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1 Introduction
The steam turbine converts the thermal energy of
pressurized steam into useful mechanical work,
driving the electrical generator; therefore its
efficiency has a major impact on the amount of
electricity produced and in the end on overall power
plant efficiency.
As energy demand rises constantly over the last
decades, energy efficiency is an important aspect of
modern economy. High efficiency power generation
can reduce the primary energy consumption,
meeting Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency
which emphasized the need to increase energy
efficiency in order to achieve the objective of saving
20 % of the Unions primary energy consumption
by 2020 compared to projections [1].
Typical combustion turbine heat rates are
10,18110,972 kJkWh-1 (33-35% efficient higher
heating value) [2].
Bhatt and Rajkumar [3] present the results of
study on performance enhancement of 22 coal fired
thermal power stations with capacities from 30 to
500 MW. The oldest, 30 MW units have served for
over 30yr and the newer 500 MW units, have been
in operation for a shorter period of time. Turbine
efficiencies are in the range 31.00 to 41.90% as
compared to the design range of 34.8043.97%,
ISBN: 978-1-61804-195-1
2 Problem Presentation
Steam turbines are complex equipment, with a long
life-cycle; as a result, many of them are still in use
[3] after more than 30 yr of service.
Technology improvements driven by need of
higher efficiency led to a new generation of steam
turbines.
Since a steam turbine is costly equipment a
decision must be taken regarding replacing or
retrofitting after careful consideration of actual
technical condition and efficiency.
First step in decision making is assessment of
energy performance of steam turbine, which
requires heat balance calculations.
203
2.1
ISBN: 978-1-61804-195-1
204
Actual
enthalpy 400.84
drop Hijp, kJkg-1
Isentropic efficiency 81.36
ijp, %
Theoretical enthalpy 1,388
drop in turbine Hh,
kJkg-1
Electrical generator 98.74
efficiency g, %
Mechanical
98.63
efficiency m, %
Turbine isentropic 63.39
efficiency i, %
Thermal efficiency 40.78
t, %
Actual efficiency of 39.71
turbine-generator
aggregate ea, %
Specific
heat 2.906
consumption
qbc,
kJthkJe-1
Specific
fuel 0.357
consumption bbc, (kg
e.f.) kWh-1
Specific energy of 1,132
main steam esp,
kJkg-1
Heat rate, kJ kWh-1
9,065
Steam
rate
d, 3.392
kgkWh-1
3 Results obtained
In order to increase the accuracy of flow rate
computing for bleeders, flow rate of condensate at
the outlet of steam condenser was measured with
Flexim ultrasonic clamp-on flow meter.
As ambient and cooling water temperature was
high, flow rate of cooling water was increased on
average with 10% for generator cooling and
lubricating oil system cooling and with 5.2 to 7.2%
for condenser.
309.65
74.15
70.53
1,371
1,376
98.71
98.75
98.82
99.06
62.48
64.56
40.12
41.08
39.13
40.16
2.894
2.839
0.355
0.349
1,099
1,123
9,199
3.496
8,959
3.416
ISBN: 978-1-61804-195-1
350.81
205
ISBN: 978-1-61804-195-1
206
%
100.0
0.0
100.0
31.38
27.37
0.96
59.71
1.56
0.46
39.11
-0.85
39.18
100.0
4 Conclusions
Analyzing data in Table 1, values for mechanical
efficiency m are found in the range of 98.63 to
99.06 higher than expected 95.32%. The reason why
these unusual values occur results from the way they
were calculated, from the heat balance of the turbine
lubricating oil cooler. Since friction losses are
unlikely to be smaller than rated, therefore must be a
problem in the lubricating oil system and the oil is
inadequately cooled. But heat resulting from friction
in turbine bearings must be discharged, otherwise
they overheat and the turbine will shut down.
At the time of measurements, turbine outer
casing was removed and fans were used to blow air
in order to cool the bearings and prevent turbine to
shut down. This observation suggested at the time,
that there was a problem with the cooling of
bearings and is consistent with data obtained from
measurements analyzed above.
Since mechanical efficiency is used to compute
other efficiency characteristics, an inappropriate
value can affect results. Therefore for other
calculations 95% value for mechanical efficiency
was set.
Values for generator efficiency are in range as
for TVV 200-2-A and TVV 200-2-A Y3 electrical
generator the rated efficiency is 98.6% [8].
Notes on comparison data in Table 1 to 7 can be
summarized as follows:
1. Isentropic efficiency iip for HPT is 66.67%,
72.91% and 74.31% for loads of 70%, 85% and
94% compared to optimal 76.63%. Isentropic
efficiency imp for RT is 79.62%, is 80.80% and
86.42% compared to optimal 86.16 %. Isentropic
efficiency ijp for LPT is 81.36%, 74.15% and
70.53% compared to optimal 89.12 %.
Values for isentropic efficiency are in the typical
range, excepting values of HPT for 70% load. For
HPT isentropic efficiency is directly proportional to
electric output power, while for LPT efficiency
decreases as heat rejected by condenser increases.
2. The amount of heat rejected by condenser
represents the greatest loss as expected, having
values of 209.291 MWh (42.87%), 259.989 MWh
(42.64 %) and 274.059 MWh (41.54%), for loads of
70%, 85% and 94%, compared to optimal 261.675
MWh (39.11%).
ISBN: 978-1-61804-195-1
207
ISBN: 978-1-61804-195-1
References:
[1] http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/eed_e
n.htm.
[2] http://www.npc.org/study_topic_papers/4-dtgelectricefficiency.pdf.
[3] Bhatt, M. S. and Rajkumar, N. (1999),
Performance enhancement in coal fired
thermal power plants. Part II: steam turbines.
Int. J. Energy Res., 23: 489515. doi: 10.1002
/(SICI)1099-114X(199905)23:6<489::AID-ER
494>3.0.CO;2-T
[4] http://www.geindustrial.com/publibrary/checko
ut/GEA-13450A?TNR=Service%20and%20
Maintenance|GEA-13450A|generic
[5] ***, Guide to development and analysis of
energy balance. M.O. of Romania, part.I,
nr.792/11.11.2003.
[6] I.Gh. Carabogdan, et al., Energy Balances problems and applications. Tehnica Publishing
House, Bucharest, (1986).
[7] T. Berinde, et al., Elaboration and analysis of
energy balance in the industry. Tehnica
Publishing House, Bucharest, (1976).
[8] ***, Technical Instructions and Operation
Manual for K 200-130-1 turbine.
[9] e2010.drustvo-termicara.com/papers/download/
107
[10] Leizerovich, A. Sh., Steam turbines for modern
fossil-fuel power plants, ISBN 0-88173-548-5,
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2008.
[11] http://energyland.info/news-print-80620
[12] http://www.turboatom.com.ua/en/press/news/1
996.html
[13] www.myshared.ru/slide/46040/
[14] Bugaa, G. Karpiuk, R. Kietliski, K. Stasik,
B. Retrofitting turbine K 200-130-1 turbine at
Deva power plant, Scientific Papers of the
University of Warsaw. Conferences, 5
Research Conference on Thermal Energy
Problems / symposium (V, 04-07.12.2001,
Warsaw, Poland), vol. Z 21, pg. 39-48.
208