Tool bar
on top
Page control - left side
Data area
-Right side
Main drawing
area
- center
*After Add beam, grid will
appear (/ or from snap node
beam)
Create ( in Data area)
Use linear / Radial /
irregular
Use plane / constr. line etc.
Member Offset
Beam crusher (select)
Specification page icon /
General Spec. page
Use both start & end point
Beam section
Z
Z
Y
Give data <enter>
add < enter >
.
.
close < enter>
After selecting the specific section in the property box, the same is assigned to the members.
Ctrl Select member assign - save <enter >
To see the shape and size of column.
Rt. Click - labels - structure section out line - apply OK
For center line
Rt. Click - labels - structure section out line - none OK
To check the property of any section is missing?
Select ( top menu bar) missing attributes missing property <enter>
Adding support
General ( left side of screen)
Support
Create ( left side box)
Fixed end
Add <enter>
Front view
Node crusher <active>
Select the supporting nodes
Assign
To view whole structure
On top menu bar
<enter>
Loading
Definition
(Seismic definition)
General
Load Definition new
Code IS 1893 2002
Zone - (for Zone 3) 0.16
Response Factor 5
Importance Factor 1
Soil factor - 1- hard soil
2- medium soft soil
3- soft soil
Add
Self weight
***
Add
Close
(Wind definition)
Wind Definition
Type 1, Comment Wind 1
Add
Type 1
Add
Intensity
Height
1.8
Add
Seismic load,
X direction, Factor :1
Add
Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 2, Loading Type : Seismic ,Title load case 2, S in (-)X dir
Add
Close
Load case 2,
Add
Seismic load,
X direction, Factor : -1
Add
Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 3, Loading Type : Seismic, Title load case 3, S in Z dir
Add
Close
Load case 3,
Add
Seismic load,
Z direction, Factor : 1
Add Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 4, Loading Type : Seismic , Title load case 4, S in (-)Z dir
Add
Close
Load case 4,
Add
Seismic load,
Z direction, Factor : -1
Add Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 4, Title load case 4, S in (-)Z dir
Add
Close
Load case 4,
Add
Seismic load,
Z direction, Factor : -1
Add Close
________________________________________________________________
*( Load case for Wind load)
Load case detail
Add
Number 5, Title load case 5, Wind in X dir
Add
Close
Load case 5,
Add
Wind load,
Direction X (check)
Define y range
Minimum Value ( Give data minimum may be 2.1 m)
Maximum value (give data)
Factor 1
Add
Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 6, Title load case 6, Wind in (-)X dir
Add
Close
Load case 6,
Add
Wind load,
Direction X (check)
Define y range
Minimum Value ( Give data minimum may be 2.1 m)
Maximum value (give data)
Factor (-1)
Add
Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 7, Title load case 7, Wind in Z dir
Add
Close
Load case 7,
Add
Wind load,
Direction Z (check)
Define y range
Minimum Value ( Give data minimum may be 2.1 m)
Maximum value (give data)
Factor 1
Add
Close
Load case detail
Add
Number 8, Title load case 8, Wind in (-)Z dir
Add
Close
Load case 8,
Add
Wind load,
Direction Z (check)
Define y range
Minimum Value ( Give data minimum may be 2.1 m)
Maximum value (give data)
Factor (-1)
Add
Close
________________________________________________________________
*( Load case for Dead load)
Load case detail
Add
Number 9, Title load case 9, Dead Load
Add
Close
Load case 9,
Add
Floor Load
Pressure = (-) 3.5 KN/ m2
Y range (Give minimum and Maximum value as per floor condition.)
Direction : Global Y
Add
Close
Load case 9,
Add
Self weight
Add
Close
Assign
________________________________________________________________
*( Load case for Live load)
Load case detail
Add
Number 10, Title load case 10, Live Load
Add
Close
Load case 10,
Add
Floor Load
Pressure = (-) 2 KN/ m2
Y range (Give minimum and Maximum value as per floor condition.)
Direction : Global Y
Add
Close
** (X range and Z range may be changed as per requirement under Load case 10 according to
floor size.)
________________________________________________________________
*( Load case for Wall load)
Load case detail
Add
Number 11, Title load case 11, Wall Load
Add
Close
Load case 11,
Add
Member Load
Uniform force
W1 : (-) 15 KN/m.
Direction GY
Add
Close
Select
Assign
** (Load may be according to height and thick ness of wall,
For stairs , the load may be calculated and the d1 , d2 value may be given.
The load is assigne after selecting beams in each floor)
Load case 11,
Add
Member Load
Uniform force
W1 : (-) 4.5 KN/m.
Direction GY
Add
Close
Select
Assign
** (For parapets)
Load case 11,
Add
Member Load
Uniform force
W1 : (-) 12 KN/m.
Direction GY
Add
Close
Select
Assign
** (For Stairs)
________________________________________________________________
*( Load Combination)
*Load case detail
Add
Define combination
Name : Combination Load Case 12: 1(DL + LL)
Normal
Factor : 1
Transfer dead & live loads to right (i.e. case 9, 10, 11 here i.e dead load, live load, wall load)
Add
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
close
*Load case detail
Add
Define combination
Name : Combination Load Case 13: 1.5 (DL + LL)
Normal
Factor : 1.5
Transfer dead & live loads to right (i.e. case 9, 10, 11 here i.e dead load, live load, wall load)
Add
Close
*Load case detail
Add
Define combination
Name : Combination Load Case 14: 1.2 (DL + LL+ S in X)
Normal
Factor : 1.5
Transfer dead & live loads to right (i.e. case 9, 10, 11,1 here i.e dead load, live load, wall load &
Seismic in X direction)
Add
Close
*Load case detail
Add
Define combination
Name : Combination Load Case 15: 1.2 (DL + LL+ S in (-)X)
Normal
Factor : 1.5
Transfer dead & live loads to right (i.e. case 9, 10, 11,2 here i.e dead load, live load, wall load &
Seismic in (-)X direction)
Add
Close
Similarly combine loads for Seismic in both Z dir, Wind in both X & zZ direction, i.e Load case
16- 21)
(** Seismic Definition for Spro : 04 & onwards
In the seismic definition below self weight
The member load copied and pasted with load changing to weight
The ve sign changed to + ve sign, GY to be deleted
Also, the Floor load copied and pasted with load changing to weight
The ve sign changed to + ve sign GY to be deleted
The live load may be reduced to 0.5 instead of 2 )
________________________________________________________________
*( Analysis )
Analysis ( from left side menu bar)
Perform analysis
No print
OK
Pre print active
Define command ( Rt. Side of screen)
Support information <active>
Add
Close
Node crusher <active>
? Print support information < active>
Select Supports
Assign
Close
Post print <active>
Define command ( Rt. Side of screen)
Load List <active>
Transfer load list 12 ( as foundation is generally designed for LL & DL with Factor of sefty 1)
Support Reaction <active>
Add
Close
Node crusher <active>
? Print support reaction < active>
Select Supports
Assign
Close
(PERFORM ANALYSIS
PRINT SUPPORT INFORMATION
LOAD LIST 12
PRINT SUPPORT REACTION )
________________________________________________________________
*( Design )
Post print <active>
Define command ( Rt. Side of screen)
Load List <active>
Transfer load list 13-21
Add close
Design
(left side menu bar)
Concrete
(left side menu bar)
Code : IS 456 (right side menu bar)
Select parameter
Transfer all parameters to left
Transfer following parameters to right
Fc
Fy main
Fy Secondary
Max Main
Min Main
Min Secondary
Ok
Change unit to Newton & mm
Picture album
Full page
Ok
File
Print purview report Edit
Take picture
Picture 2
Continue .
Copy out put file to wordn fie
Select
Copy
Paste in word file
_______________________________________________________________
*( To view output file latter )
Dont save after run analysis / viewing the output file
*( Beam Level)
View Option
Beam level
1.
Horizontal alignment
2.
Vertical alignment
3.
Font
*( Node Level)
View Option
Beam level
1. Horizontal alignment
2. Vertical alignment
3. Font
*( For use of torsion)
Design
Define Parameter
Torsion to be option selected
*( For merge beam)
Select the two consecutive members to be merged
Tool merge selected members
Merge
Close yes
*( To copy a node / member)
Select the element
Right click
Copy
Paste
Giving coordinate of X Y Z
*( Beta angle) For orientation along Global X axis
*( Release)
_______________________________________________________________
Move
Select object
Specify the base point of displacement as top left corner
Destination as origin
Format
Units
Engineering to decimal
Scale
Select object
Origin 0.0254 (to convert to meter)
For coordinates
Command
ID <enter>
9( or tools
inquiry
ID)
Select point
()ve Y considered as positive Z
_______________________________________________________________
*( Wall weight)
10 thick wall
Weight: 0.28 (wall thickness + plaster)* 1* (3-0.3) * 19.2 Kn / m2 = 14.5 Kn / m
(Floor height beam height)
For parapets generally ; 2 Kn. / m at roof top and balcony
*( Seismic Parameter)
Code IS 1983
Zone = 0.16 (for zone III)
Importance factor
RF
SS
ST
=1
=2
=3
=5
=1
=2
=3
=1
=2
=3
***
Member weight no sign
50% wall load of ground floor for plinth beams
50% wall load of ground floor and 50% load of first floor for ground floor roof beams and so on
Floor weight
Dead load full
Live load 25% , if LL < 3Kn/sqm
Live load 50% , if LL > 3Kn/sqm