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03
Elliptic Partial Differential Equations
= 4 < 0
Hence equation (3) is elliptic.
The Direct Method of Solving Elliptic PDEs
Lets find the solution via a specific physical example. Take a rectangular plate as shown in
Fig. 1 where each side of the plate is maintained at a specific temperature. We are interested
in finding the temperature within the plate at steady state. No heat sinks or sources exist in
the problem.
10.03.1
10.03.2
Chapter 10.03
Tt
Tr
Tl
Tb
L
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the plate with the temperature boundary conditions
The partial differential equation that governs the temperature T ( x, y ) is given by
2T 2T
+
=0
(4)
x 2 y 2
To find the temperature within the plate, we divide the plate area by a grid as shown in
Figure 2.
y
Tt
(0, n)
x
y
Tl
(i, j )
Tr
(0,0)
Tb
(i 1, j )
(m,0)
(i, j + 1)
x
(i, j )
(i + 1, j )
(i, j 1)
Figure 2: Plate area divided into a grid
10.03.3
The length L along the x axis is divided into m equal segments, while the width W along
the y axis is divided into n equal segments, hence giving
L
x =
(5)
m
W
y =
(6)
n
Now we will apply the finite difference approximation of the partial derivatives at a general
interior node ( i, j ).
2T
x 2
2T
y 2
i, j
i, j
Ti +1, j 2Ti , j + Ti 1, j
(x )2
Ti , j +1 2Ti , j + Ti , j 1
(y )2
(7)
(8)
Equations (7) and (8) are central divided difference approximations of the second derivatives.
Substituting Equations (7) and (8) in Equation (4), we get
Ti +1, j 2Ti , j + Ti 1, j Ti , j +1 2Ti , j + Ti , j 1
+
=0
(9)
(x )2
(y )2
For a grid with
x = y
Equation (9) can be simplified as
Ti +1, j + Ti 1, j + Ti , j +1 + Ti , j 1 4Ti , j = 0
(10)
Now we can write this equation at all the interior nodes of the plate, that is (m 1) (n 1)
nodes. This will result in an equal number of equations and unknowns. The unknowns are
the temperatures at the interior (m 1) (n 1) nodes. Solving these equations will give us
the two-dimensional profile of the temperature inside the plate.
Example 1
A plate 2.4 m 3.0 m is subjected to temperatures as shown in Figure 3. Use a square grid
length of 0.6 m . Using the direct method, find the temperature at the interior nodes.
10.03.4
Chapter 10.03
300 C
75 C
3.0 m
100 C
50 C
2.4 m
x = y = 0.6m
Re-writing Equations (5) and (6) we have
L
m=
x
2.4
=
0.6
=4
W
n=
y
3
0.6
=5
The nodes are shown in Figure 4.
=
10.03.5
y
T 0,5
T0, 4
T1,5
T2,5
T3,5
T4,5
T1, 4
T2, 4
T3, 4
T4, 4
T1,3
T2,3
T3,3
T4,3
T1, 2
T2, 2
T3, 2
T4, 2
T0,1
T1,1
T2,1
T3,1
T4,1
T0, 0
T1, 0
T2, 0
T3, 0
T4, 0
T0,3
T0, 2
Ti , 0 = 50, i = 1,2,3
Ti ,5 = 300, i = 1,2,3
The corner nodal temperature of T0,5 , T4,5 , T4, 0 and T0, 0 are not needed. Now to get the
temperature at the interior nodes we have to write Equation (10) for all the combinations of i
and j , i = 1,...., m 1; j = 1,...., n 1 .
i=1 and j=1
T2,1 + T0,1 + T1, 2 + T1, 0 4T1,1 = 0
(E1.2)
(E1.3)
10.03.6
Chapter 10.03
(E1.4)
(E1.5)
(E1.6)
(E1.7)
(E1.8)
(E1.9)
(E1.10)
(E1.11)
(E1.12)
10.03.7
(E1.13)
Equations (E1.2) to (E1.13) represent a set of twelve simultaneous linear equations and
solving them gives the temperature at the twelve interior nodes. The solution is
T1,1 73.8924
T
1, 2 93.0252
T1,3 119.907
T1, 4 173.355
T2,1 77.5443
T2, 2 103.302
T = 138.248 C
2,3
T2, 4 198.512
T 82.9833
3,1
T3, 2 104.389
T3,3 131.271
T3, 4 182.446
y
300
300
300
75
173
199
182
75
120
138
131
93
103
104
74
78
83
75
75
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
10.03.8
Chapter 10.03
Gauss-Seidel Method
To take advantage of the sparseness of the coefficient matrix as seen in Example 1, the
Gauss-Seidel method may provide a more efficient way of finding the solution. In this case,
Equation (10) is written for all interior nodes as
Ti +1, j + Ti 1, j + Ti , j +1 + Ti , j 1
Ti , j =
, i = 1,2,3,4; j = 1,2,3,4,5
(11)
4
Now Equation (11) is solved iteratively for all interior nodes until all the temperatures at the
interior nodes are within a pre-specified tolerance.
Example 2
A plate 2.4 m 3.0 m is subjected to the temperatures as shown in Fig. 6. Use a square grid
length of 0.6 m . Using the Gauss-Seidel method, find the temperature at the interior nodes.
Conduct two iterations at all interior nodes. Find the maximum absolute relative error at the
end of the second iteration. Assume the initial temperature at all interior nodes to be 0 C .
y
300 C
75 C
3.0 m
100 C
50 C
2.4 m
Figure 6: A rectangular plate with thedimensions and boundary temperatures
Solution
x = y = 0.6m
Re-writing Equations (5) and (6) we have
L
m=
x
2.4
=
0.6
=4
W
n=
y
10.03.9
3
0.6
=5
The interior nodes are shown in Figure 7.
y
=
T 0,5
T0, 4
T0,3
T0, 2
T0,1
T0, 0
T1,5
T2,5
T3,5
T4,5
T1, 4
T2, 4
T3, 4
T4, 4
T1,3
T2,3
T3,3
T4,3
T1, 2
T2, 2
T3, 2
T4, 2
T1,1
T2,1
T3,1
T4,1
T1, 0
T2, 0
T3, 0
T4, 0
Figure 7: Plate with nodes
All the nodes on the left and right boundary have an i value of zero and m , respectively.
All of the nodes on the top or bottom boundary have a j value of either zero or n ,
respectively.
From the boundary conditions
T0, j = 75, j = 1,2,3,4
Ti , 0 = 50, i = 1,2,3
Ti ,5 = 300, i = 1,2,3
The corner nodal temperature of T0,5 , T4,5 , T4, 0 and T0, 0 are not needed. Now to get the
temperature at the interior nodes we have to write Equation (11) for all of the combinations
of i and j , i = 1,...., m 1; j = 1,..., n 1 .
Iteration 1
For iteration 1, we start with all of the interior nodes having a temperature of 0C .
i=1 and j=1
T +T +T +T
T1,1 = 2,1 0,1 1, 2 1, 0
4
0 + 75 + 0 + 50
=
4
10.03.10
= 31.2500 C
i=1 and j=2
T + T0, 2 + T1,3 + T1,1
T1, 2 = 2, 2
4
0 + 75 + 0 + 31.2500
=
4
= 26.5625C
i=1 and j=3
T +T +T +T
T1,3 = 2,3 0,3 1, 4 1, 2
4
0 + 75 + 0 + 26.5625
=
4
= 25.3906C
i=1 and j=4
T +T +T +T
T1, 4 = 2, 4 0, 4 1,5 1,3
4
0 + 75 + 300 + 25.3906
=
4
= 100.098C
i=2 and j=1
T + T + T + T2, 0
T2,1 = 3,1 1,1 2, 2
4
0 + 31.2500 + 0 + 50
=
4
= 20.3125C
i=2 and j=2
T + T + T2,3 + T2,1
T2, 2 = 3, 2 1, 2
4
0 + 26.5625 + 0 + 20.3125
=
4
= 11.7188C
i=2 and j=3
T + T + T2, 4 + T2, 2
T2,3 = 3,3 1,3
4
0 + 25.3906 + 0 + 11.7188
=
4
= 9.27735C
Chapter 10.03
T2, 4 =
4
0 + 100.098 + 300 + 9.27735
=
4
= 102.344C
i=3 and j=1
T4,1 + T2,1 + T3, 2 + T3, 0
T3,1 =
4
100 + 20.3125 + 0 + 50
=
4
= 42.5781C
i=3 and j=2
T + T2, 2 + T3,3 + T3,1
T3, 2 = 4, 2
4
100 + 11.7188 + 0 + 42.5781
=
4
= 38.5742C
i=3 and j=3
T +T +T +T
T3,3 = 4,3 2,3 3, 4 3, 2
4
100 + 9.27735 + 0 + 38.5742
=
4
= 36.9629C
i=3 and j=4
T + T2, 4 + T3,5 + T3,3
T3, 4 = 4, 4
4
100 + 102.344 + 300 + 36.9629
=
4
= 134.827C
Iteration 2
For iteration 2, we use the temperatures from iteration 1.
i=1 and j=1
T +T +T +T
T1,1 = 2,1 0,1 1, 2 1, 0
4
20.3125 + 75 + 26.5625 + 50
=
4
= 42.9688C
10.03.11
10.03.12
Chapter 10.03
a 1,1
T1,present
T1,previous
1
1
=
100
present
T1,1
42.9688 31.2500
100
42.9688
= 27.27%
T1, 2 =
4
11.7188 + 75 + 25.3906 + 42.9688
=
4
= 38.7696C
a 1, 2
T1,present
T1,previous
2
2
=
100
present
T1, 2
38.7696 26.5625
100
38.7696
= 31.49%
T1,3 =
4
9.27735 + 75 + 100.098 + 38.7696
=
4
= 55.7862C
a 1,3 =
T1,present
T1,previous
3
3
100
T1,present
3
55.7862 25.3906
100
55.7862
= 54.49%
T1, 4 =
4
102.344 + 75 + 300 + 55.7862
=
4
= 133.283C
a 1, 4 =
T1,present
T1,previous
4
4
100
present
T1, 4
133.283 100.098
100
133.283
= 24.90%
=
T2,1 =
4
42.5781 + 42.9688 + 11.7188 + 50
=
4
= 36.8164C
a 2,1
T2present
T2previous
,1
,1
=
100
present
T2,1
36.8164 20.3125
100
36.8164
= 44.83%
T2, 2 =
4
38.5742 + 38.7696 + 9.27735 + 36.8164
=
4
= 30.8594C
a 2, 2 =
T2previous
T2present
,2
,2
T2present
,2
100
30.8594 11.7188
100
30.8594
= 62.03%
T2,3 =
4
36.9629 + 55.7862 + 102.344 + 30.8594
=
4
= 56.4881C
10.03.13
10.03.14
Chapter 10.03
a 2,3 =
T2previous
T2present
,3
,3
T2present
,3
100
56.4881 9.27735
100
56.4881
= 83.58%
=
T2, 4 =
4
134.827 + 133.283 + 300 + 56.4881
=
4
= 156.150C
a 2, 4 =
T2previous
T2present
,4
,4
T2present
,4
100
156.150 102.344
100
156.150
= 34.46%
T3,1 =
4
100 + 36.8164 + 38.5742 + 50
=
4
= 56.3477C
a 3,1 =
T3,previous
T3,present
1
1
T3,present
1
100
56.3477 42.5781
100
56.3477
= 24.44%
T3, 2 =
4
100 + 30.8594 + 36.9629 + 56.3477
=
4
= 56.0425C
a 3, 2 =
T3previous
T3present
,2
,2
T3present
,2
100
56.0425 38.5742
100
56.0425
= 31.70%
=
T3,3 =
4
100 + 56.4881 + 134.827 + 56.0425
=
4
= 86.8394C
a 3, 3 =
T3previous
T3present
,3
,3
T3present
,3
100
86.8394 36.9629
100
86.8394
= 57.44%
=
T3, 4 =
4
100 + 156.150 + 300 + 86.8394
=
4
= 160.747C
a 3, 4 =
T3previous
T3present
,4
,4
T3present
,4
100
160.747 134.827
100
160.747
= 16.12%
The maximum absolute relative error at the end of iteration 2 is 83% .
=
10.03.15
10.03.16
Chapter 10.03
y
300
75
75
75
75
300
300
133
156
161
100
56
56
87
100
39
31
56
100
43
37
56
100
50
50
50
It took ten iterations to get all of the temperature values within 1% error. The table below
lists the temperature values at the interior nodes at the end of each iteration:
Node
T1,1
1
31.2500
Number of Iterations
2
3
4
42.9688 50.1465 56.1966
5
61.6376
T1, 2
26.5625
38.7695
52.9480
65.9264
76.5753
T1,3
25.3906
55.7861
79.4296
96.8614
106.8163
T1, 4
T2,1
20.3125
36.8164
46.8384
55.6240
63.6980
T2, 2
11.7188
30.8594
53.0792
72.8024
85.3707
T2,3
9.2773
56.4880
93.8744
113.5205 124.2410
T2, 4
T3,1
42.5781
56.3477
63.2202
70.3522
75.3468
T3, 2
38.5742
56.0425
75.7847
87.6890
94.6990
T3,3
36.9629
86.8393
T3, 4
Node
10.03.17
T1,1
6
66.3183
Number of Iterations
7
8
9
69.4088 71.2832 72.3848
10
73.0239
T1, 2
83.3763
87.4348
91.9585
T1,3
T1, 4
T2,1
69.2590
72.6980
74.7374
75.9256
T2, 2
92.8938
97.2939
99.8423
102.3119 102.1577
T2,3
T2, 4
T3,1
78.4895
80.3724
T3, 2
98.7917
T3,3
T3, 4
89.8017
81.4754
91.1701
82.1148
76.6127
82.4837
10.03.18
Chapter 10.03
300 C
75 C
3.0 m
100 C
50 C
2.4 m
Figure 9: A rectangular plate with the dimensions and boundary temperatures
Solution
x = y = 0.6m
Re-writing Equations (5) and (6) we have
L
m=
x
2.4
=
0.6
=4
W
n=
y
3
=
0.6
=5
The interior nodes are shown in the Figure 10.
10.03.19
T1,5
T 0,5
T0, 4
T0,3
T0, 2
T0,1
T0, 0
T2,5
T3,5
T4,5
T1, 4
T2, 4
T3, 4
T4, 4
T1,3
T2,3
T3,3
T4,3
T1, 2
T2, 2
T3, 2
T4, 2
T1,1
T2,1
T3,1
T4,1
T1, 0
T2, 0
T3, 0
T4, 0
Ti , 0 = 50, i = 1,2,3
Ti ,5 = 300, i = 1,2,3
The corner nodal temperature of T0,5 , T4,5 , T4, 0 and T0, 0 are not needed. Now to get the
temperature at the interior nodes, we have to write Equation (11) for all of the combinations
of i and j , i = 1 to m 1 , j = 1 to n 1 . After getting the temperature from Equation (11),
we have to use Equation (12) to apply the over relaxation method.
Iteration 1
For iteration 1, we start with all of the interior nodes having a temperature of 0C .
i=1 and j=1
T +T +T +T
T1,1 = 2,1 0,1 1, 2 1, 0
4
0 + 75 + 0 + 50
=
4
= 31.2500C
T1,1relaxed
= T1,1new + (1 )T1,1old
10.03.20
Chapter 10.03
= 1.4(31.2500) + (1 1.4)0
= 43.7500C
i=1 and j=2
T1, 2 =
4
0 + 75 + 0 + 43.75
=
4
= 29.6875C
relaxed
T1,2 = T1,2new + (1 )T1,2old
= 1.4(29.6875) + (1 1.4)0
= 41.5625C
i=1 and j=3
T +T +T +T
T1,3 = 2,3 0,3 1, 4 1, 2
4
0 + 75 + 0 + 41.5625
=
4
= 29.1406C
relaxed
T1,3 = T1,3new + (1 )T1,3old
= 1.4(29.1406) + (1 1.4)0
= 40.7969C
i=1 and j=4
T2, 4 + T0, 4 + T1,5 + T1,3
T1, 4 =
4
0 + 75 + 300 + 40.7969
=
4
= 103.949C
relaxed
T1,4 = T1,4new + (1 )T1,4old
= 1.4(103.949) + (1 1.4)0
= 145.529C
i=2 and j=1
T3,1 + T1,1 + T2, 2 + T2, 0
T2,1 =
4
0 + 43.75 + 0 + 50
=
4
= 23.4375C
relaxed
new
old
T2,1
= T2,1
+ (1 )T2,1
= 1.4(23.4375) + (1 1.4)0
= 32.8215C
i=2 and j=2
T2, 2 =
4
0 + 41.5625 + 0 + 32.8125
=
4
= 18.5938C
relaxed
new
old
T2,2
= T2,2
+ (1 )T2,2
= 1.4(18.5938) + (1 1.4)0
= 26.0313C
i=2 and j=3
T3,3 + T1,3 + T2, 4 + T2, 2
T2 , 3 =
4
0 + 40.7969 + 0 + 26.0313
=
4
= 16.7071C
relaxed
new
old
+ (1 )T2,3
T2,3 = T2,3
= 1.4(16.7071) + (1 1.4)0
= 23.3899C
i=2 and j=4
T + T + T2,5 + T2,3
T2, 4 = 3, 4 1, 4
4
0 + 145.529 + 300 + 23.3899
=
4
= 117.230C
relaxed
new
old
T2,4 = T2,4
+ (1 )T2,4
= 1.4(117.230) + (1 1.4)0
= 164.122C
i=3 and j=1
T + T + T + T3, 0
T3,1 = 4,1 2,1 3, 2
4
100 + 32.8125 + 0 + 50
=
4
= 45.7031C
relaxed
T3,1 = T3,1new + (1 )T3,1old
10.03.21
10.03.22
Chapter 10.03
= 1.4(45.7031) + (1 1.4)0
= 63.9844C
i=3 and j=2
T3, 2 =
4
100 + 26.0313 + 0 + 63.9844
=
4
= 47.5039C
relaxed
new
old
T3,2 = T3,2
+ (1 )T3,2
= 1.4(47.5039) + (1 1.4)0
= 66.5055C
i=3 and j=3
T +T +T +T
T3,3 = 4,3 2,3 3, 4 3, 2
4
100 + 23.3899 + 0 + 66.5055
=
4
= 47.4739C
relaxed
new
old
+ (1 )T3,3
T3,3 = T3,3
= 1.4(47.4739) + (1 1.4)0
= 66.4634C
i=3 and j=4
T + T2, 4 + T3,5 + T3,3
T3, 4 = 4, 4
4
100 + 164.122 + 300 + 66.4634
=
4
= 157.646C
relaxed
new
old
T3,4 = T3,4
+ (1 )T3,4
= 1.4(157.646) + (1 1.4)0
= 220.704C
Iteration 2
For iteration 2, we take the temperatures from iteration 1.
i=1 and j=1
T +T +T +T
T1,1 = 2,1 0,1 1, 2 1, 0
4
32.8125 + 75 + 41.5625 + 50
=
4
= 49.8438C
T1,1relaxed
= T1,1new + (1 )T1,1old
= 1.4(49.8438) + (1 1.4)43.75
= 52.2813C
T1,previous
T1,present
1
1
a 1,1 =
T1,present
1
100
52.2813 43.7500
100
52.2813
= 16.32%
=
T1, 2 =
4
26.0313 + 75 + 40.7969 + 52.2813
=
4
= 48.5274C
relaxed
T1,2 = T1,2new + (1 )T1,2old
= 1.4(48.5274) + (1 1.4)41.5625
= 51.3133C
a 1, 2 =
T1,present
T1,previous
2
2
100
present
T1, 2
51.3133 41.5625
100
51.3133
= 19.00%
=
T1,3 =
4
23.3899 + 75 + 145.529 + 51.3133
=
4
= 73.8103C
T1,3relaxed
= T1,3new + (1 )T1,3old
= 1.4(73.8103) + (1 1.4)40.7969
= 87.0157C
10.03.23
10.03.24
Chapter 10.03
T1,present
T1,previous
3
3
=
100
present
T1,3
a 1,3
87.0157 40.7969
100
87.0157
= 53.12%
=
T1, 4 =
4
164.122 + 75 + 300 + 87.0157
=
4
= 156.534C
relaxed
T1,4 = T1,4new + (1 )T1,4old
= 1.4(156.534) + (1 1.4)145.529
= 160.936C
a 1, 4
T1,present
T1,previous
4
4
=
100
T1,present
4
160.936 145.529
100
160.936
= 9.57%
=
T2,1 =
4
63.9844 + 52.2813 + 26.0313 + 50.000
=
4
= 48.0743C
relaxed
new
old
T2,1
= T2,1
+ (1 )T2,1
= 1.4(48.0743) + (1 1.4)32.8125
= 54.1790C
a 2,1
T2present
T2previous
,1
,1
=
100
present
T2,1
54.1790 32.8125
100
54.1790
= 39.44%
T2, 2 =
4
66.5055 + 51.3133 + 23.3899 + 54.1790
=
4
= 48.8469C
relaxed
new
old
T2,2
= T2,2
+ (1 )T2,2
= 1.4(48.8469) + (1 1.4)26.0313
= 57.9732C
T2,2present T2,2previous
a 2,2
=
T2,2present
100
57.9732 26.0313
100
57.9732
= 55.10%
T2,3 =
4
66.4634 + 87.0157 + 164.122 + 57.9732
=
4
= 93.8936C
relaxed
new
old
T2,3 = T2,3
+ (1 )T2,3
= 1.4(93.8936) + (1 1.4)23.3899
= 122.095C
a 2,3 =
T2present
T2previous
,3
,3
100
present
T2,3
122.095 23.3899
100
122.095
= 80.84%
=
T2, 4 =
4
220.704 + 160.936 + 300 + 122.095
=
4
= 200.934C
relaxed
new
old
T2,4 = T2,4
+ (1 )T2,4
10.03.25
10.03.26
Chapter 10.03
= 1.4(200.934) + (1 1.4)164.122
= 215.659C
a 2, 4 =
T2previous
T2present
,4
,4
T2present
,4
100
215.659 164.122
100
215.659
= 23.90%
=
T3,1 =
4
100 + 54.1790 + 66.5055 + 50
=
4
= 67.6711C
relaxed
T3,1 = T3,1new + (1 )T3,1old
= 1.4(67.6711) + (1 1.4)63.9844
= 69.1458C
a 3,1
T3,present
T3,previous
1
1
=
100
present
T3,1
69.1458 63.9844
100
69.1458
= 7.46%
T3, 2 =
4
100 + 57.9732 + 66.4634 + 69.1458
=
4
= 73.3956C
relaxed
new
old
T3,2 = T3,2
+ (1 )T3,2
= 1.4(73.3956) + (1 1.4)66.5055
= 76.1516C
a 3, 2
T3present
T3previous
,2
,2
=
100
present
T3, 2
76.1516 66.5055
100
76.1516
= 12.67%
T3,3 =
4
100 + 122.095 + 220.704 + 76.1516
=
4
= 129.738C
relaxed
new
old
T3,3 = T3,3
+ (1 )T3,3
= 1.4(129.738) + (1 1.4)66.4634
= 155.048C
a 3, 3
T3present
T3previous
,3
,3
=
100
present
T3,3
155.048 66.4634
100
155.048
= 57.13%
=
T3, 4 =
4
100 + 215.659 + 300 + 155.048
=
4
= 192.677C
relaxed
new
old
T3,4 = T3,4
+ (1 )T3,4
= 1.4(192.677) + (1 1.4)220.704
= 181.466C
a 3, 4
T3present
T3previous
,4
,4
=
100
present
T3, 4
181.466 220.704
100
181.466
= 21.62%
The maximum absolute relative error at the end of iteration 2 is 81% .
=
10.03.27
10.03.28
Chapter 10.03
y
300
75
75
75
75
300
300
161
216
181
100
87
122
155
100
51
58
76
100
52
54
69
100
50
50
50
T1,1
1
43.7500
Number of Iterations
2
3
4
52.2813 59.7598 68.3636
5
75.6025
T1, 2
41.5625
51.3133
77.3856
101.8402
T1,3
40.7969
87.0125
T1, 4
T2,1
32.8125
54.1789
61.2360
75.6074
T2, 2
26.0313
57.9731
94.7142
116.7560 105.9062
T2,3
23.3898
T2, 4
T3,1
63.9844
69.1458
72.9273
T3, 2
66.5055
76.1516
T3,3
66.4634
T3, 4
93.5293
90.9098
86.4009
83.7806
Node
T1,1
6
79.3934
Number of Iterations
7
8
71.2937 74.2346
9
73.7832
T1, 2
92.3140
92.1224
92.9758
T1,3
119.9649 119.388
T1, 4
T2,1
77.1177
T2, 2
T2,3
T2, 4
T3,1
82.8338
T3, 2
T3,3
T3, 4
76.4550
82.4002
93.0388
119.8366 119.9378
77.6097
83.1150
77.5449
82.9805
10.03.29
10.03.30
Chapter 10.03
x m , j
2(x)
giving
T
Tm +1, j = Tm 1, j + 2(x)
(15)
x m , j
substituting Equation (15) in Equation (13), gives
T
2Tm 1, j + 2(x)
+ Tm , j 1 + Tm , j +1 4Tm , j = 0
(16)
x m , j
Now if the edge is insulated,
T
=0
(17)
x m , j
substituting Equation (17) in Equation (16), gives an equation to use at the Neuman
Boundary condition
2Tm 1, j + Tm , j 1 + Tm , j +1 4Tm , j = 0
(18)
Example 4
A plate 2.4 m 3.0 m is subjected to the temperatures and insulated boundary conditions as
shown in Fig. 12. Use a square grid length of 0.6 m . Assume the initial temperatures at all of
the interior nodes to be 0 C . Find the temperatures at the interior nodes using the direct
method.
10.03.31
300 C
75 C
3.0 m
Insulated
50 C
2.4 m
Figure 12: Plate with the dimensions and boundary conditions
Solution
x = y = 0.6m
Re-writing Equations (5) and (6) we have
L
m=
x
2.4
=
0.6
=4
W
n=
y
3
=
0.6
=5
The unknown temperature nodes are shown in Figure 13.
10.03.32
Chapter 10.03
T0,5
T0,4
T0,3
T0,2
T0,1
T0,0
T1,5
T2,5
T3,5
T4,5
T1,4
T2,4
T3,4
T4,4
T1,3
T2,3
T3,3
T4,3
T1,2
T2,2
T3,2
T4,2
T1,1
T2,1
T3,1
T4,1
T2,0
T4,0
T3,0
T1,0
Figure 13: Plate with the nodes labeled
All of the nodes on the boundary have an i value of either zero or m . All of the nodes on
the boundary have a j value of either zero or n .
From the boundary conditions
T0, j = 75; j = 1,2,3,4
Ti , 0 = 50; i = 1,2,3,4
Ti ,5 = 300; i = 1,2,3,4
(E4.1)
T
= 0; j = 1,2,3,4
x 4, j
Now in order to find the temperatures at the interior nodes, we have to write Equation (10)
for all of the combinations of i and j . We express this using i from 1 to m 1 and j from
1 to n 1 . For the right side boundary nodes, where i = m = 4 , we have to write Equation
(18) for j = 1,2,3,4 . This would give m n 1 simultaneous linear equations with m n 1
unknowns.
i=1 and j=1
T2,1 + T0,1 + T1, 2 + T1, 0 4T1,1 = 0
(E4.2)
(E4.3)
10.03.33
(E4.4)
(E4.5)
(E4.6)
(E4.7)
(E4.8)
(E4.9)
(E4.10)
(E4.11)
(E4.12)
10.03.34
Chapter 10.03
(E4.13)
Now for i = 4 (for this problem m = 4 ), all of these nodes are on the right hand side
boundary which is insulated, so we use Equation (18) for j = 1,2,3 and 4 .Substituting i for
m variables gives
i=4 and j=1
2T3,1 + T4, 0 + T4, 2 4T4,1 = 0
(E4.14)
(E4.15)
(E4.16)
(E4.17)
10.03.35
Equations (E4.2) to (E4.17) represent a set of sixteen simultaneous linear equations, and
solving them gives the temperature at sixteen interior nodes. The solution is
T1,1 76.8254
T
1, 2 99.4444
T1,3 128.617
T1, 4 180.410
T2,1 82.8571
T2, 2 117.335
T 159.614
2,3
T2, 4 218.021
T =
C
3,1 87.2678
T3, 2 127.426
T3,3 174.483
T3, 4 232.060
T4,1 88.7882
T4, 2 130.617
T4,3 178.830
T4, 4 232.738
10.03.36
Chapter 10.03
APPENDIX A
Analytical Solution of Example 1
The differential equation for Example 1 is
2T 2T
+
= 0.
x 2 y 2
The temperature boundary conditions are given on the four sides of the plate (Dirichilet
boundary conditions). This problem is too complex to solve analytically. To make this
simple, we split the problem into two problems and using the principle of superposition. We
then superimpose the solutions of the two simple problems to get the final solution. How the
total problem is split is shown in Figure A.1.
y
300 C
75 C
100 C
50 C
Non-Homogeneous Problem
0 C
300 C
0 C
0 C
50 C
Homogeneous Problem #1
100 C
75 C
0 C
Homogeneous Problem #2
10.03.37
From Figure A.1, the total solution of the problem is obtained by the summation of the
solutions of Problem 1 and Problem 2.
Solution to Problem 1
Let the solution to problem 1 be T1 .
Then the differential equation is
2T1 2T1
+ 2 = 0 0 < x < L ; 0 < y <W
(A.1)
x 2
y
with boundary conditions
(A.2)
T1 (0, y ) = 0
(A.3)
T1 (2.4, y ) = 0
(A.4)
T1 ( x,0) = 50
(A.5)
T1 ( x,3.0) = 300
Let T1 be a function of X (x) and Y ( y )
(A.6)
T1 ( x, y ) = X ( x).Y ( y )
Substituting Equation (A.6) in Equation (A.1), we have
X ' 'Y + Y ' ' X = 0
X ''
Y ''
=
X
Y
''
X
Y ''
(A.7)
= = 2
X
Y
Spatial Y solution
Now from Equation (A.7) we can write
Y ''
= 2
Y
(A.8)
Y '' 2 Y = 0
Equation (A.8) is a homogeneous second order differential equation. These type of equations
have the solution of the form Y ( y ) = e my . Substituting Y ( y ) = e my in Equation (A.8) we get,
m 2 e my 2 e my = 0
e my (m 2 2 ) = 0
m2 2 = 0
m1 , m2 = ,
From the values of m1 and m2 , the solution of Y ( y ) is written as
Y ( y ) = A cosh( y ) + B sinh( y )
Spatial X solution
Now from Equation (A.7) we can write
X ''
= 2
X
X '' + 2 X = 0
(A.9)
(A.10)
10.03.38
Chapter 10.03
n
n
n
T1 ( x, y ) = sin
x An cosh
y + Bn sinh
y
(A.15)
2.4
2.4
2.4
n =1
Applying boundary condition represented by Equation (A.4), we have
n
x
50 = An sin
(A.16)
2.4
n =1
A half range sine series is given by
n
f ( x) = An sin
x
L
n =1
where
L
2
n
An = f ( x) sin
x dx
L0
L
10.03.39
Comparing Equation (A.16) with half range sine series, Equation (A.16) is a half-range
expression of 50 in sine series with L = 2.4 . Therefore
2.4
2
n
An =
50 sin
x dx
2.4 0
2.4
=
2.4
1
n
50 sin
x dx
1.2 0
2.4
2.4
n
=
cos
x
n
2.4
1.2
2.4
50 2.4
=
cos ( n ) + 1
1.2 n
100
= cos ( n ) + 1
n
100
1 (1) n
=
n
Applying boundary condition represented by Equation (A.5) ,we have
n
n
x An cosh
300 = sin
3.0 + Bn sinh
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
n =1
Solving Equation (A.18) for Bn gives
50
2 2.4
3n
n
x dx An cos
300 sin
2.4 0
2.4
2.4
2.4
n x
cos
1
600
2.4 A cos 3n
n
2.4
3n 2.4
sin
2.4
2.4
0
2.4
600 2.4
1
n x
3n
=
cos
A
cos
3n 2.4 n
2.4 0
2.4
sin
2.4
1
600
3n
=
cos ( n ) + 1 An cos
2.4
3n n
sin
2.4
1
600
3n
1 (1) n An cos
=
2.4
3n n
sin
2.4
From Equations (A.15), (A.17) and (A.19), the solution T1 is given as
(A.17)
(A.18)
1
Bn =
3n
sin
2.4
(A.19)
10.03.40
where
Chapter 10.03
n
n
n
T1 ( x, y ) = sin
x An cosh
y + Bn sinh
y
2.4
2.4
2.4
n =1
(A.20)
100
1 (1) n and
n
600
1
3n
Bn =
1 (1) n An cos
2.4
3n n
sin
2.4
Solution Problem 2
An =
Let the solution to Problem 2 be T2 . Problem 2 can be solved similarly as Problem 1. The
solution to Problem 2 is
n
n
n
T2 ( x, y ) = sin
y C n cosh
x + Dn sinh
x
(A.21)
3
3
3
n =1
where
150
Cn =
1 (1) n
and
n
200
1
2.4n
Dn =
1 (1) n C n cos
3
2.4n n
sin
3
Overall Solution
T ( x, y )
=
n
y +
sinh
2.4
n
n
n
y Cn cosh
x + Dn sinh
x
3
3
3
sin
n =1
where
100
1 (1) n ,
n
600
1
3n
Bn =
1 (1) n An cos
,
2.4
3n n
sin
2.4
150
Cn =
1 (1) n ,
n
200
1
2.4n
Dn =
1 (1) n C n cos
.
3
2.4n n
sin
3
An =
10.03.41