REKAYASA LINGKUNGAN TAMBANG

RUMUS-RUMUS

OLEH:
RAMLAN DWI AHMAD
D621 13 302

PRODI TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN

JURUSAN GEOLOGI
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
KEMENTRIAN RISET TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI

MAKASSAR
2016

MINE GASES AND THEIR CONTROL

Tingkat volume aliran udara yang digunakan untuk mengurangi konsentrasi bebera
gas sampai dengan level yang dapat diterima dapat dihitung dengan cara sebagai
berikut:

Q=

CE x q
C E TLV C a

Q = Volume flow rate of air required in m3/s per kW

Ce = Concentration of gas in exhaust, ppm
q = exhaust quantity, m3/kW
CTLV = TLV of gas, ppm
Ca = ambient concentration of gas in normal air

METHANE AND ITS CONTROL IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

4.1 Presence of Methane in Coal Seams

Metane is present in coal seams in two forms:
1. Adsorbed
Adsorbed methane gas in coal at pressures normally encountered in coal
mines can be adequately described by langmuirs equation of the type:

Q=

abp
1+bp

Where,

Q=quantity of methane gas adsorbed at a given pressure p ,m3 /t

'

a=langmui r representingquantity of methane gas adsorbed at pressure , m /t ;

b=langmui r ' sconstant with dimensions
2. Free Methane
It can be calculated using the relationship:

Q=

273 p
Tp0

Where

Q=free gas , m /t ;
=Total Porosity , m3 /t
p=absolute gas pressure , kPa ;
T =absolute strata temperature degrees kelvin
Adsorption capacity is highly dependent upon the moisture content of coal
and can be describe by:

Qw
1
=
Qd 1+0.31 w

Where

Qd =gas content of dry coal , m3 /t

Qw =gas content of moist coal , m3 /t ;
w=moisture content , when the moisture content reaches 4%, saturation
occurs and no further drop in gas adsorption takes place. Thus the limiting
effect of moisture is given by:

Qw =0.446 Qd

4.2 Emission of gas from Coal

If the unit particles forming the coal are assumed to be spherical (an
approximation) then the amount of gas Q desorbed in a given time t can be
given by (Boxho et al., 1980)

Qt =Q 1e4 ( D / d ) t
2

Where

Qt =gas desorbed , m3 giventime , t

Q=total gas desorbed after time t=, i .e the gas present initiallycoal sample ;
t=time , second
D=diffusioncoefficient ,

cm2
;
s

d=equivalent particle diameter , cm;=6 V / A0 ( V = particle volume A 0=surface area )

The value of D for methane is about 10-10 cm2/s. for small values of t[t<(d2/
D)], equation:

Qt =Q

12 Dt 12 Dt
2
d

Q t 12 Dt 12 Dt
=
2
Q d
d
Since D and d are constants for given sample, one can state that

Qt
=k t
Q 1

Qt =Q w [ 1e (

t / t0)

Where
t 0=time for desorption of 63 %of the total gas ;
n=0,33 for bituminous coal0.5 for anthracite coal
From equation above:

k 1=

12 D 12 D t

d
d2

Since D is very small and d is comparatively large, the second term of

equation (4.9) can be neglected. Hence

k 1=

12 D
d

Or
2

D k1
=
d2 d2
4.3.1 Direct Methode
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

Q1 = gas lost between drilling of the core and transfer of the core from the drill hole
to the bomb
Q2 = gas liberated from the core after placing it in the bomb

Q3 = gas liberated when the coal sample is crushed, most frequently called the rest
gas

4.3.2 Indirect Method

Indirect Methods

Q=
n

0.096 h 0.14(

( 100 moisture ash )

( 0.75 )
100

1.8 h
+ 1)
100

k
x
Where
Q = gas content,

m3 /t

H= depth,m;and
K and n= constants

The method used for calculating the amount of gas absorbed could either be
volumetric or gravimetric. The amount of volumetric gas absorbed is then
calculated using the following equation:

Qp =
Where

1
w
pc V 2p V 2 +V 1
w
c

))

Qp = quantity of gas adsorbed at pressure

, m3/t

V1 = Volume of bomb containing the sample, cm 3

V2 = volume of chamber containing gas, cm 3
Pc = pressure of gas in the chamber
P = pressure of gas in the chamber and bomb after equiblibrium

W = mass of coal sample, g

= helium density of coal, g/cm3

Gravimetric method. The volume of gas adsorbed at given pressure is calculated

using the following equation

Qp =

1
w2w1

((

( w 3w2 )
g

V 1 ( w3 w 2)
V0
c

) (

))

Qp = gas adsorbed at give wquilibrium pressure

m3/t

W1 = mass of the evacuated bomb, g

W2 = mass of the coal sample plus bomb when evacuated, g
W3 = mass of the bomb containing coal sample when saturated with gas at pressure

, g
V0 = free volume of the bomb when empty at NTP, cm 3

= density od coal, g/cm3

g = density of gas, g/cm3

The new value of A can be calculated by the relationship

A'=

A x w1
w

Where w1 is the new rate of advance . fig 49 shows the experimental data with the
power function fit as obtained above.
Exponential law. A simplifed model assumes that the rate of gas emission is
propotional tp the gas present in an excavation at a given time, such that

dV
= V t
dt
Or

V = Ae

at

Where
V = methane emission, litres/metre length;
t = time, days; and

A and

= constant

4.5.1 Estimation of gas emission into development excavations

Bozko Method

CH 1=

wdl W 0
4320

Where

V CH

= methane emission, m3/minute

= factor depending upon the excavation development; for a single excvation,

= 2, for two headings,

= 2 + zll (<4) where z = length of cut-throught

l = depth of fracture zone (6 m)

d = thickness of seam, m
w = rate of advence, m/month

W0

= methane content of seam, m3/t; and

= densuty of coal (1.4 t/m3)

Barbara Experimental Mine Method

dw
(w0wk )

wb
V 1 CH =
4

dw
V p m3 / minute
V 1 CH =b
4

dw
30 k +n' 0.5'1
wV p ()m3 /minute
V 3CH =n
4

And the total gas emitted is

V 1 CH =V 1CH +
4

V 2 CH +V 3 CH
4

When t > 6 months

V tCH =constant
4

dw
w

b(W 0W k )
b
+V p ( +59.0625 n) m3 /minute
1440
w

Where
dw = total thickenss od the coal bed exposed
b = width of the excavation

= density of caol, t/m3

Vp = gas liberate from a unit area exposed surface m 3/minute/m2

n = number of surface ina roadway
W0 = gas content of the coal m3/t
K = permeabilty m2
n = sequantial number of the day after the start of drivage of the excavation, days

Pawinski Method

V CH =2 dw 9
4

Where

( )(
mk
pa

p 0 p0 0.5
t
P0

d = thickeness of the seam or the height of the excavation when the seam is thicker
than the height of the excavation, m
w = rate of advance, m/s
pa = in-situ gas pressure in the seam 105Pa
p0 = air pressure in the excavatin 105Pa
m = porosity

= visicosity of methanr, Ns/m2

K = permeability, m2
t = time elapsed after star of driving the heading, s

4.6.6. Combating Layering of Gas in Roadways

V=

4.3 Q
W

Where
V = velocity of airflow, m/s
Q = rate of emission methane of methane into the roadway, m 3/s; and
W = width of the roadway, m