USE OF WASTE PLASTIC AND RUBBER FOR REPLACEMENT OF BITUMEN

Prepared by: Meet Patel

(13bcl077)
Hitesh Prajapati
(13bcl085)
Kuldeep Patel
(13bcl075)
Bhavesh Pethani
(13bcl083)
Yusuf Rajpurwala (13bcl089)
Abstract:
Faculty Mentor: Prof. Hemang Dalwadi

(1) USE OF WASTE PLASTIC AND WASTE RUBBER IN AGGREGATE AND BITUMEN FOR
ROAD MATERIALS
Literature review:
Journal: International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013)
Author: Dr. Abhaykumar S Wayal, Mudassir. D. Wagle
1. Associate professor, Dept. of Civil and environmental Engineering, V.J.T.I, Mumbai.
2. M-Tech in Construction Management, civil, V.J.T.I, Mumbai.

1. ABSTRACT: Various test were performed on aggregate and bitumen by adding varying percentage
of Low Density Polyethylene (LPET) and Crumb Rubber and test results obtained are as follows
Table 1.1 Aggregate Impact Value
Percentage of
Plastics
(%)
0.5
0.5
1
1

Percentage of
rubber
(%)
0.5
0.5
1
1

Aggregate Impact
value
(%)
9.23
8.73
8.73
8.10

Conventional value
(%)
12.63
12.16
12.14
12.63

Table 1.2 Aggregate crushing Value

Percentage of
Plastics
(%)

Percentage of
rubber
(%)

Aggregate crushing
value
(%)

Conventional value
(%)

0.5
0.5
1
1

0.5
0.5
1
1

11.41
12.27
11.30

23.66
22.37
23.70

11.32

23.86

Table 1.3 Los Angeles abrasion value

Percentage of
Plastics
(%)
0.5
0.5
1
1

Percentage of
rubber
(%)
0.5
0.5
1
1

Los Angeles value

(%)

Conventional value
(%)

14.64
14.72
13.77
13.85

17.51
17.42
17.46
17.43

2. TESTS ON BITUMEN:
Table 2.1 Conventional Bitumen test results
Bitumen(gms)

Ductility
(mm)
89
93
91
88

37
38
39
40

Softening point
C
34
35
37.52
36
90

Penetration
(mm)
91
93
89

Table 2.2 Polymer and Crumb Rubber modified bitumen

Percentage
Plastics
(%)
5
5
10
10

Percentage
crumbed
rubber (%)
5
5
10
10

Ductility
(mm)
62
60
58
56

Softening
point
C
48.5
47.5
45
42

Penetration
(mm)
70
68
59
54

Table 2.3 Values of conventional bituminous mix

% Bitumen
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

Sample Wt. gm
1120
1122
1100
1167

Marshall stability kg
Flow mm
871.12
3.1
940.75
3.0
892.70
2.9
882.90
3.0

Table 2.4 Plastic and Crumbed rubber modified bituminous mix

( 4% plastic and 4% rubber)
% Bitumen
3.22
3.68
4.14
4.6

3. FIELD APPLICATIONS

Sample Wt.
gm
1046
1089
1106
1120

Marshall stability
kg
689.71
885.79
1095.50
1289.75

Flow mm
3.0
3.5
3.3
3.5

More than 1000kms length of Plastic tar road was laid by Tamil Nadu government during 20042006. Test road were laid at Mumbai, Pondicherry and Trivandrum. These roads are functioning
well without pothole, raveling and rutting. The process requires only 30 seconds for mixing 10% of
plastics and rubber. The plastic available in the nearby area can be used.
4. CONCLUSION
As seen the above results and graphs, when 8% polymer and crumbed rubber is blended in the mix,
the values of the Marshall tests viz.. Marshall Stability (kg), Flow (mm) goes on increasing as
compared to the conventional mix. This shows and proves that by adding certain amount of waste in
the bitumen, it gains strength and thus becomes more durable and tough. Stone aggregate is coated
with the molten waste plastics & rubber powders. The coating of plastics & rubber reduces the
porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness. Hence the use of waste plastics & rubber
tyres in the form of powder for flexible pavement material is one of the best methods for easy
disposal of wastes.

(2) MARSHALL STABILITY TEST USING GGBS AS FILLER

Literature review:
Journal: International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET);Strength and
Stability Characteristics of Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete by using Cold Mix Design
Authors: 1) Dhurbojyoti Borkakoti, Under Graduate student, Civil Engineering
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore 560 019
2) Dr. K. Ganesh Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore 560 019
1. ABSTRACT: This study is based on determining the Marshall Stability value of
pavement using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a filler material.

bituminous

The main advantage of GGBS is better curing period and slow setting emulsion. For this study
different materials like aggregates, GGBS and emulsions are collected from various sites and
quarries. Later on various test are conducted on aggregates in laboratory such as Impact Test,
Crushing Test, Los Angeles Abrasion Test and Specific Gravity test. Further with trial and error
method gradation is obtained and Marshall Specimen is prepared and Marshall Stability Test is
conducted and theoretical analysis is done.
The results of various tests performed on aggregates are shown in table given below:
Table 1.1 Test and their results
TEST
Impact test
Crushing test
Los Angeles Abrasion test

RESULT
20.87%
21.16%
26.58%

Specific Gravity

2.8

Different sizes of aggregates were collected from the heap and sieve analysis was done to obtain the
individual gradation of these aggregates. The desired gradation of mix is obtained as shown in table
below:
Table 1.2 Individual Gradations

13.2
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.3
0.075

% Passing
12.5mm
100
75
0
0
0
0
0

6.3mm
100
100
30.4
2
0
0
0

Stone Dust
100
100
86.4
58.4
50.8
40.8
25.8

Obtained
Gradation
100
92.5
38.08
26.92
15.24
12.24
7.74

2. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS:

Normal Bitumen Content:
Table 2.1 Stability Values
Percentage of OBC
4.5
5
5.5
6

Stability(kg)
757.5
765
772.5
767

Modified Bitumen using GGBS:

Table 2.2 Using 4.3% OBC:
OBC
%
4.3

Table 2.3 Using 5.3% OBC:

GGBS
%
2
4
6
8

Stability
(kg)
1275
1428.75
1031.25
1455

Flow
(mm)
5.5
6
7.5
5

OBC
%
5.3

GGBS
%
2
4
6
8

Stability
(kg)
1162.5
1233.5
1518.75
1091.25

Flow
(mm)
5.5
6
8
5

GGBS
%
2
4
6
8

Stability
(kg)
1012.5
1050
1350
1125

Flow
(mm)
7.5
7
5.5
6

Table 2.4 Using 6.3% OBC:

OBC
%
6.3

Table 2.5 Varying percentage of OBC with GGBS fixed as 2%

Percentage of OBC
4.3
5.3
6.3

Stability(kg)
1275
1162.5
1012.5

3. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

Effect of stability of Marshall SDBC Specimen without GGBS as additive:

At 5% OBC the stability of the specimen increased by 0.99% as compared to 4.5% OBC, Also at
5.5% OBC the stability of the specimen increased by 0.91% as compared to 5.0% OBC and at 6%
OBC the stability of the specimen decreased by 0.65% as compared to 5.5% OBC

Effect on stability of Marshall Specimen at 4.3%obc with GGBS as additive:

At 4% GGBS the stability of the specimen increased by 12.06% as compared to 2% GGBS but, at
6% GGBS the stability of the specimen decreased by 27.82% as compared to 4% GGBS and again
at 8% GGBS the stability of the specimen increased by 41.09% as compared to 6% GGBS and
attains maximum stability

Effect on stability of Marshall Specimen at 5.3%obc with GGBS as additive:

At 4% GGBS the stability of the specimen increased by 6.11% as compared to 2% GGBS also at
6% GGBS the stability of the specimen increased by 23.13% as compared to 4% GGBS and attains
its maximum stability and at 8% GGBS the stability of the specimen decreased by 28.15% as
compared to 6% GGBS but doesnt reach its maximum value.

Effect on stability of Marshall Specimen at 6.3%obc with GGBS as additive:

At 4% GGBS the stability of the specimen increased by 3.70% as compared to 2% GGBS also at
6% GGBS the stability of the specimen increased by 28.57% as compared to 4% GGBS and attains
its maximum stability and at 8% GGBS the stability of the specimen decreased by 16.67% as
compared to 6% GGBS but, doesnt reach its maximum value.

4. CONCLUSIONS:
The results obtained from the above study are that the maximum value of stability was found at
5.3% OBC with 6%GGBS as additive. There was a substantial increase in the stability after using
GGBS as an additive. The result show a 96% increase in the stability values at 6% GGBS for 5.3%
OBC.
5. REFERENCES:
1. Mrs.Vidula Swami Et.al, Use of waste plastics in construction of bituminous road, International
journal of engineering and sciences and technology (IJEST), ISSN: 0975-5462, Vol.4, May 2012,
2351-2355
2. Aydin Kavak Et.al, In situ modification of road material using a special polymer, Scientific
research and essays, ISSN: 1992-2248, Vol.5 (17), pp.2547-2555, 4th September, 2010.
3. Rokade S, Use of waste plastics and waste rubber tires in flexible highway pavements, 2012
International conference on Future environments and Energy, IPCBEE Vol.28 (2012), IACSIT
Press, Singapore.
(3) PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS FILLER
IN ASPHALT CONCRETE DESIGN
Journal

: Journal of Engineering and Applied Science

Author

: Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana and Lawal Sani

1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,

NIGERIA
2. Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna,
NIGERIA

1.0 ABSTRACT
: This work focused on the use of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as filler in Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA). HMA design was carried out using Marshall Stability method. Several trial mixes
with bitumen contents of 4.5%, 5.5%, 6.5% and 7.5% were produced to obtain the Optimum
Bitumen Content (OBC)
The result of the preliminary tests on Bitumen are as presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1 : Test Results on Bitumen

TEST
Penetration at 25 C
Viscosity at 60 C
Flash and Fire point
Solubility
Ductility

UNIT
Mm
mm3/s
0
C
%
Cm

TEST RESULTS
105
121.83
259
96
>100

2.0 MARSHALL ANALYSIS

Table 2.1 : Marshall Analysis at 0% RHA and 100% bitumen
Bitumen
content(%)
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5

Stability
(kN)
3.97
6.70
2.73
3.81
2.96

Flow (mm)
2.43
3.0
5.64
3.56
4.1

CDM
(g/cm3)
1.78
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.65

VIM
(%)
28.51
39.40
36.78
35.15
30.08

VMA
(%)
36.22
47.27
46.33
46.75
43.88

VFB
(%)
21.31
16.63
20.61
24.81
31.45

Table 2.2 : Summary of Marshall Analysis At 5.5% Optimum Bitumen Content

RHA
content (%)

Stability
(kN)

Flow (mm)

CDM
(g/cm3)

VIM
(%)

VMA
(%)

VFB
(%)

0
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25

6.70
5.75
7.27
7.63
5.02
4.46
5.30
4.56
5.85
3.45

3.0
3.06
2.73
2.19
2.56
3.06
2.19
2.54
2.08
2.19

1.49
1.80
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81

39.0
27.13
28.63
28.23
27.82
28.23
27.82
27.13
36.46
36.46

47.0
35.93
37.17
36.77
35.40
36.75
36.38
35.79
45.23
45.07

16.0
24.49
22.98
23.23
23.57
23.19
23.53
24.20
19.39
19.10

(3) PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS FILLER
IN ASPHALT CONCRETE DESIGN
Journal

: Journal of Engineering and Applied Science

Author

: Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana and Lawal Sani

1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,

NIGERIA
2. Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna,
NIGERIA

1.0 ABSTRACT
: This work focused on the use of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as filler in Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA). HMA design was carried out using Marshall Stability method. Several trial mixes
with bitumen contents of 4.5%, 5.5%, 6.5% and 7.5% were produced to obtain the Optimum
Bitumen Content (OBC)
The result of the preliminary tests on Bitumen are as presented in Table 1.
Table 1.1 : Test Results on Bitumen
TEST
Penetration at 25 C
Viscosity at 60 C
Flash and Fire point
Solubility
Ductility

UNIT
Mm
mm3/s
0
C
%
Cm

TEST RESULTS
105
121.83
259
96
>100

2.0 MARSHALL ANALYSIS

Table 2.1 : Marshall Analysis at 0% RHA and 100% bitumen
Bitumen
content(%)
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5

Stability
(kN)
3.97
6.70
2.73
3.81
2.96

Flow (mm)
2.43
3.0
5.64
3.56
4.1

CDM
(g/cm3)
1.78
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.65

VIM
(%)
28.51
39.40
36.78
35.15
30.08

VMA
(%)
36.22
47.27
46.33
46.75
43.88

VFB
(%)
21.31
16.63
20.61
24.81
31.45

Table 2.2 : Summary of Marshall Analysis At 5.5% Optimum Bitumen Content

RHA
content (%)

Stability
(kN)

Flow (mm)

CDM
(g/cm3)

VIM
(%)

VMA
(%)

VFB
(%)

0
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25

6.70
5.75
7.27
7.63
5.02
4.46
5.30
4.56
5.85
3.45

3.0
3.06
2.73
2.19
2.56
3.06
2.19
2.54
2.08
2.19

1.49
1.80
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81

39.0
27.13
28.63
28.23
27.82
28.23
27.82
27.13
36.46
36.46

47.0
35.93
37.17
36.77
35.40
36.75
36.38
35.79
45.23
45.07

16.0
24.49
22.98
23.23
23.57
23.19
23.53
24.20
19.39
19.10

CONCLUSION
The constituents materials conform to the specified requirement therefore can be used in HMA. The
mix obtained using 10.0% RHA and 90% OPC meets the standard specified in terms of stability,
flow, VIM, and VMA, at an optimum bitumen content of 5.5%.
REFERENCES
1. Ahmed, I. & Lovell, C. W., 1993. Rubber Soils as lightweight geomaterials. Transportation
Research Record 1422, pp. 61-70.
2. Anwar, M., Miyagawa, T. & Gaweesh, M., 2001. Using rice husk ash as a cement replacement
material in concrete. s.l., s.n., pp. 671-684.

CONCLUSION
The constituents materials conform to the specified requirement therefore can be used in HMA. The
mix obtained using 10.0% RHA and 90% OPC meets the standard specified in terms of stability,
flow, VIM, and VMA, at an optimum bitumen content of 5.5%.
REFERENCES
1. Ahmed, I. & Lovell, C. W., 1993. Rubber Soils as lightweight geomaterials. Transportation
Research Record 1422, pp. 61-70.
2. Anwar, M., Miyagawa, T. & Gaweesh, M., 2001. Using rice husk ash as a cement replacement
material in concrete. s.l., s.n., pp. 671-684.