Chapter 06 PDF

Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e

6
Structural Analysis
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Objectives
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South
Asia Pte Ltd
Determine the forces in the members of a

truss using the method of joints and the
method of sections
Chapter Outline
Simple Trusses
2.
The Method of Joints
3.
Zero-Force Members
4.
The Method of Sections

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1.
6.1 Simple Trusses

A truss composed of slender members joined
together at their end points
Planar Trusses
Planar trusses used to support roofs and bridges
Roof load is transmitted to the truss at joints by

means of a series of purlins

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6.1 Simple Trusses

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Planar Trusses (2D truss)
The analysis of the forces developed in the truss

members is 2D
Similar to roof truss, the bridge truss loading is also

coplanar
6.1 Simple Trusses

1.
All loadings are applied at the joint
- Weight of the members neglected

2.
The members are joined together by smooth pins

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Assumptions for Design
- Assume connections provided the center lines of the

joining members are concurrent
6.1 Simple Trusses
Form of a truss must be rigid to prevent collapse
The simplest form that is rigid or stable is a triangle

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Simple Truss
6.2 The Method of Joints

For truss analysis, we need to know the force in each
member
Forces in the members are internal forces
For external force members, equations of equilibrium can

be applied
Force system acting at each joint is coplanar and

concurrent (analysis based on equilibrium of a particle)
Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 must be satisfied for equilibrium

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6.2 The Method of Joints
Draw the FBD of joint with not more than 2 unknown

forces
Find the external reactions at the truss support if

necessary.
Determine the correct sense of force in the member
Orient the x and y axes
Apply Fx = 0 and Fy = 0

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Procedure for Analysis
Example 6.1
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Determine the force in each member of the truss and

indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.
Solution
2 unknown member forces at joint B
2 unknown forces and 1 unknown reaction force at
joint C (total 3 unknown)
2 unknown member forces and 2 unknown reaction

forces at point A (total 4 unknown)
For Joint B,
Fx 0;
500 N FBC sin 45 N 0 FBC 707.1N (C )
Fy 0;
FBC cos 45 N FBA 0 FBA 500 N (T )

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Solution
Fx 0;
FCA 707.1cos 45 N 0 FCA 500 N (T )
Fy 0;
C y 707.1sin 45 N 0 C y 500 N
For Joint A,
Fx 0;
500 N Ax 0 Ax 500 N
Fy 0;
500 N Ay 0 Ay 500 N

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For Joint C,
Solution
Fx 0;
FCA 707.1cos 45 N 0 FCA 500 N (T )
Fy 0;
C y 707.1sin 45 N 0 C y 500 N
For Joint A,
Fx 0;
500 N Ax 0 Ax 500 N
Fy 0;
500 N Ay 0 Ay 500 N

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For Joint C,
Solution
FBD of each pin shows the effect of all the connected
members and external forces applied to the pin
FBD of each member shows only the effect of the end

pins on the member

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6.3 Zero-force members
How to identify zero-force members?
3 basics rules that we can follow with conditions:
If a truss joint is not carrying any loads
If a truss joint is not supported by a pin or a roller.
6.3 Zero-Force Members

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Rule No. 1: When 2 members form a truss joint. Both

members are non-collinear and no external force or
support reaction is applied to the joint, then both the
members are zero-force members
example
example
6.3 Zero-Force Members
When 3 members form a truss joint, two are collinear

and the third is non-collinear then 3rd member (noncollinear) is a zero-force member provided no
external force or support reaction is applied to the
joint.

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Rule No. 2
Rule No. 3
a zero force member refers to a member (a single truss

segment) in a truss which, given a specific load, is at rest:
neither in tension, nor in compression. In a truss a zero
force member is often found at pins (any connections
within the truss) where no external load is applied and
three or fewer truss members meet. Recognizing basic
zero force members can be accomplished by analyzing the
forces acting on an individual pin in a physical system.
NOTE: If the pin has an external force or moment applied

to it, then all of the members attached to that pin are not
zero force members UNLESS the external force acts in a
manner that fulfills one of the rules below:

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If only two members meet in an unloaded joint, both are

zero-force members.
If three members meet in an unloaded joint of which two

are in a direct line with one another, then the third
member is a zero-force member.
If two members meet in a loaded joint and the line of

action of the load coincides with one of the members,
the other member is a zero-force member.

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Reasons for Zero-force members in a truss system
These members contribute to the stability of the structure, by

providing buckling prevention for long slender members under
compressive forces
These members can carry loads in the event that variations are
introduced in the normal external loading configuration

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EF is zero-force member
example
Example 6.4
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Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force

members of the Fink roof truss. Assume all joints are pin
connected.
Solution
Fy 0 FGC 0
GC is a zero-force member.
For Joint D,
Fx 0 FDF 0

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For Joint G,
Solution
Fy 0 FFC cos 0
90 , FFC 0
For Joint B,
Fy 0 FFC cos 0
90 , FFC 0

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For Joint F,
Solution
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FHC satisfy Fy = 0 and therefore HC is not a zero-force member.
Quiz (Find zero-force member?)
6.4 The Method of Sections

Used to determine the loadings within a body
If a body is in equilibrium, any part of the body is in

equilibrium
To find forces within members, an imaginary section

is used to cut each member into 2 and expose each
internal force as external

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Consider the truss and section a-a as shown
Member forces are equal and opposite to those
acting on the other part Newtons Law

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Free-Body Diagram

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Decide the section of the truss
Determine the trusss external reactions if required.
Draw FBD of the sectioned truss which has the least number
of forces acting on it
Assume the sense of an unknown member force as in

tension (force directed away from the member)
Use equilibrium equations to solve member forces at the

cut session (3EOE for 3 unknown)

Equations of Equilibrium

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Summed moments about a point
Determine the 3 unknown forces from the 3 EOE for 2D truss

analysis.
Example 6.5
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Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the

truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.
Solution
Choose section a-a since it cuts through the three
members
Draw FBD of the entire truss
Fx 0;
M A 0;
Fy 0;
400 N Ax 0 Ax 400 N

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1200 N (8m) 400 N (3m) Dy (12m) 0 Dy 900 N

Ay 1200 N 900 N 0 Ay 300 N
Solution
Draw FBD for the section portion

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M G 0;
300 N (4m) 400 N (3m) FBC (3m) 0 FBC 800 N (T )
M C 0;
300 N (8m) FGE (3m) 0 FGE 800 N (C )
Fy 0;
3
300 N FGC 0 FGC 500 N (T )
5

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Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Determine the forces in the members of a

The Method of Joints

The Method of Sections

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

6.1 Simple Trusses

Planar trusses used to support roofs and bridges

Roof load is transmitted to the truss at joints by

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

6.1 Simple Trusses

Planar Trusses (2D truss)

The analysis of the forces developed in the truss

Similar to roof truss, the bridge truss loading is also

6.1 Simple Trusses

All loadings are applied at the joint

- Weight of the members neglected

The members are joined together by smooth pins

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

Assumptions for Design

- Assume connections provided the center lines of the

6.1 Simple Trusses

Form of a truss must be rigid to prevent collapse

The simplest form that is rigid or stable is a triangle

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

6.2 The Method of Joints

Forces in the members are internal forces

For external force members, equations of equilibrium can

Force system acting at each joint is coplanar and

Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 must be satisfied for equilibrium

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

6.2 The Method of Joints

Draw the FBD of joint with not more than 2 unknown

Find the external reactions at the truss support if

Determine the correct sense of force in the member

Orient the x and y axes

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

Procedure for Analysis

Determine the force in each member of the truss and

2 unknown forces and 1 unknown reaction force at

joint C (total 3 unknown)

2 unknown member forces and 2 unknown reaction

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

FBD of each member shows only the effect of the end

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

6.3 Zero-force members

How to identify zero-force members?

3 basics rules that we can follow with conditions:

If a truss joint is not carrying any loads

If a truss joint is not supported by a pin or a roller.

6.3 Zero-Force Members

Rule No. 1: When 2 members form a truss joint. Both

6.3 Zero-Force Members

When 3 members form a truss joint, two are collinear

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

a zero force member refers to a member (a single truss

NOTE: If the pin has an external force or moment applied

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South

If only two members meet in an unloaded joint, both are

If three members meet in an unloaded joint of which two