......

..

PI

2008

CITATION l'IU.Ml!n

ATENEO
LAW JOURNAL

LEGAL
CITATION PRIMER

ATENEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW

ATENEO lAW JOURNAL

ISSN OUS-6IJ6.

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LEG.\L crr.AnoN PRI~IER: The Legal Citation Primer is a special publication of the Ate11eo
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lcgal practitioners and students in writing their legal documents and papers. It is available
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ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

CITATION PRIMER

LEG:\L CITATION PRIMER

I. ORDER OF AUTHORITIES ............................

II. PRIMARY AL'TIIORITIFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~
.i. Ctlti.'Titllliclll
B. C,,des au.l Stllmt,s
C. Curi
D. ugiildtil'e M,ueri,rls
E. Ewcutive a11d Admiuistwiw .\lmcri.tls
F. lmplememitt.f! Rules ,,,/ Rt;!!ul,uiom
G. Rules 1if Court
Ill. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

CONTRIBlTTIONS.

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A. Books, Amwtations, and Treatises

B.joumals
C. Periodical Articles
D. I;uernet Sources
E. Interviews
F. T!zeses

Copyright 2008 by the Ateneo LawJournal. All rights reserved.

The Ateneo Lawjournai homepage is located at http:i iwww.ateneoiawjournal.com.

2008

J"\1.

fOREIGN :Juuru.. t:S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

A.
B.
C.
D.

International Documents
United States Material
Selected States
Otl1er Foreign Legal Domments

V. INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS
A. Introductory Signals
B./d.
C. Supra
D. Hereinqfter
VI. GENERAL RULES OF
A. Quotations
B. Punclllations
C. Capitalization

AND SHORT CITATION FORMS. . . . . 20

USAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

APPENDIX: COMPILED EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

...

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

2008

CITATION PRIMER

Preface

BOARD OF EDITORS
P.-\TRICJ.-\ .\~X 0. I:St:.UOS.-\
BERN.\RO JOSEPH ll. ~1.\IIIUR:\.....

RITA r.t\RIE 1..

(/,-.,.f

The system of legal citation can be confusing, even daunting, for students of
the law Jnd experienced practitioners alike. It requires careful attention to
Jcr.1il ro t:nsure rhar those reading a piece of work will be able to trace its
roots .md ~ourres. ln. perhaps, no otlter field is there a greater reliance on
preredt:m dun in the law - thus, prompting a seemingly complex and
impenetrJble methoJ of citation. Law students and la'"1'ers are all too often
easily intimidated or O\'erwhdmed by this. The problem, however, lies not
so much in lack of skill, than in the lack of a clear and understandable
reference. While TI1e BluebcJok: A Unifonu System of Citatio11, 1 published by
American law reviews, is useful and comprehensive, many practical
difficulties exist in relation to its use. Not only is access to it quite limited, as
it is not locally available, ;rs focus is also primarily geared towards American
sources, at times making application challenging. Also, while a longer length
may be indicative of extensiveness, realistically-speaking, many users
associate convenience and functionality with short guides. It is with the goal
of addressing these issues that the editors of the AtetJeo Law Journal publish
this Citation Primer.

fiOR.\UF. ~1. 1'.\.\lFILU

!'AMEU JOY L. .\LlJIJIS:\0.\

1\''i D. P.\TDL

,.fitt'T}

~1.11.

Tl~lOTJJ\' Jllll~ (;, Ht 'C.\,\IIIJU

~II,Sil'.\

\'[It\ SILWXI: G. S.\I.CEI> I

MARIA CECII.I.\ G. NATJ\'IDAI>

ROBERTO T. S.\STJ.\(;C I, .IR.

REGIN.-\ AJ"N L. NONATO

JOY STEI'J.L\.1\IIE C. T:\j;\~

The iltcneo lAw Journal has established itself as a premier law review in
the country. For more than fifty years, it has exhibited unsurpassed zeal and
dedication to the advancement of legal scholarship. It has instituted an
enduring tradition of excellence which has been passed on to, and
maintained and enriched by, each generation of editors. Cognizant of the
importance of honing its editors' skills in order to live up to the exacting and
elevated standards of being one of the country's foremost publications, the
system oflegal citation has been central to the training of its editors. Ever the
pioneer of progress in the field of law, the journal now utilizes its well
engraved knowledge in the system of citation to once again break new
ground by providing a solution to the difficulties encountered in legal
citation.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
:RNARD JOSEPH B. MALIBIRAN

FLORALIE M. PAMFILO

AITY. JACINTO D. JIMENEZ

This Citatio11 Primer is the product of hours of deliberation and research

by the present Board of Editors. Each citation fonn was examined and
deliberated upon to ensure not only accuracy, but also facility in usage.
While it is principally based on the Ateueo Law )o11mal White Sheets and The

JOY STEPHANIE C. TAJAN

FACULTY ADVISER

1.
Compiled by the editors of the Columbia Llll' Revitw, the Harvard lAw Review,
the Univmity of Pen11sylvat1ia lA1v Rrvirw, and the Yale LlJV jouma/, and published by
the Harvard Law Review Association.

Bluebook: A Vt~ifonn System of Ci111tiot1, the editors have molded or reinvented

certain citation fomts to suit the distinct needs of the Philippine legal scholar
or practitioner. The Doard has expended aU efforts to make this primer a$
simple and user-friendly as possibh.:, without diminution of content or
quality. It must be borne in mind, however, that this publication is not
meant to be aU-encompassing, and is exactly what it purports to be - a
primer.
With this, the editors are proud to prl'sent to the legal community this
Citation Primer, with hope that it will serw Js an essential and lasting
reference in the study and practice of rhc bw.

!fC~

~mardjoseph Ma~biran
B.

Lead Editor

J~
Assodate Lead Editor

..

I. ORDER OF AUTHORITIES
Th~

most supportive authority relied upon in the text should be cited tim,

follow~d by the other authorities in descending order of importance. If no

particular order of importance is followed in the citation sentence or

number, the following should be controlling:
1

Constitulions

'

Sutm~. m.atie~ ..md

.l.

ca~~'i
1.

11.

other intemarional instrUIIIl'nts

Supreme Coun

Court ot Appt:als. and Coun oiT.1x

:\pp~:.tls

1ii.

Sandig.mbayan

iv.

Regional Trial Coun

v.

Municipal Trial Coun

vi.

Imernational judicial and arbitral bodies

vii.

Foreign judicial and arbitral bodies

Legislative documents other than statutes

Administrative or executive documents

1'\.

Court documents

7.

D<'cuments of intergovernmental organizations

8.

Secondary materials

Secondary materials include, among others, treatises, annotations, papers,

journal articles, periodicals, and internet sources. ~everal factors 1nay affect
their persuasiveness. Nevertheless, they often have little influence, if any,
where there are existing laws, jurisprudence, and legal documents related to
the particular subject matter. Secondary materials may be used where there
are areas of argument and there is no prevailing doctrine.

.
PRIM A RY AUTH O RITIES

II . P R II\I AR Y

AUT HORITI ES

Subsequent citations for stJtutes: {Short Title or abbreviated stature munberf ,

!subdi,isions}.
IJ.

Th.: i u cum b~ nt Constitution is cited as lo llo\\s: {S"I .-\TE 'IR C <l C:--.1 nzY :
COi'ST. : ~ u bd i ,i~i o n s l
1.

14. Jd.
15.

i'IIIL.t :u:---~l . .lrl.VI. I.

1'1111. C< ''~T ..lrl.

!6. ld.

\' II. ~ II , c, l .

R t'f'<'.lle,l con, lilutions nuy be citt'.l a> ,;,llo-.,s: ; ,l'.lr ,,, .lll ptinn;
( , ' l':"Tit y : Cn:--:sT. : ,ul,,h,i-l"n< 1;: c.tr 'lll''r,,,l,,l : I .

:s1 \ 1"1; lllt

( :. ( ;,/lf.<
1.

It must bt: notnl th.lt /d. m.1y not b, liSt'd tn rd(r: '
usc:d, h O\\"l'\"lT. tilr .111 utha b w>.

d:~

C c,n.tin::i<n:. !: :::.::; h

Supr<'lll<' Court Decisions

The initial citation fo r cases is as fo llows: {c:tse n:nne}. {,olume nu1nbt:r }

; I{.L"pun .:r} {fi rst page}, {cited page } ({year}).
17. Laurel v. Abrogar, 483 SCRA 243, 245 (2006).

Tip: CONST. is in a fon nat known as SMALL CAPS. If you arc using Microsolt
Word, you may simply press C TRL + SHIFT + K ro c ha ng~ the text to
SMALL CAPS.

18. Garcia v. People, 410 S<;RA 5.8~ 583 (2003),

For subsequent citations of a case: {11bbrcvi11ted msc

l reporter } at {cited page }.

13. Cde; .uul Sr.uurc>

19.

In itial citation fo r codes is as follows: {Ii iii titk } [ {SIIORT TITLE f] . {stat11te
nu mber}. {subdivisions} ({ycar }}4

An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal l aws [R EVISED I'ENAI
CooEj, Act No. ]8 15, art. 2 (1932).

5-

An Act to Ordain ami Institute d1c Civil Code of the Philippines [CIVIL
CODEj, Republic Act No. 386 (r950).

Subsequent citation fo r codes: {SH<)RT T ITL E1. l subdi,isio lt>: .

6.

REVISED PENAL CODE, art.;. 171-173

7-

ld.

8.

ld. m. 180, ~[2.

9-

An Act Providing for the Recognition and Use of Electronic Commercial

and Non-commercial Transactions and Documents, PcllJitics for Unlawful
l Jse:: Thereof and For Other Purposes (e-Commcrcc Act of 2000),
Republic Act No. 8792. 33 (2000).

Jd.

12.

An -Act Penalizing t.he Making or Drawing and Issuance of a Check

Without Sufficient Funds or Credit and for Other Purposes, Oatas
Pambansa .Big. 1,2, 6 (1978).

ff

~ ~ ;11-.. ~..

If the case has not yet been reported, the citation of the case is as follows: fcase
name }. {G.R. N umber} , {date}.
21.

People v. Ramos, G.R. No. 1 72~70, Apr. S, 200a.

22. /d.

h must be noted, however, that if a case has been reported, the reported citatio n
must be used.
Decisio ns of other Philippine courts

Gcnerally, the citatio n for other Philippine courts is as fo llows: {case name},
{volume number} {Repo rter} {fi rst page}, {cited page } ({Comt} {year)}.
23, People y.'Cgiiantesn7 O.G. ~804, 1805 (Court

D.

l.c.~i.>larifl<"

of Appe-als i926).

.I lmaill[;

As a general rule, legislative materials (bills, in parriwlar) are cited as follows:

{title). t legislature}, {sessio n}. in {publication, if any) {subdivision ) ( fd3te }).

1.

10. ld.
II.

{volume number}

u111rcl, 4&3 SC::RA at :269. : ~

20. /d.

2.

T he initial ciratio n fo r statutes is as fo llows: {full title} ({ Short T itle. if :my }I.
{smut.: nu naber} . { s~obciivisions) (jyear})-

lliiiii C}.

24. H.ll6o4, 13th Cong., 2d Scss. (May 12. 2007), in 128 Cong. l~cc. S. 70<J I
(May 19, ~007). ;
::

2.

O nce a bill is introduced, it is sent to a committee to hold hearings regarding

the proposed legislatio n. The general fo nnat to cite this is as follows: {name o f

2.

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

4
h~arin~. indudin~

thl bill numbtr and conuniuet.> which hdd tltt.> lw.tring: ,

: ll'gisl.nurt"! : pagt munha: (l Yl".tr of ht"aring:) (: p.mwhltic.tl int(mn.ation
.tbuut pason te,tit)ing: ).
25. Benefits tor U.S. Victims of lnt~mational T errorum: Hearing on S. 1 .!i 5
Defore the: Senate Foreign Rdations Committee. JOSth Cung. 2-5 (.!OOJ)
(statemc:nt of William H. Taft, IV, lc!,ral Advisor, Dept. of State).

J. Subcommittee Hearings han~ a simil.lr t(mn of dution: : titll'. indu~ling !'ill

number ;md cnmmint't' n.Jillt.'!. !ltgi.;l.iwrt:, : 't'S'inn! : p.l~t: (: yc.tr: 't
(t p.trentht"tic..l inttll'IH.Jti'll .thout l't'N 111 ttstit~in~: ).
26. Ser\'ice InJu~trit" Conun~r~~ l>e\dupm~:m Act

or IJ~.!. ~kirin::- >II H.R.

5519 hd(lr~ th~: Suh~oJmllinc:.: nn Commerrl.'. TrJn.;port.tti~'ll .IIlli T,)IJrln!

of rhe Hou~ Connnitrl'C: ou Eulrgy .md Conm11:r~~. 'J7th Cllll_:: .!d 'it"
Ci<J (1982) (st.uemcnt of Gor,llm J. Cloncy. IL Ch:unber of Commcru u(
tht: United States) ..
4 For Congressional Reports, citations should bc in Small Caps and indudcs the
following: : titlt.> and author. if .111\' I : H.R. or S. ro ilh!ic.u~. lhnl'l' ol
Rcprcsematiws or Senate..' I REP. No. :Number of Cml~r~.~.,:-: Number nt'

Rc:porq, at {page numberl (I year:).

27. H.R. REP. No. 99-226, at 8 (1985).

s. To cite Congressional Journals, follow this format: {volume, if any 1

{.JOUIU'-IAL OF CHAMBER OF CONGRESS} {jl'Umal number}, {legislaturt},
{sessior..} ({date}).
28.

SENATr. Jn '!I"AL 721., 13th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess., Senate Sess. Nn. fl7
(Mar. 7, 2005).

29. 68 jOURNAl. OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 14, 13th Cong. rsr

Reg. Sess. (May 10-11, 2005).

E. Executive and Administrative Materials

For Executive Orders, as a general rule, the citation is as follows: I issuing
agency}, {title. if any}, lissuann or st:ries number. if any}, l \'olume: l otlki.ll
source, if any} I page} ({ datt.> 1).
JO. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Revenue: Memorandum Circular No. 37-93,
89 O.G. 4476 (Aug. 9. 1993).
31. 13ureau of lntcmal Revenue, Rev. Reg. No. IC'i-2005. Effectivity Clause
(Sep. 1, .:!005).

p. Bureau oflntcmal Revenue, BIR Ruling No. DA-176-o4 (Apr. 6, 2004}.

JJ. Office of the President, hlS[ituting the Presidential Award for Heroism in
Times of Disaster, Executive Order No. 421 (Sep. 7, 19<JO).
34 Securities and Exchange Commission, Code of Corporate Govem:mcc,
SEC Memorandum Circular No. 2, Seri~ of 2002 (Apr. s. 2002).

PRIMARY AUTHORITIES

F. Implrmtruin~~ Rules 1111d Regulations

For lmplt>meming Rules and Regulations of various statutes, the following

fonnat may be used: Rult.'s and Regulations Implementing {title of statutt.> 1~
: 'ubdi,isions l ({ ytar 1).
'
35 Rules and RebrtllJrions Implementing the Ami-Violence against Women
and Their Children Act of 2004, 14 (a) (2004).

j6.

u.

37 Rub and Regulations Implementing the e-Conunerce Act of 2000, l

(1000).
JN. /d.

C. Rult?.s !f Cmn

These Rult.>s are cited as follows: ~TITlE OF RULES I, :rule}, {subdi,isions}.

39 1000 RE\'ISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110, 4
40. ld.

.:p. 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rule 41,

42.

2 (a).

/d.

43 REVISED RULES 6:-i EVI:JENCE,

rcle 12B, 1:

44 /d.
45 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, rule 73,

1.

46. /d.

47

19<)1

48. /d.

REVISED RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE,

10.

SECON DARY AUTHORIT I ES

Ill. SECONDARY AUTIIORITJ ES

.z. AnnotJtions are cited as ta llows: (Autho r f. Annotation. : ntld. : nlum~.
numba! : R.~.po rt <' rl {lirsr !'t~c}. I cited p .1~d (!Y<'.Ir! ) .
.-l. B.ki . .lmr,,t,l/iolls, mul T remisrs
1

6J. Jorge R . Coquia, Annotation, 77rt Nati<~~lal C"mpmeri.::cd lllmtifirlliu

Rifcrruu Systr'lll .u Vio/,uiou ~{ rite Riglu ,,, Prit.ll)': .-1 R~l'ifw of tllf Principles
.wtl)urispmdrurr ,, Pritl<lCY IS H111111111 R(~/rr;. 293 SCltA 201, 20 3 ( t !)<J~) .

(l," ,~,_, .m: cited as fo llows:

Sin!;le ~w h or: {AUTHOR}. {TITLE} {(itcci p~ ge} { { ye~ r} or {editio n

nu111h.:r: : yc.1r} or {ye.1r of cdirinn}).

1.

-19 R.UIIEN F. UALANE, JOTIINGS IN CIVIL I.AW:

Succr~SSI ON

jJ

(~d

cd.

~00~).

;o. JO.\QUI:-1 G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF TH REPUBLIC

OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTAR.Y I I 95 (200J cd.).
j l.

nr

l . Treati~cs: when citing a single \'Oillllle

J mulfi-\'OIIIIIlC work. gin the main
;itlc nf the: 1olumc cited . If the ritl.: of J ll'ork .:mls ll'ith J numcr.1l. or if
. di, tingui,hing between the title Jlld page mmther coul,l o tlwrwi;e be .:onli1sing.
the p.tgt lllllnb.:r sho uld he ~.t o 1r hy a <omm.t .111d the word "~t '' .IS li11loll's:
: .- \l'TI h 1 1~ : . :Til L1 : : .-u,,l J'.l;:<: (: 1 ~.. tr: ) nr ! -\l' I Hill< :. !1111 F 1..\;lll:"'<;
\\ 1111 \ ' l ' \ IIIU<: ..11 ;,u,,l(.t;:,: t :1c.1r: ).

rq . SA \IUEL \'Ii ili I~ 1o:--:, A T RL\IISE L):>J

11:\1 1:\l. '"P'' note 19 Jt 1OJ.

ADMI:--IISTRATI\'E l.-1 W TltE.-\TI)E I ;v-! I

h. ~lulri-1olume w0rk: {1olumc numbc:r} {AUTIIOR} . (TITlF.} {cited p.1gc}

(!y<.'.lr : or jcdi1ion numbcr } {yca r} or {yeJ r of edirion}).
52. -1 OSCAR. B. HER.R.ERA, REMEDIAL !,.AW 150 (2001 cd.).
c. Two aurhors: separate their nlmes with "&" as follows: {FIRST AUTHOR } &

c. VITUG &JtiOCE ER.NESTO

JURISPRUDENCE ,:;o (2d c;d. 2909).

1. C itatiOII fo r (ollwru unh- ('J)..'lll.lt<d Jll Urn.tk :Author:, : Titl.-: . : \'ohllll<.'

ntunberl lJOUit N ,-\Lf pir~ t p.1gd . :med p.1 ~e: (:yc.1r: ).

65.

D. ACOSTA, TAX LA':/ ANIF

'

U.S. :Japtl/1 i:tJitolll(<'d /uilttllitc tb .111 /mtllllllflll !J C/tolllgc

'/he fiffiwcr <!}' )'l""''s LrtYsl E:Jvtl '" TdrcvulltiiiiiiCr.l~t~m Dcn~~,/tlli<llt. l l
ASI.~N-P.K. LriV & POI'Y j. :!C) I. ~C)Ii (:!001).

67. Nag.rtani . SIIJ"" note 65 ..n !C)J.

Note: Suprn is used if there is an into.:rvcning citation. such as lootnotc

Otht:rwisc, ld. should be used.

H VITUG & ACOSTA, supra npte SJ, at 175.

d. t\ lort th.111 t\\'0 authors: {FIRST AUTIIOR} , ET Al., (TITLE} {cited pJge}
(! Y<'Jr} or ( cdition number} {y<."Jr} or {yc.tr of edition }).
56. NARCISO I'EN.-1, ET AL., REGISTRAnON OF LAND TITLES AND DEEDS 200
(1994 cd.).
57. JOSUE N. BELLOSIUO, ITAI.., OMNIBUS ELEenON CODE 18 r (2007).

58. PENA, ET AL., supra note 56, at 225.

,. l:duor o r lr.lllslator: {AUTHOR}. {TITLE} {cited page} ({Editor or
Translator} {cd(s). or trans.}. {year}).
59 ADAM SMITH, THE WEALTH OF NATIONS JD-JL (Edwin Cannan ed.,
zooo).
6o. WOMEN AND AMERICAN J UDAISM 108-00 (Pamela S. Nadell & Jon.1than
D. Sama cds., 2001).
61. WOMEN ANI) LANGUAGE IN LITERATURE ANI) SOCIETY
Broker, ct al eds., 1980).

l),tW II N~!;.lt~ll l ,

66. SMITH , s11prn note 5? at J9

54 j o vJTO R. SALONGI, &PEDRO L. YAP, Punuc fNTI!IlNATIONf.L LAw 77

(1974).

u r: CoNTI\.~C rs.

I! ''lllll.tf.,

JSF.COND AUTHOR}, {TITlE} {cited page} ({year} or {edition number} {year}

o r (year of edition}) .
53 jUSTICEjO~E

r11E L\\\

( I<J<)O).

zS.~-99

(Ruth

62. NICCOL6 MACHIAVELLI, T HI! PR.INCE 45-50 (W .I( Marriott rrans., 1908).

C itation fo r awn-<<>mrnm,cly p.lgiiJ.Hcd

{jUUilNAL}, {date}, at {cited p.tgc}.

z.

JOIIrn.tk

(1(,

abo1e.

(Author}. l 'l itif}.

68. Victor L. Streib, Semeudng Women ro CXallt, CRIM. JUST., Spring

lJ.

2000,

at

J. Citation of student works in bw j oum als: {Amhor}. {Commt'nt/ Notc/Casc

Nmc}, ( Tirle}. ( 1olume number } UOUR!'.:AL} {first page}, (cited page}.
(]l!.Hcf) .

69. KfUSTOFFEitJAMES E. PUlliSIMA, Comment, 17rt Public CharactcrofCoromtl

l.i!vy F11nds ;, Republic v. COCOFED, 47 ATENEO LJ. 154, 155 (2002).

70. Dcmard Joseph D. Malibirnn. Note, Psyd1vlogiml lm:opacity Rwisited: A

Rrview of Rcretll Jurispmdmce, 52 ATEN EO L.J. 392, 4t6 (2007).

C. Periodiml A rrides
1. C itation of an cnrin: magazine arricle: {Author} , ( Title} , {NAME OF
MAGAZINE) , {date}. :tt {fi rst page of anick}.

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

71. Usha Tankha, Truusfonuiug .'\-lisfortum

MI\ v 2006, ar JO.

111111

SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

Oppvmmil)', ADO REV.,

A I'I~ . -

F. 'Drcses

C itatio n of a signt'd newspaper .m icle: : :\ uth ur:.

: I lc.t.lliut' :.
: :\IIIIR E\'1:\ liON OF NEK'ii'.-\I'Eit :. : ,l.u, u!'.midl'!. at : P':!'' 1111 w lnr h .trtid,
.tppt-.trs f.

2.

7~-

John M. Urodcr. Cliui~IJ.I dc~mc~u l 1111.10 ll'cultl RcJit m Clim.uc A.-,wd. N.Y.
Tl.\11:.\ Dec. r ~. r9<r.at:\ 1.

/) ftllc'TIIc'l

" ' llfc~'S

l mc rnl'l 'ourc,s .tr, cit,d

: illh.'rJh."l

:IS follo w~:

;:\utlt. ,r. u ,1\.ul.ibl .... :. !tit!.-:. ,w.ri/,t/1/c'

.11

.hi,Jrl''': (J.t,[ .H..' l"C'~'l'd ! ,I.Ht' : ).

7J. l'll'l.'ltr,.l \u:.t' mJ \\ d,.iitiC Uut~Ju. l .uu.uaw l

.:z :;:;t-;', ;; hnp
;- ;
; .

(),,

othl'r\ .lf tl111

" " \' .Jl'''. i1.:;l"' l'h l'l"g' ' t.un.tLt \\ hun \1.'''

l'rt'J<.'~o..L
.t(~ol.:~.)\.'d

74 Umy M. L,incr. ct al.. A Brief History of the lmemct. w.u/.riJ/, .u

http:/ /ww\l'.i~oc.org/inrcnteuhistory/bricr: dnnt l # l ntrodunion
0Jst
accessed Apr. ::6. 1007).
75. D. l.m Hopper. Dcstrucri,c 'ILOVEYOU' computer virus strih-s
worldwide, allnilnble at http://archivcs.cnn.cornhooo/TECl-1/computing/
os/o.j/ilovcyou/ Oast accessed Aug. 27, 2oo6).
Note: For o nline sources, in clude the exact internet address, o therw ise known as
the unifo m1 resource locator (URL). and the date when the site was last
accessed.

E. Interviews
C iting an in-person interview: lmervic:w with l N.11n.: 1. ! Tid,:. : (n,tinn inn.tl
t\ffili.u ilfl. if .my. ut' th, :m.:nit' \\'<'d. in I lo.-.u inn of tlw IIH<TI'I<'II' I ( l d.uc o(
the imenicw J).

1.

76. Interview with Dick Cheney, Vice-Prcsidcnr, United States of Amclica, in

Washington, D.C. (Oct. 24, 2oo6).

When citing a teleph o ne interview: Telephone Interview with 1N.1t11c 1

AITili.uiun, if any. of th, imavinl,c 1. in {lorlllllll nf the
nucnicw} ( {d.Jtt' o f the imenic\1' }).

2.

l Tidd, p nstl!utional

77. Telephone lmervirw with Orhan Pamuk, in Stockholm (Oct.

12 ,

2006).

J. W he n the aU!hor has not pcrson:Uiy cond ucted the interview, provide the
name of the interviewer: Interview by l N.m1c n f l mcr.i,IIW I with l N.lllh.' of
lmcrvic1n:e }, l Title}, j l nstiturimul t\ tiili.Hinn. if .my. nf the intc:r.i,wce }, 111
{loc.Hio n uf the intenicw) ( {cbte ofth, inttn ic:w l).
78. Interview by Harry Keisler with Kofi Annan, Secretary General. United
Nations, in University o f Califom i.1, Oerkclcy (Apr. 19, 1!J9S).

Dissertations and theses are c ited as fo llows: l r\mhur}, :Tid ,} (l ,brd )

the ryp o f work 1. 1ins1irmion rh.u awarded the ,l,!(rec f) (: whac it

(l indic.tre

c:.nt be l'l>11nd} ) .
79 William

M. Howard, Mancbtory Arbitration of Employment

Discrimination Disputl-s: Can Justice be Scned (May 1995) {unpubli,hccl
Ph.D. dissertation, Arizon~ Star.: University) (on file with author).

No. Archie E. .Blake, Daubert and Reality: A Smvey of Nevada Jnd~~s (1\J!Jii)
(unpublished thesis, Univcr.;iry of Nevada) (on file with Reno Library.
University of Nevada).
81. R osalyn C. Rayco, Cybcr Pro,citution at a Click of a Uutron: Ev:lu.uin;:
the Applicability of Prostitution Statll!es in Criminalizing l'ai~ Vidc~-ba~c:d
Cybc:rscx (2006) (unpublished J.D. thesis, i\tcnco de M.mrl.1 Unl\crsrt_y)
(on file with the Professional Schools Library. Atenco de Mamla
University).
J3emard Joseph B. Malibiran, Are We R.eady for Another Lovebug?
Delving into Cybercrime and R.e-E.xamining the c-Commercc Act of 2000
and Other Pertinent Laws (2008) (t:npublishcd J.D. thesis, Atcneo de
Manila University) (on file with the Professional Schools Library, Atenco
de Manila University).

FOR.ElGN SOUR.CES
IV . FOREIGN SOURCES

If the report is the result of a conference or a series of conference, cite as foll~\\;:

l conl~n:ncc: n~rne or n~mc of this particular conference if p~rt of a senes}.
1pl.l~e uf cont~ rencc:. except whom it occurs in the pb~e o~ the .He~dquart<'rs of
the: orbr.tniz:ttio.lll }. {dates of dur.tt.ion}, {rcpM titit}, { pmpomt c1te} , {document
111 nnbo.r. whc:n a\aibbh:} ({ot1ici~l date, if diffen:nt from conference date}).

.-1 hllrnwtilltll Donumms

r. Umrrd N.1t1om

Genc:r.tl Ass~.rnbl y Resnhuions. if from !Jlili.J! mw.l, .1re ..:itc:d .1s tollows:
: R..~ohnion IIUinh ..r: . : .1! p.lgo. lllllnl ...r. but u l'"" ihlo.. J '.lr.l~r.lph nun lho.T f.
U.N. GAOR . :'c:"ion or ,nhun~. nu1nha; . :'upplemo.'llt m .1nno.x munh..- r: .
:dc:'i!!n.ui,ll1: (! yl.ar: ).
liJ. G.A. It<~. .! IJ I. at 107-ol!. U.N. l.AOR. :oth 5.:~ .. uri' ;\io. 1.!. U.N.

:\r"ter

'""'"'",It<' J~ rilkl\n:

l ll..:<llllltl\111 lllllllh..-r. i.o.. ,,.,,h>ll numb,-r;. ;.n p.1;; IIUIIIb,r. h111

par.1!-'T.1ph 1n1111lwr 1. i o.J....,1~1l.1t i o 11 : (: 1i11l ,J.n.-: ).

11

S j. C.A ll..c<. s-/J7i. <; J. U.N. Doc. -\, ll..,<ts- J77 \)ull J. 10VJ).

Before: 1Y7f: l Resolulio11 lllllllber} ( ~~lss1on 1111111ho:r i11 Rum.111 m11mr.ll, :J,
p.l!(c IIUIIlbcr, but if pu~sible. p.lrJgraph 1111111bcr l, i do.:'i!(natiull : ( lli11l d.uo. :).
~5.

Short ..:itation rules apply to rcpom, as follows:

91 . Sittl.1tiou of Womeu and Girls ill Ajglumistnu Report, supra note 89, , 8.

ltctth''

1 ~7fo :

pu<~1bk.

90 International Conference on the Dialogue of Civiliz:~tions, Tokyo ~nd

l<yoto,Jap., July J t-A!Jg. J, 2001, C01ljerem:e Report, ~ A.2.

92. /d. CJ 12.

Doc. :\ t(JO J.! ( l'Jfi$).

If from ,,t:J,,,

II

:.11

G.A. Res. 2625 (XXV), at 76, U.N. Doc. Al8o2S (Oct. 1.1, 1970).

l\ Jultil.nerJI m:atics ar.: cited as follows: lnJmc: of a~;reemem}, {subdi,ision. if

nt~.d only in p.m}, {litll dHc of signing}, {international treary source}.

93 Unitrd Nations Conn:ntion on the L1w of the Sea, Dec.

Preamble, 1833 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter UNCLOS].

IO,

t982 ,

94 . Convention on the Rights of the C..hild, Nov. 20, ~9 89, art. 19~ 1577
' u.N.T.S. 3 (hcreina~er CRCJ.

95 /d . a~. 23.

Note: Resolutions issued by other orgmizations are cited analogously.

g6.

Sho!t citation n1lcs apply to reports, as follows:

Rf>

G.:\. Res 57/3-;7,

87. /d.

SliP'"

T n.~arics of three or less parties: {name of a1.(Tec:mem l, {abbrel"iated names uf

p.mics w agreement}. l date of sigmng}, {mtcrnational treary source}.

note 3 I, '!6.

S.

ll. c:pons made are generally cited as follows: : 11a111e ul tho. IS>uiug hody:

II abbreviation} ]. {sub-committee that prcp.1rcd the r.:port},

UNCLOS, supra note 93, art. f92

{ritlt

!f t/11 nptm 1,

{parab'T:Iph number or the pinpoint t:itc} , U.N. Doc. ltlocumcnt llllmber}

( {date}) ({amhor inclt!ded, if available}).
88. U.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOCJ, Umted Nauo11s Forum on
For~-sts, Reporr c?f the Sea,ruth Smio11, Chapt. I, A.!. I at 1. U.N. Doc.

E/CN.18/2o'l7/R (Feb. 21, 2oo6 and Apr. 16-l7, 2007).

If rl1e rep"rt is made by the Secretary-GcnerJl or by anyone acti11g in a11 official
capaciry as in the position of an emoy or ~pokcsperson , cite as follows:
{Capacity}, I titIt <if rCJXITI}, {pi11poim nt.:. if lll'edctl} , /lltllltt' !f tltt' in>tltllti,u r
rtmmittee ,,, wilir/1 1ilc rt'[lllrt was ddil>crcdl, U.N. Doc. {dorulllt:llt IIUIIlha~
(l datc:}).
89. The Sccrctary-Gcncr.ll, Hep.m oj tile S.-cretm}'Gmmrl ,,, rlrr Siru.ui'"' "I
ll'omen arrJ Girls iu ;!_&llauisttm, ~ S. ddi1wr.i ro the -1Srh St-ssitt11

.if rl;e

Commitrtt 011 tire Sratus of Womeu, U.N. Doc. E/CN.6/2oo4/5 (Dec.

2003) (hereinafter Sit11ntio11 c?f Jllvmetrmrd Girls i11 Afglr.uJi5tall Repttrt(.

I!),

97. Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, U.S.-Th., June 8, r~. 652
U.N.T.S. 253 (hereinafter T.E.A.R.J.
It must be noted that the general rule is that treaties which result in the creation
of new institutions or "founding documents" are cited as foll ows: {Title of tl1c
treaty or agreement}, {parties, if applicable} , {article number, if citing a part
only}, {date of signing}. {international treary source}.

98. 1\ome Statute "of the lntcmation:ll Criminal Court, art. 5 (a)~ July r, 2002,
:u87 U .N.T-.~ 90
The exceptions to this rule are the United Nations Chartc~ and the Ch,rtcr of
tho: League of Nations which shall be cited as follows: {Tttlc:}, {art. number}.
{paragr.1ph number}.
99 U.N. Charter an. 43.

1.

J . lnto.:nmrional Law ca~e

Decisions nf the lntcmational Courr of Justico.: or the Permanent Court of

111 rc:rnational Justice for cases prior to t9.JS: I case 11arnc } ({parti.:s' names. o.:~:co..pt

FOREIGN SOURCES

ATENEO LAW JOURNAl

12

if ir is an ad\'isory opinion l ), {volume number and name of puhlic.nion} : ctse

number l. {p;tge numbed (I date 1).

13

Appellate Body, to wit: :Panel or Appdlatc: body}, :title ,~f di.'J'IItl'}, {IJonnlll'llt
Symhon (: ti.tll date: l).

1oo.Asylum (Colom. v. Peru), 1950 I.CJ. 266, 2n-78 (Nov. 20, 1950).

10s. Pand Report. JwlclllcJicm- Ccrmi11 .\le,1sures 1tlrctil~g tire Autt.lm,,bi/r l11d11stry.
WT /DSs..J/R (July 2, 199ll) [hereinafter Automobile Industry Report).

101. Legal Status ofEastem Greenland Case, 1933 P.C.IJ. Ser. AlB No. 53, Scr.
C, vol. 62, 43, 109, vol. 63, 858 (Apr. 5, 1933).

1OCJ. Appellate: Body Report,

Cm.ld41 - .1irir4t, WT tDSio/ AB/R (Aug. ~o.

11)9)).

ICJ cases that have not yet been published may be cited from the lntemational
Legal Materials (I.L.M) or to the I.CJ. Website (http:/ /www.icj-cij.org).
Decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human rights: {case namt.'}, ( ;ohmtl'
CJSC llUIJiber or part), at f dte page lllllllber, if lll'(l'~S.li'Y:

11.1111d (: saies

n, {

If the decision is a result of the GATT, D.I.S.D. (Basic Instmments and Selected
Dolumems) must be cited. It must be ~ired as follows: : Blllly l. :title l, :~a'l'
numba. it" li't~-',1:. (: ,J 1,'-"u 1nlm ,I. ttl':). GATT B.I.S.D. (: ordiu.tl nmnhlr or thl
'lii'J'I,nh'Jll. I.e .. lllllll.al ,.,llllllh' :) Jt : J'.l;,!l': (: Yl'.ll' 11t pul'Jil'.llion :).

(: d.m: ).

I I G.

10.!. Vd;isqucz Rodriguez Case, Merits, Inter-Am. Ct.H.R, (sc:r. C), No. 4, at
321 Quly 29, 1988).
Decisions of Ad Hoc tribunals such as those of the International Criminal
Tribunals of Yugoslavia and Rwanda are cited as follows: {cast.' name), I c.tSl'
numhlr:, I rype of mling}, I paragraph number. if needed} ({date}).
103. Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Icn-IT-96-23 & IT-96-231I-A, Appeals
Chamber,~ 119 (Oct. II, 26cn).

The citation format of International Arbitration cases are cited by analogy to

International Law cases in general.
104.Ambatielos Arbitration (Gre,ece v. U.K.), 12 R. Int'l Arb. Awarrls 83, 35
(1956).

In short-crtmg cases, supra is not used; rather, one merely uses the title of the case
and the pinpoint cite. Id. may likewise be used, except in two cases: ( 1) when
the citation refers to the same case but to a different part of the trial or opinion;
or (2) where the prior citation includes more than one authority and not all of
them are being cited.
IOj.Asyl11m, 1950 I.CJ. at 267.
I06.Ambaticlos Arbitration,

12

R.I.A.A. at 87.

4 International Non-Governmental Organizations. Particularly applicable to the

writings of those organizations recognized as having special responsibilities. Cited
as: (name: of organization}, {titlr t?f writit~l!}, {document mnuber, if any}, {I ft11l
<.lite}).

107.Amnesty fnt'J, Nigeria: R.1r-11le Siltlll Weal"'" AFR 44/o2ohoo6, (Nov.

28, 2oo6) [hereinafter Amnesty lnt'l, N{geria].
5. World Trade Organization (WTO)
To distinguish decisions rendered by the WTO, documents must be cited using
the official document symbol and indicating whether it is by Panel or by the

When

Rt.'pOrt ol tht.' P.md. r 'ui:r.l :"11~1'.' - r':' t'.' ,,, Hm~lcum dllol ~:.rt.r:"/:"Jitlrll'li
Suht.m<ri. cJunc r-. ll)l'';"). (.:\lT B.I.S.D. C.lolth Supp.) .It Jq {r~.li).
citing

,
lt

1 llr~.ll 112 , 1I 111 1

l\-linish:rial documc..nt. the tollowi~g. must be cit~J:

1 1), ll'lllllc..m
:'\J lllllbl'r .md unothn.tl 'ourl'c:. ,,Kh .1'
I'
I

tirk'
1

t.l..\1. if rht.'rlin: (: yt.'.tr:).

11

Trade.' or6oaniz;ttion. Doha Work Programme - Ministerial Tl'xt.

WT/MIN{os)/W/J (2005) (hcrein:tftcr Doha Work Programme).

1. World

B. Utzited States Material

1.

United States Code

a. Full Citation
To cite an entire statute as codified in the United States Code (U.S.C.), the
following must be cited: lntlki;tl name. of .Kt!, lU.S.C. tidl numhlr: U.S.C.
1sections containit~g the stawte: (I year of wdl edition l itt.d} ).
112. Foreign

Intelligence SurveilJance Act, so U.S.C. JSOJ-1829 (2000).

To cite an individual provision of the United States Code: !tide number}

U.S. C. 1section cited} ( {date of code edition cited D
ll3 36 U.S.C. 1344 (1996).

Since the United States Code is published every six years, one should try to get
the current edition. Supplements are published every intervening year betw~en
the six year intervals, so to cite both the ~ain volu~e an~ the s~pplemen~: {ntle
number} U.S.C. (section citcdl ({date ot code edmon nted} & Supp. (\olume
of supplement and year supplt'lliCIH was rcktsl'd ~ }.
114.56 U.S.C. 1784b (1986 & Supp.l1988}.

The Internal Revenue Code is included in the United States Code as Title 26, so
any citations thereto may be changed from "U.S. C." to "I.R.C." to. properly
reflect the nature of the law. Thus "26 U.S.C. 77 (2000)." should be ctted as:

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

r 15. 26 I.R.C. n (2000).
Fur Federal R.ules ofChil or Criminal Proc..:dun~. dte as: {AUUREVI:HION nF
RULES CITED I I number of rule cited f.
116. FED. R. Clv. P. 12.

FORE IGN SOURCES

15

For the initial citation of a U.S. Coun of Appeals Circuit Coun decision. the
following should be cited: {first parry} ,.. {s..:cond party}. {reporter \olume
number} {reporter abbreviation} {first page oi th..: ca~c}, {spr:cific pages refe rred
to} ({deciding coun } {date of decision }).

I 17. FEU. R. CRIM. P. 39 (a).

127.]hirad y. I:_er.~uQlna -S3.FL2d 478, 482 (ul Cir. 1976).

1!. SIIMt Cir.u;,,,

Suh'c'lucnr ritations lo r U.S. statutes lilllow tire s.1me tim n.rt " , 11 bslq ucm
dr.triorl\ tC.1r local q anrtc(.

For subsequent citations: {abbreviated 11n111l'

{n.:porter} at {sp.:cific page referred to}.

120. CAN-SPAM

. 4,'1-.

l2g. Id. 3( 1075

lJO.j!Jirad, $36 F.2d at;.483.; - '-'....!H.-""~"--

11.

Act, 7710.

'21./d.
l.

United Stares Supreme Coun

For the initial citation of a United States Supreme Coun case, the following
fonnat should be used: {first party l v. (second parry}. {reporter 1-olume
number} {reporter abbre\iationl {first page of case}, {specific page referred rol
({year of decision}).
,r22. Eisncr.v. 'Macomber,.:z.sz U.S. 189, 191 (1920).

C. & Ieard Stnrrs

1.

Any subsequent citation of the s.1mc case should be fom1aned thus: {abbrrviartd
ltnmr of the r11se}, I \'Olume number} {rr:porter} at {sped tic page refe rred ro 1.

z+-Eisnn! 2~2 U.S. atT.9J. . ~.

l~.)d,

3- Circuit Coun
Most Fe~cral Ci~cuit ~oun decisions are published in the Federal R.cponer in
three senes covenng dtlferem time periods, namely:

a) F. (188o-1924)
b) F.zd (1924-1993)

F.Jcl (1993-prcscnt)

California Statute (Business and Professional Code:, Penal Code)

For the Business and Professional Code, the citation is: {CALIFORNIA STATE
ADOREVIATION} {BUSINESS & PKOFESSIONAL CODE ABBREVIATION}.
{sccliou} ({year}).
J.W~~~~~~~~!Il!!'...(r!l2z),......,_ _....__ _..c:......_-..~

For the Penal Code, the citation is {STATE ADOREVIATION} {PENAL CODE
AOOftEVIATION}, {section} ({yearj).
132. QL. Bllf'i~ Qoo._~_2]2 (209..4).

12)~ Rockcfell~r .v. Urijteq StltJ!S, 257 U.S. 176; 177 (1921).

c)

rile (,,,,.}. l n>lurnc numbr:r f

128.1IIrmad,gio P.2d ai'icin

'' M. C~nrrolling the Ass.mlt oi Non-Solichctl Pomogr..phy and Marketing Act

ot 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act), 15 U.S.C. 7701-'17 13 (.::oo6).

119. FED. R . Cl\'. P.

<if

2.

Louisiana Statutes

Louisiana has adopted a public domain citarion fom1at for cases after December
31, 1993. Citarion is to one of the following codes:

a. West's Louisiana Revised Srawre.s Atmorared

The citarion is: {ABBREV!ATION FOR. LOUISIANA R.EVISED STATUTES
ANNOTATED), {section} ({ye:~r}) .
133 u : R.Ey. STA.T. .ANN:, 9=4.i21 ([99T).
1]4./d.

9:4.522. -

b. West's Louisi11nn Cltildrm's Code Amzorated

The citarion is: {AllAR.F.VIATION FOR LOUISIANA C":! IIWREN'S CODE
ANNOTATED} , {artide number} ({year)).
I j~ 1',..-\.

Qllil'.Jk.COQ.[.@N. ~(!29S).....,~~iirl/.i!:.::f.:::.ii:W!~a&l:~

16

ATENEO LAW jOURNAl

FOREIGN SOURCES

c. West's Louisiatw Civil Code Amrottrttd

17

143. C6DIGO CIVIL [C. C.) art. 289 {Spain).

The citation is: l Autm.nt.-\ TH >~ n >R lt ll'ISI:\~:\ <:t\'11 <:, lJ >E .A.~:'-.i< n:\TEJ >:.
:a nick llllllJhl'f r ( l y~ar: ).
136. LA. CJV. CODE ANN . art. ~6 (11JCJ6 rhrough Reg. Scss.).

"/d." is used for immediately succeeding citations. If there is an intervening

citation, however, subsequent citations of the C6digo Civil are made as follows:
{ABBREVIATION OF CODE} {subdivisions, if applicJble}.
144-BERNAS, supra note

so, at I 195.

145. C.C. art. 289.

l46.ld.

The citation is: : :\BBJU\'1.\ I h l' H ''' l.t 'L'J'\1.\~:\ l :, lJ 11-. t F CJ\'11 Pitt 11 El lUtE
:\:\.!'\OT.\TEI>:. : .mi,J~ numbl'r: (: yt.r :).
l.l7-

La.. 0 IJ)~ CJ\'. Pit~)(',:\:>-::-.: .trt. 1.!31

147- Id. art. 291.

(II) 'I~ I,

2.

The citation is: :AlUm. F.\ 1:\ l'lt 1:\. H R Ll ll'l"l.\:'\:\ ( :t H 11: <>f E\'11 >1::'\< 1
A:'\NOT:\TEI>l. :anidt mmbtr: (lyt.r:J.
138. l:\. COUE EVIl>. ANN

;m. .!.2

139.N.Y. STAT. LAw. 12 (1993).

PENAl [C.P.] art. 745 (Spain).

149 C. C. art. 289.

15o.C.P. art.

145: .

151. ld.

152. Id. art. 746.

4- State Supreme Courts

For State Supreme Courts, the fonnat is: t tlrst party I v. {second party:
{reporter mlume number l l reporttr .abbrt:\'iarion: : tirst page of rlw cast I
{span of specifk pages nfepLd to l ( l pbct of dcxidiug coun: : datt' of
dtcision }).

Wilson, 671. A.2d 293, 294 {Pa. 1996}.

141. People v. Morgan, 662 N.E.2d 26o, 266 (N.Y. 1995).

v. State, 912 P.2d 217, 230 (Nev. 1996).

D. Otll!'r Foreig11 Legal Doamretlls

I.

148. C6DIGO

Maintain the same fonnat used in short citing the C6digo Civil; thus, the format
is as follows: {AllBREVIATION OF CODE} fsubdivisions, if applicable:}.

For New York statutes, the citation is: lABUREVI:\TION OF NE\\' YORK l
{SUllJECT LAW}. {section~ ({yeJr)).

142. Simmons

For the initial citation of the C6digo P'!nal, follow the same fonnat used in
citing the C6digo Civil. Thus, cite as: f Nt\~IE OF ConE} [{ ABBRE\"IATION OF
( :<. lDE}) 1subdi\'isions, if applicable} (f country abbrc:\iation, if any}).

(.!001 ).

J. New York Statute

140. Commo~wealth v.

Spanish Criminal Code

Spanish Civil Code

For the initial citation of the Codigo Civil. use the: name of the code, indicate
next in brackets the abbreviation that will be used subsequently, then specify the
particular subdivision being referred to, if any. If no particular provision is being
cited, immediately place the country abbreviation in a parenthetical at the end of
the citation. Therefore, the format is: :NAME OF COOE} [{ABBREVIATION OF
CODE}] {subdivisions, if applic;able} (I country abbreviation, if any}).

3. German Civil Code (BGB)

Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch (Civil Code) should be initially cited by indicating the
name of the code, then place in brackets the abbreviation, followed by the
translation of the code in English. Thereafter, specify the particular subdivision
being referred to, if any. If none, place the country abbreviation in a
parenthetical direcdy after the code name in English. Therefore, the format is:
{NAME OF CODE} ({ AllllREVIATION OF CODE}) [{code name in English})
{subdivisions, if applicable} ({country abbreviation}).
153. BORGERLICHES GESETZBUCH

[BGB] (Civil Code) art. IO (F.R.G.).

For subsequent citations, the fonnat is as follows: {Amm.EVI:\TION

l suhdi\isinns... if applictble: .
1 54 C.P.

art. 745

1 55 BGB art. 10.

Jj6.ld.
1 57-

Id. art.

1 I.

L)f

CODE}

ATEN EO LAW JOURNAL

t8

FORE IGN SOURCES

4 French Code

For the: iniri~l citation of the Code chil. follow the: citation ton n.tt of the
C6digo Ci,il. Take note howc\cr that the word ci,ir i nul c.rpitaliznl when
citing the n.rmc of the t:ade. Hence, the: to n nat is: l N:\:\IE 0 1' CODE 1
HAIIIJR.EVIATION OF CODE II {subclh-isions. if .tppli.:.tbkj (!country
.lhbre,iation} ).
t 58. CODE CIVlLlC. 9V.) m . t52 (Fr.).

To subscqucmly citc:, use the following fon na1: {t\UIJitF.\'1:\TI\li\: PI Cl ll lE:

{ sub divi s i on~. if applicable}.
159. DGB m.

(j

VictoriJ

Viet.

William

Will.

\VilliJnt & ~ IJry -

\V. &

l (q . Habe.15

co.,>liS :\ct, 167\1, J I C.>r. ~. ~. 2, 2 (Eng.).

In ,Jwn-ritin!! <t.t!llt( S ~nactcd for ,it her rase. simply in,lk.H<': : ''" >n tid<':.

16o.C.CIV.art. 152.
tOJ.ld.

'"7 ld

t6z.ld. an. 153

1 .\

t6N. Habeas Corpus Act. 3.

i.

UK L.rws

t6<}. /d.

The gcncr:~l fonn:t of citing statutes from the UK is as follows: {shurr tide. if
.w.til.rblc j, {year}. {subdivisions, if applicable} ({jurisdiction if not evrdcnt Irom
context or citation}).
t6J.Cmmirurional Ref!Jml Act, 2005, c. 4, 18 (E:g.).

For statutes enacted prior ro 1963, indicate the regnal year(s) before placing the
subdivisions. Indicate first the year(s) of reign, ff\lluwed by the abbreviated name
of the monarch, and numeric designJtimt C\f the monarch in ar:~brc numerals. In
casc:, the monarch was the first of that name, omit the numeric designation.

4 Jac.

Uur:

55 Viet.

The abbrc,iations of the monarchs' names arc as follows:

Anne

Ann .

Charles

Dr.

Edward

Edw.

EliZJbeth

Eltl .

George

Geo .

Henry

Hen.

James

Jac.

Philip /!.: Mary

Phil.& M.

Richard

Rich.

~ I.

1knee. till tonnat is: :,hon titlc. it'.ll.ril.tbk :. : ~<.r:. :rq:n.rl Y<'.trbl lclr q,llutc>
<' ll.h't<'' pri"r to tJIJ :. : ,ub.Ji,i,ioth. it' .tppli.:.thk I (:jurNlini<>ll tf th1t ,.,.i,km
tf\llll ' '"li<':XI "r .:n.uinn :).

: .. ul,\11 \ t"h' l1':.

10.

19

170. /d. 4

SHORT CITATION FORMS

21

V. IN~RODUCTOR Y SIGNALS AND SHORT CITATION FORMS

and economically, and is becoming more conscious of the !iiscrimination
she ha$ been traditionally subjected to) .

.-1.

lmmd~tclt,ry

Signals
J. Signals that signify divergence of views

1.

Signals that signify support

a.

Direct citation without any introduction is usld if the cited authority

i)

a.

,.i

the text.

Comra should be used to contradict a direct citation with no

introduction (refer to 1 (a) above). l\ paremhetkal explanation may
facilitate a better unJerstanding of the comparison.

directly maintains the text,

ii) namt!S the source of the quotation. or

iii) names the authority rdied upon in the text.

b. "But sre" is used if the cited authority maintains a \;ew contrary tn thl
text.

b. Sn: is used if the rited .unhority

i)

But see is used when sre is used for support.

inJirecrly maimains the text,

c.

ii) is paraphrased by the text, or

Bill should be omitted from but see and but cJ. if they come after a negative signal.

"Ste, r..r,." is used if the cited authority

i)

supplies an example of what is asserted in the text, or

ii) is supplemented by other authorities stating

proposition, but stating all of them is not necessary.

the

same

d. "See also" is used if the cited authority supplies an additional direct

authority for the text, when the main authorities have already been
previously cited.
e. "See generally" is used if the cited authority provides background material
to the text.

f.

2.

"Cf." is used if the cited authority supplies a distinct, yet parallel, support
for the text.

Signals that signify comparison

"Compare {andlwithf' or "Comrast [andlwithf' is used if cited authorities support

o~ demons~t~ the text when compared to each other, or if they supply
divergent posltlons on the text.
Parenthetical explanations rr.ay facilitate
comparison.

"But cf." is used if the cited authority maintains analogous support to the
reverse of the text.

iii) if it supplies an inferential link between itself and the text.

c.

"Contra" is used if the cited authority directly maintains the contrary of

a better understanding of the

171. Compare BELEN T. MEDINA, THE FILIPINO FAMILY 173 (2001 ed.J (asserting
that traditionally, the Filipino wife is more relationship-oriented and
dependen~ on the husband and is often considc:r~d a5 the one mainly
responsible for . keeping the marriage intact}, 111itl1 Interview with Dr,
Ricardo G. Abad, Ph.D., ProfessOr, Department of Sociology and
. A~thropology, Ateneo de MailiJa Univ~rsity Oune u, 2007) (explai~ing
t~~t.a.~P-~c:nt. --~~. e9uca~e9.~p~ -~ wq..ind~peQd~nt psycholqgi~~iy

Signals as verbs

Signals need not be italicized when used as verbs in sentences, as when they fonn
part of a parenthetical explanation. When used as verbs, "see, e.g." becomes "see,
for example," and "Cf." becomes "compare."

B. Id.

"Id." is used when there is only one authority cited in the immediately preceding
citation and should be capitalized only when it is the first word in a sentence. It
cannot be use-d to refer to the Constitution but it may used for all other laws and
for jurisprudence.
When "id." is used to refer to the preceding citation, cited and citing references
are ignored.
Format: Id. at {cited page }.
172.M.acalin~l

v. Com.ission <;>n Elections, 405 SCR:\ 614. G43-44- (~003)

(clting Transcripts of Senate Proceedings, Oct. I, 2002).
.

173. Td. at 645.

In this example, only Macalintal v. Comission
Transcripts ofSenate Proceedings.

1111

Elections is referred to, not the

Some law reviews use id., or the short form of citation for a case, if it has been
cited in the same footnote or is cited in any form in one of the preceding five
footnotes.
174.An Act Strt>ng~hening t~e Wo~k.eJis'Rigl:tt to ~elf-:Organizati()n, Amen~ing

. ..f9.r.. the:. ..P!J!'PQS.ct ;~~i~~pj:j~~;.~~ej.:_~ljlq,.v;~,~--~ :.NB~q~~d~ .9.}.1~~

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

22

VI. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE

Known as the Labor Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 9481,

(2007).

A. Quotations

175-ld.
J76.ld. 2.

I.

Fom1at

177.ld.

a) Quotations consisting '?[less

178.Id. 6.

179-ld. 3
1so.

R.A. No. 1}481. s.

lnn~~r b'- ust.>J in t'l,otnotc 1So in accord.mc'-' with rhi~ ruk ~o tht:

"'/J... nuy no

~hnrt t"t.mn nf citJtion

i5 ust.>J instc.tJ. Thl' s;unc rule applil's tor cJs~:s.

C. Supr.J

Supr11 may bl' used to subsequently cite an authority when it has been fully cited
previously, excluding statutt.-s, cases, constitutions, legislative materials. and
regulations. For subsequent citation of prc=viously cited statutes and cases, refer to
the rules discussed abo\'e. Note that the shortened tomt should appear in the
same way as it appears in the full citation.
Fomtat: {Author's last name 1. Sllpra note {footnote numbt>r of initialrit;nion L at
{citt.'d page}.
181. BALANE, supra note 49, at 76.

D. HereinajifT

i8i.B~ T~ MEDINA. THE FILIPINO FAMILY 173 (2001 ed.) [hereinafter

. ... Mwli\1!~~ FILIPIN':'>'FAMILY).

~8J;B~LEN T.~~r.J~,f,$~.R!/4ting to Filipino M~ge 11nd fqntily, ir, :rHE

. FliiPu'zd:~PAMJLY, A'SPECTRirM OF VIEWS AND]~ 29 (AUrtira Perez
e<L, r99sfihe~ei~after ~edina, lssue.S].

:
A subsequent citation based upon the use of hereinafter is always accompanied
by supra. Nevertheless, when the simple supra form suffices, hereinafter need not
be used. Note that the shortened form should appear in the same way a.~ it
appears in the full citation.

All punctuation marks should be placed inside the quotation marks. t'Xil'J'l
question marks and exclamation points if they were not part of the original
quotation.

b) QuotatiotiS cotJSisting of 50 or more words

Quotations consisting of 50 or more words should be quoted as a block
quotation. A block quotation should be single-spaced, indented on both sides,
and justified. Block quotations are not enclosed within double quotation marks.
Quotation marks within the block quotation should, however, be retained as
they appear in the original text.

'

':

t .

I8j.M~dina, ,.bsuts, Sltpra note 183, at JO.

...
'

Alterations

AU alterations made to quotations should be noted by enclosing such changes in

square brackets. Significant mistakes in the original should be followed by
"[sic)," but otherwise left as in the original. Omitted letters must be indicated by
empty square brackets ("[ )"). The rules on the use of brackets are enumerated
below.
3. Omissions
Omissions in the quoted material should be indicated by an ellipsis (" ... ") taking
the place of the omission. It should not, however, begin a quot:ttion. The rules
on the use of an ellipsis are enumerateJ below.

B. PuncwmiotiS
1.

I84.MED!NA, f.JLfPINO FAMILY, Sltpra no~e 182, a~ -l3_1~

50 uwtls

Quotations of less than 50 words should be enclosed within double quotation

marks. Quotations within the quoted material should be endost.'d_ in single
quotation marks. If the quoted material is itself quoted nutt.>riJl in thl original
t>nclost.'d in double quotation marks in the original text. only llllt: S\.'t ,,( \loublc:
quotation marks should be used.

1..

This is used when the authoricy would be too burdensome to cite, such as when
there are several authors of a work or several works by the same author in one
article. It is added at the end of a cited authoricy, before any explanatory
parenthetical, with the special shortened form placed in brackets.

that~

Periods

Periods are used to end declarative sentences, including indirect questions. When
the declarative sentence ends in an abbreviation, only one period is used. When
dealing with initials or abbreviations, there ~hould be no spaces between periods.

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

GENERAL RULES OF USAGE

Periods are used for abbreviations (e.g. B.I.R.), but not for acronyms (e.g.
ASEAN).
2.

Em dashes should be preceded and follvwed by a space.

To avoid conft1sion, do not use more than a single em dash or a pair of em
dashes in any gi\en sentence.

Commas and Semi-Colons

In a series of three or more elements, s~parate the dements by commas. When a

conjunction joins the last two elements in a seri~..-s, a comma is used before the
conjunction. When the elements in a series are long and complex ur involve
internal punctuation or internal conjunctions, separat~ them by st:micolons.

5 Ellipses and Brack~ts

.1)

th~

Parenthetic expressions within a sentence ~huuld .tlsu bl l"fh:losed within

commas. These commas may be omiued when the intc:mlption is slight. When
commas are used, however, bmh commas must be presl'nt.

Th~ nniy c:xcl'ption is if the omission is at the t.nd of the quoted material, the
ellipsis may be omitted .md the quoted material may end with a punctuation
ntJrk, unless it is important to show that the material has bc:en omitted. To
indicate the omission of a word or words at the ~nd of a quoted sentence,
rc:place the omitted text with an ellipsis followed directly by the final
punctuation of the sentence, without any space between them.

J. Colons
A colon is used after an independent clause to introduce lists, an illustrative
quotation, amplification, or appositive. It may not, however, be used after a
dependent clause.

Indicate the omission of a complete sentence within quoted text by replacing the
omitted text with an ellipsis between the final pum:tuation of the preceding
sentence and the first word of the following sentence.

4 Hyphens and Em Dashes

a) Hyphen (-)

If the omitted material consists of one or more complete paragraphs, then the
ellipsis must appear alone in the center of a new line.

Use a hyphen

(2) to separate numbers that are not inclusive, such as telephone numbers
and social security numbers;
(3) to separate the elemer.:s of a compound word that i; ordinarily
hyphenated in a dictionary or other authoritative source such as a word
book; or
(4) to separate the elements of a compound word used as an adj,.ctive.

There should be no space before or after the hyphen.

b) Em Dashes (-)

Ellipst'S

lndicJte the omission of a word or words within a quotc:d sentence by replacing

umittld tc.-xt with :m ~llipsis. An ellipsis.. is a ~'Toup of three consecutive
ll,lt~ with .1 spar...- un both sill~ of the dlipsis. hm no ~pJc~s in betwc:en the three
dots.

Semicolons are used to connect clvsely rdated independent clauses. while

commas are used to connect dependent clauses to independ~m clau~t"'.

(1) to connect continuing or inclusive numbers, such as dates, times, and

reference numbers;

25

An ellipsis should not begin a quotation.

.!

b) Brackm
Where only one word is removed from a quoted sentence, use an empty square
bracket instead of an ellipsis. Be sure to place one space between the brackets.
When a letter in a quoted sentence must be changed from lower to upper case or
vice versa, enclose it in square brackets. The rules on capitalization of leuers are
enumerated below.
Substituted words or letters in a quoted sentence should be bracketed.
When quoting a passage, significant mistakes in the original should be followed
by "[sic]," but otherwise left as in the original.

Use an em dash
(r) to denote a sudden break in thought that causes an abrupt change in

sentence strucrure; or
(2) to set off an element added to give emphasis or explanation by
expanding~ phrase oc::urring in the main clause.

6. Parentheses

Parentheses, like em dashes, may be used to set off an amplifying, explanatory, or

digressive element. Parentheses are, however, more informal. Parentheses are also
used to introduce: acronyms and abbreviations.

GENERAL RUlES OF USAGE

ATENEO LAW JOURNAl

26

When parentht.>ses are used to enclose an independent sentence, the punctuation

is placed before the closing parenthesis. When parentheses are used to enclose
only part of a sentence, the punctuation belongs after the closing parenthesis.

If a full sentence is quoted in parentheses, such as in explanations attached to

citJtions, periods belong both inside and outside the parentheses.

8 ('"The right of the people, inclu.ding thpse

employed in rhe public and priv;l[e sectors, to fomi unions, ~~atio~s, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.").

t86.PHIL. CONST. art. Ill.

C. CJpiMii::,,;,,

ot .1 pien may bebrin with an upperc;Jse or

lowercase letter. dtpcnding on the cumext. A quotation used as an essential
)ynt.Ktil part of .1 sentence should begin with a lowercase letter while a
quot4tion rhat has a more remote syntacric relation to the rest of the
sentence should begin with a capital letter. In most cases, this rule means that
a quotation introduced by .. that" will not be capitalized, but one introduced
as a free-standing sentence will be.

r. Qunr.nions l'mbeddld in rht" tcxr

Justice Cruz stated that, "[h)e may seem boorish or .speak crudely or sport
tattoos ordress weirdly or orherwise faU ~hort 9,f. p~r ~~ ~~~~.4#:~: ~f
propriety-~~" ~e~~~: ~oil~. of ~~e .~kes. ~"}~a ~~~~:~~~~~~]:~~
may look like a cnmirial. '

'
< :. .' :: ~.:) ~.;::ni:-:::

~y

bo~ris~ ~r.speak:crudd~.~~~sp~~~~~-~~

Justice_Cruistated, .:He.
sc:em
.or dress weirdly .or orherwise faJI shot:i pf ~ur o\Vp sta~ula* .of' Pri>P~e~
and decorum. None of rhese makes h.iQl a criminal ~~rhopgb be-~yJoo_k
like a criminal."

4

~.

justice C~z ~t~ the value of due pz:ocess

Ma~tedt: "He may
seem boorish or speak crudely or sport t:ittoos or dress weirdly or orherwise
fall short of our own stan~ of prop~e~ .and decorum. None of these
make$ bim'a crimi.W altltough he may look like a c:t4m.~".

in

2.

The words "Article," "Essay," "Comment," "Note," or "Paper" should be

capitalized when referring to themselves and should be preceded by either
"the," "this," or "that."

j.

When referring to .. specific part, section, or chapter of a written work,

capitalize "Part," "Section," or "Chapter."

4 Capitalize nouns referring to people or g.oups (for example, "the

Administr:ltor" or the "Board," etc.) only when they identify specific
persons, officials, groups, or govemrnent offkes. Similarly, capitalize such
phrases as "the Act," "the Code," "the Executive," "the Senate," "the
Congress," "the Petition," and so forth only when the referent is
unambiguously identified. The phrases "the Court" and "the Constitution"
should be capitalized only when referring to the Philippine Supreme Court
and the current Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.

27

Names of parts of a constitution or statute may be capitalized when used in

an English sentence as proper nouns, as in "First Amendment.'' "Article Ill,''
or "Section M (e)."

r
0

PPENDIX: COMPILED .EXAMPLES

29

APPENDIX: COMPILED EXAMPLES

J.

2.
3
4-

.5
6.
7S.

PI-Ill. CONST. art. VI, 1.

PI-IlL. CONST. art. VII, 11,, 2.
1935 PI-Ill. CONST. art. I, I (superseded 1971).
Au Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal la\\5 [REVISED PENAL
COI>E), Act No. 3815, art. .2 (1932).
An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the Phllippincs (CIVIL
CODE). Republic Act No. 386 (1950).
REVISED PENAL CODE, arts. 171 _173 .
1.1.
ltl. .m. 1~0. ~ ~-

An A~t PrO\:iding l~r thl Recognition and Usc uf Electronic Cormnercial

and Non-conunt"rcJJI Transactions and Documents. Penalties for Unlawful
u~ Thereof and For Other Purposes [t'-Commerce Act of .., 0001
Republic Act No. 8792, 33 (lOOO).
'

').

10.

/d.

II.

/d.

2.

A~ Act Pcnali~ng the Mal,:ing or Drawing and Issuance of a Check

Without Sufficient Funds or Credit and for Other Purposes, Batas
Pambansa Big. 22, 6 (19 78).
13. c-Commerce Act of 2000, 34.
14. ld.
r 5 B.P. Big. 22, 5
16. /d.
17. laurel v. Abrogar, 483 SCRA 243, 245 (2oo6).
18. Garcia v. People, 410 SCRA 582, 583 (2003).
19. La~trel, 4~fSCRA at 269.
20. /d.
21. People v. Ramos. G.R. No. 172470, Apr. 8, 2008.
22. /d.
12.

23. People v. Collantes, 37 O.G. 1804. rBos (Court ofAppeals x926).

24- H.B. 004. 13th Cong., ul Sess. (May 12, 2007), in 128 Cong. Rec. S: 09 1
7
(May 19, 2007).
:
25. Benefits for U.S. Vic~ of lnt~mational Terrorism: Hearing on s. 1275
Before the .Senate Fore1gn Relanons Committee, to8th Cong. 2-5 (2 oo )
3
(stat~ment ~f~lliam H. Taft, IV, legal Advisor, Dept. of State).
26. Serv1ce lrtdwtnes Commerce Develop~ent Act of ~ 9 82, Hearlngs onH.R.

5519 befo~e the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism

of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 97th Cong, 2 d Sess.
69 (19~2) (statement of Gordon J. Cloney, II, Chamber of Commerce of
the Umted States).
.
27. H.R. REP: No. 99-226, at 8 (1985).
28. SENATEj~URNAL 722, 13th Cong, rst Reg. Sess, Senate Sess No. 6 (Mar.

7
. . ..
.
.
29. 68 jOURNAL OF THE House oF REPRESE~~TIVES.:
' :.- A IJth
~ --- (Ma
.
.. . . 1""
ong. ISt
R eg..~
y 1o-n, 2005).

7. 200j).

3'? :~u o9n~ Reve~ue, Rev.en~e

. 9 .. ~G,:w.(~!lg.9ai9.2J).;
:.

M~o~4tmt-qrad.3f.No; 37_93 ,
.'.< < . 2..:;. . :: .:.;> .. .:.::_)

Jl.;:nurei.1:J.cPfintern~ Reve~ue, Rev. Reg. No. 16-2005, EffectiVity Clause.

(Seph: ~095}. . :
. :
J2;. _Bi.1~eau oflnternal Revenue, BIR Ruling No. DA-176-o4.(Apr. 6, 2004).

Jl Offi~e.o(th~~President~ Instituting the Presidential Award for Heroism in

Times of Disaster, EXecutive Order No. 421 (Sep. 7, 1990).
34 Securities and Exchange Commission, Code of Corporate Governance,
SEC Memorandum Circular No. 2, Series of 2002 (Apr. 5, 2002) .
3S Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Violence against Women
and :Their Children Act of 2004, 14 (a) (2004).
36. Id.
37 Rules and Regulations Implementing the e-Commcrce :\ct of 2000. 1
(2000).
38. 'd.
39 2000 REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110, 4
40. Id.
P 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rule 41, 2 (a).
42 _Id.
4JRE\rySETJRULES ON EVIDENCE, rule 128, I.

44-

td. .. '

4S _SPE~IAL'~~O.~EEDI~GS,rul~ 7~, 1.

;~~.--i~i~ii~iYYd~.

5~-fjoA~\itfi.(~)'~i:RN~~;::~J~; .T$()9~ico~~rfojic)N ~i= hiE REPtJBuc

. ' ::ai=rfiEJ1H\1.1P~IN~::{oMA.INi'I.Rv'li9,f(2dpj ed.).

.
5I. BALAI', sUpra. no~ .49,- IO]. .
.
: . 0:
51. 4 osc$._B;~~-~~I4"1 x:.si:i (2001 etf.). .
. . .. . . _
sJ. Jusl:rceJos~;.c. vrrua &JUDGE ERNErio D. AcosTA, TAX LAw AND
JURiSPRUDENCE 150 (Ut ed. 2o,oc_>). . .
.
, .
S+ jOVIT9".~ ~~NG~.~ PEJ:)RO L. YaP. ~LI~ INTER.NATIPNAL L\w .77

at

siV~~~,t~~~E~i~!~~~l~~~f~~\~~~Ji\f;:~~;.;~.?~~,::~.::
s~ :~:~:.{!. < _~: : -~
TITI.ESAND

s6.

NA~O ~A; ET AL;;."REGIST~A:t'IONQP.~ND

. :(t994eCL)> .

...

. .

=:-,

DE~ 2~

. .

si; ;josu~:N~B~U:QSILLO, ET e'\J.;,._ 9NiB~s E~CTJON CODE' 8 (2007).

5S>J>E.Ii:JA, .Ef AL., sujmi note :S6~ at."l2j. :. :
'!;'"' . '
..
I I.

59 ADAM SMITH,' THE WEALTH OF .NATIONS 3D-JI (Edwin Cannan ed.,

.2000).

(>O.

..

. .. '

WOMEN AND AMERJCANJODAISM ro8-o9.(Painela S. Nadell & jonathan

D. S~rna eds.; 2001).

61. WOMEN AND LANGUAGE IN

Broker, et al. eds., 19.80).

... ...

LiTERATURE AND
.

..

. .

Soq~TY 284:..99 (Ruth

..

62 . . NIC~PLO.MACHIAvE'LLJ, THE ~IN.E 45-:-SQ.(W.J{. Milr:qQtt

. .

nans:; J9<_)8).,

6j: Jorge: It: :Co~ia, J.tnno.t.a~~~: ~~.: ~~~!i~f'.F~"!P#~~('t~tnt~iion.

Reftience System. tis Violation of th~ Right ~p P.,;,[aiy: ~:.~1eut0j tft~: PiiP~is
an4Jurispmdena on Privaiy ~ H.~mat(J{igliti. ~91.~<:;M ~6~, 203. (1998k . ;~:

..

Clll

APPENDIX: COMPILED JXAMPLES

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

JO

t'i~'SAMUEL WlWSTON, A TREATISE::.ONniE'LAW Of CONTRACTS,

. ~MINJSTRATIVE LAW TREATISE iio-21 (Ilwo).. . .

6s~.oawn N:igatani, U.S.-]apan Enhanced lnitiati're~ an rnstmment of Chan.r:c:

!he l#f1Cacy of japmr's lAtest E./fori at Telttommunitations Deregulation, 22

. 4SfN'I~PAC. LAW & POL'Y J. 291, 296 (2001}.

6~. SMITf:i,:supra note 59. at 39.
67. 'Nagatani, supra note 65, at 293.
68 .Vietor. L. Streib, Semtllting H(mrtn to Deatlr, CRIM. JUST., Spring 2000, at

. :23.
~i: ~toffer James E. Purisima, Comment. Tirt Publit" C/Mrczatr 11f C.1t...,,, LA.y
._ --prmtk/n Rqmblicv. COCOFED, 47 ATENEO LJ. 154, 155 (2002}.

70. :Bernard: Joseph D. Malibiran, Note, Psyd"'l'tgit"ul IIIC.1plrrity R(l-'iiitcd: A

RevieuojRecent)urispmdnttr, 52 ATENEO LJ. 392, 416 (2007).
71. UshaTankha, Trarrsfomling Misfonmre i11tcJ Oppommiry, ADB REV., Al'R.-

,!v1Ay ~oo6; at 30.

M. Broder, Clit~ton Adamant 011 3D W11riJ Role in Climate Att,,rJ. N.Y.

Dec. 12, 1997, atAr.
~Prclte.::r~d -~~ .an~ Wildlife Bureau, Tamaraw Conservation Project,
{l~- http:(/WW\Y.pawb.gov.ph/progs/tamaraw.hbn {last accessed
2~2) . ..

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U.Div~~ty)

;. Areiieo de. Manila

Univ~~ty)'. .
.
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82 . B~ Joseph :~.- Maliblraii. :~. w~~-~e~dy. for Another- tovebug?
f?~~pg)pto Cy~e 3!i~_.~C:-~ ~e e-Co~erce Act of 2000
31!~. Ot!tei- P~rient, La\Y,; ::(~s) . .(un~bW.hed JD; tftesis, Aieneo. de
(<>11 .. . .

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PPENDIX: COMPILED EXAMPLES

ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

32

114. 56 U.S. 1784b (1986 & Supp. I 1988).

115 ..26 I.R.C. 77 (iooo).
IIC'i. FED. R. CIV. P. 12.
117. FED. R. CIUM. P. 39 (a).
118. Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Ac:t
of 2003 [CAN-SPAM Act], IS U.S.C. 7701-7713 (~oo6).
119. FEU. R. Clv. P. 12.
120. CAN-SPAM Act, 7ilO.
121.lrl.
1.!:!. Eisner v. :\bcomber, :!jl U.S. 189, 191 (19.20).
tlJ. Rockl!fcller v. United St;ues. ~57 U.S. t-;6, 177 (19.!1).
ll.J. Eisuer. 15.2 U.S. a[ 193.

r.:s.ld.
1.26..\hnuJ v. Wigen. 910 F..::d IOt>J, 1070 i.!dCir. IWO).
1.27.Jhir.1d v. Ferrandina, 536 F..2d .pS .JS~ {.:d Cir. Iy:-uJ.
l28.Aimr.td, 910 F.2d at 1073.
129./d. at 1075.
130.)/rirad, 536 F.2d a[ 483.
131. CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE, I6ooo (IY97).
132. CAL. PENAL CODE, 632 (2004).
133:LA_. REv.. STAT. ~N., 9:4521 (1991).
134.Jd. .9:45i2.
..
.
x3~;~::;9~fP}::pp~:~~ art. 16o (1995).
IJ~~-~ e1v:~C:OPEAi~: m 8~(1996 through Reg. Sess.).
rji:-tk!qp~ GrY: J>i0:9;'_ANN.;art. 1231 (1984).
:IJ.S{~;.<lf~piiEvii>..:~:;-att;:i2 (2001).
.
I39~-~~:'f:~41\-~w/ ii(r993):- .
qo. c~~nionwealth v. Wilson, 672 A.uf 293. 294 {Pa. IWO).
.141-P,~..e!~.v~ Morgao,:~2 N,B~~~ :z~l). 266 (N,Y. 199.5).
142.SimiUops_v. Stite, 9rz P.za zi1. 'ijor(Nev. 1996).
r43. C6DIGO.CIVIL [C. C.] art. 289 (Spaiu).
I#..BERNAS; supra f!Ote 50, at r 195

i~?j~~~f?)~;~ i>,,~;,,:>.,~,; '.

148; CQDIGO:PENAL [C.P.) art." 74-s (Spain).

i49'c'.c:
'289.. ~ :~ .. . . . '
15o.G:P.ari:. 74S
151.ld.
tj2.lt/. art. 746~
15J.BURGID~UCHES GESETZltUCH[BGB) (Civil Code] art. 10 (F.R.G.).
154- C.P. ~rt. 745
155.J~GB.~rt. to,
rs6~ Id.
157fll art. IL
158. COD.E 9VIL [C. CIV.) ait. ~52 (Fr.).:
'S9 BGB 'art. 10..
- '
I6o. Q. CIY. art. iS~ .
;:

art.

16t;i4;;:..:~ '

;,

33

162. ld. art. 153.

.
163. Constitutional Reform Act, .ioo5, c. 4. Is (Eng.):
164. Habeas Corpus Act, 1679, 31 Car. 2, l, l. (Eng.).
165. Constitutional Refom1 Act, 19.

166./d.
.
.

c.

167./d. 1~.
t68. Habt-as Corpus Act, 3

169./d.
1]0. /d. 4
171. Ctllupmc BELEN T. MEDINA, THE FILWINO FAMILY 173 (2001 ed.) (asserting
that trJditionaJly, the Filipit~o wife is more relationship-oriented and
dependent on the husband and is often considered as the one mainly
rc,pnnsihlc: tor keeping the marriage intact), IVirll Imenicw with Dr.
Ricardo G. Abad, Ph.D., Professor, Depamnent of Sociology and
Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila Univcrsicy Qune 12, 2007) (cxplaitiing
that at present, the educated Filipina is more independent psychologically
and economically, and is becoming more conscious of the discrimination
she has been traditionally subjected to).
172.Macalintal v. Comission on Elections, 405 SCRA. 614, 643-44 {2003)
(citing Transcripts of Senate Proceedin~, Oct.. 1, 2002).
173. ld. at 645.
. _. .. . . . . . .
.
_ . _ _
174 An Act Strengthening the Workers' Right t~ seif-:b~ization~ An1endi~g
for the Purpose Presidential Decr~e No .. #z,_ -~ ~ended~ O~e~e
Known as the Labor Code 'ofthe' Pl1ilippine5:: Jt.epub}ic ;Act N.:>. 948 i; ' J
(2007).
J .

- ...... =
~~v:" :~,

:<t- ;. :.:.:.:. .

t1SId.
I76.Id. 2.
177.Id.
178.Id. 6.
179.Id. J.
18o.R.A. No. 9481, 5
.
.
181.BALANE, supra note 49, at 76.
. . . . ; . , : : . :!.:. :; :;.~,:;i
~s~. ~$ ~DINA, TJ:IE FJL~_P'"!~. \~~~~; ~Jr ~~R8~;:.i~;~ .-JJ~;~~~i~~
~Dil'lA~ fiLIPINO FAMILY).: :~
:~::
;~:J,;;, -~,:;'";'~;':.:~i\r;-;~
1~3.BELEN T; MEDINA, Issues P..elati11g to FilipinoMarriage'atid Fani_ilY,in THE
F~U?INO fA~I.~Y, A S~~CfR~~ 9(YIE~S:~.:Jssu~s>? (Ali~()~ f.~~z
... ed;- I99S) (he'6:inafter Medina Jisuts]: ',_:. : ;. >'.,. .
,: . .;
...

r.

.:

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IS4.~D.~~. FILifrNO F~y; s~~~a-ridte 1ir~. at 2'31.

:.

. ..

. . .

1S5~:M'~d.in~; Is.su~1 ,supra not~ i~3,at:jo:_

. ..
.. . .....
i86. PHn.:. Coflis-r: art. III, 8 ("The right of the people, including those
en:tployed in the public and private sectors, to fonn unions, associatio~ or
societies for purposes not contrary to 'law shall not be abridged.").