1.

_____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental
processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning,
and judging.
Cognitive
2. Which of the following is true about mental images?
They are representations in the mind of an object or event.
3. Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye. Based on the text's
discussion of mental imagery, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing. Carrying out the task
involves the same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing
it.
4. Mental representations of objects are called _____; mental grouping of similar objects,
events, or people are called _____.
images; concepts
5. A prototype is:
the most typical or highly representative example of a concept.
6. Which of the following is MOST likely the prototype of the concept "fruit"?
Apple
7. _____ is the process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make
decisions.
Reasoning
8. Syllogisms are used to study:
reasoning.
9.

Formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions is known
as _____ reasoning.
Syllogistic
10. Consider the following syllogism:
(1) All Houstonians are Texans
(2) Some Houstonians attend church
(3) Some Texans attend church
Which of the following alternatives correctly identifies a statement in this syllogism?
Statement 3conclusion

10. A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as
a(n):
algorithm.

12. Which of the following is true of heuristics?

In cases where algorithms are not available, we may use heuristics.
13. Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic, as
cognitive psychologists use it?
Strategy
14. Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?
An article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science"
15. Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics?
Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem.
16. The _____ is a rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they
depict a certain category or group of people.
representativeness heuristic
17. When you use the representativeness heuristic, you are:
assuming that something is typical of its class.
19. Following the September 11, 2001, Twin Towers attacks, many Americans elected to
drive rather than fly. The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to
overestimate the danger of flying. As it was an event they remember easily they assumed
it could occur more frequently. This example illustrates the:
availability heuristic.
20. When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by
stroke, they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders than
they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by:
the availability heuristic.
21. "You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is
probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her
boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him. Iris is using the _____ heuristic.
Availability
22. In a _____ heuristic, known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.
Familiarity
23. When you go to the supermarket, you see the brand of cookies you usually buy, and
settle for it. Usually it's a good rule of thumb, because it saves a lot of time. You do not
ponder over every type of cookie available in the store. This is an example of a(n) _____.
familiarity heuristic
24. _____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the
outcome of human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.

Artificial
25. When the field of cognitive psychology first became prominent, it was considered a
revolutionary development because it was a radical departure from
behaviorism.
26. Although used often, the comparison between the computer and human information
processing is oversimplified. Why?
Computer information input is precoded and ambiguities are removed before
processing.
27. Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and
more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of
___________, a task that only humans can perform.
developing new learning goals
28. Which of the following would NOT be a defining property of the prototype of an
airplane?
It is silver.
29. In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most
real-life problems
are vague and ill-defined.
30. An effective way to strategize your organization of subgoals is to
work backward in your planning.
31. You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use
the problem-solving strategy of using subgoals, you must
breakdown the topics to be studied and focus on each in an organized sequence.
32. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday of this coming weekend. Your
apartment is a mess, and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry
Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and
cook the dinner Saturday evening. This process of defining intermediate problems is
known as
creating subgoals.
33. Who would benefit the most from making subgoals?
Suki has to read a chapter in her sociology textbook.
34. Ivan has misplaced his keys. If he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find
them, he will
start going through each drawer in his house.
35. What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?

An algorithm always leads to a correct solution, while a heuristic does not.

36. When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is a potential advantage of using
heuristics for solving real-life problems?
Convenience
37. Cathy just got transferred to a new department. She has long believed that her new
supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable person. According to confirmation bias, what will
Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?
She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.
38. Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what
is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close
attention to the editorial section in particular. According to confirmation bias, what will
she do when she reads them?
She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.
39. Many smokers like to point to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked
cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly 100, as evidence that smoking
is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die
every year from lung cancer. They are utilizing
confirmation bias.
40. After the outcome of an election is announced, you state that you knew all along what
the outcome would be. This is a form of
hindsight bias.
42. The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear
about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane
than a car. This is an example of a(n)
availability heuristic.
43. Samantha's belief that Gabe, who is muscular and wearing gym shorts, is a member
of the football team is an example of
the representativeness heuristic.
44. You would be most likely to seek out information that refutes your hypothesis when
you engage in
Critical thinking
45. Which activity probably requires mindfulness?
Studying psychology
46. Who is LEAST likely to exhibit mindfulness as part of their regular job
responsibilities?
The usher at the movie theater

47. Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is best described as

open-mindedness.
48. ________ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.
Convergent
49. Which of the following is NOT a descriptor of creative thinkers?
Externally motivated
50. Creative thinkers are NOT usually
motivated by the feedback of others.