(B0638) Zhuyao Zhang, R. A. Farrar-Atlas of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams Applicable To Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals (Matsci-Maney Materials Science (1995)

AN ATLAS OF
CONTINUOUS COOLING
TRANSFORMATION (CCT)
DIAGRAMS APPLICABLE TO
LOW CARBON LOW ALLOY
WELD METALS
AN ATLAS OF
CONTINUOUS COOLING
TRANSFORMATION (CCT)
DIAGRAMS APPLICABLE TO
LOW CARBON LOW ALLOY
WELD METALS
ZHUYAO ZHANG and R.A. FARRAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Southampton, U.K.,S0171BJ
THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS
Book 638
Published 1995 by
The Institute of Materials
1 Carlton House Terrace
London SW1 Y 5DB
The Institute
Materials
1995
ISBN 0901716944
Typeset, printed and bound by

Bourne Press Ltd
Bournemouth,
UK
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
I. Introduction
Since the pioneering studies on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams
carried out by Christenson et al:' were published almost 50 years ago, many hundreds
of CCT diagrams have been constructed throughout the world to describe the y-a
transformation kinetics of most grades of commercial steels. Because most of the
metallurgical processes occurring in steels involve continuous cooling before the
final microstructure is obtained, the use of CCT diagrams to present the "I-a
transformation reactions has obvious practical advantaget!smpared
with other
methods such as the well-known time temperature transfor
tion (TTT) diagrams.
The initial CCT diagrams were constructed for wrought steels and these cannot
usually be directly applied to the cooling cycles experienced in welding situations.
By employing modified reaustenitising procedures, the method was applied to the
weld ability of steels and consequently, several CCT diagrams applicable to the coarse
grained region of the weld heat affected zones (HAZ) were published.r" However,
since mid-1970s, increasing demands for weld metals of high toughness at low
temperatures with the appropriate microstructures has produced the requirement
for a more systematic and detailed study of transformation kinetics and mechanical
properties of low alloy weld deposits. This resulted in a number of CCT diagrams
which were directly applicable to weld metals and these have significantly improved
our understanding of weld metal microstructural development and the effects of
different factors, such as chemical composition, oxygen content (thus size distribution
and population of inclusions), welding parameters (e.g. cooling rate) and prior
austenite grain size, on the "I-a transformation behaviour of weld metals."?'
It is therefore of both practical as well as academic importance to draw together
an atlas of CCT diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals. It is hoped
that these diagrams will be of assistance to welding engineers, welding metallurgists,
welding-consumables designers in industry. At the same time, they will also prove
useful to those in academia who are involved into investigations of steel weld metal
phase transformation kinetics.
2. Microstructural
terminology for low carbon low alloy weld metals
The microstructural constituents commonly found in low carbon low alloy weld
deposits can be classified as follows, arranged in the order of decreasing
transformation temperature-A"
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Primary ferrite (or polygonal ferrite);

Ferrite side-plates (or Widmanstatten ferrite);
Fine grained acicular ferrite;
Lath structure (lath ferrite or bainite, or lath martensite).
Within the large number of investigations, however, there has been considerable
inconsistency among various classification schemes used to define the different
transformation phases. It is therefore necessary to briefly compare these different

schemes. Table 1 summarises some earlier schemes used for low carbon low alloy
weld metals.
Table 1. Review of microstructural terminology used for low carbon low

alloy steel weld metals, after The Japan Welding Society" and others.
CA. Dube28
H. I. Aarronson29
R. C Cochrane30
Allotriomorphic
(polygonal) ferrite;
T. G. Davey31
Proeutectoid
J. Abson32
Others15, 25, 26,33-41
Grain boundary
ferrite;
Proeutectoid ferrite;
Grain boundary
ferrite;
Polygonal ferrite;
D.
ferrite;
Polygonal ferrite;
Blocky ferrite;
Japanese
researchersta
42-49
Proeutectoid ferrite;
Grain boundary
ferrite.
True grain boundary

ferrite;
Polygonal ferrite
Ferrite islands.
Primary and
secondary ferrite
sideplates.
Lamellar component
(product).
Ferrite with aligned

MAC;
Upper bainite.
Ferrite sideplates;
Widmannstatten
ferrite sideplates;
Lath ferrite
Side grain boundary
ferrite.
(Widmannstatten)
Ferrite sideplates;
Lath like ferrite.
Intragranular
plates.
Acicular ferrite.
Acicular ferrite;
Fine bainite ferrite.
Acicular ferrite;
Needle-like ferrite;
Fine grained ferrite;
Labelled intregranular
ferrite;
Intragranular
ferrite.
Acicular ferrite.
Polygonal ferrite.
ferrite
Massive ferrite;
Granular
ferrite.
Microphases
Pearlite;
Lath martensite;
Twinned martensite;
Retained austenite;
Upper (occasionally
lower) bainite
Ferrite-carbide
aggregate;
Martensite.
Pearlite;
Martensite;
M-A constituent
Martensite;
M-A constituent;
Lath ferrite;
Upper bainite;
Lower bainite &
Martensite
Martensite;
M-A constituent;
High carbon
martensite;
Upper bainite.
Efforts have been made by The International Institute of Welding (IIW) to develop
a standard scheme for the identification of ferritic weld metal microstructures.Y"
Harrison and Farrar14,16,17 used a terminology similar to that of the IIW proposal, but
also considered the morphologies of various types of ferrite present in low carbon
low alloy welds. This allowed them to describe satisfactorily the microstructures in
C-Mn and C-Mn-Ni
weld metals. More recently, Zhang and Farrar
21-24 employed
a modified terminology which extended the Harrison and Farrar
scheme. 14, 16, 17 Table 2 lists this terminology and the description for each constituent
along with the equivalent terminology 'proposed by the IIW. Some examples of the
different microstructures are illustrated in Fig.I.
Table 2. Definition of microstructural terms used by the current

authors and the equivalent terminology under the IIW scheme. 22-32
Transformation product
(Z. Zhang and
R. A. Farrar22-24)
General description
Equivalent terminology in IIW

scheme
Polygonal fenite(PF)
Polygonal or equiaxed at low cooling

rates;
Grain boundary allotriomorph at higher
cooling rates.
Primary ferrite (PF) or (PF(G
Pearlite (P)
Pearlite or pearlitic carbides.
Ferrite-carbide aggregate
(FC(P
Ferrite with non-aligned

second phase (FS(NA
Ferrite completely surrounding either

(i) microphases which are
approximately equiaxed and randomly
distributed or (ii) isolated laths of
acicular ferrite.
Ferrite with non-aligned

second phase (FS(NA
Ferrite sideplates (FSP)
Sideplate structures growing directly

from polygonal ferrite or grain boundary
allotriomorphs, i.e. Widmannstatten
secondary sideplates.
Ferrite with second phase

(FS(SP
Acicular ferrite (AF)
Acicular ferrite (AF)

Intragranular product of fine
interlocking ferrite grains separated by
high angle boundaries, and aspect ratio
from ,..,3:1-10:1.
Refers to the intra granular product
formed at slower cooling rates than
acicular ferrite with larger grain size and Acicular ferrite (AF)
may be associated with carbides.
Coarse acicular ferrite

(CAF)
Lath ferrite (LF)
Refers to a predominantly intragranular

product resembling bainite which
sometimes forms amongst acicular
ferrite or sideplate structures.
Carbides mayor may not be present.
Ferrite with second phase

(FS(B
Martensite
Lath martensite
Martensite
(M)
(M(L
In this monograph, the terminology of most of the CCT diagrams will be

essentially in line with the scheme of Table 2. However, the microstructural
descriptions employed by some other authors, which are not clearly defined by
those authors, such as Homma et al." are respected and retained in their CCT
diagrams, and the equivalent terminology to these may be found either from Table
lor Table 2.
An Atlas ofCCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
a. PF andCAF
b.FSP
c.AF
d. AF with PF an FSP
e. FS(NA)
f.M
Fig. 1 Definitions of weld metal microstructural constituents used in CCT diagrams:

(a) PF and CAF; (b) FSP; (c)AF; (d) AF with PF and FSP; (e) FS(NA); (f) M.
3. Construction
of CCT diagrams for low carbon low alloy weld metals
Continuous cooling dilatometry technology is by far the most commonly used

method of producing CCT diagrams applicable to welding. In the case of steels, the
transformation temperatures for corresponding microstructural products can often
be obtained by locating the temperature at which the dilation versus temperature
curves start to deviate from linearity. The CCT diagram can then be constructed by
plotting temperature versus time. This procedure is shown schematically in Fig. 2.54
(a)
(b)
ee)
(d)
LDGTlME
P, PsFs
TEMPERATURE
---+
Fig. 2 The normal procedure of producing a CCT diagram for steel."

(a) Schematic length versus temperature plots for four different cooling
rates; (b) schematic CCT diagram produced from data in (a).
Although for low carbon low alloy weld metals, especially at cooling rates
experienced under welding conditions (typically 1-30 Ks-l, ~T 800-500 C), the
transformed microstructure from the parent austenite (A) usually consists of different
forms of ferrite phase, i.e. polygonal ferrite (PF), ferrite side-plates (FSP), acicular
ferrite (AF) and sometimes lath ferrite (LF). These do not lead to a very clear
dilatometric resolution (deviation from linearity) unless some martensite (M) forms.
In these cases, quantitative metallography is used to locate the temperature at which
each ferrite phase transforms. The transformation order of these ferritic structures
are known.P" and assuming that the contribution of each amount of transformation
to the volume change of the sample is the same, it is possible to calculate the micro
structural constituent start temperatures as shown in Fig. 3.54 The corresponding
CCT diagram can then be constructed accordingly. This dilatometry-metallography
method has recently been completely verified by Farrar and Zhang 55 using systematic
step-quenching and detailed metallographic examination.
I
I
i
~
o
z
W
-J
TEMPERATURE
Fig. 3 Construction to determine transformation

temperature for any percentage transformation.
The dilatometry method clearly has many advantages in constructing CCT
diagrams applicable to welding and CCT diagrams have been shown to be very
helpful in studying weld metal transformation behaviour, in particular, the
microstructural development in reheated regions in multi-pass welds. However,
the application of these CCT diagrams to real as-deposited weld are not without
limitations. The major problem is that this technique obtains transformation data
from reheated weld metal rather than from the original deposit which has
experienced the full solidification reaction. To overcome this limitation, some
attempt" has been made to produce CCT diagrams for weld metals by directly
quenching the joint before the normal termination of the welding pass. The
temperature-time
data in this case was obtained from a thermocouple directly
planted into the weld beads. The principal problem of this procedure lies in the
accuracy of matching the measured temperature with each precise microstructural
region and the complicated nature of the technique in practice, These problems
therefore substantially limit the application of this direct quenching technique.
Most of the CCT diagrams included in this monograph were produced using the
reheating dilatometry technique. There are, however, a few diagrams which were
produced from the direct quenching technique.
Annotations:
1. In the CCT diagrams, 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1, and 4.10.1 were

produced by direct cooling method, whilst the rest of the diagrams were
constructed using dilatometry technique.
2. In 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1 and 4.10.1 diagrams, the grain size of
the weld structures (i.e. average columnar grain width) were around
1-600J1m respectively.
3.
In the CCT diagrams, nd = not determined. NA
= not available.
Acknowledgements
In this monograph, we have freely adapted the weld metal CCT diagrams produced
by many other researchers. We are grateful to these authors for their permission to
allow these diagrams to be included in this atlas, which we believe will provide an
easy access to CCT diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals, and
will therefore benefit welding industry and research. Particular thanks are due to
all welding metallurgy research students who have worked at Southampton
University, for their enormous input of painstaking experimental work.
8 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
4. CCT diagrams applicable to low alloy weld metals
4.1
C-Mn
4.2
C-Mn-Ni
4.3
C-Mn-Ni-Mo
4.4
C-Mn-Mo
4.5
C-Mn-Nb
4.6
C-Mn-Si
4.7
C-Mn-Si-Ti
4.8
C-Mn-Si- Ti-B
4.9
C-Mn-Ti
4.10
C-Mn-V
10
11
Section 4.1
C-Mn
12
13
1200~------------------~------------~
Austenitised: 1400C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 5.8
1000
800
~
Q)
1\1
"CD
a.
E
600
welding
window
400
200
Cooling rate
800-500 C
D
Estimated
0.1
10
---------_
QJz
l:a.
250
~>
<U
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
500
(I)
(I)
100
J:
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )
4.1.1 C(O.06 )-Mn(O.7

manual metal arc (MMA) weld (source: Harrision" and
Harrison and Farrar")
%
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
13S0C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
cD
...
::s
+'"
as
CD
a.
600
welding
window
400
~
200
Cooling rate
aoo-soo-c
---
0
0.1
o Metallography
Estimated
Dilatometry
10
100
1000
10000
Time, sec
en
en
Q)z
CCl.,
"E>
ca
J:
500
250
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
4.1.3 C(O.07 )-Mn(2.1%) MMA weld (source: Harriston" and Harrison and
Farrar'")
%
15
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0
CD
:;
....
as
600
CD
FSP
a.
E
{E.
I
I
'/"",--------"'"
I
I
I
400
",/
200
PF start
FSP start
Carbide start
-----
0.1
10
Ferrite finish
100
1,000
10,000
Time (800-500C), sec
500
z
Q..
>
en
I
I
I
250
UJ
Q)
c:
- --tI
"0
ns
J:
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
.....,I
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
004S
0.0126
4.1.4 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.45

tungsten inert gas shielded (TIG) weld (source:
Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Graville")
%
1,200 ,-------------------,
1,000
800
0
a>
L..
...as:::s
600
~CD
a.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
400
I
I
I
I
I
200
PF start
FSP start
IG SFP start
Carbide
.----
start
Ferrite finish
o~------~------~------~------~------~
10
1,000
1
100
0.1
10,000
500~----~'--~I~!~I----!--~i~--------~
- - -t---tW--lJ'
o~
~I~
I
I
I
'I I
I I
I I I
__
I I
~I_~I~I
II
__
~l~I
__
I
~lI
0.11
0.0087
4.1.5 C(O.11%)-Mn(2.10%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
17
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
....
Q)
..es....
:l
AF+FSP
600
Q)
Q.
"'...- ..-------,
/
/
--,'"
400
200
PF start
AF start
FSP start
.----
Ferrite finish
o~----~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1,000
10,000

500
(I)
en
Q)z
C:Q.
'E>
co
J:
250~
---~,
I I
I J
I I
I
I
I
I
I,
ill~
t I
I t
I'
,I
II
0.08
0.08S0
4.1.6 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.2S%) flux cored wire (FCW) weld (source: Kenny, Kerr,
Lazor and Craville")
An Atlas ojCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
19
1,200 ,.----------------------.
1,000
800
0
q)
PF
L-
::J
as
L-
en
a.
E
{!
600
i
r=:': ,/
I
400
200
PF start
FSP start
A.
AF start
IG FSP start
.- - - _. Ferrite fin ish
0.1
10
100
Time (800-500C),
500
(I)
(I)
4)z
Co.
'E>
ca
:I:
250 0
I
I
I
1I
I
I
J
I
10,000
sec
I :
- --r--t--+-+--J
J
1,000
I
I
0.08
0.0110
4.1.7 C(O.08 )-Mn(1.48%) FCW weld (source: _~enny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
%
20
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
CD
::J
1ii
~
600
CD
a.
E
~
400
200
PF start
FSP start
AF start
-----
Ferrite finish
o~----~------~------~------~------~
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Time (800-S000e), sec
I:
500
---~I
I I
I II II
I I
i I I
--r--t-t----4
I
o~----------_I~I--~I--I~~I_~I------------~
c
0.12
0.0360
4.1.8 C(0.12%)-Mn(1.41 %) FeW weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 1sec
Grain size: NA
1,000
800
o
o
0>
L..
::J
1U
600
CD
a.
E
t!
400
200
Cooling rate
aoo-soo-c
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
100
10
1,000
10,000
Time, sec
2
500
I
I
I
I
I
I
----------~'::
~ 250 -
I
I
cu
:I:
Q.
>
I
I
I:
I
I
: I
4.1.9 C(O.09 )-Mn(l.35

submerged arc (SA) weld (source: Homma, Ohkita,
Matruda and Yamamoto")
%
21
1,200~------------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100llm
1,000 ~
800-
PF
0
0
ai
..~as
CD
AF-'~
600-
a.
E
{E
400~
200~
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
I
I
I
I
o~------~------~------~------~----~
0.1
10
100
Time (800-500C),
1,000
10,000
sec

c
Mn
0.049
0.68
0.0073
4.1.10 C(O.05 )-Mn(0.68

Bannister")
%
o
0.1132
Metal arc inert gas shielded (MIG) weld (source:
1,200 ~------------------,
Austenitised:
13S0C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100J]m
1,000 -
...----...-
800~
U
PF
a)
...
:l
a;...
600~
AF
Q)
a.
400---
200
r-
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
I
1
I
I
O~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1,000
10,000
0.0447
0.0447
4.1.11 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%)
MIG weld (source: Bannister")
23
24
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100pm
1,000r-
800
r-
~
0
a
cD
:5
asa;
a.
AF-+~
600
f-
400
r-
200
r-
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
I
I
I
I
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
Time
1,000
100
raoo-soo-ci,
10,000
sec
Mn
0.049
0.69
0.0053
0.1140
4.1.12 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%)
1,200~--------------------------------~
Grain size: approx. 100Jlm
1,000
.>;:
800
0>
~
...:::Jas
~
Q)
AF-+~
600
0-
E
{E.
400
..
200
PF start
AF start
0.1
10
Ferrite finish
100
1,000
10,000

c
Mp
0.043
0.98
0.0308
0.0657
4.1.13 C(O.04%)-Mn(O.98%)
25
26
1,200 ,...----------------------,
Austenitised:
1350C 1Osee
1,000
800
~
a>
..
:J
as..
Q)
PF
AF7'
600
Q.
E
{!
400
200
PF start
AF start
0
0.1
10
Ferrite finish
100
1,000
10,000

c
Mn
0.049
1.58
0.0112
0.0663
4.1.14 C(O.Os%)-Mn(1.S8%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
1,200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100J,lm
1,000 ~
800~
0
0
0)
:;
as
600~
CD
a.
AF~
*-.
..-*-"T
{!
400~
200~
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
I
I
I
I
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1,000
10,000

c
0.02
0.0539
4.1.15 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.30
%
)
27
28
1,200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100JIm
1,000
800
~
0)
a-
::J
....
as
*"T
600
a-
PF
AF~
0)
C.
{E.
400
200
PF start
Ferrite finish
0
0.1
10
100
AF start
1,000
10,000
Time (800-S00C), sec
0.07
0.0307
4.1.16 C(O.07%)-Mn(1.36%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
1,200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10sec
1,000
800
0
0>
...
::J
as
...
0)
a.
E
{Eo
otJ
...
600
* *
...
AF~
400
200
0
0.1
10
PF start
.6.
AF start
Ferrite finish
1,000
100
Time (aOO-SOOOe),
10,000
sec

c
0.069
~n
.51
0.0089
0.0779
4.1.17 C(O.07%)-Mn(l.Sl %) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
29
30
1,200 .---------------------.
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100Jlm
1,000
800
0
.
a>
...
.&
::1
as
...
Q)
a.
E
~
600
AF
a.t. ..
400
200
A.
0
0.1
10
100
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
1,000
10,000

c
0.08
0.0438
4.1.18 C(0.08 )-Mn(1.S3

%
1,200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 1Osee
1 ,OOO~
800o
400~
200~
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
I
I
I
I
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
1,000
100
10,000

c
~n
.s3
0.078
4.1.19 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.S3
%
)
0.OOS2
0.0462
31
32
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
1,000
800
~
PF
0)
:;
10
CD
AF~
600
0.
{!
400
'"
200
0
0.1
10
PF start
AF start
Ferrite finish
100
1,000
10,000

c
0.035
4.1.20 C(0.04%)-Mn(1.60
o
0.0700
%
)
33
Section 4.2
C-Mn-Ni
1200~--------------------------------~
Ausrenitised:
1350C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
cD
..:5as
600
CD
a.
,,"
" LF+AF
<,
welding
window
,,
,,
400
"

200
---
0
0.1
500
Cooling rate
800-500C
Dilatometry
Estimated
Metallography
1000
100
10
10000
Time, sec
------------~I-----------~I--~!I----~I~I~-I~I ------~
I
I
I
I
~
I
----I
:
I
I I
I
250 ~
----rr-----.------.+I __
I
:!
~l
-l ~ !
-r-t---J
l
4.2.1 C(O.05 )-Mn(O.98 )-Ni(O.06

%
MMA weld (source: Harrison" and
35
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised: 13S0C
1Osee
1000
800
o
0
cD
::J
+-I
es
CD
a.
600
E
{E.
--------
400
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
aOO-SOOaC
---
Estimated
Dilatometry
Metallography
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Time, sec
z
Q.
500
----
>
en
U)
GI
C
"0
----.
250
a;
:x:
0
4.2.2 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.68 )-Ni(O.95

and Zhang23)
%
MMA weld (source: Zhang-' and Farrar
1200~---------------------------------'
Ausrenitised: 1350C 10see
1000
800
~
cD
...:5as
CD
a.
E
{Eo
600
welding
window
400
-----,... ......
,,/
""
200
Cooling rate M
soo-soo-c
---
Estimated
0
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
z
Q..
>
ui
In
CIt
c:
500
250
-------
"E
as
J:
0
4.2.3
C(O.04%)-Mn(1.20%)-Ni(1.lO%)
MMA weld (source: Harrison14 and
37
38
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 1Osee
Grain size : ASTM 5.50
1000
800
0
0
Gi
...
::s
....
as
...
a.
E
t!
Q)
600
400
M
welding
window
200
Cooling
rate
BOO-SOOGC
----
0
0.1
Estimated
Dilatometry
o Metallography
10
100
1000
10000
Time, sec
tn
tn
Q)z
Cc..
'E>
cU
J:
500
250
0
4.2.4 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.67%)-Ni(2.48
and Zhang23)
MMA weld (source: Zhang'? and Farrar
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1400C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
0)
t-
:::s
as
600
t-
O)
a.
E
welding
window
400
M
~
200
Cooling rate
soo-soo-c
Estimated
Dilatometry
Metallography
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Time, sec
500
(I)
CI)
4Jz
C:o.
250
"E>
cu
J:
0
4.2.5 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.18 )-Ni(2.52

%
39
40
1200.---------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
1000
800
0
0
:::J
+J
Cd
Oia.
600
CAF
-... -----
400
-------_/
200
._0
0.1
2
Q..
(/)
CD
-a
~
:I:
Cooling rate
BOO-500DC
Estimated
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
500
-----~ .. I
>
iii
welding
window
250
0
4.2.6 C(0.04 )-Mn(O.85 )-Ni(2.56

and Zhang")
%
MMA weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
1000
800
0
0
cD
:5
...
(\1
'Q)
a.
E
{J1
600
400
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
aOO-500C
--_.
Estimated
Dilatometry
Metallography
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
1000
0.1
10
100
1
10000
Time, sec
(/)
(/)
CUz
Co..
"E>
lU
J:
4.2.7 C(O.06%)-Mn(O.67%)-Ni(3.32%) MMA weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar

and Zhang23)
41
42
1200~----------------------------~
1000
800
o
0
cD
:;
as
CD
a.
600
400
welding
window
200
~
Cooling rate
800-500C
Estimated
0
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
500
C1)
C1)
"'z
Ca..
"E>
co
:I:
250
a
4.2.8 C(O.04 )-Mn(1.29 )-Ni(3.S8

%
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10see
1000
800
o
0
cD
:5
a;
... 600
Q)
a.
E
f2
400
AF+LF
M
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
aoo-soo-c
Estimated
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
500
(I)
(I)
CUz
c~
"E>
co
::I:
250
0
4.2.9a C(O.OS%)-Mn(O.78 )-Ni(S.S3

MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,
Bannister and Barritte" and Zhang")
%
43
44
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 85sec
1000
800
0
0
.......::3as
cD
Q)
600
0-
{!
400
AF+LF
M
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
800-500C
--_.
0
0.1
Estimated
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
(t)
500
(I)
Q)z
Co.
~>
J:
"'
250
0
4.2.9b C(O.Os%)-Mn(O.78%)-Ni(S.S3%) MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,

45
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 85sec
1000
800
o
0
..~~as
I-
m
a.
600
E
{E.
400
M
lKJ
welding
window
200
OOOOC\l=
Cooling rate
aOO-500C
---.
Dilatometry
o Metallography
Estimated
o~------~--------~------~--------~------~
0.1
1000
100
10
10000
Time, sec
500
250
:--------------:--H--LLJj
r
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
a ~------------------.I--~II--~I--~I~-~I~I--------~
4.2.9c C(O.05 )-Mn(O.78 )-Ni(5.53

MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,
%
46
1200r---------------------------------~
Austen itised: 1350C 1Osee
1000
800
0
0
...as::J
~
600
Q)
0..
{E.
400
200
Cooling rate
BOO-SOOC
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
"
500
GO
CUz
Co.
~>
ftI
250
l:
0
4.2.10 C(0.08%)-Mn(0.96 )-Ni(O.90

Zhang")
%
TIC weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
1200.---------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 10sec
1000
800
o
0
cD
...
::l
1
'Q)
600
c.
400
200
Cooling rate
aOO-500C
Dilatometry
o Metallography
- - - Esti mated
O~----~~----~------~-------L------~
0.1
1
10
1000
100
Time, sec
Chemical composition
4.2.11 C(O.08 )-Mn(1.33 )-Ni(O.73

%
of the weld metal (wt%)
TIG weld (source: Zhang22)
10000
47
48
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
..~
a)
as
L-
CD
0..
600
E
t!
400
200
Cooling rate
aOO-500C
----
Estimated
Dilatometry
Metallography
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1000
Time, sec
4.2.12 C(O.10%)-Mn(O.89%)-Ni(1.2S%) TIG weld (source: Zhang22)
10000
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0
a>
:s
as'-
PF+FSP
600
Q)
a.
E
fE.
400
200
PF start
FSP start
.A.
IG FSP start
Carbide start
-----
Ferrite finish
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Mn
0.09
1.61
0.0072
4.2.13 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.61%)-Ni(2.0%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and

, Craville")
49
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350DC 10sec
1000
800
o
o
cD
:;
CD
0.
600
o
CAF+(M-A)
400
M
200
Cooling rate
aOO-50ODe
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
(/I
(/I
4Iz
CQ.
'E>
tU
500
250
:r:
0
4.2.14 C(0.07 )-Mn(1.26 )-Ni(2.25

Zhang")
%
TIG weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1270C/sec
1000
800
0
0
..~:J~
1
CD
c.
E
600
{Eo
400
M
200
Cooling
rate
800-500C
0
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
500
f)
f)
4z
c:~
'E>
I
J:
250
0
4.2.15 C(O.09%)-Mn(l.05%)-Ni(3.32%)
Zhang24)
TIG weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
51
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1,000
800
o
0>
~
....
as
600
CD
a.
E
{E-
400
200
o~------~------~------~--------~----~
0.1
1
100
1,000
10
Time (800-500C),
z
a..
500
>
en
II)
Q)
250 -
"E
CG
J:
:
___
~III
I
I
lI
sec
10,000
4.2.16 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.40%)-Ni(O.14%) submerged fluxcored arc (SFCAW) weld

(source: Kluken, Onsoien, Akselsen and Rorvik")
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
800
0
cD
~
...as:J
600
CD
c.
E
400
200
Ms = 447C
Mf = 335C
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
4.2.17 C(O.06 )-Mn(1.55 )-Ni(2.00%)

Akselsen and Rorvik")
%
SFCAW weld (source: Kluken, Onsoien,
53
54
55
Section 4.3
C-Mn-Ni-Mo
56
1200~--------------------------------~
grain size: ASTM 5.38
1000
800
o
0
...cD
:l
+-'
ca
... 600
a.
E
Q)
400
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
800-500C
0.1
10
100
[!]
Dilatometry
Metallography
1000
10000
Time, sec
z
e,
>
u;
CD
CD
C
"0
500
250
as
0
4.3.1 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.s%)-Ni(1.0%)-Mo(O.2S%) MMA weld (source: Zhang22)
57
58
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1400C 1Osee
1000
800
0
0
Q)
..as~
L-
L-
CD
a.
600
{!
400
M
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
800-500C
Estimated
0.1
10
100
Dilatometry
1000
10000
Time, sec
(t)
fI)
500
Q)z
Co..
'E>
C'CI
J:
250
a
4.3.2 C(O.05%)-Mn(l.72%)-Ni(l.87%)-Mo(O.31 %) MMA weld (source:

Harrison")
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350DC 1Osee
1000
800
0
0
a)
...as:5
600
CD
c.
E
400
M
welding
window
200
0.1
Cooling rate
Dilatometry
aOO-50O e
Metallography
~_----,
\2C/sec
10
100
1000
Time, sec
500
tI)
tI)
CUz
250
CQ.
"E>
tU
J:
0
4.3.3 C(O.06 )-Mn(1.7s )-Ni(2.73 )-Mo(O.20%)

Zhang22)
%
MMA weld (source:
10000
59
60
61
Section 4.4
C-Mn-Mo
62
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0
0>
~
...co:l
600
~CD
a.
E
{E.
400
200
0.1
PF start
FSP start
Carbide start
-----
Ferrite finish
1,000
100
10
10,000
500
z
Q.,
>
,n
250 ...
."
GI
C
't:J
--~
II
I
I
i
J:

c
0.11
0.0094
4.4.1 C(O.11%)-Mn(1.S0%)-Mo(O.3%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and

Craville")
63
64
65
Section 4.5
C-Mn-Nb
66 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams .Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised:
1400C 1Osee
1000
800
0
0
::l
as~
(I)
a.
E
{!!.
600
J-~o~--~~~~'~t
-~
---
AF\Xe
400
.:
Carbide start
:~!~~;\
~CD
~
~
~/
--------------~~~
200
Cooling rate
800-500C
Estimated
Dilatometry
Metallography
Thermal analysis
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
1000
0.1
1
10
100
10000
Time, sec
z
500
!
c
250
~------------~
~:z:
4.5.1 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.32%)-NbO.Ol%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson

and Farrar" and Harrison")
67
68
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1400C 10sec
1000
4.5.2 C(O.lO%)-Mn(l.37%)-Nb(O.03%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson

69
1200~------------------------~--~
Austenitised:
1400C 10see
1000
800
o
0
cD
L-
a;::l
L-
600
Q)
c.
E
400
M
200
welding
window
--------------
_-
"",,"""
".'~
g
Q)
U)
Dilatometry
eoo-soo-c
Metallography
Estimated
Thermal analysis
Cooling rate
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Time, sec
2
Q.
500
>
,,;
fA
CD
c:
250
'E
J:
0
4.5.3
C(O.09%)-Mn(1.05%)-NbO.Ol%)
MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson
70
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1400C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
0)
::l
..~as
CD
a.
E
{E.
600
400
welding
window
----------*""'-'
",,/
200
Dilatometry
800-500C
Metallography
Estimated
Thermal analysis
Cooling rate
0
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Time, sec
z
>
500
'"
250
Q.
at
I:
"0
4.5.4 C(0.08 )-Mn(0.97%)-Nb(O.02%)

%
MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson
71
Section 4.6
C-Mn-Si
72
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
800
o
o
cD
~
::J
600
Q)
a.
E
400
M
200
O~------~------~------~-------L------~
10000
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Time (from Ac3), sec
4.6.1
C(O.09%)-Mn(O.81
Komizo")
0/0)-Si(O.110/0)MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi
and
73
74
An Atlas ofCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
= snoc
Ac3
800
0
0
ai
..as......
::l
600
Q)
Co
400
200
0.1
1000
100
10
10000
Time (from Ac3). sec

C
Mp
0.11
0.14
Si
0.09
S
0.013
p
0.016
Cu
0.12
0.0050
0.010
4.6.2 C(0.11%)-Mn(O.74%)-Si(O.09%) MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi

and Komizo")
75
Section 4.7
C-Mn-Si-Ti
76
77
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3
910C
800
Ac1 = 717C
0
0
..:sas
Q)
600
...
Q)
a.
E
~
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1000
10000

4.7.1 C(O.11 )-Mn(1.09 )-Si(O.40 )-Ti(O.05

and Komizo'")
%
MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi
78
1200
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3
8B6C
Ac1
70BOC
800
0
0
CD
..:5as
Q)
a.
E
600
t!
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
4.7.2
C(O.12%)-Mn(O.80%)-Si(O.2s%)-Ti(O.027O/o)
Nakanishi and Komizo")
MIG weld (source: Ito,
79
Section 4.8
C-Mn-Si- Ti-B
1200
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3
877C
Ac1
708C
800
0
0
cD
~
...::Jas
Gia.
600
400
M
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
10
1000
100
10000

4.8.1
C(O.11% )-Mn(O.960/0)-Si(O.220/0)-Ti(O.029 )-B(O.0026

Ito, Nakanishi and Komizo")
%
MIG weld (source:
81
82
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
800
0
0
cD
'::l
...
as
'Q)
a.
E
{Eo
600
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1
1
10000
100
1000
10
4.8.2 C(O.09 )-Mn(l.lO% )-Si(O.27O/o)- Ti(O.038

%
)-B(O.0027O/o) MIG weld (source:
1200
Austenitised:
1350C
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = 88SOC
800
0
0
a>
...
...::las
600
Cii
c..
.....
400
M
200
0.1
z
Q.
>
vi
II)
CD
500
10
100
1000
10000
250
'E
CII
O!
4.8.3
CeO.1I /0 )-Mn(I.16/0 )-Si(O.29/0)- Ti(O.04310)-B(O.0034 /0) MIG weld (source:

83
84
85
Section 4.9
C-Mn-Ti
86
1,200
Austenitised:
1350C 1sec
Grain size: NA
1,000
Ac3
862C
800
0
0
..~~
0)
::l
as
600
CD
c.
E
{!
400
200
Cooling rate
eoo-soo-c
0
0.1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Time, sec
z
Q..
>
g)
0)
CD
500
250
'0
:a
0
Mn
1.43
Q,;89
4.9.1 C(O.089 )-Mn(1.43 )-Ti(O.028

Matruda and Yamamoto")
%
SA weld (source: Homma,Ohkita,
87
88
89
Section 4.10
C-Mn-V
90
1,200
r-----------------------,
1,000
800
o
400
200
AF start
PF start
FSP start
.----
0.1
10
Ferrite finish
100
1,000
10,000
z
a.
>
0
I/)
CJ)
--l++-LJ
500
:u
L)
I
I
I
,
I
250 0
III
Chemical composition
c
0.095
Mn
1.62
4.10.1 C(O.095%)-Mn(1.6%)-V(O.1%)
Graville")
-r
I
I
of the weld metal (wt%)
o
0.0099
TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and
91
92
93
References
1
A.L. CHRISTENSON,
E.C. NELSONand C.E. JACKSON,Trans. AIME., 162 (1945),
p606.
C.L.M. COTTRELL,
,. Iron Steel Inst., 174 (1953), p17.
E.F. NIPPES,W.F. SAVAGE

and R.T. ALLIO,Weld.
M. INAGAKIand H. SEKIGUCHI,
Trans. Natl. Res. Inst. Met. (Ipn), 2 (1960), p40.
F. WATKINGSON
and R.G. BAKER,Br. Weld. f., 14 (1967), p603.
A. BROWNING
and R. BOELEN,IIW Doc., IIW-1976-MTC, 1976.
H. SEKIGUCHI,
in Fundamental Research on the Welding Heat-Affected Zone of Steel,
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Books on Welding from
The Institute of Materials

B557 Metallurgical Modelling of Welding
0ystein Grong
This book gives graduate students, engineers and researchers an in-depth
insight into the field of welding metallurgy, providing a broad overview of
fundamental principles.
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of
the chemical and physical processes which take place during welding. This
text brings together all the basic components necessary to reach the goal of
faster process developments, optimisation of process and properties and the
possibility of developing new and more weldable alloys.
600pp ISBN 0 901716 37 5 85
B533 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena

H. Cerjak and K. E. Easterling (eds)
'Technically, it is the first comprehensive publication on mathematical
modelling and contains an impressive collection of papers on heat flow,
melt turbulence, solidification structures and physical metallurgy. Further,
exposition of the underlying principles is very clear, so that it covers much
of the existing basic knowledge on welding. Several papers are definitive
and the book should become a standard reference in every welding library.'
A. T. Price, Ironmaking and Steelmaking
384pp ISBN 0 90 1716 16 2 65
B594 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2

H. Cerjak (ed.), H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia (series ed.)
The second in the Institute's new Materials Modelling Series. The
proceedings of a conference held under the auspices of the International
Institute of Welding Commissions IX and IXB and the Dept. of Materials
Science and Welding, Technical University of Graz.
288pp ISBN 0 901716 63 4 65

(B0638) Zhuyao Zhang, R. A. Farrar-Atlas of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams Applicable To Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals (Matsci-Maney Materials Science (1995)

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AN ATLAS OF

THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS

Typeset, printed and bound by

terminology for low carbon low alloy weld metals

Primary ferrite (or polygonal ferrite);

transformation phases. It is therefore necessary to briefly compare these different

Table 1. Review of microstructural terminology used for low carbon low

Others15, 25, 26,33-41

True grain boundary

Ferrite with aligned

Table 2. Definition of microstructural terms used by the current

Equivalent terminology in IIW

Polygonal or equiaxed at low cooling

Primary ferrite (PF) or (PF(G

Pearlite or pearlitic carbides.

Ferrite with non-aligned

Ferrite completely surrounding either

Ferrite with non-aligned

Ferrite sideplates (FSP)

Sideplate structures growing directly

Ferrite with second phase

Acicular ferrite (AF)

Acicular ferrite (AF)

Coarse acicular ferrite

Lath ferrite (LF)

Refers to a predominantly intragranular

Ferrite with second phase

In this monograph, the terminology of most of the CCT diagrams will be

Fig. 1 Definitions of weld metal microstructural constituents used in CCT diagrams:

of CCT diagrams for low carbon low alloy weld metals

Continuous cooling dilatometry technology is by far the most commonly used

Fig. 2 The normal procedure of producing a CCT diagram for steel."

Fig. 3 Construction to determine transformation

1. In the CCT diagrams, 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1, and 4.10.1 were

In the CCT diagrams, nd = not determined. NA

4.1.1 C(O.06 )-Mn(O.7

Grain size: ASTM 5.14

Time (800-500C), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.4 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.45

Time (800-500C), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

Time (800-500C), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

.- - - _. Ferrite fin ish

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

Time (800-S000e), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.9 C(O.09 )-Mn(l.35

Grain size: approx. 100llm

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.10 C(O.05 )-Mn(0.68

Metal arc inert gas shielded (MIG) weld (source:

Grain size: approx. 100J]m

Time (800-500C), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Grain size: approx. 100pm

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )

MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Time (800-500C), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

MIG weld (source: Bannister")