Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of
Contents
To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
iii
Yes
No
4. Describe the safety procedures and additional warnings that you must follow as you perform
this investigation.
5. Are there any steps in the procedure or lab safety symbols that you do not understand? Explain.
vi
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 5
Identify Compounds
How do flame colors vary for different elements?
Materials Bunsen burner; cotton swabs (6); crystals of lithium chloride, sodium chloride,
potassium chloride, calcium chloride, strontium chloride, unknown solution
Procedure
Flame Test Results
Compound
Flame color
Lithium chloride
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Calcium chloride
Strontium chloride
Unknown
Analysis
1. Suggest a reason why each compound produced a flame of a different color, even
though they each contain chlorine.
2. Explain how an elements flame test might be related to its atomic emission spectrum.
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
Problem
Objectives
Materials
Safety Precautions
Always wear safety goggles and a lab apron.
Use care around the spectrum tube power supplies.
Spectrum tubes will get hot when used.
Pre-Lab
Read the entire CHEMLAB.
2. Explain how electrons in an elements atoms
produce an emission spectrum.
1.
3.
4.
Name
Date
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CHEMLAB
Class
Neon
Mercury
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
5
Drawings of Absorption Spectra
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Think Critically How can the single electron in a hydrogen atom produce all of the lines
found in its emission spectrum?
2.
Predict How can you predict the absorption spectrum of a solution by looking at its color?
3.
Apply How can spectra be used to identify the presence of specific elements in a substance?
4.
Error Analysis Name a potential source of error in this experiment. Choose one of the
elements you observed, and research its absorption spectrum. Compare your findings with
the results of your experiment.
Inquiry Extension
Hypothesize What would happen if you mixed more than one color of food coloring
with water and repeated the experiment? Design an experiment to test your hypothesis.
AM
2
10
10
10
6
Energy increases
12
14
3 10
8
10
16
10
18
10
12
10
20
10
22
3 10
Gamma rays
3 10
X rays
3 10
Ultraviolet
3 10
14
Electromagnetic Spectrum
10
4
Infrared
3 10
Microwaves
3 10
Date
TV, FM
Radio
3 10
10
10
10
Frequency () in hertz
3 10
Visible light
Name
Class
15
Name
Date
Class
15
1. What kinds of waves have the longest wavelength? What kinds of waves have the short-
est wavelength?
5. Sequence the different segments of the visible spectrum in order from shortest wave-
6. Sequence the following types of waves from lowest frequency to highest frequency:
ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, gamma rays, radio waves, and green light.
7. Compare the wavelengths and frequencies of each kind of wave. What is the relationship
8. What is the wavelength of a radio station emitting its signal at 95.5 MHz? Estimate your
Name
Date
Class
16
Atomic Orbitals
z
z
x
x
y
1s orbital
x
y
px
py
pz
p orbitals
z
z
z
y
dxy
dxz
dyz
x
y
dx 2y 2
dz2
d orbitals
2s orbital
Name
Date
Class
16
Atomic Orbitals
2. What is the relationship between the size of an s orbital and the principal energy level in
which it is found?
3. What is the shape of a p orbital? How many p orbitals are there in a sublevel?
6. How many d orbitals are there in a given sublevel? How many total electrons can the
9. How likely is it that an electron occupying a p or a d orbital would be found very near an
Name
Date
Class
17
1s
2p
2s
3s
Increasing Energy
Orbital filling sequence
10
2s
1s
2p
3s
4s
3p
4s
4p
3d
5s
4p
3p
3d
4d
5p
5d
6s
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d 5s
6p
7s
6p
6d
7p
5f
7s
7p
6d
4f
5f
Name
Date
Class
17
6. According to the aufbau principle, which orbital should fill first, a 4s or a 3d orbital?
9. Sequence the following orbitals in the order that they should fill up according to the
aufbau principle: 4d, 4p, 4f, 5s, 6s, 5p, 3d, 4s.
11
Name
Date
Class
Interpreting Waves
amplitude
amplitude
12
Name
Date
Class
Interpreting Waves
1. Look at the two waves shown. What is the speed of each wave?
2. Look at the two waves shown. Which wave has a higher frequency? Which wave has a
longer wavelength?
3. Assume that wave A has a wavelength of 699 nm. Calculate the frequency of the wave.
4. Assume that wave B has a wavelength of 415 nm. Calculate the frequency of the wave.
5. Compare your calculations in question 4 with your answer to question 3. Do your calcu-
6. If wave A has a frequency of 4.60 1014 s1, what is its wavelength in nanometers?
13
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Electrons in Atoms
Section 5.1
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
amplitude
energy
frequency
hertz
light
wave
wavelength
speed
(2)
is one type of
electromagnetic radiation. Other examples include X rays, radio waves, and microwaves.
All waves can be characterized by their wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and
. The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave is
(4)
. (7)
is the number of
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
waves that pass a given point in one second. The SI unit for frequency is the
, which is equivalent to one wave per second.
(8)
Origin
the wave?
14
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
12. A(n)
a. valence electron
b. electron
c. quantum
d. Plancks constant
13. According to Plancks theory, for a given frequency, , matter can emit or absorb energy
only in
a. units of hertz.
c. entire wavelengths.
1
1
2
4
14. The
is the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metals surface
when light of a certain frequency shines on it.
b. whole-number multiples of h.
a. quantum
c. photon effect
b. Planck concept
d. photoelectric effect
15. Which equation would you use to calculate the energy of a photon?
1
2
c. Ephoton h
b. Ephoton h
d. c
range of colors.
17. Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
18. A flame test can be used to identify the presence of certain elements in
a compound.
19. The fact that only certain colors appear in an elements atomic emission
being emitted.
Study Guide
15
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 5.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
electron
frequencies
higher
energy levels
lower
ground state
of the lines in
6. According to Bohrs atomic model, the hydrogen atom emits a photon corresponding to
of elements
your answer.
16
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
Column B
a. Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
as waves
11. States that it is impossible to know both the velocity
of the atom
d. atomic orbital
In the space at the left, write the term in parentheses that correctly completes the
statement.
15. Atomic orbitals (do, do not) have an exactly defined size.
16. Each orbital may contain at most (two, four) electrons.
17. All s orbitals are (spherically shaped, dumbbell shaped).
18. A principal energy has (n, n2) energy sublevels.
19. The maximum number of (electrons, orbitals) related to each
2p) orbitals.
22. Hydrogens principal energy level 3 consists of (nine, three)
orbitals.
Study Guide
17
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 5.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Electron Configuration
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
Aufbau principle
electron configuration
Hunds rule
lowest
spins
stable
(1)
atoms (4)
Three rules define how electrons can be arranged in an atoms orbitals. The
states that each electron occupies the lowest energy
(5)
electrons may occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite
states that single
electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional
electrons with opposite spins occupy the same orbitals.
Atomic Number
Orbitals
1s
2s
2px
Electron Configuration
2py
2pz
1s2
9. Helium
10.
11. Neon
18
)( )( )( )( )(
Study Guide
. (8)
(7)
Name
CHAPTER
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
13. What is noble-gas notation, and why is it used to write electron configurations?
14. Write the ground-state electron configuration of a germanium atom, using noble-gas
notation.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
15. The electrons in an atoms outermost orbitals are called
a. electron dots.
b. quantum electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. noble-gas electrons.
is [Ne]3s23p5?
a. 3
b. 21
c. 5
d. 7
18. Given borons electron configuration of [He]2s22p1, which of the following represents its
electron-dot structure?
a. Be
b. B
c. B
d. Be
19. Given berylliums electron configuration of 1s22s2, which of the following represents its
electron-dot structure?
a. Be
b. B
c. B
d. Be
c. only s electrons
b. inner-level electrons
d. both a and c
Study Guide
19
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 5
Assessment
Select the best answer from the choices given, and fill in the corresponding circle.
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
Short Answer
12.
13.
14.
SAT Subject Test: Chemistry
17.
16.
18.
19.
15.
26
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
40
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
27
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 6
Organize Elements
Can you find the pattern?
Materials Index cards, pencil
Procedure
1. Read and complete the lab safety form.
2. Make a set of element cards based on the
information in the chart at right.
3. Organize the cards by increasing mass, and
start placing them into a 4 3 grid.
4. Place each card based on its properties, and
leave gaps when necessary.
Symbol
Mass (g)
State
Color
Ad
52.9
solid/liquid
orange
Ax
108.7
ductile solid
light blue
Bp
69.3
gas
red
Cx
112.0
brittle solid
light green
Lq
98.7
ductile solid
blue
Pd
83.4
brittle solid
green
Qa
68.2
ductile solid
dark blue
Rx
106.9
liquid
yellow
Tu
64.1
brittle solid
hunter
Xn
45.0
gas
crimson
Analysis
3. Describe the period and group trends for the mass in your new table. Explain your placement of
any elements that do not fit the trends.
4. Predict the placement of a newly found element, Ph, that is a fuchsia gas. What would be an
expected range for the mass of Ph?
5. Predict the properties for the element that would fill the last remaining gap in the table.
28
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Class
Problem
Objectives
Materials
Observe properties of
various elements.
Classify elements as
metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids.
Examine general trends
within the periodic table.
stoppered test
tubes containing
small samples of
elements
plastic dishes containing samples
of elements
conductivity
apparatus
1.0M HCl
test tubes (6)
test-tube rack
10-mL graduated
cylinder
spatula
small hammer
glass marking
pencil
Safety Precautions
Pre-Lab
Read the entire CHEMLAB.
2. Use the data table on the next page to record the
observations you make during the lab.
3. Examine the periodic table. What is the physical
state of most metals? Nonmetals? Metalloids?
1.
4.
29
Name
Date
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Observation of Elements
Classification
Properties
Metals
malleable
good conductor of electricity
lustrous
silver or white in color
many react with acids
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Interpret Data Using the table above and your observations, list the element samples that display the
general characteristics of metals.
2.
Interpret Data Using the table above and your observations, list the element samples that display the
general characteristics of nonmetals.
3.
Interpret Data Using the table above and your observations, list the element samples that display the
general characteristics of metalloids.
30
CHEMLAB
Class
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
4.
Model Construct a periodic table, and label the representative elements by group (1 through 17).
Using your results and the periodic table presented in this chapter, record the identities of elements
observed during the lab in the periodic table you have constructed.
5.
Infer Describe any trends among the elements you observed in the lab.
Inquiry Extension
Investigate Were there any element samples that did not fit into one of the three categories?
What additional investigations could you conduct to learn even more about these elements characteristics?
31
32
8
10
Cobalt
11
12
38
Sr
37
Rb
40
Zirconium
26
(266)
Sg
106
Seaborgium
(264)
Bh
107
Bohrium
Zinc
94
U
238.029
231.036
232.038
(244)
(243)
Am
95
Americium
(247)
Cm
96
Curium
157.25
Gd
64
Gadolinium
(247)
Bk
97
Berkelium
158.925
Tb
65
Terbium
51
Sb
121.757
Sn
118.710
(284)
99
98
(251)
(252)
Es
Einsteinium
Californium
Cf
164.930
Ho
67
162.50
Dy
66
Dysprosium
Holmium
* Uut
(285)
Ununtrium
113
Ununbium
* Uub
204.383
200.59
81
Thallium
114.82
In
208.980
Bi
83
Bismuth
(257)
Fm
100
Fermium
167.259
Er
68
Erbium
(289)
* Uuq
(258)
Md
101
Mendelevium
168.934
Tm
69
Thulium
(288)
* Uup
Ununquadium Ununpentium
114
115
207.2
Pb
82
Lead
Antimony
50
49
Indium
Tin
33
As
74.922
32
Ge
72.61
31
Ga
Tl
112
30.974
Arsenic
69.723
Hg
80
Mercury
112.411
Cd
48
Cadmium
28.086
Germanium
(259)
No
102
Nobelium
173.04
Yb
70
Ytterbium
(291)
* Uuh
116
Ununhexium
208.982
Po
84
Polonium
127.60
Te
52
Tellurium
78.96
Se
34
Selenium
32.066
16
(262)
Lr
103
Lawrencium
174.967
Lu
71
Lutetium
209.987
At
85
Astatine
126.904
53
Iodine
79.904
Br
35
Bromine
35.453
Cl
17
Chlorine
18.998
Fluorine
17
(294)
* Uuo
Ununoctium
118
222.018
Rn
86
Radon
131.290
Xe
54
Xenon
83.80
Kr
36
Krypton
39.948
Ar
18
Argon
20.180
Ne
10
Neon
4.003
He
Helium
(237)
Pu
Plutonium
93
92
Np
Neptunium
Uranium
91
Pa
90
Protactinium
Eu
151.965
Sm
150.36
63
Europium
62
Samarium
(272)
Rg
Ds
(281)
Mt
(268)
Hs
30
Zn
65.39
26.982
Gallium
15
Sulfur
15.999
Oxygen
16
Th
Thorium
Pt
(277)
108
(145)
Pm
Nd
144.242
Pr
140.908
61
Promethium
60
Ce
59
Praseodymium Neodymium
140.115
58
Cerium
79
Au
78
196.967
Gold
195.08
107.868
106.42
Ag
47
Silver
Platinum
Pd
46
Palladium
192.217
Ir
77
Iridium
102.906
Rh
45
Rhodium
63.546
Cu
29
Ni
28
58.693
Hassium
190.23
Os
76
27
Co
58.933
Copper
Nickel
Si
14
Phosphorus
14.007
Nitrogen
15
18
Date
Actinide series
Lanthanide series
Re
186.207
W
183.84
75
74
Osmium
101.07
(98)
Rhenium
Ru
Tc
95.94
44
Ruthenium
43
Technetium
Tungsten
Mo
42
Molybdenum
The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope
for that element.
Db
(262)
Rf
(261)
Ac
Ra
(226)
Fr
(223)
(227)
105
104
Dubnium
Rutherfordium
89
87
Actinium
180.948
Ta
73
Tantalum
92.906
Nb
41
Niobium
55.847
Fe
25
54.938
Mn
24
Cr
V
51.996
23
50.942
Iron
Manganese
Chromium
Vanadium
88
Radium
Francium
Hf
178.49
La
138.905
Ba
137.327
72
Cs
57
56
55
Hafnium
132.905
88.906
Lanthanum
87.62
Barium
85.468
Cesium
91.224
39
Strontium
Rubidium
22
Ti
47.867
Zr
Yttrium
Ca
Titanium
21
Sc
44.956
20
40.078
19
39.098
Scandium
24.305
Calcium
22.990
Potassium
Al
Mg
Na
13
12
11
Silicon
12.011
10.811
Aluminum
9.012
Magnesium
6.941
Sodium
Carbon
14
Boron
Recently
observed
13
Synthetic
Nonmetal
Metalloid
Solid
Liquid
Be
1.008
State of
matter
Beryllium
Atomic mass
Hydrogen
Li
Symbol
Element
Atomic number
Metal
Gas
Lithium
1.008
Hydrogen
Name
Class
18
Name
Date
Class
18
33
34
57
La
38
Sr
56
Ba
Rb
Cs
Fr
87
55
37
104
Rf
72
Hf
40
Zr
22
Ti
91
Pa
90
Th
60
92
Nd
59
Pr
58
Ce
75
Re
43
Tc
25
Mn
107
Bh
74
W
42
Mo
24
Cr
106
Sg
105
Db
73
Ta
41
Nb
23
V
Np
93
Pm
61
108
Hs
76
Os
44
Ru
26
Fe
d block
Pu
94
Sm
62
109
Mt
77
Ir
45
Rh
27
Co
Am
95
Eu
63
110
Uun
78
Pt
46
Pd
28
Ni
112
Uub
80
Hg
48
Cd
30
Zn
Cm
96
Gd
64
Bk
97
Tb
65
f block
111
Uuu
79
Au
47
Ag
29
Cu
Cf
98
Dy
66
81
Tl
49
In
31
Ga
13
Al
5
B
p1
Es
99
Ho
67
82
Pb
50
Sn
32
Ge
14
Si
6
C
p2
Fm
100
Er
68
83
Bi
51
Sb
33
As
15
P
7
N
Md
101
Tm
69
84
Po
52
Te
34
Se
16
S
8
O
p block
p3
p4
No
102
Yb
70
85
At
53
I
35
Br
17
Cl
9
F
p5
103
Lr
71
Lu
86
Rn
54
Xe
36
Kr
18
Ar
10
Ne
p6
2
He
Date
89
Ac
39
Y
20
Ca
19
88
Ra
21
Sc
12
Mg
11
Na
4
Be
s2
3
Li
1
H
s block
s1
s2
Name
Class
19
Name
Date
Class
19
13. What is the ending of the electron configuration of each element in group 3?
14. What is the electron configuration of titanium?
15. In what period does the first f-energy sublevel appear?
16. Determine the group, period, and block for the element having the electron configuration
[Xe]4f145d106s26p3.
a. group
b. period
c. block
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 6
35
Name
Date
Class
20
Chemical symbol
Charge
Li 76
Be 31
1
2
3
4
Na 102
Mg 72
Al 54
Si
1
2
3
4
Ca 100
Ga 62
1
2
3
Rb 152
Sr 118
13
Relative size
1
14
20
Ionic radius
138
15
16
17
N 146
O 140
F 133
3
2
1
P 212
S 184
Cl 181
3
2
1
Ge 53
As 222
Se 198
Br 195
4
3
2
1
Sn 71
Sb 62
Te 221
4
5
2
Pb 84
Bi
4
5
15
41
138
n
Transition
metals
1
2
Cs 167
Ba 135
Tl
1
2
3
81
3
95
220
1
74
36
Period
Name
Date
Class
20
1. Which groups and periods of elements are shown in the table of atomic radii?
2. In what unit is atomic radius measured? Express this unit in scientific notation.
3. What are the values of the smallest and largest atomic radii shown? What elements have
4. What happens to atomic radii within a period as the atomic number increases?
5. Cite any exceptions to the generalization you stated in your answer to question 4.
7. What happens to atomic radii within a group as the atomic number increases?
8. Cite any exceptions to the generalization you stated in your answer to question 7.
10. In the table of ionic radii, how is the charge of the ions of elements in groups 1 and 2
37
Name
Date
Class
21
2500
Period 4
Period 5
He
Ne
2000
Ar
1500
Kr
H
Xe
1000
500
Li
Na
Rb
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Atomic number
Element
Valence
electrons
Li
520
7300
Be
900
1760
14,850
800
2430
3660
25,020
1090
2350
4620
6220
37,830
1400
2860
4580
7480
9440
53,270
1310
3390
5300
7470
10,980
13,330
71,330
1680
3370
6050
8410
11,020
15,160
17,870
92,040
Ne
2080
3950
6120
9370
12,180
15,240
20,000
23,070 115,380
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
38
Name
Date
Class
21
2. Which element has the smallest first ionization energy? The largest? What are their values?
3. What generally happens to the first ionization energy of the elements within a period as
4. What accounts for the general trend in the first ionization energy of the elements within a period?
6. Based on the graph, rank the group 2 elements in periods 15 in decreasing order of first
ionization energy.
7. How is a jump in ionization energy related to the valence electrons of the element?
8. What generally happens to the first ionization energy of the elements within a group as
9. What accounts for the general trend in the first ionization energy of the elements within a group?
39
Name
Date
6
Use with Chapter 6,
Section 6.2
Class
40
Name
Date
Class
e. O
b. K
f. Cl
c. B
g. P
d. Mg
h. Si
2. Identify the energy level of the valence electrons in each of the following elements.
a. Br
b. N
c. Ra
d. H
e. Ar
f. I
3. Use the periodic table to write the electron configurations (using noble gas notation) for
configurations.
a. 1s2
b. [Ne]3s23p1
c. [Ar]4s1
d. [Kr]5s24d1
e. [Xe]6s24f145d106p4
Math Skills Transparency Worksheets
41
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
In your textbook, reads about the history of the periodic tables development.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
octaves
atomic mass
atomic number
nine
elements
properties
Henry Moseley
eight
protons
periodic law
Dmitri Mendeleev
accepted
The table below was developed by John Newlands and is based on a relationship called
the law of (1)
element (3)
for all the known elements and was not generally (4)
1
Li
Bo
10
11
12
13
14
Na
Mg
Al
Si
. One important
result of this table was that the existence and properties of undiscovered
could be predicted.
(7)
The element in the modern periodic table are arranged according to increasing
(8)
. This
in the nucleus of an atom of
the element. The modern form of the periodic table results in the
(11)
increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical
(12)
42
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Use the information in the box on the left taken from the periodic table to complete the
table on the right.
7
Atomic Mass
13.
Atomic Number
14.
Electron Configuration
15.
Chemical Name
16.
Chemical Symbol
17.
Nitrogen
14.007
[He]2s22p3
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
Column B
a. metals
b. group
c. period
d. representative elements
e. transition elements
In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.
23. There are two main classifications of elements.
24. More than three-fourths of the elements in the periodic table are
nonmetals.
25. Group 1 elements (except for hydrogen) are known as the alkali
metals.
26. Group 13 elements are the alkaline earth metals.
27. Group 17 elements are highly reactive nonmetals known as
halogens.
28. Group 18 elements are very unreactive elements known as
transition metals.
29. Metalloids have properties of both metals and inner transition
metals.
Study Guide
43
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 6.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Use the periodic table on pages 178179 in your textbook to match each element in
Column A with the element in Column B that has the most similar chemical properties.
Column A
Column B
1. arsenic (As)
a. boron (B)
2. bromine (Br)
b. cesium (Cs)
3. cadmium (Cd)
c. chromium (Cr)
4. gallium (Ga)
d. cobalt (Co)
5. germanium (Ge)
e. hafnium (Hf)
6. iridium (Ir)
f.
7. magnesium (Mg)
g. iron (Fe)
8. neon (Ne)
h. nitrogen (N)
9. nickel (Ni)
i.
platinum (Pt)
j.
scandium (Sc)
k. silicon (Si)
l.
m. sulfur (S)
n. zinc (Z)
o. xenon (Xe)
iodine (I)
strontium (Sr)
17. How is the energy level of an elements valence electrons related to its period on the
44
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Use the periodic table on pages 178179 in your textbook and the periodic table below to
answer the following questions.
s2
2
He
s block
s1
1
H
s2
p1
p2
p block
p3
p4
p5
p6
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
11
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
19
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
56
Ba
57
La
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
88
Ra
Ac
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Uun
111
Uuv
112
Uub
71
Lu
K
37
Rb
55
Cs
87
Fr
d block
89
f block
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
103
Lr
26. What is the electron configuration of the element in period 3, group 16?
Study Guide
45
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 6.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Periodic Trends
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Atomic radii cannot be measured directly because the electron cloud surrounding the
b. mass.
c. outer edge.
d. probability.
2. Which diagram best represents the group and period trends in atomic radii in the periodic
table?
c.
Generally increase
d.
Generally decrease
3. The general trend in the radius of an atom moving down a group is partially accounted
for by the
a. decrease in the mass of the nucleus.
4. A(n)
charge.
a. halogen
b. ion
c. isotope
d. molecule
c. losing an electron.
d. losing a neutron.
b. gaining a proton.
6. Which diagram best represents the relationship between the diameter of a sodium atom
b.
Na
46
Na
c.
Na
Na
Na
Na
Study Guide
Generally
decrease
Generally
decrease
b.
Generally decrease
Generally
increase
Generally increase
Generally
increase
a.
Name
CHAPTER
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
8. Explain why an atom with a high ionization-energy value is not likely to form a positive
ion.
10. What is the group trend in the first ionization energies? Why?
Study Guide
47
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 6
Assessment
Select the best answer from the choices given, and fill in the corresponding circle.
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
Short Answer
Extended Response
15.
54
14.
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
55
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 7
Observe Properties
How do the properties of steel change when it is subjected to different types of
heat treatment? For many centuries, people have treated metals with heat to change
their properties. The final properties of the metal depend on the temperature to which the
metal is heated and the rate at which it cools.
Materials laboratory burner, forceps (2), hairpins (3), 250-mL beaker, cold water
Analysis
1. Analyze your results, and identify the two types of steel that appear to have their properties combined in tempered steel.
3. State a use for spring steel that takes advantage of its unique properties.
4. Infer the advantages and disadvantages of using softened steel for body panels on automobiles.
5. Apply What is the major disadvantage of hardened steel? Do you think hardened steel would be
wear-resistant and retain a sharpened edge? Explain your reasoning.
56
Procedure
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Class
Problem
Objectives
Materials
Observe evidence of a
chemical reaction.
Acquire and analyze
information that will
enable you to decide if a
compound has an ionic
bond.
Classify the products as
ionic or not ionic.
magnesium ribbon
(25 cm)
crucible
ring stand and ring
clay triangle
Bunsen burner
stirring rod
crucible tongs
centigram balance
100-mL beaker
distilled water
conductivity tester
Safety Precautions
Always wear safety glasses and a lab apron.
Do not look directly at the burning magnesium. The intensity of the
light can damage your eyes.
Avoid handling heated materials until they have cooled.
Pre-Lab
1.
magnesium ion.
3.
57
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
4.
6.
Class
4. Measure
Mass Data
Material(s)
Mass (g)
Procedure
Read and complete the lab safety form.
2. Record all measurements in your data table.
3. Position the ring on the ring stand about 7 cm
above the top of the Bunsen burner. Place the
clay triangle on the ring.
1.
Analyze Data Calculate the mass of the ribbon and the product. Record these masses in your table.
2.
Classify the forms of energy released. What can you conclude about the stability of products?
58
Empty crucible
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
3.
4.
Predict the ionic formulas for the two binary products formed, and write their names.
5.
Analyze and Conclude The product of the magnesium-oxygen reaction is white, whereas the product of
the magnesium-nitrogen reaction is yellow. Which compound makes up most of the product?
6.
Analyze and Conclude Did the magnesium compounds conduct a current when in solution? Do these
results verify that the compounds are ionic?
7.
Error Analysis If the results show that the magnesium lost mass instead of gaining mass, cite possible
sources of the error.
Inquiry Extension
Design an Experiment If the magnesium compounds conduct a current in solution, can you affect
how well they conduct electricity? If they did not conduct a current, could they? Design an experiment to
find out.
59
60
O ion (O2)
Energy
8 protons (8)
10 electrons (10)
Formation of Ions
8 protons (8 )
Ca ion (Ca2)
20 protons (20)
2e
Two
electrons
18 electrons (18)
Date
O atom
1s2 2s2 2p4
2e
Two
electrons
8 electrons (8)
Ca atom
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Energy
20 protons (20)
20 electrons (20)
Name
Class
22
Name
Date
Class
22
Formation of Ions
2. Are the elements shown on the left sides of the two equations neutral? How can you tell?
3. What is the name for the energy needed to remove electrons from an atom, such as the
Ca atom shown?
4. What kind of charge does the Ca atom take on as a result of the reaction? What is the
5. What kind of charge does the O atom take on as a result of the reaction? What is the
6. Is the outer electron configuration of the Ca atom before the reaction a very stable one?
7. Is the outer electron configuration of the O atom before the reaction a very stable one?
8. Is the outer electron configuration of the Ca ion after the reaction a very stable one? How
9. Is the outer electron configuration of the O ion after the reaction a very stable one? How
10. What is the electron configuration of the Ca ion? What neutral atom has the same config-
11. What is the electron configuration of the O ion? What neutral atom has the same config-
61
Name
Date
Class
23
Ionic Bonds
62
P
+
Mg
Teaching Transparency Masters
Mg
e
Cl
Mg
e
Cl
+
Mg
2
Cl
Cl
Name
Date
Class
23
Ionic Bonds
1. How many valence electrons does a neutral magnesium (Mg) atom have?
2. What is the charge on a magnesium ion? What does magnesium have to do to form such
3. How many valence electrons does a single neutral chlorine (Cl) atom have?
4. What is the charge on a chloride ion? What does chlorine have to do to form such an ion,
5. How many magnesium atoms and how many chlorine atoms react to form one formula
6. What kind of compound is magnesium chloride? What happens to electrons during the
formation of the compound? What holds the atoms together in the compound?
7. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed by magnesium and sulfur (S) atoms?
8. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed by magnesium and phosphorus (P)
atoms? Explain why, in terms of electron transfer, stability, and overall charge.
63
Date
Class
3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p
3s 3p 3s 3p
Periodic
Table
Row 3
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
24
Name
64
Name
Date
Class
24
1. How many valence electrons are there in an atom of sodium (Na)? What would a sodium
atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
2. How many valence electrons are there in an atom of phosphorus (P)? What would a phos-
phorus atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
3. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when sodium reacts
with phosphorus? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
4. How many valence electrons are in an atom of sulfur (S)? What would a sulfur atom tend
5. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when sodium reacts
with sulfur? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
6. How many valence electrons are in an atom of aluminum (Al)? What would an alu-
minum atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
7. How many valence electrons are in an atom of chlorine (Cl)? What would a chlorine
atom tend to do in bonding with another atom to form an ionic compound? Why?
8. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when aluminum
reacts with chlorine? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
9. What would be the formula and name of the ionic compound formed when aluminum
reacts with sulfur? What are the oxidation numbers of each of the ions present?
65
66
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
Date
Metallic Bonding
Name
Class
25
Name
Date
Class
25
Metallic Bonding
2. Do the separate electrons that are shown belong exclusively to a single atom? What word
3. Are the electrons shown the only ones actually present? Explain.
5. How does the number of separate electrons shown for the group 1 metal atoms compare
6. How does the number of separate electrons shown for the group 2 metal atoms compare
10. Do metals tend to be brittle, or are they malleable and ductile? How does the model of
67
Name
Date
Class
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
12
Mg
11
Na
13
Al
10
Ne
8
O
4
Be
3
Li
Groups
1
2
5
B
13
6
C
14
7
N
Groups
15 16
9
F
17
18
Periods
68
Name
Date
Class
3. Write a simple word equation that shows how you can figure out the charge of an ion,
4. What is the electron configuration of each of the following, given its position in the
periodic table? In each case, also tell what charge the atom is likely to take on if it bonds,
and explain why. Write the electron configuration of the ion that is formed.
a. beryllium (Be)
b. fluorine (F)
c. argon (Ar)
d. sulfur (S)
e. sodium (Na)
f. nitrogen (N)
69
Name
Date
Class
Ion
Name
NH4
ammonium
IO4
periodate
NO2
nitrite
C2H3O2
acetate
NO3
nitrate
H2PO4
dihydrogen phosphate
HSO4
hydrogen sulfate
CO32
carbonate
OH
hydroxide
SO32
sulfite
CN
cyanide
SO42
sulfate
MnO4
permanganate
S2O32
thiosulfate
HCO3
hydrogen carbonate
O22
peroxide
ClO
hypochlorite
CrO42
chromate
ClO2
chlorite
Cr2O72
dichromate
ClO3
chlorate
HPO42
hydrogen phosphate
ClO4
perchlorate
PO43
phosphate
BrO3
bromate
AsO43
arsenate
IO3
iodate
70
Ion
Name
Date
Class
1. Write a simple word equation that illustrates what must be true of total positive charge
2. How many potassium ions (group 1) would be related to balance the charge of each of
a compound?
a. one Fe3 ion
b. one lithium ion (group 1)
c. one barium ion (group 2)
4. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed by each of the following in
combination? Demonstrate that each result is correct by figuring out total positive
charge and total negative charge.
a. ammonium ions and sulfate ions
71
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Ion Formation
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
chemical bond
electrons
energy level
ions
nucleus
octet
noble gases
valence
The force that holds two atoms together is called a(n) (1)
Such an attachment may form by the attraction of the positively charged
(2)
(3)
(5)
. The (7)
(6)
have very little tendency to react. Most of these elements have a set of eight outermost
. The relatively stable electron
structures developed by loss of electrons in certain elements of groups 3, 4, 13, and 14 are
called (9)
1 charge.
12. Elements tend to react so that they acquire the electron structure of a
halogen.
13. A sodium atom tends to lose one electron when it reacts.
14. The electron structure of a zinc ion (Zn2) is an example of a pseudo-
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 7.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
In your textbook, read about forming ionic bonds and the characteristics of
ionic compounds.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. An ionic bond is
a. attraction of an atom for its electrons.
b. attraction of atoms for electrons they share.
c. a force that holds together atoms that are oppositely charged.
d. the movement of electrons from one atom to another.
2. The formula unit of an ionic compound shows the
a. total number of each kind of ion in a sample.
b. simplest ratio of the ions.
c. numbers of atoms within each molecule.
d. number of nearest neighboring ions surrounding each kind of ion.
3. The overall charge of a formula unit for an ionic compound
a. is always zero.
c. is always positive.
b. is always negative.
4. How many chloride (Cl) ions are present in a formula unit of magnesium chloride,
b. one
c. two
d. four
b. nonmetals.
d. noble gases.
c. nonmetals.
d. ionic compounds.
b. sea of electrons.
c. formula unit.
d. electrolyte.
Study Guide
73
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
c. is always endothermic.
11. In electron transfer involving a metallic atom and a nonmetallic atom during ion forma-
Low
High
Low
High
14. Hardness
Hard
Soft
15. Brittleness
Flexible
Brittle
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Underline the word that correctly describes each property in ionic compounds.
points.
20. The lattice energy is the energy required to separate the ions of an ionic
compound.
21. The energy of an ionic compound is higher than that of the separate
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 7.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
In your textbook, read about communicating what is in a compound and naming ions
and ionic compounds.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
anion
-ate
cation
electrons
zero
lower right
monatomic
one
oxidation number
-ite
oxyanion
polyatomic
subscript
transferred to or from the atom to form the ion. In ionic compounds, the sum of the charges of
all the ions equals (4)
(5)
contain different numbers of oxygen atoms, the name for the ion with more oxygen atoms ends
with the suffix (7)
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
In the chemical formula for any ionic compound, the chemical symbol for the
is written first, followed by the chemical symbol for the
(9)
. A(n) (11)
(10)
represent the number of ions of a given element in a chemical formula. Such numbers are
written to the (12)
For each formula in Column A, write the letter of the matching name in Column B.
Column A
Column B
14. ClO2
a. chlorate
15. ClO4
b. hypochlorite
16. ClO
c. chloride
17. Cl
d. perchlorate
18. ClO3
e. chlorite
Study Guide
75
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
31. (NH4)2CO3
32. NaBrO3
33. Fe2O3
34. Fe(IO3)2
For each of the following ionic compounds, write the correct formula for the compound.
You may refer to the periodic table on pages 156157 and Table 8.7 for help.
35. beryllium nitride
36. nickel(II) chloride
37. potassium chlorite
38. copper(I) oxide
39. magnesium sulfite
40. ammonium sulfide
41. calcium iodate
42. iron(III) perchlorate
43. sodium nitride
76
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Section 7.4
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
4. Are the metal atoms that are shown cations or anions? How can you tell?
5. How do the metallic ions differ from the ions that exist in ionic solids?
For each property, write yes if the property is characteristic of most metals, or no if it is
not. If the property is a characteristic of metals, explain how metallic bonding accounts
for the property.
7. Malleable
8. Brittle
9. Lustrous
10. High melting point
11. Low boiling point
12. Ductile
77
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 7
Assessment
Select the best answer from the choices given, and fill in the corresponding circle.
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
Short Answer
14.
17.
19.
16.
18.
20.
84
13.
Table of
Contents
Reproducible Pages
90
96
85
Name
Date
Class
mini LAB 8
Materials permanent marker, disposable 9-inch aluminum pie pan, hot plate, sugar
crystals, salt crystals, paraffin
Analysis
1. State Which solid melted first? Which solid did not melt?
2. Apply Based on your observations and data, describe the melting point of each solid
as low, medium, high, or very high.
3. Infer Which compounds are bonded with ionic bonds? Which are bonded with covalent bonds?
4. Summarize how the type of bonding affects the melting points of compounds.
86
Procedure
Name
CHEMLAB
Date
Class
ovalent bonding occurs when atoms share valence electrons. In the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
theory, the way in which valence electrons of bonding atoms
are positioned, is the basis for predicting a molecules shape.
This method of visualizing shape is also based on the molecules Lewis structure.
Problem
Objectives
Materials
molecular-model kit
Pre-Lab
do you need to determine whether or not a molecule is polar?
1.
4.
3.
87
Name
Date
CHEMLAB
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Class
1.
Think Critically Based on the molecular models you built and observed in this lab, rank
single, double, and triple bonds in order of increasing flexibility and increasing strength.
2.
Observe and Infer Explain why H2O and CO2 molecules have different shapes.
3.
Analyze and Conclude One of the molecules from this lab undergoes resonance. Identify the molecule
that has three resonance structures, draw the structures, and explain why resonance occurs.
88
Name
CHEMLAB
4.
Date
Class
Recognize Cause and Effect Use the electronegativity difference to determine the
polarity of the molecules in Steps 9-11. Based on their calculated bond polarities and the
models constructed in this lab, determine the molecular polarity of each structure.
Inquiry Extension
Model Use a molecular model kit to build the two resonance structures of ozone (O3).
Then, use Lewis structures to explain how you can convert between the two resonance
structures by interchanging a lone pair for a covalent bond.
89
90
SiO2
N2H4
Formula
Step
5
Step
6
O Si O
Unnecessary
(octets
H N N H H N N H complete)
H H
H H
Step
4
Date
Lewis Structures
O Si O
Step Step
2
3
H N N H 14
HH
Step
1
Name
Class
26
Name
Date
Class
26
Lewis Structures
1. Step 1 in drawing the Lewis structure for a molecule is to decide which atoms of the
molecule are most likely the terminal ones. In the transparency, why are the hydrogen
(H) atoms in hydrazine (N2H4) shown as the terminal atoms?
2. Step 2 in drawing a Lewis structure involves determining the total number of valence
electrons in the atoms in the molecule. Explain why the total number of valence electrons
in N2H4 is 14.
3. Step 3 in drawing a Lewis structure requires finding the number of bonding pairs. What
must be done to the result of step 2 to find the number of bonding pairs? Verify that this
is so in the case of N2H4 in the transparency.
4. In step 4 in the transparency, one bonding pair has been placed between each pair of
bonded atoms in N2H4. How many such bonding pairs are shown in step 4, and what
symbol is used to represent them?
5. Step 5 requires subtraction of the number of bonding pairs used in step 4 from the
number of bonding pairs determined in step 3. Verify that the result is 2 for N2H4. Lone
pairs are then placed around each terminal atom to achieve a full outer level, and any
remaining pairs are assigned to the central atom(s). Explain the drawing that has resulted
for N2H4.
6. In step 6, if any central atom drawn in step 5 does not have an octet, lone pairs from the
terminal atoms must be converted to double or triple bonds involving the central atom.
Why was this extra step unnecessary in the case of N2H4?
7. What number should be placed in the blank for step 2 for the silicon dioxide (SiO2) molecule?
8. What number should be placed in the blank for step 3 for SiO2?
91
Name
Date
Class
27
H
Teaching Transparency Masters
H
H
H
B
H
H
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 8
H
H
H N H
H
H
H C H
H
H
B
92
O H
H
F H
Name
Date
Class
27
1. The shapes of the molecules shown have been determined by means of the VSEPR
2. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the boron (B)
4. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the carbon (C)
atom in the methane (CH4) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
5. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the nitrogen (N)
atom in the ammonia (NH3) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
6. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the oxygen (O)
atom in the water (H2O) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
7. How many lone pairs and how many shared pairs of electrons surround the fluorine (F)
atom in the hydrogen fluoride (HF) molecule shown? What is the shape of the molecule?
93
94
Be
1.57
B
2.04
C
2.55
N
3.04
O
3.44
Date
At
2.2
I
2.66
Br
2.96
Cl
3.16
F
3.98
Li
Period
0.98
2
Group Group
1
2
Electronegativities
Name
Class
28
Name
Date
Class
28
1. What is electronegativity?
2. The electronegativities of the elements of period 2 and of group 17 of the periodic table are
shown. What trends in electronegativity do you see across the period? Down the group?
what is true of the bond between them? Toward which of the atoms are the shared
electrons more attracted?
4. What kind of bond exists between a carbon (C) atom and a chlorine (Cl) atom? (Assume
5. Given your answer to question 4 and your knowledge of molecular shapes, is a carbon
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What kind of bond exists between a nitrogen (N) atom and a fluorine (F) atom? Is a
7. What kind of bond exists between a beryllium (Be) atom and a bromine (Br) atom? Is a
8. What kind of bond exists between a beryllium (Be) atom and a fluorine (F) atom?
9. What kind of bond exists between a boron (B) atom and an iodine (I) atom? Is a boron
95
96
(a)
(c)
N
O
6
7
8
9
10
(d)
Si
hexaheptaoctanonadeca-
Prefix
(e)
O
F
(b)
Number
of Atoms
Date
monoditritetrapenta-
1
2
3
4
5
Prefix
Number
of Atoms
Name
Class
Name
Date
Class
1. The table shows the prefixes used in naming binary compounds. Notice that each prefix
corresponds to a certain number of atoms. These prefixes are also used in naming many
geometric figures with which you probably are familiar. For example, a triangle has three
sides. The prefix tri- signifies three. How many sides does a pentagon have? A hexagon?
An octagon?
2. Look at the drawings of molecules (labeled ae) below the table. For each molecule, tell
how many atoms of each kind are present. Then write the name of the compound, using
the prefixes in the table. In each case, the central atom is named first.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. For each compound listed below, tell how many of each kind of atom are present in a
molecule of the compound and the total number of atoms per molecule. Then name the
compound.
a. P4O10
b. S2O7
c. Si3H8
97
2.0
2.19
P
2.58
3.0
Polar covalent
1.90
Si
3.16
Cl
Determining Electronegativity
Difference and Percent Ionic
Character
Electronegativity difference
1.0
1.61
Al
Covalent
1.31
Mg
Date
25
50
75
Ionic
0.93
Electronegativity
100
Na
98
Period 3 Element
Name
Class
10
Name
Date
Class
10
Determining Electronegativity
Difference and Percent Ionic
Character
1. The electronegativities of the period-3 elements are listed on the transparency. Calculate
the electronegativity differences for the following pairs of bonded period-3 atoms.
a. Na and Cl
d. Si and Cl
b. Mg and S
e. Si and S
c. Al and P
2. An electronegativity difference greater than 1.70 generally corresponds to a bond that is
considered ionic. For which of the bonded-atoms combinations from question 1 would
the bonds be considered ionic according to this rule?
3. Bonds are rarely completely covalent or completely ionic. Rather, they have a percent
ionic character. The graph illustrates that fact. What two variables are plotted on the
graph, and what is the overall relationship between the variables?
4. Use the graph to find the approximate percent ionic character for the five pairs of bonded
d. Si and Cl
b. Mg and S
e. Si and S
c. Al and P
5. Given what you know about percentages in general, what must be the relationship
between the percent ionic character and the percent covalent character for a given bond?
6. Calculate the percent covalent character for the five pairs of bonded atoms listed in
question 1.
a. Na and Cl
d. Si and Cl
b. Mg and S
e. Si and S
c. Al and P
99
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Covalent Bonding
Section 8.1
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
covalent bond
molecule
sigma bond
exothermic
pi bond
When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms that results is called
a(n) (1)
atoms bond by means of electron sharing, the resulting particle is called a(n)
. If the electrons shared are centered between the two atoms, the
(3)
In your textbook, read about single and multiple bonds and bond strength.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
6. In what form do elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur?
a. as single atoms
b. one
c. two
d. four
100
Study Guide
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 8.2
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Naming Molecules
In your textbook, read about how binary compounds and acids are named from their
formulas.
nonmetal.
2. The second element in the formula of a binary compound is named using
prefix hydro-.
7. An oxyacid contains only two elements.
8. If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in -ate, the acid name
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
9. CO
Column B
a. hydrobromic acid
10. CO2
b. dinitrogen tetroxide
11. H2CO3
c. carbon monoxide
12. NH3
d. nitrous acid
13. N2O4
e. ammonia
14. HNO2
f.
15. HNO3
g. carbonic acid
16. HBr
h. bromic acid
17. HBrO3
i.
Study Guide
nitric acid
carbon dioxide
101
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 8.3
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Molecular Structures
affinity.
3. In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
4. The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of
electrons.
5. To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a positive
ion, you should add the ion charge to the total number of valence
electrons of the atoms present.
6. The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the
bonded atoms.
7. Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be
bonding electrons.
In your textbook, read about resonance structures and exceptions to the octet rule.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
102
Column B
a. O3
b. BF3
c. NO
d. SF6
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Section 8.4
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
Molecular Shape
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
1. The VSEPR model is used mainly to
a. determine molecular shape.
b. trigonal planar.
c. trigonal pyramidal.
d. linear.
5. The shape of a molecule that has two covalent single bonds and no lone pairs on the
central atom is
a. tetrahedral.
b. trigonal planar.
c. trigonal pyramidal.
d. linear.
6. The shape of a molecule that has three single covalent bonds and one lone pair on the
central atom is
a. tetrahedral.
b. trigonal planar.
c. trigonal pyramidal.
d. linear.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
carbon
hybridization
sp3
identical
methane
p orbitals and its one s orbital, the orbitals that result are called (10)
orbitals. An example of a molecule that has this type of orbital is (11)
Study Guide
103
Name
Date
CHAPTER
Section 8.5
Class
STUDY GUIDE
1
H
2.20
3
Li
0.98
11
Na
0.93
19
K
0.82
37
Rb
0.82
4
Be
1.57
12
Mg
1.31
20
Ca
1.00
38
Sr
0.95
21
Sc
1.36
39
Y
1.22
22
Ti
1.54
40
Zr
1.33
23
V
1.63
41
Nb
1.6
24
Cr
1.66
42
Mo
2.16
25
Mn
1.55
43
Tc
2.10
26
Fe
1.83
44
Ru
2.2
27
Co
1.88
45
Rh
2.28
28
Ni
1.91
46
Pd
2.20
29
Cu
1.90
47
Ag
1.93
55
Cs
0.79
87
Fr
0.7
56
Ba
0.89
88
Ra
0.9
57
La
1.10
89
Ac
1.1
72
Hf
1.3
73
Ta
1.5
74
W
1.7
75
Re
1.9
76
Os
2.2
77
Ir
2.2
78
Pt
2.2
79
Au
2.4
5
B
2.04
6
C
2.55
7
N
3.04
8
O
3.44
9
F
3.98
30
Zn
1.65
48
Cd
1.69
13
Al
1.61
31
Ga
1.81
49
In
1.78
14
Si
1.90
32
Ge
2.01
50
Sn
1.96
15
P
2.19
33
As
2.18
51
Sb
2.05
16
S
2.58
34
Se
2.55
52
Te
2.1
17
Cl
3.16
35
Br
2.96
53
I
2.66
80
Hg
1.9
81
Tl
1.8
82
Pb
1.8
83
Bi
1.9
84
Po
2.0
85
At
2.2
Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal
2. Which element has the highest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the
name and group number of the chemical family that has the highest overall electronegativities?
3. Which element has the lowest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the
name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities?
4. What general trend in electronegativity do you note going down a group? Across a period?
5. How are the electronegativity values used to determine the type of bond that exists
to be strong.
104
Study Guide
Name
CHAPTER
Section 8.5
Date
Class
STUDY GUIDE
continued
Using the table of electronegativities on the preceding page, circle the letter of the choice
that best completes the statement or answers the question.
8. Unequal sharing of electrons between two bonded atoms always indicates
a. a nonpolar covalent bond.
b. an ionic bond.
d. a polar molecule.
b. coordinate covalent.
c. polar covalent.
d. ionic.
10. What is the electronegativity difference that usually is the dividing line between covalent
b. 1.7
c. 2.7
d. 4.0
c. a positive ion
d. the nucleus
14. What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is
polar or not?
a. temperature
b. its geometry
d. its mass
15. Which of the following correctly describes the compound water, H2O?
a. ionic
c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds
16. Which of the following correctly describes the compound carbon tetrachloride, CCl4?
a. ionic
c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds
105
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER 8
Assessment
Select the best answer from the choices given, and fill in the corresponding circle.
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
Short Answer
17.
16.
18.
112
19.
14.