BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

Course-EE309P
Kumar

Enrolment no.-B12089

Name-Rahul

A buck converter is a voltage step down and current step up converter.

The simplest way to reduce the voltage of a DC supply is to use a linear regulator (such as
a 7805), but linear regulators waste energy as they operate by dissipating excess power as heat.
Buck converters, on the other hand, can be remarkably efficient (95% or higher for integrated
circuits), making them useful for tasks such as converting the main voltage in a computer (12 V
in a desktop, 12-24 V in a laptop) down to the 0.8-1.8 volts needed by the processor.
In a buck converter a switch that controls the transfer of energy. There are also inductors and
capacitors used to store energy. The circuit below is a buck converter.

Here switch is turned on and off periodically: ton is the time it is on, tof is the time it is
off and T=Ton +Tof is the period. We can also define duty cycle as D=ton/T the
fraction of the period the switch is on.
When the switch is on, the power supply is connected to the inductor and the
diode is reverse polarized. The circuit reduces to:

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

The current flowing through the inductor rises gradually with slope:

dIL/dt=(VinVout)/L
While it is on, the current increases by the amount:

I+L=((VinVout)*ton)/L=((VinVout)*DT)/L
When the switch is off, the circuit reduces to:

Assuming the diode is ideal (we will later consider it not to be) and its voltage drop is
zero, the diode now shunts the connection between the inductor and ground. The current
through the inductor decreases with slope

dIL/dt=(0Vout)/L

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

Now Depending On Duty Cycle, there are two types of mode-

(a) CCM(Continuous Conduction Mode) -- A buck converter operates in

continuous mode if the current through the inductor (IL) never falls to zero
during the commutation cycle.

Using volt second eq. we get

D=

Vout
Vin

(B) Discontinuous mode -- In some cases, the amount of energy required by

the load is too small. In this case, the current through the inductor falls to zero during
part of the period.

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

Using Volt second eq. we get

( VinVout )D
Vout

(VinVout ) DT
Iout=
D+

Vout=Vin

1
2 LIo
1+
DDVinT

Under the boundary condition, output current is equal to

Iob=

Vout Ts(1D)
2L

Now we have to create a buck converter using these specification

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

Vin=100v ,Vout=48v ,Full load Power=500v ,Frequency=50kHz , Boundary

%=38
Duty cycle(D)=Vout/Vin=48/100=0.48

Ts=1/Fs=20uS

IOB=(Full Load Power*Boundary%)/(100*Vout)=500*38/(48*100)=3.9583A

L=Vout*Ts*(1-D)/(2*IOB)=48.5uH
For CCM
Iout Iob

So for boundary Rob=48/3.9583=12.12 ohm

For CCM load must be less then 12.12 ohm so I took 5 ohm load so
Iout=48/5=9.6A
Now we simulate a buck converter with these specification For CCM

Vin

Vout

Fs

Ts

(in

(in

(in

(1/Fs)

Vols) Vols) KHz)

(in

Boundary

D=Vin/Vout C

%
(IOB/Ifull_load)

Iob

Iout

(in

(in

(in

(in

Amp)

uH)

ohm

amp)

us)
100

48

50

20

38

0.48

25uF,75m 3.958

48.

ohm

For Simulation we use these spice directive-PULSE(0 5 0 .1u .1u 9.6u 20u)

9.6

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

.Model SW SW(Ron=.1 Roff=1Meg Von=5V Voff=0v)

.tran 0 .1s 0
For simulation we are assuming there is no inductance in connecting
wires and taking ideal diode.
This the circuit for above values

After The simulation, we got these result

(a) Inductor ,Capacitor, Diode, Load (output) current

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

In
the

Buck Converter, the output filter capacitor is at zero voltage initially, two things
will happen. Firstly, the closed loop system will force the duty cycle to
maximum so as to push maximum current to build up the output voltage as
early as possible. Secondly, during on-time, the driving voltage for the inductor
current will initially be the total input voltage, which is larger than the steady
state value of input voltage minus the output voltage. Thus, the inductor
current becomes large during start-up. As we can see in above graph (So in
start buck converter behaves as damped LC circuit or there is some inrush
current)
After some time circuit behave normal, so we get these current through
inductor, capacitor, diode, Load

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

In above graph we can see that, when switch is close then Inductor current
increase with slope (Vin-Vout)/L and when switch is open then Inductor
current decrease with slope (0-Vout)/L.
In above graph we can see that, output current is average of inductor
current.
In above graph we can see that , capacitor current has same wave form
but with some offset value(output current).
In above graph we can see that ,when switch is close then Diode current is
same as inductor and when switch is open so because of reverse bias
Diode current is zero.
(b) Input & Output Voltage

In above graph we can see that

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

-when first Buck Converter connect with source, because of in-rush

current there is some damping.
- after some time output voltage will be normal (in this case 48v).

(c) Inductor Current & Voltage-

(d) Diode Voltage-

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

For DCM
Iout< Iob

So for boundary Rob=48/3.9583=12.12 ohm

For DCM load must be greater then 12.12 ohm so I took 50 ohm load so
Iout=48/50=0.96A
To change Buck converter function to CCM to DCM ,we can change duty
cycle / Load.(In this case Duty cycle is constant)

Now we simulate a buck converter with these specification For

Boundary

Vin
(in

Vout
(in

Fs
(in

Vols) Vols) KHz)

Ts
(1/Fs)
(in

Boundary
%
(IOB/Ifull_load)

D=Vin/Vout C

Iob

Iout

(in

(in

(in

(in

Amp)

uH)

ohm

amp)

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

us)

100

48

50

20

38

0.48

25uF,75m 3.958

48.

ohm

For Simulation we use these spice directive-PULSE(0 5 0 .1u .1u 9.6u 20u)
.Model SW SW(Ron=.1 Roff=1Meg Von=5V Voff=0v)
.tran 0 .1s 0
For simulation we are assuming there is no inductance in connecting
wires and taking ideal diode.
This the circuit for above values

50

0.96

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

After The simulation, we got these result

(a) Inductor Current and Voltage-

(b) Diode Voltage

(C) Inductor ,Capacitor, Diode, Load (output) current

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

Same as above , In start because of in-rush current and damping it inductor

,capacitor current will behave like this .

After some time it will work normal as this

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

In above graph we can see that, when switch is close then Inductor current
increase with slope (Vin-Vout)/L and when switch is open then Inductor current
decrease with slope (0-Vout)/L. because load is greater then Boundary load so
when it reach zero and when again when switch is close then Inductor current
increase with slope (Vin-Vout)/L.
In above graph we can see that, output current is average of inductor
current.
In above graph we can see that , capacitor current has same wave form
but with some offset value(output current).
In above graph we can see that ,when switch is close then Diode current is
same as inductor and when switch is open so because of reverse bias
Diode current is zero.

(d) Input and Output Voltage

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

In above graph we can see that

-when first Buck Converter connect with source, because of Resonance
between L and C we get transient state.
- Because its in DCM so output voltage will be different then CCM.

Now we are changing ESR value in Capacitor and going

to see how does it effects the output and currentWhen Buck converter in CCM when capacitor value 25uF,75m
ohm Input-Output Voltage waveform-

Fig.-Input-Output waveform

BUCK CONVERTER THEORY & SIMULATION EXPERIEMENT

When Buck converter in CCM when capacitor value 25uF,275m

ohm Input-Output Voltage waveform-

When we take Capacitor with higher ESR value we have more

power loss and we get more ripple in output waveform because
of that we get Diferent waveforms.