有限元分析基础教程

Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis
2008-12
()
9 1 5
6 9
MATLAB ANSYS
ANSYS
MATLAB ANSYS
-1-
1963 1988 1988-1992

()
(1998)(2000)(1994-1995)
863 30
(
1993)(2004)(T.R.Chandrupatla
)(2006)
1 (O.C.Zienkiewicz( 5 ))(2008)
100
-2-
MATLAB
ANSYS
9 1 5
6 9
MATLAB
ANSYS
()
(1)
(2)
MATLAB
(3) MATLAB
ANSYS
(4)
(5)
(Benchmark) MATLAB
-3-
ANSYS APDL ANSYS
2008-12-11
-4-

1
1.1 1
1.2 1
1.3 5
2 7
2.1 7
2.2 9
2.3 17
2.4 20
2.5 22
23
3.1 23
3.2 24
3.2.1 24
3.2.2 28
3.2.3 32
3.2.4 MATLAB 35
3.2.5 38
3.3 47
3.3.1 48
3.3.2 54
3.3.3 62
3.3.4 63
3.3.5 66
3.3.6 MATLAB 68
3.3.7 70
3.4 ANSYS 77
I
3.4.1 77
3.4.2 ANSYS 78
3.5 83
3.6 83
4 89
4.1 89
4.2 89
4.3 95
4.3.1 3 95
4.3.2 4 101
4.3.3 3 MATLAB 114
4.3.4 4 MATLAB 116
4.4 118
4.4.1 118
4.4.2 3 () 120
4.4.3 4 () 122
4.5 123
4.5.1 4 123
4.5.2 8 126
4.5.3 4 MATLAB 128
4.5.4 8 MATLAB 130
4.6 133
4.6.1 133
4.6.2 137
4.6.3 137
4.7 143
4.7.1 3 143
4.7.2 4 151
4.8 155
4.8.1 4 155
4.8.2 8 161
4.9 165
4.10 166
5 169
5.1 169
5.2 170
5.2.1 170
5.2.2 171
5.3 177
II
5.4 188
5.4.1 188
5.4.2 189
5.4.3 190
5.5 C0 C1 192
5.6 193
5.6.1 193
5.6.2 195
5.7 196
5.7.1 196
5.7.2 199
5.7.3 202
5.8 h p 204
5.9 205
5.10 205

6 208
6.1 MATLAB 208
6.1.1 208
6.1.2 MATLAB 212
6.2 216
6.3 ANSYS 222
6.4 228
6.4.1 228
6.4.2 8 230
6.5 235
7 237
7.1 237
7.1.1 237
7.1.2 239
7.1.3 241
7.2 243
7.3 247
7.4 251
7.5 255
8 258
III
8.1
258
8.1.1 258
8.1.2 259
8.1.3 262
8.2 264
8.3 267
8.4 271
8.5 275
9 279
9.1 279
9.1.1 279
9.1.2 282
9.1.3 282
9.1.4 Newton-RaphsonN-R 283
9.2 284
9.3 289
9.4 294
296
AMATLAB 297
BANSYS 309
C 316
D 317
E 318
319
323
327
IV
MATLAB ANSYS
[[[[[[
\\\\\\
2
2.1(1)
2.2(1)
2.2(2)
2.2(3)
2.3(1)
1D
1D
1D
1D
3
3.2.1(1) 1D
3.2.1(2) 1D
3.2.1(3) 1D
3.2.1(4) 1D
3.2.1(5) 1D
3.2.1(6)
3.2.2(1)
MATLAB 3.2.4(1) 1D (Bar1D2Node)
3.2.5(1)
MATLAB 3.2.5(2) (Bar2D2Node)
ANSYS 3.2.5(3)
3.3.1(1)
3.3.1(2)
3.3.1(3)
3.3.1(4)
3.3.1(5)
3.3.2(1)
3.3.2(2)
3.3.2(3)
3.3.2(4) -
MATLAB 3.3.6(1) 1D (Beam1D2Node)
3.3.7(1)
MATLAB 3.3.7(2) (Beam2D2Node)
ANSYS 3.3.7(3)
ANSYS 3.4.2(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 3.4.2(2)
ANSYS 3.4.2(3)
4
4.2.1(1)
4.2.1(2)
4.2.1(3)
4.2.1(4)
4.2.1(5)
4.2.1(6) ()
4.3.1(1) 3
4.3.1(2) 3
4.3.1(3) 3
4.3.2(1) 4
4.3.2(2) 4
4.3.2(3)
ANSYS 4.3.2(4)
MATLAB 4.3.3(1) 3 (Triangle2D3Node)
MATLAB 4.3.4(1) 4 (Quad2D4Node)
4.4.1(1)
4.4.1(2)
4.4.2(1) 3 ()
4.4.3(1) 4 ()
4.5.1(1) 4
4.5.1(2) 4
4.5.1(3) 4
4.5.2(1) 8
4.5.2(2) 8
MATLAB 4.5.3(1) 4 (Tetrahedron3D4Node)
MATLAB 4.5.4(1) 8 (Hexahedral3D8Node)
4.6.1(1)
4.6.1(2)
4.6.1(3) ()
4.6.2(1)
4.6.3(1) Gauss
4.6.3(2) 4
4.7.1(1) 3
ANSYS 4.7.1(3) 3
ANSYS 4.7.2(2) 4
ANSYS 4.8.1(2) 4
ii
ANSYS 4.8.2(2)
5
5.2.1(1) 10/1
5.2.1(2) 2 1
5.2.2(1) 1 1/0
5.2.2(2) 2 1/0
5.2.2(3) 3
5.2.2(4) 4
5.2.2(5) 5
5.2.2(6) 6()
5.2.2(7)
5.3(1)
5.3(2) 1
5.3(3)
5.3(4)
5.3(5) Lagrange
5.3(6)
5.3(7)
ANSYS 5.3(8)
5.4.3(1) 1(
5.4.3(2) 2(
5.4.3(3)
5.4.3(4)
5.4.3(5) 3
5.5(1) C0
5.5(2) C1
5.6.1(1)
5.6.1(2)
5.6.1(3)
5.6.2(1)
5.6.2(2)
5.7.1(1) 1D
5.7.1(2) 1D
5.7.2(1) ()
5.7.2(2) 2D 6
5.7.2(3) 2D Lagrange
5.7.3(1) 3D 10
5.7.3(2) 3D 20
5.8(1) h (h-version h-method)
5.8(2) p (p-version p-method)
iii
6
MATLAB 6.1.2(1) FEM2D.m
MATLAB 6.2(1) (FEM2D.m)
ANSYS 6.2(2)
ANSYS 6.3(1) ANSYS
ANSYS 6.4.2(1) 8 (GUI)
ANSYS 6.4.2(2) 8 ()
7
7.1.1(1)
7.1.1(2) /
7.1.1(3)
7.1.2(1)
7.1.3(1)
7.1.3(2)
7.1.3(3)
ANSYS 7.2(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 7.2(2) ()
ANSYS 7.3(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 7.3(2) ()
ANSYS 7.4(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 7.4(2) ()
8
8.1.1(1)
8.1.1(2) ()
8.1.2(1)
8.1.2(2) 3
8.1.3(1)
8.1.3(2)
8.1.3(3)
ANSYS 8.2(1) 2D (GUI)
ANSYS 8.2(2) 2D ()
ANSYS 8.3(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 8.3(2) ()
ANSYS 8.4(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 8.4(2) ()
iv
9
9.1.1(1)
9.1.1(2)
9.1.2(1)
9.1.3(1)
9.1.4(1) Newton-RaphsonN-R
ANSYS 9.2(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 9.2(2) ()
ANSYS 9.3(1) (GUI)
ANSYS 9.3(2) ()

1
1.1
(finite element method)(finite element analysis)[1][2]
(1)
(2)(3)
(3)
(1)(2)
MATLAB
ANSYS
1.2
1870 Rayleigh
1909 Ritz
20 40
1943 Courant
[3]1956 TurnerCloughMartin
Topp [4]1960
Clough (finite element method)
[5][6]1955 Argyris [7]
1967 Zienkiewicz Cheung
1970
1954 [8]
[9] 20
20
1-1
ANSYSABAQUSMSC/NASTRANMSC/MARCADINAALGOR
PRO/MECHANICAIDEAS LS-DYNADEFORM
PAM-STAMP, AUTOFORMSUPER-FORGE
1-1 1-2
1-1
1-1
1965
ASKA (PERMAS)
IKOSS GmbH, (INTES),Germany
www.intes.de
STRUDL
MCAUTO, USA
www.gtstrudl.gatech.edu
1966
NASTRAN
MacNeal-Schwendler Corp., USA
www.macsch.com
1967
BERSAFE
CEGB, UK (restructured in 1990)
SAMCEF
Univer. of Liege, Belgium
www.samcef.com
ASAS
Atkins Res.&Devel., UK
www.wsasoft.com
MARC
MARC Anal. Corp., USA
www.marc.com
PAFEC
PAFEC Ltd, UK now SER Systems
SESAM
DNV, Norway
www.dnv.no
ANSYS
Swanson Anal. Syst., USA
www.ansys.com
SAP
NISEE, Univ. of California, Berkeley,
www.eerc.berkeley.edu/sof
USA
tware_and_data
STARDYNE
Mech. Res. Inc., USA
www.reiusa.com
TITUS (SYSTUS)
CITRA, France; ESI Group
www.systus.com
DIANA
TNO, The Netherlands
www.diana.nl
WECAN
Westinghouse R&D, USA
1973
GIFTS
CASA/GIFTS Inc., USA
1975
ADINA
ADINA R&D, Inc., USA
www.adina.com
CASTEM
CEA, France
www.castem.org:8001/
1969
1970
1971
1972
HomePage.html
FEAP
NISEE, Univ. of California, Berkeley,
www.eerc.berkeley.edu/sof
USA
tware_and_data
1976
NISA
Eng. Mech. Res. Corp., USA
www.emrc.com
1978
DYNA2D, DYNA3D
Livermore Softw. Tech. Corp., USA
www.lstc.com
1979
ABAQUS
Hibbit, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., USA
www.abaqus.com
1980
LUSAS
FEA Ltd., UK
www.lusas.com
1982
COSMOS/M
Structural Res. & Anal. Corp., USA
www.cosmosm.com
1984
ALGOR
Algor Inc., USA
www.algor.com
1-2
Academic Press
IDEAL
www.idealibrary.com
J. of Sound and Vibration
Elsevier
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.nl
Acta Materialia
Advances in Eng. Software
Applied Math. Modelling
Composite Structures
Composites A, B
Composites Science and Technology
Computational Materials Science
Computer Meth. in Appl. Mech and Eng.
Computers & Structures
Eng. Analysis with Boundary Elements
Eng. Failure Analysis
Eng. Fracture Mechanics
Eng. Structures
European J. of Mechanics A, B
Finite Elements in Analysis and Design
Int. J. of Mechanical Sciences
Int. J. of Solids and Structures
Int. J. of Impact Eng.
Int. J. of Fatigue
Int. J. of Plasticity
Int. J. of Non-Linear Mechanics
J. of Constructional Steel Research
J. of Material Processing Technology
J. of the Mech. and Physics of Solids
Materials Science and Eng. A
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics Research Communications
Nuclear Eng. And Design
Probabilistic Eng. Mechanics
Structural Safety
Theoretical and Appl. Fracture Mech.
Thin-Walled Structures
IoP Publishing
Electronic J.
www.iop.org/ EJ
Smart Materials and Structures
Kluwer
Kluwer
www.wkap.nl/
Applied Composite Materials
Academic
Online
journals
Int. J. of Fracture
Meccanica
Publishing
Mechanics of Composite Materials
MCB
Emerald
www.mcb.co.uk/
Engineering Computations
University
Library
portfolio.htm
Int. J. of Num. Meth. For Heat&Fluid Flow
LINK
Link.springer.de/
Archive of Applied Mechanics
ol/eol/index.htm
Computational Mechanics
Press
Springer
Verlag
Engineering With Computers

J. Wiley &
Interscience
Sons
www.interscience.
Communicat. in Numer. Meth. in Eng.
wiley.com
Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Eng.

Mech. of Cohesive-Frictional Mater.
Progress in Structural Eng. and Mater.
Richard
Courant(1888.01.08-1972.01.27Lublinitz), 1910
,1928 19281933
1936 1964
Courant
Courant
CourantFriedrichsLewyCourant
John Argyris( 1913.08.19-2004.04.02Volos)
5 G8 16
Argyris 1950 40
Olgierd Cecil Zienkiewiz (1921.05.18-Caterham) Swansea
CalalunyaUNESCO 1961 1989 Swansea

1968
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering
24 Zienkiewiez 5
1978
(1981)(1985)
(1998)(1999)1967
5 1 (O.C.Zienkiewicz, R.L.Taylor( 5 )
)(2008)
1.3
60
1-2 42000
14000 78 78
2006 9 17
1-2
1-3
1-3 [10] 1-4 A350

19 [11] 1-5
[12]
1-2 A350 19
1-5
2.1
((deformed body))
(1) ((displacement))
(2) ((strain))
(3) ((stress))
()
(strength)
(stiffness)
2-1
(a)
(b)
2-1
(discretized approximation)
(base function)
(1)()(2)
7
(sub-domain)(pieces function)()
2.1(1)
f ( x), x [ x0 , xL ]
(Fourier series)
f ( x) c0 0 ( x [ x0 , xL ]) + c1 1 ( x [ x0 , xL ]) + "
n
= cii ( x [ x0 , xL ])
(2-1)
i =0
i ( x [ x0 , xL ]) [ x0 , xL ] c0 , c1 , c2 "
[ xi , xi +1 ] ,
f ( x) {a0 + b0 x( x [ x0 , x1 ])} + {a1 + b1 x( x [ x1 , x2 ])} + "

n
= {ai + bi x( x [ xi , xi +1 ])}
(2-2)
i =0
ai + bi x( x [ xi , xi +1 ]) [ xi , xi +1 ] a0 , b0 , a1 , b1 "
2-2
(a) [ x0 , xL ]
(b) [ xi , xi +1 ]
8
2-2
i ( x [ x0 , xL ])
[ x0 , xL ]
ai + bi x( x [ xi , xi +1 ]) [ xi , xi +1 ]
[ x0 , xL ]
-(Rayleigh-Ritz
principle)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
2.2
1D(one dimension) 1D
2-3
1D
2.2(1) 1D
2-3
E1 = E2 = 2 107 Pa A1 = 2 A2 = 2cm 2 l1 = l2 = 10cm F = 10N
2-4
2-4
C
F
Pc = F = 10 N
(2-3)
I B2 = Pc = F = 10 N
(2-4)
I B I B I B I B = 0
1
PA = I B1 = I B = PC = F = 10 N
2
(2-5)
1 =
PA 10 N
N
=
= 5 10 4 2 = 5 10 4 Pa
2
A1 2cm
m
(2-6)
2 =
PC 10 N
N
=
= 1105 2 = 1 105 Pa
2
A2 1cm
m
(2-7)
(Hooke law)
1 = E11
1 = E2 2
(2-8)
1 2
5 104 PA
= 2.5 103
7
E1 2 10 Pa
5
2 110 PA
3
=
= 5 10
2 =
E2 2 107 Pa
1 =
10
(2-9)
= l / l l = l
l1 = 1 l1 = 2.5 103 10 = 2.5 102 cm
l2 = 2 l2 = 5 103 10 = 5 102 cm
(2-10)
A x u A = 0 B
2
l1 u B = l1 = 2.5 10 cm C
uc = l1 + l2 = 7.5 102 cm
1 = 5 104 Pa, 2 = 1 105 Pa
1 = 2.5 103 , 2 = 5 103
u A = 0, uB = 2.5 102 cm, uC = 7.5 102 cm
(2-11)
2-5
2-5
(compatibility equation)
d
ABC u Au BuC
2.2(2) 1D
2.2(1)
2-3 2-6
11
2-6 1D
2-6(c) (u B u A )
1
1 =
uB u A
l1
(2-12)
E1
( uB u A )
l1
(2-13)
E1 A1
( uB u A )
l1
(2-14)
1 = E11 =
1
I B
I B1 = 1 A1 =
2
I B
I B2 = 2 A2 =
E2 A2
( uC uB )
l2
(2-15)
2-6(b) ABC
A
PA + I B1 = 0
(2-16)
(2-14)
PA +
E1 A1
( uB u A ) = 0
l1
(2-17)
I B1 + I B2 = 0
12
(2-18)
(2-14)(2-15)
E1 A1
E A
( uB u A ) + 2 2 ( uC uB ) = 0
l1
l2
(2-19)
PC I B2 = 0
(2-20)
E2 A2
( uC uB ) = 0
l2
(2-21)
(2-15)
PC
ABC
EA
EA
PA 1 1 u A + 1 1 uB + 0 = 0
l1
l1
E1 A1
E1 A1 E2 A2
E2 A2
+
0+
uA
uB +
uC = 0
l2
l1
l1
l2
E A
E A
PC 0 + 2 2 uB 2 2 uC = 0
l
l
2
2
(2-22)
E1 A1
l
PA 1
E1 A1
0 l
1

PC
0
(2-23)
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1 E2 A2
+
l1
l2
u A 0
E2 A2
uB = 0
l2
uC 0
E2 A2
l2
0
E2 A2
l2
(2-23)
4 104
4
4 10
0
4 104
6 104
2 10
0 u A PA
2 104 uB = 0
2 104 uC 10
(2-24)
u A = 0 u BuCPA
u B = 2.5 104 m
uC = 7.5 104 m
PA = 10N
(2-25)
PA (reaction force of support)
13
uB u A
= 2.5 103
l1
uC uB
3
2 =
= 5 10
l2
1 = E11 = 5 104 Pa
2 = E2 2 = 1105 Pa
1 =
(2-26)
2.2(1)2.2(2)
(2-23)
P I =0
(2-27)
( 31) ( 31)
P (load matrix) I (inner force matrix)

( 31)
( 31)
(deformed force matrix)
PA
P = 0
( 31)
PC
E1 A1
l1
EA
I = 1 1
( 31)
l1
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1 E2 A2
+
l1
l2
E2 A2
l2
(2-28)
u A
E2 A2
uB
l2
uC
E2 A2
l2
0
(2-29)
(2-27)(2-29)
(nodal displacement) u Au BuC
(2-23) ABC
(a) u Au BuC PAPC

(b)2.2(1)
(c) u Au BuC
(2-26)
(2-23)2.2(1)
(2-23)
2.2(3) 1D
(2-23)
14
(2-23)
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1 E2 A2
+
l1
l2
u A PA
E2 A2
uB = PB
l2
uC PC
E2 A2
l2
0
E2 A2
l2
(2-30)
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1
l1
0
0
0
u A
E2 A2
0 uB + 0
l2
uC
E2 A2
0
0
l2
0
u A PA
E2 A2
uB = PB
l2
uC PC
E2 A2
l2
(2-31)
(2-31) 1
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1
l
E1 A1
l1 u A E1 A1 u A uB I B1
=
=
E1 A1 uB
l1 uB u A I B1
l1
(2-32)
I B I B 2-6c
(2-31) 2
E2 A2
l
2
E2 A2
l
2
E2 A2
l2 uB E2 A2
=
E2 A2 uC
l2
l2
uB uC I B2
u u = 2
B
C
IB
(2-33)
I B I B 2-6(c)
2
(2-31)
(component)
(element)(generalization)
(standardization)
()
(2-32)(2-33)
(bar element)
2-7
15
2-7
u
T
q e = 1 = [u1 u2 ]
( 21) u2
(2-34)
P
P e = 1 = [ P1
2
1
( )
P2
(2-35)
P2 ]
(2-32)
EA
I1 l
I = EA
2
l
EA
l u1
EA u2
l
(2-36)
P P1 = I1 P2 = I 2
e
( 21)
EA
l
EA
l
EA
l u1 P1
=
EA u2 P2
l
(2-37)
K e qe = Pe
( 22 ) ( 21)
(2-38)
( 21)
EA
EA
l
l K11
Ke =
=
( 22 )
EA EA K 21
l
l
K12
K 22
(2-39)
(2-38)(equilibrium equation)
e
(stiffness equation) ( (3-41)) K (stiffness

matrix), K11K12K 21K 22 (stiffness coefficient)
16
2.3
1D
2.3(1) 1D
2-8
E1 = E2 = E3 = 2 105 Pa , 3A1 = 2 A2 = A3 = 0.06m 2

l1 = l2 = l3 = 0.1m
2-8
1D
(2-38)
(2-31)
(1)
(numbering of element) 2-8

2-9 x
2-9
(2)
2-9 2-7
2-37
17
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1
l1 u1 P1(1)
E1 A1 u2 P2 (1)
l1
2-40
E2 A2
l2 u2 P3(2)
E2 A2 u3 P3(2)
l2
2-41
E3 A3
l2 u3 P3(3)
E3 A3 u3 P4 (3)
l3
2-42
E2 A2
l
2
E2 A2
l
2
E3 A3
l
3
E3 A3
l
3
(3)
2-402-412-42
u1
u2
u3
u4
E1 A1
l1
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1
l
1
E1 A1 E2 A2
+
l1
l2
E2 A2
l2
E2 A2
l2
E2 A2 E3 A3
+
l2
l3
u1 P1(1)
0 (1)
(2)
u2 = P2 + P2
E A u P (2) + P (3)
3 3 3 3 (3) 3
l3 u4 P4
E3 A3
l3
0
E3 A3
l3
2-43
2-43
2-43 P1 P2
(1)
(2)
+ P2(2)P3(2) + P3(3)P4(3) 1234
P1 = P1(1)P2 = P2(1) + P2(2)P3 = P3(2) + P3(3)P4 = P4(3)
2-44
2-8 P1 = 100 NP2 = 0P3 = 50 N P4

2-43
18
4 104
4
4 10
0
4 104
1 105
6 104
6 104
1.8 105
1.2 105
u1 P1

0
u2 = P2
5
1.2 10 u3 P3

1.2 105 u4 P4
0
2-45
u1u2u3u4 P1P2P3P4 2-9

2 2
P2(1) 2 P2(2)
P1P2P3P4
2-45
(4)
2-8 u4 = 0
2-45
4 104
4
4 10
0
4 104
1 105
6 104
6 104
1.8 105
1.2 105
u1 100 N
0
u2 = 0
1.2 105 u3 50 N
1.2 105 u4 = 0 P4
0
2-46
u4 = 0 4 4
4 104
4
4 10
0
4 104
1105
6 10
0 u1 100
6 104 u2 = 0
1.8 105 u3 50
2-47
u1 = 4.58333 103 m
u2 = 2.08333 103 m
u3 = 4.16667 104 m
2-48
(5)
2-48 u4 = 0 2-46
P4
P4 = 1.2 105 u3 = 50N

(6)
19
2-49
2-12
1(1) =
(2)
u2 u1 ( 2.08333 + 4.5833) 10
=
l1
0.1
= 2.49997 10 2
u u
( 0.416667 + 2.08333) 10
= 3 2 =
l2
0.1
(3) =
2-50
= 1.6667 102
u4 u3 0 + 4.16667 104
=
= 4.16667 103
l3
0.1
2-51
2-52
2-13
(1) = E1 (1) = 4.999 103 Pa
2-53
(2) = E2 (2) = 3.3333 103 Pa
2-54
(3) = E3 (3) = 8.3333 10 2 Pa
2-55
2-10
2-10
2.4
(
) 2-11
20
2-11
2-11
( 2-12)
2-12 (ANSYS )
2.2(2)
21
1D2D3D
[13][14]2.2(2)
[15]
3
2.5
z
z
z
z
z
z
()
22
3.1
1D2D3D
()
1D2D3D 3-1
3-1
23
3.2
3.2.1
P l A
E 3-2
EA
l
3-2
3.2.1(1) 1D
x x
u (x )
x () x (x)
x x (x )
3.2.1(2) 1D
()
x = c1
d x
=0
dx
(3-1)
c1
x dx du
x =
(3-2)
x =
du
dx
x
E
(3-3)
(BC, boundary condition)

BC(u)
u ( x) x =0 = 0
24
(3-4)
BC(p)
x ( x ) x =l =
P
= px
A
(3-5)
x = l , x (x)
(Saint-Venants principle) x = l ,
(1) 3 3
(2)()
()(trail function)
()(unknown constant)
3-2
3.2.1(3) 1D
(3-1)-(3-3)
x ( x) = c1
c1
E
c1
u ( x) = x + c2
E
x ( x) =
c1 c2 ,(3-4)(3-5)(3-6) c2 = 0 c1 =
(3-6)
P
A
P
x ( x) =
EA
P
u( x ) =
x
EA
x ( x) =
(3-7)
3-2
3.2.1(4) 1D
25
3-3
3-3
PA l B
=
PB l A
(3-8)
()
A , B
B lB
=
A lA
(3-9)
()(virtual displacement)
(3-9)(3-8)
PA A PB B = 0
(3-10)
PA A A (virtual work)( PA A A ) PB B B
( PB B B )
(3-10)(principle of virtual work)
W
U U (virtual strain energy)
W U = 0
(3-11)
U = W
(3-12)
(
) BC(u)
3-2
26
u ( x ) = cx
(3-13)
c
(3-13)
( x) = c
u ( x) = c x
( x) = c
(3-14)
c 3-2
U = x x d =
E x x dA dx = E c c A l
W = P u( x = l) = P c l
(3-15)
(3-16)
(3-12)
E c c A l = P c l
(3-17)
c=
P
EA
(3-18)
(3-13)
3.2.1(5)
1D
BC(u) u ( x )
(potential energy)
(u ) = U W
(3-19)
U W 3-2
1
x (u ( x)) x (u ( x))d
2
W = P u( x = l )
U=
(3-20)
u ( x ) u ( x )
min
u ( x )BC ( u )
[ (u ) = U W ]
27
(3-21)
3-2
(3-13)
du
=c
dx
x ( x) = E x ( x) = E c
x ( x) =
(3-22)
(3-20)
(u ) = U W =
1
E c2 A l P c l
2
(3-23)
(3-21)(3-23)
(u )
=0
c
(3-24)
c = P / EA (3-18)
(principle of
minimum potential energy)((3-15)(3-20))
3.2.2
3.2.2(1)
(
)
(1)
3-4 (local coordinate system)(bar element)
Node 1 Node 2() q
q e = [u1 u2 ]
(3-25)
(DOF, degree of freedom)

() P
e
28
P e = [P1
P2 ]
(3-26)
3-4
(3-26)
(
u ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ) q
e
(2)
u ( x ) Taylor
u ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 +""
(3-27)
u1 u2 (3-27)
(interpolation model)
u ( x) = a0 + a1 x
(3-28)
u ( x) |x =0 = u1
u ( x ) | x = l e = u2
(3-29)
a0 a1 (unknowns)
(3-29)(3-28) a0 a1
a0 = u1
a1 =
u2 u1
le
(3-30)
(3-28)
u ( x) = u1 + (
u2 u1
x
x
) x = (1 e )u1 + ( e )u2 = N( x) q e
e
l
l
l
N (shape function matrix)
29
(3-31)
N ( x) = (1 e )
l
x
l e
(3-32)
q e (nodal displacement vector)

q e = [u1 u2 ]T
(3-33)
(3)
1D
( x) =
du ( x)
1
= [ e
dx
l
1 u1
]
= B( x ) q e
l e u2
(3-34)
B( x) =
d
1
N ( x) = [ e
dx
l
1
]
le
(3-35)
(strain-displacement matrix)
(4)
1D
( x ) = E e ( x ) = E e B ( x ) q e = S ( x ) q e
(3-36)
S( x ) = E e B( x ) = [
Ee
le
Ee
]
le
(3-37)
(stress-displacement matrix)
(5)
(3-34)(3-36)
e = U e W e =
=
1
( x) ( x) d ( P1e u1 + P2e u2 )
e
1 le eT T
q S ( x) B( x) q e Ae dx ( P1e u1 + P2e u2 )
2 0
1
[u1 u2 ]
2
E e Ae
e
le e
E A
l e
E e Ae
e
l u1 e
P1
E e Ae u2
l e
T
= 1 q eT K e q e Pe q e
2
u
P2e 1
u2
(3-38)
30
K (stiffness matrix of element)

e
Ee Ae 1 1
l e 1 1
(3-39)
Pe
P e = 1e
P2
(3-40)
Ke =
P e (nodal force vector)
(6)
(3-38)(stiffness equation of element)
K e qe = Pe
(22) (21)
3.2.2(2)
(3-41)
(21)
3-5 A1 A2 l
E
(a)
(b)
3-5
3-5(b)
x
x
A ( x ) = 1 A1 + A2
l
l
q e = [u1
u2 ] P e = [ P1
T
(3-42)
P2 ]
u ( x ) = a0 + a1 x = N ( x ) q e
31
(3-43)
x x
N ( x ) = 1
l l
(3-44)
1 1
B ( x ) =
l l
(3-45)
K e qe = P
(3-46)
( 22 ) ( 21)
( 21)
K e = BT E B d
( 22 )
1
l
1 1
= E
A ( x ) dx
0
l l
1
l
l E 1
1 x
x
= 2
1 A1 + A2 dx
0 l
l
1 1 l
l
E ( A1 + A2 ) 1 1
1 1
2l
(3-47)
3.2.3
1.
(global coordinate system)
3-6 (local coordinate system)
(
) 3-6 ( x o y )( ox )
32
3-6
q e = [u1 u2 ]
(3-48)
_ _ _
q = u1 v1 u 2
v2
(3-49)
3-6 1 u 1 v1
u1 2 u 2 v 2 u2
u1u1 cos + v1 sin

u2u 2 cos + v 2 sin
(3-50)
u cos
qe = 1 =
u2 0
sin
0
0
cos
u1

0 v1
Te q e
sin u 2

v2

(3-51)
T (transformation matrix)
e
cos
Te
0
sin
0
0
cos
0
sin
(3-52)
()
(3-51)
33
1
e = q e T K e q e p eT q e
2
1
= q e T (Te T K e Te )q e (Te T P e )T q e
2
eT
e e
eT e
= 1q K q P q
2
(3-53)
K P
e
K = Te T K e Te
(3-54)
P = Te T P e
(3-55)
()(3-53) q
e
e
e
e
K q = P
(4 4) (4 2)
(3-56)
(42)
3-6 (3-54)
cos 2
E e Ae cos sin
e
K = e
(44)
l cos2
cos sin
cos sin
sin 2
cos sin
cos 2
cos sin
cos 2
sin 2
cos sin
2.
3-7
3-7
( Ox )
34
cos sin
sin 2
cos sin
sin 2
(3-57)
q e = [u1
u2 ]
(3-58)
Ox y z
q e = u1 v1
w1 u 2
v2
w2
(3-59)
cos(x, x) =
z 2 z1
y y1
x 2 x1
cos( x, y ) = 2
cos( x, z ) =
l
l
l
(3-60)
( x1 , y1 , z1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) 1 2 l
q e q e
u1

v1
w1
0
0
0
cos( x, x) cos( x, y ) cos( x, z ) u2

v2

w2
u cos( x, x) cos( x, y ) cos( x, z )

qe = 1 =
0
0
0
u2
= Te q
(3-61)
T
e
cos( x, x) cos( x, y ) cos( x, z )

Te =
0
0
0

0
(3-62)
K = T
e
(66)
eT
(6 2)
P = T
(61)
(2 2) (26)
eT
(62)
(21)
(3-63)
(3-64)
3.2.4 MATLAB
MATLAB [16]
MATLAB
MATLAB A
35
MATLAB
Bar1D2Node _Stiffness(E,A,L)
E A L k(2X2)
Bar1D2Node _Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
k ij KK
Bar1D2Node _Stress(k,u,A)
k u(21) A
stress
Bar1D2Node_Force(k,u)
k u(21) 21
forces
3.2.2 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%% Bar1D2Node %% begin %%%%%%%%%
function k=Bar1D2Node_Stiffness(E,A,L)
%
% E A L
% k(2X2)
%--------------------------------------k=[E*A/L -E*A/L; -E*A/L E*A/L];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z=Bar1D2Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
%
% k ij
% KK
%----------------------------------DOF(1)=i;
DOF(2)=j;
for n1=1:2
for n2=1:2
KK(DOF(n1),DOF(n2))= KK(DOF(n1),DOF(n2))+k(n1,n2);
end
end
z=KK;
%-----------------------------------------------------------function stress=Bar1D2Node_Stress(k,u,A)
%
% k, u(21)
% A
% stress
%----------------------------------stress=k*u/A;
36
%----------------------------------------------------------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function forces=Bar1D2Node_Force(k,u)
%
% k u(21)
% 21 forces
%----------------------------------------forces=k*u;
%%%%%%%%%%% Bar1D2Node %% end %%%%%%%%%

3-5
MATLAB
Bar2D2Node_Stiffness(E,A,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha)
E Ax1,y1
x2,y2 alpha k(4X4)
Bar2D2Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
k ij KK
Bar2D2Node_Stress(E,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha,u)
Ex1,y1x2,y2 alpha
u
Bar2D2Node_Forces(E,A,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha,u)
E Ax1,y1x2,y2
alpha u
3.2.3 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%% Bar2D2Node %% begin %%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function k=Bar2D2Node_Stiffness(E,A,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha)
%
% E A
%x1,y1x2,y2
alpha
% k(4X4)
%------------------------------------------------L=sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1)+(y2-y1)*(y2-y1));
x=alpha*pi/180;
C=cos(x);
S=sin(x);
k=E*A/L*[C*C C*S -C*C -C*S; C*S S*S -C*S -S*S;
-C*C -C*S C*C C*S; -C*S -S*S C*S S*S];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z = Bar2D2Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
%
% k ij
% KK
%-------------------------------------------------------DOF(1)=2*i-1;
37
DOF(2)=2*i;
DOF(3)=2*j-1;
DOF(4)=2*j;
for n1=1:4
for n2=1:4
end
end
z=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%-function stress= Bar2D2Node_Stress(E,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha,u)
%
% Ex1,y1x2,y2
% alpha u
% stress
%-----------------------------------------------L=sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1)+(y2-y1)*(y2-y1));
x=alpha*pi/180;
C=cos(x);
S=sin(x);
stress=E/L*[-C -S C S]*u;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function forces= Bar2D2Node_Forces(E,A,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha,u)
%
% E A
%x1,y1x2,y2
alpha
% u
% forces
%------------------------------------------------------------L=sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1)+(y2-y1)*(y2-y1));
x=alpha*pi/180;
C=cos(x);
S=sin(x);
forces= E*A/L*[-C -S C S]*u;
%%%%%%%%%%% Bar2D2Node %% end %%%%%%%%%%%%%%
3.2.5
3.2.5(1)
3-8 E = 29.5 10 4 N/mm 2 ,
A = 100mm 2
38
3-8
1
3-8
3-1 3-3
3-1
400
400
300
300
3-2
3-3
nx
ny
400
300
-1
500
0.8
0.6
400
39
K (1)
u1
29.5 104 100 0

=
1
400
K (2)
K (3)
K (4)
v1 u2

0 1
0 0
0
0
u3 v3

0 0
29.5 104 100 0 1

=
0 0
300
0 1
1
0
v2
0
0
0
u1
v1
u2
v2
u2 v2

0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
(3-65)
u3
v3
(3-66)
u2
v2
u1
v1
u3
v3
0.64 0.48 0.64 0.48
29.5 104 100 0.48 0.36 0.48 0.36

=
0.64 0.48 0.64 0.48
500
0.48 0.36 0.48 0.36

u4
29.5 104 100 0

=
1
400
v4 u3 v3

0 1 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
u1
v1
(3-67)
u3
v3
u4
v4
(3-68)
u3
v3
K = K
q = [u1
(1)
+ K (2) + K (3) + K ( 4)
v1 u 2
P = R + F = R x1
v2
R y1
u3
v3
2 10 4
40
u4
Ry2
v4 ]
0 2.5 10 4
Rx 4
Ry4
( Rx1 , R y1 ) 1 x y Ry 2 2 y ( Rx 4 , R y 4 )
4 x y
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
22.68
5.76
15.0
0
5.76 4.32
0
0
15.0
0
15.0
0
4
0
0
20.0
29.5 10 100 0
7.68 5.76
0
0
6000
20.0
0
5.76 4.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
v3
7.68 5.76
5.76 4.32
0
0
u4
v4
0
0
0
0 u1 Rx1 Rx1
R R
0 v1 y1 y1
0 u2 Fx 2 2 10

20.0
0
0
0 v2 Ry 2 Ryz
=
=
Fx3
0
22.68 5.76 15.0 0 u3

4
5.76 24.32
0
0 v3 Fy 3 2.5 10
15.0
0
15.0 0 u4 Rx 4 Rx 4

0
0
0
0 v4 Ry 4 Ry 4
(3-69)
(4)
BC(u) u1 = v1 = v 2 = u 4 = v 4 = 0 (3-69)
0
0 u2 2 104
15
29.5 10 100
u =
0
22.68
5.76
0
3

6000
0 5.76 24.32 v3 2.5 104
4
(3-70)
u2 0.2712
u = 0.0565 mm
3
v3 0.2225
(3-71)
q = [ 0 0 0.2712 0 0.0565 0.2225 0 0] mm

T
(5)
E
[ 1 1] T q
l
0
0
4
29.5 10
= 200 N/mm 2
=
1
0
1
0
[
]
0.2712
400
(1) = E B T q =
41
(3-72)
(2) = 218.8N/mm 2
(3) = 52.08N/mm 2
(4) = 41.67N/mm 2
(3-73)
(6)
(3-72)(3-69)
R x1
22.68
R
y1 29.5 10 4 100 5.76

Ry2 =
0
6000
Rx 4
0
Ry4
0
5.76
4.32
15.0
0
0
0
7.68
5.76
5.76
4.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
20.0
0
0
0
15.0
0
0
20.0
0
15.0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2712
0.0565
0.2225
15833.0
3126.0
= 21879.0 N
4167.0
(3-74)
MATLAB 3.2.5(2)
(Bar2D2Node)
3.2.5(1) 3-8 MATLAB
1
3-8
3-1 3-3
2()
MATLAB
Bar2D2Node_StiffnessBar2D2Node_Assembly
Bar2D2Node_StressBar2D2Node_Forces MATLAB
MATLAB E A x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,x4,y4,
alpha 1, alpha 2 alpha 3, 123 4 Bar2D2Node_Stiffness
>>E=2.95e11;
>>A=0.0001;
>>x1=0;
>>y1=0;
>>x2=0.4;
>>y2=0;
>>x3=0.4;
>>y3=0.3;
42
>>x4=0;
>>y4=0.3;
>> alpha1=0;
>> alpha2=90;
>> alpha3=atan(0.75)*180/pi;
>> k1=Bar2D2Node_Stiffness (E,A,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha1)
k1 = 73750000
0
-73750000
0
0
0
0
0
-73750000
0
73750000
0
0
0
0
0
k2 = 1.0e+007 *
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
9.8333
-0.0000
-9.8333
-0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
-9.8333
0.0000
9.8333
k3 = 1.0e+007 *
3.7760
2.8320
-3.7760
-2.8320
2.8320
2.1240
-2.8320
-2.1240
-3.7760
-2.8320
3.7760
2.8320
-2.8320
-2.1240
2.8320
2.1240
k4 = 73750000
0
-73750000
0
0
0
0
0
-73750000
0
73750000
0
0
0
0
0
3
4 KK(88) KK
Bar2D2Node _Assembly
>>KK=zeros(8,8);
>>KK=Bar2D2Node_Assembly (KK,k1,1,2);
>>KK=Bar2D2Node_Assembly (KK,k4,4,3)
KK= 1.0e+008 *
1.1151
0.2832
-0.7375
0
0.2832
0.2124
0
0
-0.7375
0
0.7375
0.0000
0
0
0.0000
0.9833
-0.3776
-0.2832
-0.0000
-0.0000
-0.2832
-0.2124
-0.0000
-0.9833
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.3776
-0.2832
-0.0000
-0.0000
1.1151
0.2832
-0.7375
0
-0.2832
-0.2124
-0.0000
-0.9833
0.2832
1.1957
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.7375
0
0.7375
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3-8 1 u1 = 0 , v1 = 0 2 v2 = 0
4 u4 = 0 v4 = 0 F3 10NMATLAB
43
\
q = [u1
P = R + F = R x1
v1 u 2
v2
R y1
2 10 4
u3
v3
Ry2
u4
v4 ]
0 2.5 10 4
Rx 4
Ry4
( Rx1 , R y1 ) 1 x y Ry 2 2 y ( Rx 4 , R y 4 )
4 x y
>>k=KK([3,5,6],[3,5,6])
k =1.0e+008 *
0.7375
-0.0000
-0.0000
-0.0000
1.1151
0.2832
-0.0000
0.2832
1.1957
>> p=[20000;0;-25000];
>>u=k\p
u = 1.0e-003 *
0.2712
0.0565
-0.2225
[]
u2 = 0.2712mm, u3 = 0.0565mm, v3 = 0.2225mm
q = [ 0 0 0.2712 0 0.0565 0.2225 0 0] mm

T
(3-75)
(3-72)
5
q P
>> q=[0 0 0.0002712 0 0.0000565 -0.0002225 0 0]'

q = 1.0e-003 *
0
0
0.2712
0
0.0565
-0.2225
0
0 []
>>P=KK*q
P = 1.0e+004 *
-1.5833 0.3126 2.0001 2.1879 -0.0001 -2.5005 -0.4167 0 []
(3-76)
44
6
q
Bar2D2Node_Stress
>>u1=[q(1);q(2);q(3);q(4)]
u1 = 1.0e-003 *
0
0
0.2712
0
>> stress1=Bar2D2Node_Stress(E,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha1,u1)
stress1 =2.0001e+008
>>u2=[q(3);q(4);q(5);q(6)]
u2 = 1.0e-003 *
0.2712
0
0.0565
[]
-0.2225
[]
stress2 = -2.1879e+008
>>u3=[q(1);q(2);q(5);q(6)]
u3 = 1.0e-003 *
0
0
0.0565
-0.2225
stress3 = -52097000
[]
>>u4=[q(7);q(8);q(5);q(6)]
u4 = 1.0e-003 *
0
0
0.0565
-0.2225
stress4 = 41668750
[]
1 = 2.0001 108 Pa 2
= 2.1879 108 Pa 3 = 5.2097 107 Pa 4

= 4.167 107 Pa (3-73)
ANSYS
ANSYS
MATLAB ANSYS
[20] ANSYS B
ANSYS 3.2.5(3)
3.2.5(1) ANSYS
ANSYS (GUI, graphic user interface)
45
1 (GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS()
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory () Initial jobname(
): planetrussRun OK
(2)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preferences Structural OK
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element TypeAdd/Edit/Delete Add Link2D spar 1
OK ( Element Types ) Close

(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material ModelsStructural Linear Elastic
Isotropic: EX:2.95e11 ()PRXY: 0 () OK U
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add Type 1 OKReal
Constant Set No: 1 ( 1 ), AREA: 1e-4 () OKClose
(6)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling CreatNodes In Active CSNode number 1
X:0,Y:0,Z:0 ApplyNode number 2 X:0.4,Y:0,Z:0 ApplyNode number 3 X:0.4,Y:0.3,Z:0
ApplyNode number 4 X:0,Y:0.3,Z:0OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create ElementsElem Attributes
User numberedThru nodes OK node 1 node2 Apply node 2 node3 Apply
node 1 node3 Apply node 4 node3 ApplyOK
(7)
1 X Y 2 Y 4 X Y
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Nodes
1 Apply Lab2 DOFs: UXUY VALUE0 Apply 2 Apply
Lab2 DOFs: UY VALUE0 Apply 4 Apply Lab2 DOFs: UX,UY VALUE0
OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/moment On Nodes
2 Apply FX VALUE: 20000
Apply 3 Apply
FYVALUE: 25000 OK
(9)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS OK Should The Solve Command be Executed?
Y Close (Solution is done! )
(10)
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc Plot Results Deformed Shape Def + Undeformed
OK ( Plot Results) Contour Plot Nodal Solu DOF solutionDisplacement vector sum (
)
46
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Nodal solution DOF solutionDisplacement
vector sum ()
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Reaction SoluALL items OK (
)
(11)
ANSYS Utility Menu: File Exit Save EverythingOK
2
!
B
!%%%%%%%% []3.2.5(1) %%%% begin %%%%%%
/ PREP7
/PLOPTS,DATE,0
!=====
ET,1,LINK1
UIMP,1,EX, , ,2.95e11,
R,1,1e-4,
!()
N,1,0,0,0,
! 1 ,(0,0,0)
N,2,0.4,0,0,
! 2 ,(0.4,0,0)
N,3,0.4,0.3,0,
! 3 ,(0.4,0.3,0)
N,4,0,0.3,0,
! 4 ,(0,0.3,0)
E,1,2
! 1 ( 1 2 )
E,2,3
! 2 ( 2 3 )
E,1,3
! 3 ( 1 3 )
E,4,3
! 4 ( 4 3 )
FINISH
!=====
/SOLU
!()
D,1,ALL
! 1
D,2,UY
! 2 y
D,4,ALL
! 4
F,2,FX,20000,
! 2 x (20000)
F,3,FY,-25000,
! 3 y (-25000)
SOLVE
FINISH
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
FINISH
!%%%%%%%% []3.2.5(1) %%%% end %%%%%%
3.3
47
3.3.1
3-9
xoy
dxdy
4.2 2D
(characterized modeling)
3-9 1
(deflection)
long beam x 2 x
(1)
(2)
3.3.1(1)
v ( x , y = 0)
( x ) M
( x )
dx ( 3-10)
3-9
3-10 dx
3.3.1(2)
1
3-10 x X = 0
M = x y dA
(3-77)
y (neutral layer) y M
y Y = 0 dQ + p ( x) dx = 0
dQ
+p = 0
dx
48
(3-78)
Q M = 0 dM Qdx = 0
0
Q=
dM
dx
(3-79)
2
dx 3-11
3-11
(pure bending deformation) 3-11

y ()
( R y ) d R d
R d
y
=
R
x ( y ) =
(3-80)
R (curvature) R
d
d
1
=
=
ds R d R
(3-81)
v ( x , y = 0) k
v '' ( x)
v ''( x )
(1 + v ' ( x) 2 )3/ 2
(3-82)
3-11
d 2v
dx 2
(3-83)
(3-81)(3-83)(3-80)
x ( x, y )
= y
3
49
d 2v
dx 2
(3-84)
x = E x
(3-85)
EI
d 4v
+ p( x) = 0
dx 4
(y )
(3-86)
M ( x ) = x y dA
A
= y 2 Ev ''dA
(x )
(3-87)
()
(3-88)
()
(3-89)
= EI
d 2v
dx 2
x ( x) = E y
x ( x) = y
(3-87) I =
d 2v
dx 2
d 2v
dx 2
y 2 d A (moment of inertia)
v ( x , y = 0)
4
3-11 p ( x ) (
(3-86))
BC(u)
v x = 0 = 0 v x =l = 0
(3-90)
()
BC(p)
x =0
= 0M
=0
(3-91)
v |x =l = 0
(3-92)
x =l
(3-87)
BC(p)
v |x =0 = 0
3.3.1(3)
dxdy

3-9
50
EI
d 4v
+ p0 = 0
dx 4
(3-93)
BC(u)
v x =0 = v x =l = 0
(3-94)
BC(p)
v x =0 = v x =l = 0
(3-95)
v( x) =
1 p0 4
( x + c3 x3 + c2 x 2 + c1 x + c0 )
EI 24
(3-96)
c 0 c3
v( x) =
p0
( x 4 2lx3 + l 3 x)
24 EI
v( x = 12 l ) = 0.013020833
p0l 4
EI
(3-97)
(3-98)
1
x x d
2
d 2v
1
d 2v
= ( E y 2 )( y 2 )dAdx
2
dx
dx
U=
(3-99)
d 2v
1
= EI z 2 dx
2 l
dx
W = p ( x) v( x)dx
l
(3-100)
= U W =
1
d 2v 2
EI
(
) dx p ( x) v( x)dx
z
l
2 l
dx 2
(3-101)
3.3.1(4)
3-9 BC(u) v( x )
v( x) = c1 sin
51
x
l
(3-102)
c1
v( x) = c1 sin
(3-103)
c1 (3-102) BC(u) BC(u)

(admissible displacement)
U = x x d
E x x dA dx
(3-104)
A (3-84)
x = y
d 2 v
dx 2
(3-105)
(3-104)
l
U = E
0
d 2 v d 2 v
2
y
A
d
2 2 dx
A
dx dx
(3-106)
(3-102)(3-103)
2
x
x

U = EI c1 sin sin c1 dx
0
l l
l
l
l
EIl
=
c1 c1
2 l
I =
(3-107)
y 2 dA
W = p0 vdx
0
= p0 c1 sin
=
2lp0
dx
c1
(3-108)
(3-12) U = W
4
EIl
c1 =
c1 c1
2 l
2lp0
c 1
52
(3-109)
c1 =
4l 4
p0
EI 5
(3-110)
(3-102)
4l 4
x

v ( x) =
p0 sin
5
EI
l
(3-111)
3.3.1(5)
3-9
BC(u) v( x )
v( x) = c1 sin
x
l
+ c2 sin
3 x
l
(3-112)
c1 c2 U
U=
1
x x d
2
2
d 2 v
1 l
= EI 2 dx
2 0
dx
4
4
2
2
1 l 2
x
3 x
3
2x
2 3
2 3 x
= EI c1 sin
+ c2 sin
+ 2c1c2 sin
sin
dx
2 0 l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
EI
=
2
4
2 4 l
2 3 l
c1 + c2
l 2
l 2
(3-113)
W
l
x
3 x
+ c2 sin
W = p0 c1 sin
dx
0
l
l
2l
2l
= p0 c1 + c2
3

(3-114)
= U W
4
2l
EI l
2
=
c
1 p0 = 0
c1
2 l 2
4
2l
EI 3 l
=0
=
2
c
2 p0
c2
2 l 2
3
53
(3-115)
c1 c2 v ( x )
v( x) =
4 p0l 4
4 p0l 4
x
3 x
sin
sin
+
5
5
EI
l 243 EI
l
(3-116)
(3-97)
(3-112)
-
3.3.1(4)3.3.1(5)(
) BC(u)
3.3.2
3.3.2(1)
3-12 (beam element) l E
Iz
3-12
(1)
Node 1 Node 2
q
e
q e = [ v1 1
v2 2 ]
(3-117)
4 (DOF) P
e
P e = [ Pv1
M1
Pv 2
M2]
(3-118)
v1 , 1 , v2 , 2 (deflection)(slope)
(3-118)
54
q
e
(2)
4
v( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3
(3-119)
a0a1a2a3
v( x = 0) = v1 , v ' ( x = 0) = 1
v( x = l ) = v2 , v ( x = l ) = 2
'
(3-120)
(3-119) 4
a0 = v1
a1 = 1
a2 = 12 (3v1 21l + 3v2 2l )
l
a3 = 13 (2v1 + 1l 2v2 + 2l )
l
(3-121)
(3-121)(3-119)
v( x) = (1 3 2 + 2 3 )v1 + l ( 2 2 + 3 )1 + (3 2 2 3 )v2 + l ( 3 2 ) 2
= N( ) q e
(3-122)
x
l
= N ( )
N( ) = (1 3 2 + 2 3 ) l ( 2 2 + 3 ) (3 2 2 3 ) l ( 3 2 )
(3-123)
(3)
d 2 v( x)
dx 2
1
1
1
1
(6 4) 2 (12 6)
(6 2) q e
= y^ 2 (12 6)
l
l
l
l
( x, y^ ) = y^
= B( ) q e
y^ y B ( )
55
(3-124)
B( ) = y^ [ B1
B2
B4 ]
B3
(3-125)
B1 = 12 (12 6) ,
l
1
1
B2 = (6 4) , B3 = 2 (12 6) ,
l
l
1
B4 = (6 2)
l
(4)
( x, y^ ) = E ( x, y^ ) = E B( x, y^ ) q e = S( x, y^ ) q e
(3-126)
E S ( x )
(5)
e
e = U e W e
(3-127)
1 l
^
^
( xy)
( x, y)
dA dx
2 0 A
l
1
= q e T [ BT E B dA dx]q e
0 A
2
1
= qeT K e qe
2
Ue =
K
e
B1
B
l
K e = ( y^ ) 2 E [ B1
0 A
B3

B4
B12
l BB
^ 2
= ( y ) dA E 1 2
A
0 B B
1 3
B1 B4
B2
B3
B1 B2
B22
B2 B3
B2 B4
56
B4 ] ( y^ ) dA dx
B1 B3
B2 B3
B32
B3 B4
B1 B4
B2 B4
dx
B3 B4
B42
(3-128)
12
6l
12
6l 4l 2
EI
= 3z
l 12 6l
2
6l 2l
6l
2l 2
6l
4l 2
6l
12
6l
(3-129)
Iz (3-127)
W e = Pv1 v1 + M 11 + Pv 2 v2 + M 2 2 = P e T q e
(3-130)
P e = [ Pv1
M1
M2]
Pv 2
(3-131)
(6)
(3-127) q
e
K e qe = Pe
(3-132)
4441 41
K P (3-129)(3-130)
e
3.3.2(2)
3-13
()(DOF) 6 3-13
3-13
3-13 q P
e
q e = [u1 v1 1 u1 v2 2 ]
(3-133)
61
P e = [ Pu1
61
Pv1
M1
Pu 2
Pv 2
M2 ]
(3-134)
K e qe = Pe
6661 61
(3-135)
3-13 (3-133)
(3-135)
57
EA
l
e
K =
66
EA

l
12 EI
l3
6 EI
l2
6 EI
l2
4 EI
l
12 EI
l3
6 EI
l2
EA
l
0
0
EA
l
6 EI
l2
2 EI
l
0
0
12 EI
l3
6 EI
2
l
6 EI
l2
2 EI
l
12 EI
l3
6 EI
2
l
6 EI
l2
4 EI
l
(3-136)
3.3.2(3)
3-14a
(a)
3-14
(b)
3-15 ()
3-14(a)
3-14(b) q e = [ v1 1
P e = [ Pv1
M1
Pv 2
v2 2 ]
T
M 2 ] v ( x ) v ( x ) = N ( x ) q e
T
58
N ( x ) = (1 3 2 + 2 3 ) l ( 2 2 + 3 )
=
( 3
2 3 ) l ( 3 2 )
(3-137)
x
W
l
W = p ( x ) v ( x ) dx
l
l
= ( p0 ) N ( x ) dx q e
0
= P eT q e
(3-138)
(3-137) P
e
P eT = ( p0 ) N ( x ) dx
l
= p0 (1 3 2 + 2 3 ) l ( 2 2 + 3 )
0
l
= p0 l 2 p0 l 2 12 p0 l 2
( 3
2 3 ) l ( 3 2 ) dx
p0 l 2 12
(3-139)
1
3-15
Pv1 =
p l2
p l2
p l2
p0l
M 1 = 0 Pv 2 = 0 M 2 = 0
2
8
2
8
(3-140)
(3-139) M1 M2
23-138
3-14a
3-139
3.3.2(4)
A = 6650mm 2 h = 317mm
I = 118.6 106 mm4 3-16 E = 200 GPa

p0 = 25 000 N m 3 2 3 1
2
59

(a)
(b)
3-16
q = [ v1 1 v2 2 v3 3 ]T
(3-141)
P = F + R = [ Fv1 +Rv1
F 1 +R 1
Fv 2 +Rv 2
F 2
Fv 3
F 3 ]T
(3-142)
F (3-148) R
(3-129)1
v1
k( )
1
v2
6 (5)
6 ( 5)
12
12
2
2
200 109 1.186 104 6 ( 5 ) 4 ( 5 ) 6 ( 5 ) 2 ( 5 )
=
12
12 6 ( 5 )
6 ( 5 )
53
6 ( 5 ) 2 ( 5 ) 2 6 ( 5 ) 4 ( 5 ) 2
(3-143)
v2
k ( 2)
v3
12
6 ( 2.5 )
6 ( 2.5 )
12
2
2
200 109 1.186 104 6 ( 2.5 ) 4 ( 2.5 ) 6 ( 2.5 ) 2 ( 2.5 )
=
3
12
12
6 ( 2.5 )
6 ( 2.5 )
( 2.5)
6 ( 2.5 ) 2 ( 2.5 )2 6 ( 2.5 ) 4 ( 2.5 )2
K = k
v1
( 2)
(3-144)
+ k ( 2)
v2
v3
5 692 800
0
0
2 277 120 5 692 800 2 277 120
5 692 800 18 976 000 5 692 800
9 488 000
0
0
2 277 120 5 692 800 20 494 080 17 078 400 18 216 960 22 771 200
K=
56 928 000 22 771 200 18 216 960

5 692 800 9 488 000 17 078 400
0
0
18 216 960 22 771 200 18 216 960 22 771 200
0
0
22 771 200 18 976 000 22 771 200 37 952 000
(3-145)
3.3.2(3)12
60
F (1)
3
wL 25 10 5
2
2
2
3
2
wL 25 10 5 62 500
52 083
12
12
=
=
=
3
wL
62
500
25
10
5
2
52 083
2
2
3
2
wL 25 10 5
12
12
F ( 2)
(3-146)
3
wL 25 10 2.5
2
2
2
3
2
wL 25 10 2.5 31 250
13 021
12
12
=
=
=
3
wL
31
250
25
10
2.5
2
2
13 021
2
3
2
wL 25 10 2.5
12
12
(3-147)
F = F (1) + F (2)
62 500
62 500
52 083
52 083
62 200 31 250 93 750

=
=
52 083 13 021 39 062
31 250
31 250
13 021
13 021
(3-148)
Kq = P = F + R
(3-149)
1 v1 = 1 = 0 2 v2 = 0
56 958 000 22 771 200 18 976 000 2 39 062

22 771 200 18 216 960 22 771 200 v = 31 250
3
18 976 000 22 771 200 37 952 000 3 13 021
(3-150)
q = [ v1 1 v2 2 v3 3 ]T
= 0 0 0 0.001 3723 ( rad ) 0.008 577 2 ( m ) 0.004 117 ( rad )
(3-151)
R = Kq F
61
(3-152)
R (3-152)
R = [ Rv1 R 1 Rv 2 0 0 0]T
= [54687.8(N) 39062.6(Nm) 132814.8(N) 0 0 0]T
(3-153)
3.3.3
3-17 l
E A Iz
3-17
( Oxy )
q e = [u1 v1 1 u 2
61
v2 2 ]
(3-154)
(3-155)
( Oxy )
q e = u 1 v1 1 u 2
61
v2 2
1 2
u1 = u1 cos + v 1 sin
v1 = u1 sin + v 1 cos
u2 = u 2 cos + v 2 sin
v2 = u 2 sin + v 2 cos
(3-156)
q e = Te q e
61 66 (61)
62
(3-157)
T
e
cos
sin
0
e
T
66
0
0
sin
cos
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
sin
cos
0
0
(3-158)
K q = P
e
(3-159)
6661 61
K = TeT K e Te
e
(3-160)
66 666666
e
P = TeT P e
(3-161)
61 6661
3.3.4
1.
. 3-18 l E
I z ( z ) I y ( y ) J
3-18 6 12
q P
e
3-18
q e = u1
121
v1
w1
x1 y1 z1
u2
63
v2
w2
x 2 y 2 z 2
(3-162)
P e = Pu1
121
Pv1
Pw1
M x1
M y1
M z1
Pu 2
Pv 2
Pw 2
M x2
M y2
M z 2
(3-163)
3-18
(1) 3-18 u1u2

(3-160)
EA 1 1
l 1 1
K ue1u2 =
2 2
(3-164)
(2) 3-18 x1 x 2
()(3-164)
Ke x1 x 2 =
2 2
GJ
l
1 1
1 1
(3-165)
J G
(3) 3-18 Oxy v1 z1 v2 z 2
Oxy
K e( Oxy )
4 4
6l
12
6l 4l 2
EI
= 3Z
l 12 6l
2
6l 2l
12 6l
6l 2l 2
12 6l
6l 4l 2
(3-166)
I z z
(4) 3-18 Oxz w1 y1 w2 y 2
Oxz (3-166)
(6)
(3-162)
64

v1
w1
x1
y1
z1
12EI z
l3
6EI z
l2
u1
EA
e
K =
1212
EA
12EI y
l3
GJ
l
6EI y
l2
6EI y
l2
0
4EI y
l
u2
EA
l
6EI z
l2
6EI y
l
0
0
2EI y
l
0
12EI y
l3
0
6EI y
l2
GJ
l
0
6EI y
l2
0
2EI y
2EI z
l
12EI z
l3
6EI z
l2
6EI z
l2
12EI z
l3
GJ
l
12EIz
l3
l2
6EI y
EA
l
2EI z
l
4EI z
l
l3
12EI y
z 2
y2
x2
w2
6EI z
l2
6EI z
l2
v2
12EI y
l3
0
6EI y
GJ
l
6EI z
l2
6EI y
6EI z
l2
0
l2
0
4EI y
4EI z
l
(3-167)
2.
q e = u1 v1
121
w1 x1 y1 z1 u 2
v2
w2 x 2 y 2 z 2
v2
w2 x2 y 2 z 2
q e = u1
121
v1
w1 x1 y1 z1
u2
(3-168)
(3-169)
(3-168) 1
u1
u1 u1 cos( x, x ) + v1 cos( x, y ) + w1 cos( x, z )
v = u cos( y, x) + v cos( y, y ) + w cos( y, z ) = v
1
1
33 1
1 1
w1
w1 u1 cos( z , x) + v1 cos( z , y ) + w1 cos( z , z )

x1
x1 x1 cos( x, x) + y1 cos( x, y ) + z1 cos( x, z )
= cos( y, x) + cos( y, y ) + cos( y, z ) =

y1
z1
33 y1
y1 x1

z1 x1 cos( z , x) + y1 cos( z , y ) + z1 cos( z , z )

z1
65
(3-170)
(3-171)
u 2
u2
v = v2
2 33
w 2
w2

(3-172)
x 2
x 2
= y 2
y 2 33
z 2
z 2

(3-173)
cos( y, x) cos( y , y ) cos( y, z )

3 3
cos( z , x) cos( z , y ) cos( z , z )
(3-174)
cos( x, x ) , , cos( z , z ) xyz x, y, z
(3-170)(3-173)
q e = Te q
121 1212121
(3-175)
T
e
(33)
0
(33)
e
T =
(1212)
0
(33)
0
(33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
0
(33)
0
(33)

(33)
(33)
(3-176)
3.3.5
3-4
( 3-4
)
3-4
66
W e = z p ( x ) v ( x ) dx
= l p ( x ) N ( x ) dx
= [ RA
MA
RB
M B ] qe
RA = P / 2
RB = P / 2
M A = PL / 8
M B = PL / 8
RA = ( Pb 2 / L3 ) ( 3a + b )
RB = ( Pa 2 / L3 ) ( a + 3b )
M A = Pab 2 / L2
M B = Pa 2 b / L2
RA = p0 L / 2
RB = p0 L / 2
M A = p0 L2 /12
M B = p0 L2 /12
RA = 3 p0 L / 20
RB = 7 p0 L / 20
M A = p0 L2 / 30
M B = p0 L2 / 20
RA = ( p0 a / 2 L3 ) ( a 3 2a 2 L + 2 L3 )
RB = ( p0 a 3 / 2 L3 ) ( 2 L a )
M A = ( p0 a 2 /12 L2 ) ( 3a 2 8aL + 6 L2 )
M B = ( p0 a 3 /12 L2 ) ( 4 L 3a )
RA = p0 L / 4
RB = p0 L / 4
M A = 5 p0 L2 / 96
M B = 5 p0 L2 / 96
67
RA = 6 M 0 ab / L3
RB = 6M 0 ab / L3
M A = ( M 0b / L2 ) ( 3a L )
M B = M 0 a / L2 (3b L )
3.3.6 MATLAB
3-12
2 MATLAB
Beam1D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,L)
E I L
k(44)
Beam1D2Node _Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
k ijm KK
Beam1D2Node_ Strain(x,L,y)
x y
L B(14
Beam1D2Node _Stress(E,B,u)
E B u stress
Beam1D2Node_Deflection(x,L,u)
x L
u v
3.3.2 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%% Beam1D2Node %%% begin %%%%%%%%%%%%
function k =Beam1D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,L)
%
% E I L
% k(44)
%----------------------------------------k = E*I/(L*L*L)*[12 6*L -12 6*L ; 6*L 4*L*L -6*L 2*L*L ;
-12 -6*L 12 -6*L ; 6*L 2*L*L -6*L 4*L*L];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z = Beam1D2Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
%
% k ijm
% KK
%-----------------------------------------
68

DOF(1)=2*i-1;
DOF(2)=2*i;
DOF(3)=2*j-1;
DOF(4)=2*j;
for n1=1:4
for n2=1:4
end
end
z=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function B= Beam1D2Node_Strain(x,L,y)
%
% x
% y L
% B(14
%----------------------------------------e=x/L;
B1=(12*e-6)/(L*L);
B2=(6*e-4)/L;
B3=-(12*e-6)/(L*L);
B4=(6*e-2)/L;
B=-y*[B1,B2,B3,B4];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function stress= Beam1D2Node_Stress(E,B,u)
%
% E B u
% stress
%----------------------------------------stress = E*B*u;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function v=Beam1D2Node _Deflection(x,L,u)
%
% x
% L u
% v
%----------------------------------------e=x/L;
N1=1-3*e*e+2*e*e*e;
N2=L(e-2*e*e+e*e*e);
N3=3*e*e-2*e*e*e;
N4=L(e*e*e-e*e);
N=[N1,N2,N3,N4];
v=N*u;
%%%%%%%%%% Beam1D2Node %%% end %%%%%%%%%%%%

3-13
2 MATLAB
Beam2D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,A,L)
69
E A I L k(6
6)
Beam2D2Node_Assemble(KK,k,i,j)
k ij KK
Beam2D2Node_Forces(k,u)
k u forces
3.3.3 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%% Beam2D2Node %% begin %%%%%%%%%%%%
function k =Beam2D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,A,L)
%
% E A I L
% k(66)
%----------------------------------------k=[E*A/L,0,0,-E*A/L,0,0;0,12*E*I/(L^3),6*E*I/(L^2),0,-12*E*I/(L^3),6*E*I/(L^2);0,6*E*I/(L^2),4*E*I/L,0,-6*E*I/
(L^2),2*E*I/L;-E*A/L,0,0,E*A/L,0,0;0,-12*E*I/(L^3),-6*E*I/(L^2),0,12*E*I/(L^3),-6*E*I/(L^2);0,6*E*I/(L^2),2*
E*I/L,0,-6*E*I/(L^2),4*E*I/L]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function y =Beam2D2Node_Assemble(KK,k,i,j)
%
% k ij
% KK
%----------------------------------------DOF(1)=3*i-2;
DOF(2)=3*i-1;
DOF(3)=3*i;
DOF(4)=3*j-2;
DOF(5)=3*j-1;
DOF(6)=3*j;
for n1=1:6
for n2=1:6
KK(DOF(n1),DOF(n2))=KK(DOF(n1),DOF(n2))+k(n1,n2);
end
end
y = KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function forces = Beam2D2Node_Forces(k,u)
% k u
% forces
%----------------------------------------forces = k * u;
%%%%%%%%%%
Beam2D2Node
%% end %%%%%%%%%%%%
3.3.7
70
3.3.7(1)
3-19
E = 3.0 1011 Pa I = 6.5 10 7 m 4 A = 6.8 10 4 m 2
3-19
(a)
(b)
3-20
1
3-20(a)
3-5
3-5
1
3
4
71
2
1
2
q = [u1
v1 1
u2
v2 2
u3
v3 3
u4
v4 4 ]
(3-177)
4.1
F = Fx1
F y1
M1
0 Fy 2
M 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3-178)
(3-179)
R = 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rx3
R y3
R 3
Rx 4
Ry4
R 4
Rx 3 Ry 3 R 3 3 x y Rx 4 Ry 4
R 4 4 x y
P =F+R
T
= 3000 3000 720 0 3000 720 Rx3 Ry3 R 3 Rx 4 Ry 4 R 4
(3-180)
2
(3-136)
(1)
u1
v1
1
u2
v2
2
141.7
0
0
0
0 u1
141.7
0
0.784 0.564 v1
0.784 0.564
0
0
0.564 0.271 1
0.564 0.542
0
= 106
0
0
141.7
0
0 u2
141.7
0
0.784 0.564
0
0.784 0.564 v2
0.564
0.271
0
0.564 0.542 2
0
(3-181)
(2)
K
0
0
212.5
0
0
212.5
0
2.645 1.270
0
2.645 1.270
0
1.270 0.8125
0
1.270 0.4062
= 106
0
0
212.5
0
0
212.5
0
2.645 1.270
0
2.645 1.270
1.270 0.4062
0
1.270 0.8125
0
cos( x, x ) = 0 cos( x, y ) = 1
72
(3-182)
0
1
0
T=
0
0
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0
(3-183)
K (2)
0
1.27 2.645
0
1.27
2.645
0
212.5
0
0
0
212.5
0
0.8125 1.27
0
0.4062
(2) T = 106 1.27
= TT K
0
1.27
2.645
0
1.27
2.645
0
0
0
212.5
0
212.5
0
0.4062 1.27
0
0.8125
1.27
(3-184)
[u 3
[u 4
v3 3
v4 4
u1
v1 1 ]
(3-185)
u2
v2 2 ]
(3-186)
K q = P
(3-187)
K = K (1) + K (2) + K (3)
(3-188)
u 3 = v3 = 3 = u 4 = v 4 = 4 = 0
(3-189)
0
1.270 141.7
0
0 u1 3000
144.3
0
213.3 0.564
0
0.784 0.564 v1 3000
1.270
0.564 1.3545
0
0.564 0.271 1 720
106
=
0
0
144.3
0
1.270 u2 0
141.7
0
0
213.3 0.564 v2 3000
0.784 0.564

0.564
0.271 1.270 0.564 1.3545 2 720
0
73
(3-190)
u1 = 0.92mm
v1 = 0.0104mm
1 = 0.00139rad
u2 = 0.901mm
v2 = 0.018mm
2 = 3.88 105 rad
MATLAB 3.3.7(2)
(3-191)
(Beam2D2Node)
3.3.7(1) 3-19 MATLAB
1
3-20
3-5
2
MATLAB E A I L
1 2 3 Beam2D2Node_Stiffness
k1(66) k2(66) 2 3
>> E=3E11;
>> I=6.5E-7;
>> A=6.8E-4;
>> L1=1.44;
>> L2=0.96;
>> k1=Beam2D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,A,L1);
>> k2=Beam2D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,A,L2);
3
2 3 4
12 KK(1212) KK
Beam2D2Node_Assemble
>> T=[0,1,0,0,0,0;-1,0,0,0,0,0;0,0,1,0,0,0;0,0,0,0,1,0;0,0,0,-1,0,0;0,0,0,0,0,1];
>> k3=T'*k2*T;
>> KK=zeros(12,12);
>> KK=Beam2D2Node_Assemble(KK,k1,1,2);
>> KK=Beam2D2Node_Assemble(KK,k3,3,1);
>> KK=Beam2D2Node_Assemble(KK,k3,4,2)
KK = 1.0e+008 *
1.4431
0
0.0127 -1.4167
0
0
-0.0264
0
0.0127
0
0
2.1328 0.0056
0
-0.0078 0.0056
0
-2.1250
0
0
0.0127 0.0056 0.0135
0
-0.0056
0.0027 -0.0127
0
0.0041
0
-1.4167
0
0
1.4431
0
0.0127
0
0
0
-0.0264
74
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0127

0
-0.0078 -0.0056
0
2.1328 -0.0056
0
0
0
0.0056 0.0027
0.0127 -0.0056 0.0135
0
0
-0.0264
0
-0.0127
0
0
0
0.0264
0
0
-2.1250
0
0
0
0
0
2.1250
0.0127
0
0.0041
0
0
0
-0.0127
0
0
0
0
-0.0264
0
-0.0127
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2.1250
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0127
0
0.0041
0
0
0
0
-2.1250
0
0
-0.0127
0
0.0041
-0.0127
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0081
0
0
0
0
0.0264
0 -0.0127
0
0
2.1250
0
0
-0.0127
0
0.0081
4
u 3 = v3 = 3 = u 4 = v 4 = 4 = 0 1 2
1 2 KK 6 6 KK(12
12) k pMATLAB
\
>> k=KK(1:6,1:6);
>> p=[3000;-3000;-720;0;-3000;720];
>> u=k\p
u = 0.0009
-0.0000
-0.0014
0.0009
-0.0000
-0.0000
[]
()
U(121) P(121)(3-180)
>> U=[u;0;0;0;0;0;0]
U = 0.0009
-0.0000
0
0
>> P=KK*U
P = 1.0e+003 *
3.0000
-3.0000
-0.6658
2.2012
-0.0014
0
-0.7200
0.6014
0.0009
0
-0.0000
0
0.0000
-2.3342
-0.0000
0
-3.0000 0.7200
3.7988 1.1283
[]
[]
[]
[]
ANSYS 3.3.7(3)
3.3.7(1) ANSYS
(1) ANSYS()
): beam3Run OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element TypeAdd/Edit/Delete Add beam2D elastic 3
75
OK ( Element Types ) Close

(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material ModelsStructural Linear Elastic
Isotropic: EX:3e11 () OK U
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add Type 1 Beam3 OK
Real Constant Set No: 1 ( 1 ), Cross-sectional area:6.8e-4 () OK Close
(6)

X:0,Y:0.96,Z:0 ApplyNode number 2 X:1.44,Y:0.96,Z:0 ApplyNode number 3 X:0,Y:0,Z:0
ApplyNode number 4 X:1.44,Y:0,Z:0OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling
Create Element Auto Numbered Thru
Nodes 12( 1) apply 1 3( 2) apply 2 4(

3)OK
(7)
X
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On Nodes
1 apply Direction of force: FX VALUE3000 OK
Y
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Beams
1( 1 2 ) apply VALI4167VALJ4167OK
3 4 Apply Lab:ALL DOF OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS OK Should The Solve Command be
Executed? Y Close (Solution is done! )
(9)
OK ( Plot Results)
(10)
(11)
MATLAB
76

!%%%%%%%%%%
[]3_3_7(3)
%%% begin %%%%%
/ PREP7
ET,1,beam3
R,1,6.5e-7,6.8e-4
!()
MP,EX,1,3e11
N,1,0,0.96,0
! 4 ,(0,0.96,0)
N,2,1.44,0.96,0
N,3,0,0,0
N,4,1.44,0,0
E,1,2
!( 1 2 )
E,1,3
E,2,4
D,3,ALL
! 3
D,4,ALL
! 4
F,1,FX,3000
! 1 x (3000)
SFBEAM,1,1,PRESS,4167
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLDISP,1
FINISH
!%%%%%%%%%%
[]3_3_7(3)
%%% end %%%%%
3.4 ANSYS
3.4.1
1995 Normandie 184

864m 51m 1 9 7 3-21
(a) Normandie
(b)
3-21
77
"Old North Park Bridge" (1904-1988) 3-22

3-6 L=32m, H=5.5m 8
4m
4000kg P1 P2 P3
P1= P3=5000 N, P2=10000N 3-23
3-22 "Old North Park Bridge" (1904-1988)
3-23 ()
3-6
(beam1)
3.83 106 m 4
2.19 103 m 2
(beam2)
1.87 106 m 4
1.185 103 m 2
(beam3)
8.47 106 m 4
3.031103 m 2
(GUI)
ANSYS
3.4.2 ANSYS
78
ANSYS 3.4.2(1) (GUI)

ANSYS (GUI, Graphic User Interface)
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory Initial jobname
:TrussBridge Run OK
(2)
ANSYS Main MenuPreferences Structural OK
(3)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete... Add Beam: 2d elastic 3
OK Element Types Close
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add select Type 1
Beam 3 OK input Real Constants Set No. : 1 , AREA: 2.19E-3Izz: 3.83e-6(1 )
Apply input Real Constants Set No. : 2 , AREA: 1.185E-3Izz: 1.87E-6 (2 ) Apply
input Real Constants Set No. : 3, AREA: 3.031E-3Izz: 8.47E-6 (3 ) OK (back to Real
Constants window) Close (the Real Constants window)
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material Models Structural Linear
Elastic Isotropic input EX: 2.1e11, PRXY: 0.3() OK Density (
) input DENS: 7800, OK Close
(6)
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS NPT

Keypoint number1XYZ Location in active CS00 Apply 15
(4,0), (8,0), (12,0), (16,0), (20,0), (24,0), (28,0), (32,0), (4,5.5), (8,5.5), (12,5.5), (16.5.5),
(20,5.5), (24,5.5), (28,5.5) Lines Lines Straight Line OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Attributes Picked Lines

OK select REAL: 1, TYPE: 1 Apply OK select REAL: 2, TYPE: 1
Apply OK select REAL: 3, TYPE:1 OK ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor
Meshing MeshTool Size Controls LinesSet Element Size on Picked Pick all Apply
NDIV1 OK Mesh Lines Pick all OK ()
(7)
OK select Lab2: All DOF() Apply OK
select Lab2: UY( Y ) OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On
Keypoints x 12 20 OK select Lab: FYValue: -5000
79
Apply x 16 OK select Lab: FYValue: -10000 OK

ANSYS Utility Menu Select Everything
(9)
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS OK
(10)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Deformed shape Def shape only OK
Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu DOF Solution, Y-Component of Displacement OK
Y UY( 3-24(a))
I
ANSYS Main Menu General Postproc Element Table Define Table Add Lab: [bar_I],
By sequence num: [SMISC,1] OK Close
J
ANSYS Main Menu General Postproc Element Table Define Table Add Lab: [bar_J],
By sequence num: [SMISC,1] OK Close
( 3-24(b))
ANSYS Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Line Elem Res LabI:
[ bar_I], LabJ: [ bar_J], Fact: [1] OK
(11)
ANSYS Utility MenuFile Exit Save Everything OK
(a) 0.003374m
(b) 25380N
3-24 UY
ANSYS 3.4.2(2)
!%%%%% [ANSYS ]3_4_2(2) %%%%% begin %%%%%%
!------$-----/prep7
/PLOPTS,DATE,0
!=====
ET,1,BEAM3
R,1,2.19E-3,3.83e-6, , , , ,
! 1
R,2,1.185E-3,1.87e-6,0,0,0,0,
! 2
80

R,3,3.031E-3,8.47E-6,0,0,0,0,
! 3
MP,EX,1,2.1E11
MP,PRXY,1,0.30
MP,DENS,1,,7800
!-----
K,1,0,0,, $ K,2,4,0,, $ K,3,8,0,, $K,4,12,0,, $K,5,16,0,, $K,6,20,0,, $K,7,24,0,, $K,8,28,0,, $K,9,32,0,, $K,10,4,5.5,,
$K,11,8,5.5,, $K,12,12,5.5,, $K,13,16,5.5,, $K,14,20,5.5,, $K,15,24,5.5,, $K,16,28,5.5,,
!-----
L,1,2 $L,2,3 $L,3,4 $L,4,5 $L,5,6 $L,6,7 $L,7,8 $L,8,9
!------
L,9,16 $L,15,16 $L,14,15 $L,13,14 $L,12,13 $L,11,12 $L,10,11 $L,1,10
!------
L,2,10 $L,3,10 $L,3,11 $L,4,11 $L,4,12 $L,4,13 $L,5,13 $L,6,13 $L,6,14 $L,6,15 $L,7,15 $L,7,16 $L,8,16
!------
LSEL,S,,,9,16,1,
LATT,1,1,1,,,,
!-----
LSEL,S,,,17,29,1,
LATT,1,2,1,,,,
!-----
LSEL,S,,,1,8,1,
LATT,1,3,1,,,,
!------
AllSEL,all
LESIZE,all,,,1,,,,,1
LMESH,all
!=====
/solu
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
D,all,,,,,,ALL,,,,,
AllSEL,all
NSEL,S,LOC,X,32
D,all,,,,,,,UY,,,,
ALLSEL,all
!------
FK,4,FY,-5000
$FK,6,FY,-5000 $FK,5,FY,-10000
/replot
Allsel,all
!()
solve
!=====
/post1
81

PLNSOL, U,Y, 0,1.0
! Y
PLNSOL, U,X, 0,1.0
! X
!-----------ETABLE,bar_I,SMISC, 1
ETABLE,bar_J,SMISC, 1
PLLS,BAR_I,BAR_J,0.5,1
finish
!%%%%% [ANSYS ]3_4_2(2) %%%%% end %%%%%%
ANSYS 3.4.2(3)
!%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]3_4_2(3) %%% begin
%%%%%%%
!------$----------/prep7
/PLOPTS,DATE,0
!=====
!(1) L DL H
L=32
DL=L/8
H=5.5
!(2) A I
A1=2.19E-3
I1=3.83E-6
A2=1.185E-3
I2=1.87E-6
A3=3.031E-3
I3=8.47E-6
!(3)
e_modu=2.1e11
prxy_Poi=0.3
!(4)
P1=-5000
$P2=-10000
$P3=-5000
!======
ET,1,BEAM3
R,1,A1,I1, , , , ,
! 1
R,2,A2,I2,0,0,0,0,
! 2
R,3,A3,I3,0,0,0,0,
! 3
!-------
MP,EX,1,e_modu
MP,PRXY,1,prxy_Poi
MP,DENS,1,,7800
!-----
82

K,1,0,0,,
$K,2,DL,0,,
$K,3,2*DL,0,,
K,7,6*DL,0,,
$K,8,7*DL,0,, $K,9,8*DL,0,,
K,13,4*DL,H,, $K,14,5*DL,H,, $K,15,6*DL,H,,
$K,4,3*DL,0,,
$K,5,4*DL,0,,
$K,6,5*DL,0,,
$K,10,DL,H,,
$K,11,2*DL,H,,
$K,12,3*DL,H,,
$K,16,7*DL,H,,
!-----
L,1,2
$L,2,3 $L,3,4 $L,4,5 $L,5,6 $L,6,7 $L,7,8 $L,8,9
!------
L,9,16
$L,15,16 $L,14,15 $L,13,14 $L,12,13 $L,11,12 $L,10,11 $L,1,10
!------
L,2,10
$L,3,10 $L,3,11 $L,4,11 $L,4,12
$L,4,13
$L,5,13 $L,6,13 $L,6,14 $L,6,15 $L,7,15 $L,7,16 $L,8,16
!------
LSEL,S,,,9,16,1,
LATT,1,1,1,,,,
!-----
LSEL,S,,,17,29,1,
LATT,1,2,1,,,,
!-----
LSEL,S,,,1,8,1,
LATT,1,3,1,,,,
!------
AllSEL,all
LESIZE,all,,,1,,,,,1
LMESH,all
!=====
/solu
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
! x=0
D,all,,,,,,ALL,,,,,
AllSEL,all
NSEL,S,LOC,X,L
D,all,,,,,,,UY,,,,
! x=L
! UY
ALLSEL,all
!-----
FK,4,FY,P1
$FK,6,FY,P3
$FK,5,FY,P2
/replot
Allsel,all
!()
solve
!=====
/post1
PLNSOL, U,Y, 0,1.0
! Y
PLNSOL, U,X, 0,1.0
! X
!------
ETABLE,bar_I,SMISC, 1
83
ETABLE,bar_J,SMISC, 1
finish
!%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]3_4_2(3) %%
end %%%%%
3.5
()
1D ()
1D ()
3.6
3-1 1D
2
x
x
3-2 A( x) = 1 A1 + A2
l
l
3-3
3-4
3-5 E = 2 10 MPa (
5
(a)
(b)
3-5
2
3-6 A = 2 10 cm
2
E = 2 10 MPa
5
84
3-6
3-7 3-7(b)
(a)
(b)
3-7
3-8 3-8
3-8
3-9 2
3-10 l A( x) = 1
85
x
x
A1 + A2
l
l
I ( x) = 1
x
x
I1 + I 2
l
l
3-11
3-12 3-12
3-12(b)
(a)
(b)
3-12
3-13 3-13
3-13
3-14
86
3-14
2
3-15 3-14 A = 4 10 m
2
I = 6.75 104 m 4 E = 2 105 MPa
3-15
3-16 R R L
F
F
3-16
87
3-17 ANSYS 3.4.2(3)

P1_P2_P3 ()
3-17
88
()
Courant 1943
Clough 1960
4.1
1D 2D 3D
1D
2D 3D
3
2D 3D
3
4-1
()() 4-2
4-1
4-2
4.2
3
[17][18]
89
4.2.1(1)
2D 3D 1D
()
4-1
4-1 ()
1D
2D
3D
u (x)
u ( x, y ), v( x, y )
xx ( x)
xx ( x, y ), yy ( x, y ), xy ( x, y )
u ( x, y, z ), v( x, y, z ), w( x, y, z )
xx ( x, y, z ), yy ( x, y, z ), zz ( x, y, z ),
xy ( x, y, z ), yz ( x, y, z ), xz ( x, y, z )
xx ( x)
xx ( x, y, z ), yy ( x, y, z ), zz ( x, y, z ),
xx ( x, y ), yy ( x, y ), xy ( x, y )
xy ( x, y, z ), yz ( x, y, z ), xz ( x, y, z )
xx ( x)
xx ( x, y, z ) yy ( x, y, z ) x ( x, y, z ) y ( x, y, z )
y z
4.2.1(2)
2D 3D 1D
4-2
4-2 ()
1D
2D
3D
d xx
=0
dx
xx xy
+
=0
x
y
xy yy
+
=0
x
y
xx xy xz
+
+
=0
x
y
z
xy yy yz
+
+
=0
x
y
z
xz yz zz
+
+
=0
x
y
z
xx =
xx =
du
dx
xx
E
u
v
, yy =
x
y
v u
xy = +
x y
xx =
u
v
w
, yy = , zz =
,
x
y
z
v u
w v
w u
= + , yz =
+ , zx =
+
x y
y z
x z
xx =
xy
xx =
xx yy
E
xx =
xx ( yy + zz )
E
yy =
yy =
1
yy ( xx + zz )
E
zz =
yy xx
E
xy = xy
G
zz ( xx + yy )
E
1
xy = xy , yz = yz , zx = zx
E , , G
90
(Boundary Condition) BC(u)

BC(p) 4-3
4-3 ()
1D
u ( x) x = x = u
0
BC(u)
2D
3D
u ( x, y ) x = x , y = y = u
u ( x, y , z ) x = x , y = y , z = z = u
v ( x, y ) x = x , y = y = v
v ( x, y , z ) x = x , y = y , z = z = v
w( x, y, z ) x = x , y = y , z = z = w
0
xx ( x) x = x = px
0
nx xx ( x0 , y0 ) + ny xy ( x0 , y0 ) = px
nx xx ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + ny xy ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + nz xz ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = px
nx xy ( x0 , y0 ) + ny yy ( x0 , y0 ) = p y nx xy ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + ny yy ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + nz xz ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = p y
nx xz ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + ny yz ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + nz zz ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = pz
BC(p)
x0 , y0 , z0 nx , n y , nz u , v , w
px , p y , pz
4.2.1(3)
()(
) 1D
2D
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()()
()
Airy (stress function)
Rayleigh(1870 ) Ritz(1909 )
()
()
20 50
91
()()
[19] 4-3
4-3
4.2.1(4)
( 2D ) ( b x , b y )
S p ( px , p y ) (u, v)
() ( u , v) ( xx , yy , xy )
U = ( xx xx yy yy xy xy )d
(4-1)
W = (b x u + b y v)d + ( px u + p y v)dA
(4-2)
Sp
U = W
( xx xx yy yy xy xy )d = (b x u + b y v)d + ( px u + p y v)dA
Sp
(4-3)
4.2.1(5)
2D (u , v) (
)
min
( u , v )BC ( u )
(u , v)
92
(4-4)
= U W
1
= ( xx xx yy yy xy xy )d
2
(4-5)
(b x u + b y v)d + ( px u + p y v)dA
Sp
4.2.1(6) ()
4-4
[21]
4-4
(1)(max. tensile stress criterion)

()
ij 1 (
)
1 [ ]
[ ] [ ] =
s n
93
(4-6)
s
n
(2)(max. shearing stress criterion)()

()
ij max
max =
1 3
(4-7)
max [ ]
(4-8)
[ ]
3 = 0
[ ] =
[ ]
2
(4-9)
(4-7)(4-9)(4-8)
1 3 [ ]
(4-10)
(3)(max. distortion energy criterion)()

( Mises
)
ij
U d =
1+
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2
6E
(4-11)
U d [U d ]
(4-12)
[U d ]
2 = 0, 3 = 0 (4-11) [U d ] =
1+
[ ]2
3E
(4-11)(4-12)
1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2 [ ]
2
(4-13)
1
( xx yy ) 2 + ( yy zz ) 2 + ( xx zz ) 2 + 6( xy2 + yz2 + xz2 ) [ ] (4-14)
2
94
eq =
1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2
2
(4-15)
1
( xx yy ) 2 + ( yy zz ) 2 + ( xx zz ) 2 + 6( xy2 + yz2 + xz2 )
=
2
eq Mises
4.3
4.3.1 3
3
4.3.1(1)
(1)
3 (3-node triangular element) 4-5 3 123
(xi, yi), i=1,2,3( x y )(ui, vi), i=1,2,3
4-5
4-5 6 (DOF)
q P
e
q e = [u1 v1 u2
(61)
P e = Px1
(61)
Py1
Px 2
v2
u3
Py 2
v3 ]
Px 3
Py 3
(4-16)
T
(4-17)
4-5
(
u ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ) q
e
(2)
95
4-5 3 3
6
u ( x, y ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y
v ( x, y ) = b0 + b1 x + b2 y
(4-18)
(x=xiy=yi)
u ( xi , yi ) = ui
v ( xi , yi ) = vi
i=123
(4-19)
(4-19)(4-20)(4-18)
u1
1
a0 =
u2
2A
u3
x1
y1
x2
y2 =
x3
y3
1 u1
1
a1 =
1 u2
2A
1 u3
y1
y2 =
y3
1 x1
1
a2 =
1 x2
2A
1 x3
u1
u2 =
u3
1
( a1u1 + a2u2 + a3u3 )
2A
(4-20)
1
( b1u1 + b2u2 + b3u3 )
2A
(4-21)
1
( c1u1 + c2u2 + c3u3 )
2A
(4-22)
1
( a1v1 + a2v2 + a3v3 )
2A
1
b1 =
( b1v1 + b2v2 + b3v3 )
2A
1
b2 =
( c1v1 + c2v2 + c3v3 )
2A
b0 =
(4-23)
(4-24)
(4-25)
(4-20)(4-25)
1 x1
1
A = 1 x2
2
1 x3
y1
y2 =
y3
1
1
( a1 + a2 + a3 ) = ( b1c2 b2c1 )
2
2
y2
= x2 y3 x3 y2
y3
1 y2
b1 =
= y2 y3
1 y3
1 x2
c1 =
= x2 + x3
1 x3
a1 =
(4-26)
x2
x3
123
(4-27)
123 122331
(4-20)(4-25)(4-18)
96
u ( x, y ) = N1 ( x, y ) u1 + N 2 ( x, y ) u2 + N 3 ( x, y ) u3
(4-28)
v ( x, y ) = N1 ( x, y ) v1 + N 2 ( x, y ) v2 + N 3 ( x, y ) v3
(4-29)
u ( x, y ) N1
u ( x, y ) =
=
( 21)
v
x
y
,
(
)
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
u1
v
1
0 u2
( x, y ) q e
= (2N
6)
N 3 v2
(61)
u3

v3
N3
0
(4-30)
N( x, y )
N
N ( x, y ) = 1
(26)
0
N2
N3
N1
N2
0
N 3
(4-31)
Ni =
1
( ai + bi x + ci y )
2A
i=123
(4-32)
u ( x, y )
= [ ] u
y v ( x, y ) ( 32) ( 21)
(4-33)
ai , bi , ci (4-27)
(3)
()

xx x x
v
( x, y ) = yy =
= 0
( 31)
y

xy
u v
+
y x y
[ ] (operator matrix)
[ ] = 0
y
(4-30)(4-33)
97
(4-34)
( x, y ) = [ ] N ( x , y ) q e = B ( x, y ) q e
( 31)
( 32 ) ( 26 )
(36)
( 61)
(4-35)
(61)
B( x, y )
B ( x, y ) = [ ] N = 0
(36)
( 32 ) ( 26 )
N1
y 0
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
N 3
(4-36)
(4-32)
b1 0 b2
1
0 c1 0
B ( x, y ) =
(36)
2A
c1 b1 c2
0
c2
b3
0
b2
c3
c3 = B1
( 32 )
b3
B3
( 32 )
B2
( 32)
(4-37)
bi
1
Bi =
0
2A
(32)
ci
0
ci ,
bi
(4-38)
i =1,2,3
(4)
xx
E

( x, y, z ) = yy =
( 31)
1 2
xy

1
0
0 xx

0 yy = D
(33) (31)
1 xy
(4-39)
1
E
D =
( 33) 1 2
1
0
1
0
(4-40)
,
)
2
1 1
( E , ) (
(4-35)(4-39)
= D B qe = S qe
(31)
(33) (36) (61)
98
(36) (61)
(4-41)
S = D B
(36)
(33) (36)
(5)
(u, , ) q (4-30)
e
(4-35)(4-41)(4-5)
e =
1
T d e bT ud + e pT udA
e
Sp
T
1 eT
T
e
T
T
= q e B DBd q e N bd + e N pdA q e
Sp
1
= q eT K eq e P eT q e
2
(4-42)
K
e
K e = e BT D B d = e BT DB dA t
(63) (33) (36)
(66)
(4-43)
t (4-37) B
k 11 k 12
K = B D B tA = k 21 k 22
( 66 ) ( 63) ( 33) ( 36 )
k 31 k 32
k13
k 23
k 33
k1
Et
4 (1 2 ) A k2
k3
,
k4
(4-44)
k rs = BTr DB s tA =
( 22 )
r , s = 1, 2, 3
(4-45)
1
cr cs
2
1
k2 = cr bs +
br cs
2
1
k3 = br cs +
cr bs
2
1
k4 = cr cs +
br bs
2
k1 = br bs +
(4-42) Pe
P = e NT bd + e NT pdA
e
(61)
Sp
= e NT b tdA + e NT p tdl
A (62) (21)
l p dl
99
l p (62) (21)
(4-46)
(6)
(4-42) q
e
K e qe = Pe
(66) (61)
(4-47)
(61)
3
4-4
4-4 3
F e = Fx1 Fy1 Fx 2 Fy 2 Fx 3 Fy 3
1
= 0 Aet [ 0 1 0 1 0 1
3
0
Ae t
T
1
T
= p0t [ ( y1 y2 ) ( x2 x1 ) ( y1 y2 ) ( x2 x1 ) 0 0]
2
t
x
1
T
p 0 l t [1 0 1 0 0 0 ]
2
x
1
1
2
p0 l t 0
0 0 0
3
2
3
4.3.1(2)
x u y v
4.3.1(3)
(4-18)(4-27) ai , bi , ci
xiyi B( x, y ) S( x, y )
xy (4-35)(4-41)
100
3 ()CST (constant strain triangle)
()
4.3.2 4
(rectangular element)(parent element)
(mapping)
4.6
4.3.2(1) 4
(1)
4 4-6 8 (DOF)
1234(xi, yi), i=1,2,3,4( x y
)(ui, vi), i=1,2,3,4
4-6 4
x
a
= ,
y
b
(4-48)
1 = 1, 1 = 1
2 = 1, 2 = 1
3 = 1, 3 = 1
4 = 1, 4 = 1
(4-49)
q
e
P
e
q e = [u1 v1 u2
(81)
P e = Px1
(81)
Py1
Px 2
v2
u3
v3 u4
Py 2
Px 3
Py 3
Px 4
v4 ]
Py 4
(4-50)
T
(4-51)
(4-51)
101
q
e
(2)
4-6 8 x 4 (u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 ) y 4
(v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 ) x y 4
u ( x, y ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 xy
v( x, y ) = b0 + b1 x + b2 y + b3 xy
(4-52)
x y
xy x y
2
y x x y
x2 y2
x=xiy=yi
u ( xi , yi ) = ui
v( xi , yi ) = vi
i=1234
(4-53)
(4-52)(4-53) a0a3 b0b3(4-52)
u ( x, y ) = N1 ( x, y )u1 + N 2 ( x, y )u2 + N3 ( x, y )u3 + N 4 ( x, y )u4
v( x, y ) = N1 ( x, y )v1 + N 2 ( x, y )v2 + N3 ( x, y )v3 + N 4 ( x, y )v4
(4-54)
1
x
y
N1 ( x, y ) = (1 + )(1 + )
4
a
b
1
x
y
N 2 ( x, y ) = (1 )(1 + )
4
a
b
1
x
y
N 3 ( x, y ) = (1 )(1 )
4
a
b
1
x
y
N 4 ( x, y ) = (1 + )(1 )
4
a
b
(4-55)
(4-48)(4-55)
1
N i = (1 + i )(1 + i )
4
(4-54)
102
i=1234
(4-56)
u ( x, y ) N1
u ( x, y ) =
=
v ( x, y ) 0
(21)
N2
N3
N4
N1
N2
N3
u1
v
1
u2

0 v2
e
= N q
(2
8)
N 4 u3
(81)

v3
u
4
v4
(4-57)
N( x, y )
(3)
()
xx

( x, y ) = yy = [ ] u = [ ] N q e = B q e
( 31)
( 21) ( 32 ) ( 28) (81) (38) (81)
xy (32)

(4-58)
B( x, y )
B ( x, y ) = [ ] N = 0
(38)
(28)
(32)
N1
y 0
= B1
(32)
B4
(3 2)
B2
(32)
B3
(3 2)
N2
N3
N4
N1
N2
N3
0
N 4
(4-59)
(4-59) Bi
N i
Bi = 0
(3 2)
N i
N i
,
y
N i
i=1234
(4)
103
(4-60)
= D = D B qe = S qe
(31)
(33) (31)
(33) (38) (81)
(4-61)
(38) (81)
S = D B
(5)
(u, , ) q (4-57)
e
(4-58)(4-61) e =
1 eT e e
e
q K q P eT q e K
2
k11
k
k 22
e
T
K = e B D B dA t = 21
A (83) (33) (38)
(88)
k 31 k 32
k 41 k 42
sym
k 33
k 43 k 44
(4-62)
t (4-62)
k rs = e BTr
(2 2)
(23)
D B s t dxdy,
(33)
(3 2)
r , s=1,2,3,4
(4-63)
(4-60)(4-63)
k rs =
(22)
k1
Et
2
4 (1 ) ab k2
k3
k4
1
1 2
1
k1 = b 2 r s 1 + r s +
a r s 1 + r s
2
3
k2 = ab r s +
r s
2
k3 = ab r s +
r s
2
1
1 2
1
k4 = a 2 r s 1 + r s +
b r s 1 + r s
( r , s = 1, 2,3, 4 )
2
3
104
(4-64)
(4-65)
q
e
K e qe = P e
(88) (81)
4.3.2(2)
(81)
(4-66)
(4-52)4 xy
x=a y=b
(completeness)(compatibility)( 5.4.3
) 3
4.3.2(3)
4-7 E = 1, t = 1, = 0.25
BC(u ) :
BC( p ) :
u A = 0, v A = 0, u D = 0
PBx = 1, PBy = 0, PCx = 1, PCy = 0, PDy = 0
(4-67)
1 CST
2 4
105
4-7
12 4-8
(a) 1 CST
(b) 2
4-8
q = [u1 v1 u2
v2
u3
v3 u4
v4 ]
(4-68)
(1) 1
(4-44) 1 2
u1
v1
u2
v2
u4
v4
0.7333
0.3333
-0.5333
K =
-0.2000
-0.2000
-0.1333
0.3333 -0.5333 -0.2000 -0.2000 -0.1333 u1

0.7333 -0.1333 -0.2000 -0.2000 -0.5333 v1
-0.1333 0.5333
0
0
0.1333 u2
-0.2000
0
0.2000 0.2000
0 v2
-0.2000
0
0.2000 0.2000
0 u4
-0.5333 0.1333
0
0
0.5333 v4
(4-69)
K (2) K (1) q (2) = [u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2 ]T
106
K = K + K
0
0
0.2
0.2
0.1333
0.7333 0.3333 0.5333
0.3333 0.7333 0.1333
0
0
0.2
0.2
0.5333
0.5333 0.1333 0.7333

0
0
0.3333 (4-70)
0.2
0.2
0
0.7333 0.1333 0.5333 0.3333
0
0.2
0.2
=
0
0
0.2
0.1333 0.7333 0.3333 0.5333
0.2
0.2
0
0.2
0.5333 0.3333 0.7333 0.1333
0
0.2
0.2
0
0.3333 0.5333 0.1333 0.7333
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.7333
0.1333 0.5333 0.3333
K q = P
(88) (81)
q = [u1
v1 u2
v2
u3
v3 u4
(4-71)
(81)
v4 ]
T
P = [ R1x R1 y P2 x P2 y P3 x P3 y R4 x P4 y ]T R1x R1 y R4 x 1 4
(4-30)(4-35)(4-39)
1.71875 x
u (1)
u (1) = (1) =
v 0.9375 x + 0.78125 y
(2)
u (2) 1.71875( x + 2 y 2)
= (2) =
v 1.56425 2.5 x 0.783 y
(1) = x
y xy = [ 1.71875 0.78125 0.9375]
(2) = x
y xy = [1.71875 0.783 0.9375]
(1) = x y xy = [1.6922 0.3582 0.375]

T
(2) = x y xy = [1.62453 0.37687 0.375]

T
4-9
107
4--9 1
1
U = q T Kq = 1.71875
2
W = P T .q = 3.4375
= U W = 1.71875
(4-72)
(2) 2
(4-65)
0.1667
0.2889 0.03333 0.2444 0.1667 0.04444 0.03333
0.4889
0.1667
0.4889
0.03333 0.04444 0.1667 0.2444 0.03333 0.2889
0.2889 0.03333
0.4889
0.1667
0.1667 0.04444 0.03333 0.2444
0.4889
0.03333 0.2889
0.03333 0.04444 0.1667
0.1667
0.2444
K=
0.2444 0.1667 0.04444 0.03333
0.4889
0.1667
0.2889 0.03333
0.1667
0.4889
0.0333
0.04444
0.1667 0.2444 0.03333 0.2889
0.04444 0.03333 0.2444
0.1667
0.4889
0.2889 0.03333
0.1667
0.1667
0.4889
0.2444 0.03333 0.04444 0.1667
0.03333 0.2889
(4-73)
108
K q = P
(88) (81)
(4-74)
(81)
(4-57)(4-58)(4-61)
u2 = 4.09091, v2 = 4.09091, u3 = 4.09091, v3 = 4.09091, v4 = 0
R1x = 1, R1 y = 0, R4 x = 1
(4-75)
q = [u1 v1 u2
v2
u3
v3 u4
v4 ]
= [ 0 0 4.09091 4.09091 4.09091 4.09091 0 0]
u 4.09091( x 2 xy )
u= =
4.09091x
v
x 4.09091(1 2 y )

= y =
0
xy 4.09091(1 2 x)

x 4.36363(1 2 y )

= y = 1.09091(1 2 y )
xy 1.63636(1 2 x)

4-10
109
(4-76)
4-10 2
1
U = qT Kq = 4.09091
2
W = PT .q = 8.18182
= U W = 4.09091
(4-77)
(4-72)(4-77)
ANSYS 4.3.2(4)
4.3.2(3) ANSYS
110
(a)
4-11
(b)
ANSYS ( 10 )
ANSYS 4-11
(1) ANSYS
: TrussBridge Press
Run OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Analysis Type New Analysis STATIC OK
(4)
Elastic Isotropic EX: 1), PRXY: 0.25() OK
U
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete...
Add Structural
Solid: Quad 4node 42 OK Element Types Close

(6)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add Type 1 OK
Real Constant Set No: 1 ( 1 ), THK: 1 () OK Close
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add Type 1 Plane42 OK Real
Constants Set No: 1 1 , Thickness: 1 OK Close
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS

Keypoint number1XYZ Location in active CS0,0,0
Apply 3
(1,0,0), (1,1,0), (0,1,0) OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Areas Arbitrary Through KPs
MinMaxInc 1,4,1 OK
111
(9)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Elem Attributes
MAT: 1 ,TYPE: 1
PLANE42 , REAL: 1 OK
(10)
ANSYS Utility Menu: Select Entities Sele lines Sele All OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Meshing Size Cntrls ManualSize Lines All
Lines Element Sizes on All Seleceted Lines: NDIV: 10 ( 10 ) SPACE: 1 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Meshing MeshTool MeshAreasShapeTrimapped

Mesh Pick ALL
(11)
ANSYS Utility Menu: Select Everything
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural
Displacement On KeypointsMinMaxInc 1 OK lab2ALL DOF( 1
) Apply MinMaxInc 4 OK lab2UX( 4 X )
OK
(12)
2 X
Force/Moment On Keypoints MinMaxInc 2 OK Direction of force/mom: FX ,
Force/moment value: -1
Apply
3 X
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor
Loads
Define Loads Apply
Structural
Force/Moment On Keypoints MinMaxInc 3 OK Direction of force/mom: FX

Force/moment value: 1 OK
(13)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS OK
(14)
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc Plot Results Deformed shape Def + undeformed
OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Parameters Scalar Parameters Selection NB=NODE(1,0,0)
Accept ( NB_UX=UX(NB)NB_UY=UY(NB)
NC=NODE(1,1,0)NC_UX=UX(NC) NC_UY=UY(NC)STR_ENGY= 0.5*(NB_UX*(-1)+ NC_UX*(1))
POTE_ENGY=-0.5*(NB_UX*(-1)+ NC_UX*(1)) ) Close
ANSYS Utility Menu: List Status Parameters All Parameters
(15)
ANSYS Utility Menu: File Exit Save Everything OK
2
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]4_3_2(4) %%%% begin %%%%%%%
/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
MP,EX,1,1
! 1
MP,PRXY,1,0.25
! 1
112

ET,1,PLANE42
! 1
KEYOPT,1,3,3
R,1,1
! No.1
K,1,0,0,0
! No.1
K,2,1,0,0
! No.2
K,3,1,1,0
! No.3
K,4,0,1,0
! No.4
A,1,2,3,4
! No.1
MAT,1
! No.1
TYPE,1
! No.1
REAL,1
! No.1
!------
LSEL,ALL
LESIZE,all, , ,10, , , , ,1
! 10
MSHAPE,1,2D
!MSHAPE,0,2D
MSHKEY,1
AMESH,1
! No.1
ALLSEL,ALL
DK,1,ALL
! 1
DK,4,ALL
! 4
FK,2,FX,-1
! 2 FX=-1
FK,3,FX,1
! 3 FX=1
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
PLDISP,1
!()
NB=NODE(1,0,0)
!(1,0,0) (B ) NB
NB_UX=UX(NB)
! NB UX NB_UX
NB_UY=UY(NB)
! NB UY NB_UY
ALLSEL,ALL
NC=NODE(1,1,0)
! (1,1,0) (C ) NC
NC_UX=UX(NC)
! NC UX NC_UX
NC_UY=UY(NC)
! NC UY NC_UY
STR_ENGY= 0.5*(NB_UX*(-1)+ NC_UX*(1))
POTE_ENGY=-0.5*(NB_UX*(-1)+ NC_UX*(1)) !
*status,parm
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]4_3_2(4) %%%% end %%%%%
( 10 )
NAME
VALUE
TYPE
113
DIMENSIONS
NB
2.00000000
SCALAR
NB_UX
-9.56063701
SCALAR
NB_UY
-9.36565959
SCALAR
NC
12.0000000
SCALAR
NC_UX
9.88621794
SCALAR
NC_UY
-10.0535107
SCALAR
POTE_ENGY
STR_ENGY
-9.72342747
SCALAR
9.72342747
SCALAR
( 10 )
NAME
VALUE
TYPE
DIMENSIONS
NB
2.00000000
SCALAR
NB_UX
-12.6893715
SCALAR
NB_UY
-12.6893715
SCALAR
NC
12.0000000
SCALAR
NC_UX
12.6893715
SCALAR
NC_UY
-12.6893715
SCALAR
POTE_ENGY
STR_ENGY
-12.6893715
SCALAR
12.6893715
SCALAR
POTE_ENGY
4-11(a)
= U - W = -9.72342747
(4-78)
4-11(b)
= U - W = -12.6893715
(4-79)
(4-72)(4-77)(4-78)(4-79)
4.3.3 3 MATLAB
4-5 3
3 MATLAB
Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,ID)
E NU t ijm
xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym ID(1 2 ) k(6X6)
Triangle2D3Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m)
k Ijm
KK
Triangle2D3Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,u,ID)
E NU t ijm xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym
ID(1 2 ) u(6X1) stress
114
Sx,Sy,Sxy
4.3.1 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%%% Triangle2D3Node %%% begin %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function k=Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,ID)
%
% E NU t
% ijm xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym
% ID(1 2 )
% k(6X6)
%--------------------------------------------------------------A = (xi*(yj-ym) + xj*(ym-yi) + xm*(yi-yj))/2;
betai = yj-ym;
betaj = ym-yi;
betam = yi-yj;
gammai = xm-xj;
gammaj = xi-xm;
gammam = xj-xi;
B = [betai 0 betaj 0 betam 0 ;
0 gammai 0 gammaj 0 gammam ;
gammai betai gammaj betaj gammam betam]/(2*A);
if ID == 1
D = (E/(1-NU*NU))*[1 NU 0 ; NU 1 0 ; 0 0 (1-NU)/2];
elseif ID == 2
D = (E/(1+NU)/(1-2*NU))*[1-NU NU 0 ; NU 1-NU 0 ; 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2];
end
k= t*A*B'*D*B;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z = Triangle2D3Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m)
%
% k
% Ijm
% KK
%--------------------------------------------------------------DOF(1)=2*i-1;
DOF(2)=2*i;
DOF(3)=2*j-1;
DOF(4)=2*j;
DOF(5)=2*m-1;
DOF(6)=2*m;
for n1=1:6
for n2=1:6
end
end
z=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function stress=Triangle2D3Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,u,ID)
%
% E NU t
% ID(1 2 ) u(6X1)
% stress(3X1) Sx,Sy,Sxy
115

betai = yj-ym;
betaj = ym-yi;
betam = yi-yj;
gammai = xm-xj;
gammaj = xi-xm;
gammam = xj-xi;
if ID == 1
D = (E/(1-NU*NU))*[1 NU 0 ; NU 1 0 ; 0 0 (1-NU)/2];
elseif ID == 2
end
stress = D*B*u;
%%%%%%%%%%%% Triangle2D3Node %%% end %%%%%%%%%%%%%
4.3.4 4 MATLAB
4-6 4
4 MATLAB
Quad2D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,h,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,ID)
E NU h4 ijmp
xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp ID(1 2 ) k(8X8)
Quad2D4Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m,p)
k ijmp
KK
Quad2D4Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,u,ID)
E NU h4 ijmp
xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp, ID(1 2 ) u(8X1)
stress(3X1) Sx,Sy,Sxy
4.3.2 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%%% Quad2D4Node %%% begin %%%%%%%%%%%%%
function k= Quad2D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,h,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,ID)
%
% E NU h
% 4 ijmp xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp
% ID(1 2 )
% k(8X8)
%--------------------------------------------------------------syms s t;
a = (yi*(s-1)+yj*(-1-s)+ym*(1+s)+yp*(1-s))/4;
b = (yi*(t-1)+yj*(1-t)+ym*(1+t)+yp*(-1-t))/4;
c = (xi*(t-1)+xj*(1-t)+xm*(1+t)+xp*(-1-t))/4;
d = (xi*(s-1)+xj*(-1-s)+xm*(1+s)+xp*(1-s))/4;
B1 = [a*(t-1)/4-b*(s-1)/4 0 ; 0 c*(s-1)/4-d*(t-1)/4 ;
116

c*(s-1)/4-d*(t-1)/4 a*(t-1)/4-b*(s-1)/4];
B2 = [a*(1-t)/4-b*(-1-s)/4 0 ; 0 c*(-1-s)/4-d*(1-t)/4 ;
c*(-1-s)/4-d*(1-t)/4 a*(1-t)/4-b*(-1-s)/4];
B3 = [a*(t+1)/4-b*(s+1)/4 0 ; 0 c*(s+1)/4-d*(t+1)/4 ;
c*(s+1)/4-d*(t+1)/4 a*(t+1)/4-b*(s+1)/4];
B4 = [a*(-1-t)/4-b*(1-s)/4 0 ; 0 c*(1-s)/4-d*(-1-t)/4 ;
c*(1-s)/4-d*(-1-t)/4 a*(-1-t)/4-b*(1-s)/4];
Bfirst = [B1 B2 B3 B4];
Jfirst = [0 1-t t-s s-1 ; t-1 0 s+1 -s-t ;
s-t -s-1 0 t+1 ; 1-s s+t -t-1 0];
J = [xi xj xm xp]*Jfirst*[yi ; yj ; ym ; yp]/8;
B = Bfirst/J;
if ID == 1
D = (E/(1-NU*NU))*[1 NU 0 ; NU 1 0 ; 0 0 (1-NU)/2];
elseif ID == 2
end
BD = J*transpose(B)*D*B;
r = int(int(BD, t, -1, 1), s, -1, 1);
z = h*r;
k = double(z);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z = Quad2D4Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m,p)
%
% k ijmp
% KK
%--------------------------------------------------------------DOF(1)=2*i-1;
DOF(2)=2*i;
DOF(3)=2*j-1;
DOF(4)=2*j;
DOF(5)=2*m-1;
DOF(6)=2*m;
DOF(7)=2*p-1;
DOF(8)=2*p;
for n1=1:8
for n2=1:8
end
end
z=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function stress= Quad2D4Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,u,ID)
%
% E NU h
% 4 ijmp xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,
% ID(1 2 )
% u(8X1)
% stress(3X1)
% Sx,Sy,Sxy
%--------------------------------------------------------------syms s t;
a = (yi*(s-1)+yj*(-1-s)+ym*(1+s)+yp*(1-s))/4;
b = (yi*(t-1)+yj*(1-t)+ym*(1+t)+yp*(-1-t))/4;
c = (xi*(t-1)+xj*(1-t)+xm*(1+t)+xp*(-1-t))/4;
117
d = (xi*(s-1)+xj*(-1-s)+xm*(1+s)+xp*(1-s))/4;
B1 = [a*(t-1)/4-b*(s-1)/4 0 ; 0 c*(s-1)/4-d*(t-1)/4 ;
c*(s-1)/4-d*(t-1)/4 a*(t-1)/4-b*(s-1)/4];
B2 = [a*(1-t)/4-b*(-1-s)/4 0 ; 0 c*(-1-s)/4-d*(1-t)/4 ;
c*(-1-s)/4-d*(1-t)/4 a*(1-t)/4-b*(-1-s)/4];
B3 = [a*(t+1)/4-b*(s+1)/4 0 ; 0 c*(s+1)/4-d*(t+1)/4 ;
c*(s+1)/4-d*(t+1)/4 a*(t+1)/4-b*(s+1)/4];
B4 = [a*(-1-t)/4-b*(1-s)/4 0 ; 0 c*(1-s)/4-d*(-1-t)/4 ;
c*(1-s)/4-d*(-1-t)/4 a*(-1-t)/4-b*(1-s)/4];
Bfirst = [B1 B2 B3 B4];
Jfirst = [0 1-t t-s s-1 ; t-1 0 s+1 -s-t ;
s-t -s-1 0 t+1 ; 1-s s+t -t-1 0];
J = [xi xj xm xp]*Jfirst*[yi ; yj ; ym ; yp]/8;
B = Bfirst/J;
if ID == 1
D = (E/(1-NU*NU))*[1 NU 0 ; NU 1 0 ; 0 0 (1-NU)/2];
elseif ID == 2
end
str1 = D*B*u;
str2 = subs(str1, {s,t}, {0,0});
stress = double(str2);
%%%%%%%%%%%% Quad2D4Node %%% end %%%%%%%%%%%%%
4.4
4.4.1
r, ,z 4-12(a)
(axisymmetric problem) rdr dz 4-12
(a) rdr dz
118
(b) ()
4-12
4.4.1(1)
[ur
w]T u = 0
[ rr
zz rz ]T
[ rr
zz rz ]T r = z = 0
r = z = 0
u r r w z
u = 0 rr zz
rz r z rr zz
rz z
r z 10
4.4.1(2)
1
rr rz rr
+
+
+ br = 0
r
z
r
zz rz rz
+
+
+ bz = 0
r
z
r
(4-80)
ur
u
, = r
r
r
u w
w
zz =
, rz = r +
z
z
r
(4-81)
1
[ rr ( + zz )]
E
1
= [ ( zz + rr )]
E
1
zz = [ zz ( rr + )]
E
1
rz = rz
G
(4-82)
rr =
rr =
4(BC)
119
ur = u r
w=w
BC(u)
on Su
(4-83)
rr = rr
on S p
zz = zz
BC(p)
(4-84)
4.4.2 3 ()
4.4.2(1)
3 ()
(1)
3 (axisymmetric ring element) 4-13

3 3600 123
(ri, zi), i=1,2,3( r z ) (uri , wi ) , i=1,2,3
4-13
4-14 z roz 6
(DOF) q
e
P
e
q e = [ ur1
w1 ur 2
w2
P e = [ Pr1
Pz1
Pz 2
(61)
(61)
Pr 2
ur 3
Pr 3
w3 ]
(4-85)
Pz 3 ]
(4-86)
(2)
3 r z 3
ur (r , z ) = a 0 + a1r + a 2 z
w(r , z ) = b 0 + b1r + b 2 z
(4-87)
120
u (r , z ) N1
u (r , z ) = r
=
(21)
w(r , z ) 0
N1
N2
0
N2
N3
0
ur 1
w
1
0 u r 2
e
= N (r , z ) q
N 3 w2 (26)
(61)
ur 3

w3
(4-88)
N( r , z ) N1N2N3 3
(3)
r
rr 1

r
(r , z ) = =
(41)
zz
0
rz
0
u r (r , z )
qe = B qe
= [ ] ( 2u3) = [ ] ( 2N
)
w(r , z ) ( 42)
( 61) (46) (61)
( 42 )
z
(4-89)
B(r , z )
1
r
B = [ ] N =
(46)
(26)
(4 2)
0
0
N1
0
z
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
N 3
(4-90)
= D = D B qe = S qe
(41)
(44) (41)
(44) (46) (61)
(4-91)
(46) (61)
S = D B D

E (1 ) 1
D =
(44)
(1 + )(1 2 )
1
121
1
0
1
1
0
1 2
2(1 )
0
(4-92)
(4)
e =
K e = e B T D B d =
(66)
1 eT e e
q K q P eT q e
2
BT D Brd drdz = e BT DB 2 rdrdz

A
(4-93)
P e = NT bd + e NT pdA
e
(61)
Sp
= NT b 2 rdrdz + e NT p 2 rdl
e (6 2) (21)
(4-94)
l p (6 2) (21)
q
e
q = P
e
(66) (61)
(4-95)
(61)
4.4.3 4 ()
4.4.3(1)
4 ()
4 4-14 4 3600
4 1234(ri, wi), i=1,2,3,4
( r z ) (uri , wi ) , i=1,2,3,4
4--14
4-15 z Orz 8
(DOF) q
e
P
e
q e = [ ur1
w1 ur 2
w2
P e = [ Pr1
Pz1
Pz 2
(81)
(81)
Pr 2
ur 3
Pr 3
w3
Pz 3
ur 4
Pr 4
w4 ]
(4-96)
Pz 4 ]
(4-97)
(4-97)
q
e
122
4 x y 4
ur (r , z ) = a0 + a1r + a2 z + a3 rz
w(r , z ) = b0 + b1r + b2 z + b3 rz
(4-98)
4 N ( r , z )
B(r , z )
K e qe = Pe
(88) (81)
(4-99)
(81)
K =
e
(88)
(84)
e
D B d =
(44) (48)
BT DBrd drdz = e BT DB2 rdrdz

A
(4-100)
P e = N T b d + e N T p d A
(81)
e (82) (21)
S p (8 2) (21)
= NT b 2 rdrdz + e NT p 2 rdl
e (82) (21)
(4-101)
l p (82) (21)
4.5
4.5.1 4
4
4.5.1(1)
(1)
4 (tetrahedron element) 3 (
) 4-15
4-15
(1)
123
4-15 4 q P
e
q e = [u1 v1
(121)
P e = Px1
(121)
Py1
w1 u2
Pz1
Px 2
v2
w2
u3
Py 2
Pz 2
Px 3
v3
w3
Py 3
u4
P3 z
w4 ]
v4
Px 4
Py 4
(4-102)
Pz 4
(4-103)
(2)
4 12 (DOF)
4
u ( x, y, z ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 z
v( x, y, z ) = b0 + b1 x + b2 y + b3 z
w( x, y, z ) = c0 + c1 x + c2 y + c3 z
(4-104)
i=1,2,3,4
(4-105)
x=xiy=yiz=zi
u ( xi , yi , zi ) = ui
v( xi , yi , zi ) = vi ,
w( xi , yi , zi ) = wi
(4-104)(4-105)(aibici)i0123
(4-104)
u N1
u ( x, y, z ) = v = 0
(31)
w 0
= N qe
0
N1
0
0
0
N1
N2
0
0
0
N2
0
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
0
N3
0
0
0
N3
N4
0
0
0
N4
0
0
0 q e
N 4
(312) (121)
(4-106)
Ni =
1
( ai + bi x + ci y + d i z ) ,
6V
i1234
(4-107)
V ai , bi , ci , d i [16]
(3)
(4-106)
124
x 0
0
xx
y

yy 0
0
zz
( x, y , z ) = =
(61)
xy
yz y x

zx 0
0
z
= [ ] N qe = B
(312) (121)
(63)
u
z
v = [ ] (3u1)
0 w (63)
x
qe
(612) (121)
(4-108)
B( x, y, z )
B = [ ] N = B1
(312)
(63)
(63)
(612)
B2
(63)
B3
(63)
B4
(63)
(4-109)
(4-109) Bi
Ni
Bi = [ ] 0
(63)
(63)
0
0
Ni
0
bi
0
0
0
1
0 =
6V ci
N i
0
di
0
ci
0
bi
di
0
0
0
di
0
ci
bi
( i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
(4-110)
= D = D B qe = S qe
(61)
(66) (61)
(66) (612) (121)
(612) (121)
(4-111)
D
(4)
B( x, y, z )
Ke =
(1212)
B T D B d
e (126) (66) (612)
(4-112)
P e = NT b d + e NT p dA
(121)
e (123) (31)
(5)
125
S p (123) (31)
(4-113)
(4-42) q
e
K e qe = P e
(1212) (121)
(4-114)
(121)
4.5.1(2)
3 x
uy vz w
4
4.5.1(3)
3 (4-104)
(4-110) ai , bi , ci , di xiyizi
B( x, y, z ) S( x, y, z ) xyz (4-108)
(4-111)4
()CST (constant strain triangle)
()
4.5.2 8
8
4.5.2(1)
(1)
8 (hexahedron element) 3 ( 3
) 4-16
4-16
4-16 8 24 (DOF)
q P
e
qe = [u1 v1
(241)
P e = Px1
(21)
Py1
w1 # u2
Pz1 # Px 2
v2
Py 2
(2)
126
w2 # " # u8
Pz 2 # " # Px8
v8
Py 8
w8 ]
Pz 8
(4-115)
T
(4-116)
8 8
u ( x, y, z ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a4 xy + a5 yz + a6 zx + a7 xyz
v( x, y, z ) = b0 + b1 x + b2 y + b3 z + b4 xy + b5 yz + b6 zx + b7 xyz
w( x, y, z ) = c0 + c1 x + c2 y + c3 z + c4 xy + c5 yz + c6 zx + c7 xyz
(4-117)
(aibici), i012.8(4-117)
u N1 0 0 # N 2
u = v = 0
N1 0 # 0
(31)
w 0 0
N1 # 0
0
N2
0
0 # " # N8
0 # " # 0
N2 # " # 0
0
N8
0
0
0 q e = N q e
(324) (241)
N8
(4-118)
24
Lagrangian interpolation
( 5.2.1 )
(3)
()
= [ ] u = [ ] N qe = B qe
(61)
(63)
(31)
(63)
(324) (241)
(624) (241)
(4-119)
(4)
Ke =
B T D B d
e (246) (66) (6 24)
(24 24)
Pe =
N T b d + e N T p dA
e (243) (31)
(241)
S p (243) (31)
(4-120)
(4-121)
(5)
q
e
K e qe = Pe
(2424) (241)
4.5.2(2)
(241)
(4-122)
4 (4-117) x
yz
127
(completeness)(compatibility)
4
4.5.3 4 MATLAB
4-15 4
4 MATLAB
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn)
E NU 4 i j m n
xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn k(12X12)
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m,n)
k ijmn
KK
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn,u)
E NU 4 i j m n
xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn u(12X1) stress
Sx,Sy,Sz,Sxy,Syz,Szx
MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%% Tetrahedron3D4Node %%% begin %%%%%%%%%%
function k = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4)
%
% E NU
% 4 ijmn xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn
% k(12X12)
%--------------------------------------------------------------%
% betai - bi
% gammai - ci
% deltai - di
% i = 1:4
xyz = [1 x1 y1 z1 ; 1 x2 y2 z2 ; 1 x3 y3 z3 ; 1 x4 y4 z4];
V = det(xyz)/6;
mbeta1 = [1 y2 z2 ; 1 y3 z3 ; 1 y4 z4];
mbeta2 = [1 y1 z1 ; 1 y3 z3 ; 1 y4 z4];
mbeta3 = [1 y1 z1 ; 1 y2 z2 ; 1 y4 z4];
mbeta4 = [1 y1 z1 ; 1 y2 z2 ; 1 y3 z3];
mgamma1 = [1 x2 z2 ; 1 x3 z3 ; 1 x4 z4];
mgamma2 = [1 x1 z1 ; 1 x3 z3 ; 1 x4 z4];
mgamma3 = [1 x1 z1 ; 1 x2 z2 ; 1 x4 z4];
mgamma4 = [1 x1 z1 ; 1 x2 z2 ; 1 x3 z3];
mdelta1 = [1 x2 y2 ; 1 x3 y3 ; 1 x4 y4];
mdelta2 = [1 x1 y1 ; 1 x3 y3 ; 1 x4 y4];
mdelta3 = [1 x1 y1 ; 1 x2 y2 ; 1 x4 y4];
mdelta4 = [1 x1 y1 ; 1 x2 y2 ; 1 x3 y3];
beta1 = -1*det(mbeta1);
beta2 = det(mbeta2);
128

gamma1 = det(mgamma1);
gamma2 = -1*det(mgamma2);
delta1 = -1*det(mdelta1);
delta2 = det(mdelta2);
B1 = [beta1 0 0 ; 0 gamma1 0 ; 0 0 delta1 ;
gamma1 beta1 0 ; 0 delta1 gamma1 ; delta1 0 beta1];
B = [B1 B2 B3 B4]/(6*V);
D = (E/((1+NU)*(1-2*NU)))*[1-NU NU NU 0 0 0 ; NU 1-NU NU 0 0 0 ; NU NU 1-NU 0 0 0 ;
0 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2 0 ; 0 0 0 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2];
y = abs(V)*B'*D*B;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function y = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m,n)
%
% k
% ijmn
% KK
%--------------------------------------------------------------DOF = [3*i-2:3*i,3*j-2:3*j,3*m-2:3*m,3*n-2:3*n];
for n1=1:12
for n2=1:12
end
end
y=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function y = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,u)
%
% E NU
% 4 ijmn xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn
% u(12X1)
% stress(6X1)
% Sx,Sy,Sz,Sxy,Syz,Szx
%--------------------------------------------------------------xyz = [1 x1 y1 z1 ; 1 x2 y2 z2 ; 1 x3 y3 z3 ; 1 x4 y4 z4];
V = det(xyz)/6;
mbeta1 = [1 y2 z2 ; 1 y3 z3 ; 1 y4 z4];
mbeta2 = [1 y1 z1 ; 1 y3 z3 ; 1 y4 z4];
mbeta3 = [1 y1 z1 ; 1 y2 z2 ; 1 y4 z4];
mbeta4 = [1 y1 z1 ; 1 y2 z2 ; 1 y3 z3];
mgamma1 = [1 x2 z2 ; 1 x3 z3 ; 1 x4 z4];
mgamma2 = [1 x1 z1 ; 1 x3 z3 ; 1 x4 z4];
mgamma3 = [1 x1 z1 ; 1 x2 z2 ; 1 x4 z4];
mgamma4 = [1 x1 z1 ; 1 x2 z2 ; 1 x3 z3];
129
mdelta1 = [1 x2 y2 ; 1 x3 y3 ; 1 x4 y4];
mdelta2 = [1 x1 y1 ; 1 x3 y3 ; 1 x4 y4];
mdelta3 = [1 x1 y1 ; 1 x2 y2 ; 1 x4 y4];
mdelta4 = [1 x1 y1 ; 1 x2 y2 ; 1 x3 y3];
B = [B1 B2 B3 B4]/(6*V);
D = (E/((1+NU)*(1-2*NU)))*[1-NU NU NU 0 0 0 ; NU 1-NU NU 0 0 0 ; NU NU 1-NU 0 0 0 ;
0 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2 0 ; 0 0 0 0 0 (1-2*NU)/2];
y = D*B*u;
%%%%%%%%%%% Tetrahedron3D4Node %%% end %%%%%%%%%%
4.5.4 8 MATLAB
4-16 8
8 MATLAB
Hexahedral3D8Node_Stiffness(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,x5,y5,z5,x6,y6,z6,x7,y7,z7,x8,y8,z8)
E NU8 x1y1z1x2y2z2
x3y3z3x4y4z4x5y5z5x6y6z6x7y7z7x8y8z8 k(24X24)
Hexahedral3D8Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,l,m,n,o,p,q)
k ijlmnop q
KK
Hexahedral3D8Node_Stress(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,x5,y5,z5,x6,y6,z6,x7,y7,z7,x8,y8,z8,u)
E NU8 x1y1z1x2y2
z2x3y3z3x4y4z4x5y5z5x6y6z6x7y7z7x8y8z8 u (6X1)
stress(6X1) Sx,Sy,Sz,Sxy,Syz,Szx
5.4.2 MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%% Hexahedral3D8Node %%% begin %%%%%%%%%%
function
k=Hexahedral3D8Node_Stiffness(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,x5,y5,z5,x6,y6,z6,x7,y7,z7,x8,y8,z8)
%
130

% E NU
% 8 x1y1z1x2y2z2x3y3z3x4y4z4
% x5y5z5x6y6z6x7y7z7x8y8z8
% k(24X24)
%--------------------------------------------------------------syms s t n;
%
% N
N1=(1+s)*(1-t)*(1-n)/8;
N2=(1+s)*(1+t)*(1-n)/8;
N3=(1-s)*(1+t)*(1-n)/8;
N4=(1-s)*(1-t)*(1-n)/8;
N5=(1+s)*(1-t)*(1+n)/8;
N6=(1+s)*(1+t)*(1+n)/8;
N7=(1-s)*(1+t)*(1+n)/8;
N8=(1-s)*(1-t)*(1+n)/8;
%
x=N1*x1+N2*x2+N3*x3+N4*x4+N5*x5+N6*x6+N7*x7+N8*x8;
y=N1*y1+N2*y2+N3*y3+N4*y4+N5*y5+N6*y6+N7*y7+N8*y8;
z=N1*z1+N2*z2+N3*z3+N4*z4+N5*z5+N6*z6+N7*z7+N8*z8;
%
J=[diff(x,s),diff(y,s),diff(z,s);diff(x,t),diff(y,t),diff(z,t);diff(x,n),diff(y,n),diff(z,n)];
Jdet=det(J);
J
Jdet
% B
a=diff(y,t)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,t)*diff(y,n);
b=diff(y,s)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,s)*diff(y,n);
c=diff(y,s)*diff(z,t)-diff(z,s)*diff(y,t);
d=diff(x,t)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,t)*diff(x,n);
e=diff(x,s)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,s)*diff(x,n);
f=diff(x,s)*diff(z,t)-diff(z,s)*diff(x,t);
g=diff(x,t)*diff(y,n)-diff(y,t)*diff(x,n);
h=diff(x,s)*diff(y,n)-diff(y,s)*diff(x,n);
l=diff(x,s)*diff(y,t)-diff(y,s)*diff(x,t);
%
Ns=[N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,N7,N8];
Bs=sym(zeros(6,3,8));
for i=1:8
Bs(:,:,i)=[a*diff(Ns(i),s)-b*diff(Ns(i),t)+c*diff(Ns(i),n),0,0;
0,-d*diff(Ns(i),s)+e*diff(Ns(i),t)-f*diff(Ns(i),n),0; 0,0,g*diff(Ns(i),s)-h*diff(Ns(i),t)+l*diff(Ns(i),n);
-d*diff(Ns(i),s)+e*diff(Ns(i),t)-f*diff(Ns(i),n),a*diff(Ns(i),s)-b*diff(Ns(i),t)+c*diff(Ns(i),n),0;
0,g*diff(Ns(i),s)-h*diff(Ns(i),t)+l*diff(Ns(i),n),-d*diff(Ns(i),s)+e*diff(Ns(i),t)-f*diff(Ns(i),n);
g*diff(Ns(i),s)-h*diff(Ns(i),t)+l*diff(Ns(i),n),0,a*diff(Ns(i),s)-b*diff(Ns(i),t)+c*diff(Ns(i),n)]/Jdet;
end
% B
B=[Bs(:,:,1),Bs(:,:,2),Bs(:,:,3),Bs(:,:,4),Bs(:,:,5),Bs(:,:,6),Bs(:,:,7),Bs(:,:,8)];
B
%
D
D=(E/((1+NU)*(1-2*NU)))*[1-NU,NU,NU,0,0,0;NU,1-NU,NU,0,0,0;NU,NU,1-NU,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0.5-NU,0,0;0,0,0,0,0.5-NU,0;0,0,0,0,0,0.5-NU];
D
%
k
BD=Jdet*transpose(B)*D*B;
z=(int(int(int(BD,n,-1,1),t,-1,1),s,-1,1));
z
k=double(z);
131
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z = Hexahedral3D8Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,l,m,n,o,p,q)
%
% k
% ijlmnop q
% KK
%--------------------------------------------------------------DOF=[3*i-2:3*i,3*j-2:3*j,3*l-2:3*l,3*m-2:3*m,3*n-2:3*n,3*o-2:3*o,3*p-2:3*p,3*q-2:3*q];
for n1=1:24
for n2=1:24
end
end
z=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function
stress=Hexahedral3D8Node_Stress(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,x5,y5,z5,x6,y6,z6,x7,y7,z7,x8,y8,z
8,u)
%
% E NU
% 8 x1y1z1x2y2z2x3y3z3x4y4z4
% x5y5z5x6y6z6x7y7z7x8y8z8
% u (6X1)
% stress(6X1), Sx,Sy,Sz,Sxy,Syz,Szx
%--------------------------------------------------------------syms s t n;
%
% N
N1=(1+s)*(1-t)*(1-n)/8;
N2=(1+s)*(1+t)*(1-n)/8;
N3=(1-s)*(1+t)*(1-n)/8;
N4=(1-s)*(1-t)*(1-n)/8;
N5=(1+s)*(1-t)*(1+n)/8;
N6=(1+s)*(1+t)*(1+n)/8;
N7=(1-s)*(1+t)*(1+n)/8;
N8=(1-s)*(1-t)*(1+n)/8;
%
x=N1*x1+N2*x2+N3*x3+N4*x4+N5*x5+N6*x6+N7*x7+N8*x8;
y=N1*y1+N2*y2+N3*y3+N4*y4+N5*y5+N6*y6+N7*y7+N8*y8;
z=N1*z1+N2*z2+N3*z3+N4*z4+N5*z5+N6*z6+N7*z7+N8*z8;
%
J=[diff(x,s),diff(y,s),diff(z,s);diff(x,t),diff(y,t),diff(z,t);diff(x,n),diff(y,n),diff(z,n)];
Jdet=det(J);
% B
a=diff(y,t)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,t)*diff(y,n);
b=diff(y,s)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,s)*diff(y,n);
c=diff(y,s)*diff(z,t)-diff(z,s)*diff(y,t);
d=diff(x,t)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,t)*diff(x,n);
e=diff(x,s)*diff(z,n)-diff(z,s)*diff(x,n);
f=diff(x,s)*diff(z,t)-diff(z,s)*diff(x,t);
g=diff(x,t)*diff(y,n)-diff(y,t)*diff(x,n);
h=diff(x,s)*diff(y,n)-diff(y,s)*diff(x,n);
l=diff(x,s)*diff(y,t)-diff(y,s)*diff(x,t);
%
Ns=[N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,N7,N8];
Bs=sym(zeros(6,3,8));
132
for i=1:8
Bs(:,:,i)=[a*diff(Ns(i),s)-b*diff(Ns(i),t)+c*diff(Ns(i),n),0,0;
0,-d*diff(Ns(i),s)+e*diff(Ns(i),t)-f*diff(Ns(i),n),0;
0,0,g*diff(Ns(i),s)-h*diff(Ns(i),t)+l*diff(Ns(i),n);
-d*diff(Ns(i),s)+e*diff(Ns(i),t)-f*diff(Ns(i),n),a*diff(Ns(i),s)-b*diff(Ns(i),t)+c*diff(Ns(i),n),0;
0,g*diff(Ns(i),s)-h*diff(Ns(i),t)+l*diff(Ns(i),n),-d*diff(Ns(i),s)+e*diff(Ns(i),t)-f*diff(Ns(i),n);
g*diff(Ns(i),s)-h*diff(Ns(i),t)+l*diff(Ns(i),n),0,a*diff(Ns(i),s)-b*diff(Ns(i),t)+c*diff(Ns(i),n)]/Jdet;
end
% B
B=[Bs(:,:,1),Bs(:,:,2),Bs(:,:,3),Bs(:,:,4),Bs(:,:,5),Bs(:,:,6),Bs(:,:,7),Bs(:,:,8)];
% D
D=(E/((1+NU)*(1-2*NU)))*[1-NU,NU,NU,0,0,0;NU,1-NU,NU,0,0,0;NU,NU,1-NU,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0.5-NU,0,0;0,0,0,0,0.5-NU,0;0,0,0,0,0,0.5-NU];
%
w=D*B*u;
%
wcent=subs(w,{s,t,n},{0,0,0})
stress=double(wcent)
%%%%%%%%%% Hexahedral3D8Node %%% end %%%%%%%%%%
4.6
()
(parametric element)
[22]
4.6.1
( x, y ) ( , )
( x, y )
K e( xy ) = e BT ( x, y, x , y ) D B x, y, x , y dxdy t
A
(4-123)
B( x, y, x , y ) ( x, y ) ( x, y, x , y )
( , )
K e( ) = e B*T ( , , , ) D B* ( , , , )d d t
A
(4-124)
B ( , , , ) ( , ) ( , , , )
*
(transformation)(mapping)
(mapping of coordinate)
( x, y ) ( , )
(4-125)
(mapping of partial differential)
( x , y ) ( , )
133
(4-126)
()(mapping of area)
Ae
dxdy e d d
(4-127)
4-17
( , ) (reference coordinate)
( x, y ) (physical coordinate) ( , )
(parent element)()(curved
element)() ( x, y )
( , )
( , ) ( x, y )
4-17
4.6.1(1)
4-17
x = x( , )
y = y ( , )
(4-128)
(4-128)
( , ) ( x, y )
xi = x(i ,i )
yi = y (i ,i )
i=1234
(4-129)
x y 4 x y
4
x( , ) = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3
y ( , ) = b0 + b1 + b2 + b3
(4-130)
a0a3 b0b3 (4-129)

4 (4-52)(4-130)
(4-130)
134
x( , ) = N 1 ( , ) x1 + N 2 ( , ) x2 + N 3 ( , ) x3 + N 4 ( , ) x4
y ( , ) = N 1 ( , ) y1 + N 2 ( , ) y2 + N 3 ( , ) y3 + N 4 ( , ) y4
(4-131)
1
N i = (1 + i )(1 + i ),
4
i=1,2,3,4
(4-132)
(4-132)(4-56)
( x, y )
q = [ x1
(81)
y1
x2
y2
x3
N 2
0
0
N 2
N 3
0
y3
x4
y4 ]
(4-133)
(4-131)
x( , ) N 1
x =
=
(21)
y ( , ) 0
0
N 1
0
N 3
N 4
0
0
( , ) q
q = (2N

8)
(81)
N4
(4-134)
4.6.1(2)
( x, y ) ( x, y )
x
=
+
x y
x
=
+
x y
y

y
(4-135)
x y
=
+
x y
x y
=
+
x y
(4-136)

= J x

y

(4-137)
x

J=
x

(4-138)
(Jacobian matrix)(4-136)
135
x
1
1
= J = x
J

y

y

x

(4-139)
J J (determinant)
x y y x
J =
(4-140)
(4-139)
1 y y
= (
)
x J
x x
1
)
= (
+
y J

(4-141)
4.6.1(3) ()
4-17 ( x, y ) d d
dA = d d
(4-142)
d d ( x, y )
x
y
d i +
d j
x
y
d =
d i +
d j
d =
(4-143)
i j ( x, y ) x y (4-142)
x
d
dA =
x
d
y
d
= J d d
y
d
(4-144)
(4-144) ( x, y ) dA ( x, y, z )
d d d d = d (d d)
136
x
d
x
d =
d
x
d
y
d
y
d
y
d
z
d
z
d = J d d d
z
d
(4-145)
( x, y, z ) d
4.6.2
( x, y ) ( , )
( , ) N( , )
(4-134) N
.
4.6.2(1)
(iso-parametric element)
N
N
(super-parametric element)
> N
N
(sub-parametric element)
< N
N
4-18
(a)
(b)
4-18
(c)
()
4.6.3
137
K e( xy ) = e BT ( x, y, x , y ) D B ( x, y, x , y )dA t
A
1 1
*T
( , , , ) D B* ( , , , ) J d d t
(4-146)
1 1
4 (4-146)
1 1
k(exy )ij =
1 1
( A i + B i + C i )( A j + B j + C j ) d d t
+ B0 + C0
(i, j=1,2, ..8)
(4-147)
A0 , B0 , C0 , A i , B i , C i , A j , B j , C j
Gauss
(numerical integration)
4.6.3(1) Gauss
n
f ( )d Ak f ( k )
(4-148)
k =1
f ( ) n Ak i n
Ak k (4-148) Ak k
Gauss (Gauss integral point) (weight
coefficient)
11 Gauss
(4-148) n=1
1
I=
f ( )d 2 f (0)
(4-149)
A1 = 2, 1 = 0
(2) 2 Gauss
(4-148) n=2
1
I=
f ( )d A f ( ) + A f ( )
1
(4-150)
A1A2 1 2 Gauss
Gauss
138
(4-150) f ( ) 1
2
A1A2 1 2
f ( ) 1 (4-150) 4
2
2 = A1 + A2
0 = A11 + A2 2
2
= A112 + A2 22
3
0 = A113 + A2 23
(4-151)
1
1
, A1 = A2 = 1
,2 =
3
3
(4-152)
1
1
)+ f( )
3
3
(4-153)
1 =
2 Gauss
1
I=
f ( )d
f (
(3) Gauss
n Gauss
1
I=
f ( )d A f ( ) + A f ( ) + "" + A
1
f ( n )
(4-154)
1 2 n A1A2An
Legendre i
Ai
Gauss ( 4-5)
4-5
Gauss
i
n
1
0. 000000000000000
2.000000000000000
0. 577350269189626
1.000000000000000
0. 774596669241483
0. 555555555555556
0. 000000000000000
0. 888888888888889
0. 861136311594053
0. 339981043584856
0. 347854845137454
(4)
0. 652145154862546
2D 3D Gauss
1DGauss 2D 3D
2D
139
Ai
I =
1 1
ij
j =1
A
j =1
f ( j , )d
n n
f ( j ,i )) = Ai Aj f ( j ,i )
i =1 j =1
i , j =1
A (A
i =1
f ( , )d d =
(4-155)
f ( j ,i )
AijAiAj i j Ai A j Gauss
3D
I =
f ( , , )d dd
1 1 1
n
= Am Aj Ai f (i , j , m )
(4-156)
m =1 j =1 i =1
i , j , m =1
Amji f (i , j , m )
AmjiAmAiAj i j m Ai A j Am Gauss
4.6.3(2) 4
4-19 4 4 Gauss
E = 30 10 MPa = 0.3 t = 0.1m
6
4-19 4
x ( , y ) = N1 ( , ) x1 + N 2 ( , ) x2 + N 3 ( , ) x3 + N 4 ( , ) x4
1
(1 )(1 ) x1 + (1 + )(1 ) x2 + (1 + )(1 + ) x3 + (1 )(1 + ) x4
4
1
= (1 )(1 ) + 2 (1 + )(1 ) + 2.25 (1 + )(1 + ) + 1.25 (1 )(1 + )
4
=
(4-157)
140
y ( , y ) = N1 ( , ) y1 + N 2 ( , ) y2 + N 3 ( , ) y3 + N 4 ( , ) y4
1
(1 )(1 ) y1 + (1 + )(1 ) y2 + (1 + )(1 + ) y3 + (1 )(1 + ) y4
4
1
= 1.5 (1 + )(1 + ) + (1 )(1 + )
4
=
(4-158)
J
J = 11
J 21
x
J12
=
J 22 x

(4-159)
x 1
x 1
J 21 =
=
y 1
J12 =
= ( 0.5 0.5 )
y 1
J 22 =
= ( 2.5 0.5 )
4
J11 =
(4-160)
J = J11 J 22 J12 J 21 =
1
( 4 )
16
(4-161)
u
x 1 J
= 22
u J J 21
y
u v
J12 x 1 J 22
, =
J11 u v J J 21
y

v
J12

J11 v

(4-162)
u
x
xx
J 22
v 1
yy = y = J 0
xy
J 21
u v
+
y x
J12
0
J11
141
0
J 21
J 22
u
u

u
u
0

J11 = H
v
v
J 21

v
v

(4-163)
J 22
1
H= 0
J
J 21
J12
J 21
J11
J 22
u

u

=
v
0

v
0

0
u
=
v
0

0
J11
J 21
(4-164)
0
N ( , ) q = Q q

(4-165)

Q=
q = [u1
0
N ( , )

v1
u2
N
N ( , ) = 1
0
v3
0
N1
(4-166)
u3
N2
0
v4
0
N2
v4 ]
u4
N3
0
0
N3
N4
0
(4-167)
0
N 4
(4-168)
(4-164)(4-165)(4-163)
xx

yy = H Q q = B q
xy

(4-169)
B = H Q
(4-170)
4-19
2.5 0.5
H =
0
( 34 ) 4
2
4
( 0.5 0.5 )
0
2
0
2
2.5 0.5
142
( 0.5 0.5 )
0
2
(4-171)
1 0
1
0
1+
0
(1 + )
0
1+
0
1 1 0
Q =
1
0
1
0 1+
( 48) 4 0
1
(1 + )
0
0 1+
0
(1 + )
1
0
0
(1 + )
1
0
0
(4-172))
4-19
1 0.3 0
0 MPa
D = 32.97 10 0.3 1
( 33)
0
0 0.35
6
(4-173)
4 Gauss
3
Ai = Aj = 1
i = j =
(4-174)
2
2
T
e
K = t Ai Aj Q
(88)
(84)
i =1 j =1
u1
v1
( 43)
( 33)
u2
v2
( 34 )
Q
J (i , j )
( 48) ,
( i j)
u3
v3
u4
2305 798 1759 152 617 214 72
1453 52 169 214 389 533
1957 522 471

14
669
993
45
633
41
= 103
166
57
19
sym
104 143
616
v4
432
895
560
869
MN m
116
240
244
1524
(4-175)
4.7
4.7.1 3
4.7.1(1) 3
4-20 F = 100000N
E = 1107 Pa = 1/ 3 t = 0.1m
143
a)
b)
4--20 ()
1
4-20(b) 3
F 1 2
q = [u1
F = 0
2
R = 0 0 0 0 Rx 3
v1 u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4 ]
0 0 0 0
F
0
2
Ry 3
Rx 4
Ry 4
(4-176)
(4-177)
(4-178)
P = F + R = R = 0
2
) (
F
2
Rx 3
Ry 3
Rx 4
Ry 4
Rx 3 , Ry 3 Rx 4 , Ry 4 3 4
2
(i,j,m)
144
(4-179)
(1)(2)
k ii
= k ji
k m i
ki m
k jm
k m m
k ij
k jj
km j
0
9 Et
=
32 2
2
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
4
3
2
3
1
4
3
2
2
3
0
4
2
3
2
3
4
3
2
3
7
3
4
3
2

3
3
13
3
(4-180)
K = K (1) + K (2)
(4-181)
u1 v1 u2

v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
k m m(2) k m j(2) k mi(2)
(2)
(2)
k
k
(2)
ji
jj
k im(1)
k jm
(1)
(1)
+k ij
+k ii
K =
(2)
(2)
(88)
k ii
(1)
k (2) k ij
k jm
(1)
im
+k ji(1) +k jj
k mi(1) k mj(1) k mm(1)
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
(4-182)
v4
(4-182)(4-176)(4-179)
Kq = P
145
7
3
4
3
4
3
2
9 Et 3
32
1
2
3
4
3
13
3
2
3
4
2
3
1
4
3
2
3
7
3
0
0
4
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
13
3
4
3
4
3
7
3
2
3
1
4
3
2
2
3
1
3
4
3
0
0
13
3
2
3
4
0
0
1
2
3
4
3
2
3
7
3
4
3
0
0
u
2 1 F
v
3 1 2
0
1 u2
F
3 v2
=
2 u 3 2

3 v3 R x 3
R
4 u4 y 3
R
v 4 x 4
R
4
y 4
3
13
3
(4-183)
4
u3 = 0, v3 = 0, u4 = 0, v4 = 0 (4-183)
5 8
7
3
4
9 Et 3
32 4
3
2
4
3
13
3
2
4
3
2
3
7
3
2

0
3
u
1
F
4
v1
2
=
u
0
0 2
v2 F
2
13
(4-184)
(4-184)
[u1
v1 u2
v2 ] =
T
F
T
[1.88 8.99 1.50 8.42]
Et
5
(4-185)(4-183)
Rx 3 =
9 Et
2
4
u1 v1 + v2 = 2 F
32
3
3
Ry 3 =
9 Et 2
1
4
u1 v1 + u2 = 0.07 F
32 3
3
3
Rx 4 =
9 Et
2
u2 v2 = 2 F
32
3
146
(4-185)
Ry 4 =
9 Et 2
1
u2 v2 = 1.07 F
32 3
3

MATLAB 4.7.1(1) 4-20 MATLAB
1
3 4-20(b)
2()
MATLAB E NU t
ID 1 2 Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness
k1(66) k2(66)
>> E=1e7;
>> NU=1/3;
>> t=0.1;
>> ID=1;
>> k1=Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t,2,0,0,1,0,0,ID)
k1 = 1.0e+006 *
0.2813
0
0
0.1875 -0.2813
0
0.0938
0.1875
0
-0.1875
0
0.1875
0.3750
0
-0.3750
0.1875
0
0
1.1250 -0.1875
-0.2813 -0.1875
-0.3750
-0.1875 0.6563
-0.1875
-0.0938
-0.1875
-1.1250
0.3750
-0.1875
-0.0938
-0.1875
-1.1250
0.3750
1.2188
>>k2=Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t,0,1,2,0,2,1,ID)
k2 = 1.0e+006 *
0.2813
0
0
0.1875 -0.2813
0
0.0938
0.1875
0
-0.1875
0
0.1875
0.3750
0
-0.3750
0.1875
0
0
1.1250 -0.1875
-0.2813
-0.1875
-0.3750
-0.1875
0.6563
-0.1875
-0.0938
-0.1875
-1.1250
0.3750
-0.1875
-0.0938
-0.1875
-1.1250
0.3750
1.2188
3
4 8 KK(8
8) KK Triangle2D3Node_Assembly
>>KK = zeros(8,8);
>>KK=Triangle2D3Node_Assembly(KK,k1,2,3,4);
>>KK=Triangle2D3Node_Assembly(KK,k2,3,2,1)
KK = 1.0e+006 *
Columns 1 through 6
0.6563
0.3750
-0.3750
-0.1875 -0.2813
0.3750
1.2188
-0.1875
-1.1250 -0.1875
-0.3750
-0.1875
0.6563
0
0
-0.1875
-1.1250
0
1.2188
0.3750
147
-0.1875
-0.0938
0.3750
0

-0.2813
-0.1875
0
0
-0.1875
-0.0938
0
0
0
0.3750
-0.2813
-0.1875
0.3750
0
-0.1875
-0.0938
0.6563
0
-0.3750
-0.1875
0
1.2188
-0.1875
-1.1250
Columns 7 through 8
0
0
0
0
-0.2813
-0.1875
-0.1875
-0.0938
-0.3750
-0.1875
-0.1875
-1.1250
0.6563
0.3750
0.3750
1.2188
4
4-20(b) 3 4
u3 = 0, v3 = 0, u4 = 0, v4 = 0 1 2 1
2 KK 4 4 KK(88) k
pMATLAB \
>>k=KK(1:4,1:4)
k = 1.0e+006 *
0.6563
0.3750
0.3750
1.2188
-0.3750
-0.1875
-0.1875
-1.1250
-0.3750
-0.1875
0.6563
0
-0.1875
-1.1250
0
1.2188
>>p=[0;-5000;0;-5000]
p =
0
-5000
>>u=k\p
u = 0.0188
-0.0899
-0.0150
-5000
[]
[]
-0.0842
u1 = 0.0188, v1 = 0.0899, u2 = 0.0151, v2 = 0.0842

5
(4-183)
(
) U(81) P(8
1)(4-179)
>>U=[u;0;0;0;0];
>>P=KK*U
P = 1.0e+004 *
-0.0000 -0.5000
-0.5000
-2.0000
-0.0702
2.0000
1.0702
[]
(4-179)
Rx 3 = 20000, Ry 3 = 702, Rx 4 = 20000, Ry 4 = 10702
6
U(81)
148
Triangle2D3Node_Stress
>>u1=[U(3);U(4);U(5);U(6);U(7);U(8)]
u1 =
-0.0150
-0.0842
0
>>stress1=Triangle2D3Node_Stress(E,NU,2,0,0,1,0,0,u1,ID)
stress1 = 1.0e+005 *
-0.8419
-0.2806
-1.5791
>>u2=[U(5);U(6);U(3);U(4);U(1);U(2)]
u2 =
0
0 -0.0150
-0.0842
0.0188
[]
-0.0899 []
>>stress2=Triangle2D3Node_Stress(E,NU,0,1,2,0,2,1,u2,ID)
stress2 =1.0e+004 *
8.4187
-2.8953
-4.2094
[]
1 x = 84190Pa, y = 28060Pa,
xy = 157910Pa 2 x = 84187Pa, y = 28953Pa, xy = 42094Pa

ANSYS 4.7.1(3) 3
MATLAB 4.7.1(2) ANSYS
ANSYS
(1) ANSYS()
ANSYS Interactive Working directory () Initial jobname(
): 2D3NodeRun OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element TypeAdd/Edit/Delete Add SolidQuad
4node 42 OK ( Element Types ) Options K3: Plane Strs w/thk(
) OKClose
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material ModelsStructural Linear
Elastic Isotropic: EX:1.0e7 ()PRXY: 0.33333333 () OK
U
(5)
Real Constant Set No: 1 ( 1 ), THK: 0.1 () OK Close
(6)
4
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes On Working Plane
1 x,y,z (2,1,0) 2 x,y,z (2,0,0) 3 x,y,z (0,1,0)
4 x,y,z (0,0,0)OK

Element type number:1 Material number:1Real constant set number:1 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements User Numbered Thru
NodesNumber to assign to element:1Pick nodes:2,3,4OKNumber to assign to element:2Pick
nodes:3,2,1OK
149
(7)
x,y,
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On
Nodes 34 OK Lab2 DOFs to be constrained: UXUYVALUE0 OK
y
Nodes 12 OK Direction: FY VALUE: -0.5e5 OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS OK Close (Solution is done! )
(9)
OK ( Plot Results) Contour Plot Nodal Solu Stress, Von Mises, Undisplaced shape
key: Deformed shape with Undeformed model OK ()
(10)
2
!%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]4_7_1(3) %%%% begin %%%%%
/PREP7
!=====
ET,1,PLANE42
!
KEYOPT,1,3,3
!
MP,EX,1,1.0e7
!
MP,PRXY,1,0.33333333
!
R,1,0.1
! 0.1
!------ 4
N,1,2,1,0,,,,
! 1,(2,1,0)
N,2,2,0,0,,,,
! 2,(2,0,0)
N,3,0,1,0,,,,
! 3,(0,1,0)
N,4,0,0,0,,,,
! 4,(0,0,0)
!------
TYPE,1
! 1
MAT,1
! 1
TSHAP,LINE
!
!-------
EN,1,2,3,4
! 4
EN,2,3,2,1
! 4
!-------
D,3,,,,,,UX,UY,UZ,,,
! 3 ,
D,4,,,,,,UX,UY,UZ,,,
! 4 ,
!-------
F,1,FY,-0.5e5
! 1 , FY=-0.5e5
F,2,FY,-0.5e5
! 2 , FY=-0.5e5
!=====
/solu
!
solve
!
finish
!
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
!()
!%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]4_7_1(3) %%%% end %%%%%
150
4.7.2 4
4-21 F
E = 1 107 Pa, =1/3, t =0.1m, F =1 105 N MATLAB
F
2
1
3
1m
x
F
2
2m
(a)
(b)
4-21
1
4 4-21(b)
4-6 4-7 F 1 2
4-6
4-7
(m)
x
q = [u1
v1 u2
v2
u3
151
v3
u4
v4
u5
v5
u6
v6 ]
(4-186)
F = 0
2
F
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(4-187)
R = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rx 5
Ry 5
Rx 6
Ry 6
(4-188)
P = F + R = R = 0
2
) (
F
0
2
0 0 0 0 Rx 5
Ry 5
Rx 6
Ry 6
(4-189)
Rx 5 , Ry 5 Rx 6 , Ry 6 5 6
2()
MATLAB E NU h
ID 1 2 Quad2D4Node_Stiffness
k1(88) k2(88)
>> E=1e7;
>> NU=1/3;
>> t=0.1;
>> ID=1;
>> k1= Quad2D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t, 1,1, 0,1,0,0,1,0, ID);
>>k2=Quad2D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t, 2,1,1,1,1,0,2,0, ID);
3
6 12 KK(12
12) KK Quad2D4Node_Assembly
>>KK = zeros(12,12);
>>KK= Quad2D4Node_Assembly(KK,k1, 3,5,6,4);
>>KK= Quad2D4Node_Assembly(KK,k2, 1,3,4,2);
4
4-21(b) 5 6
u5 = 0, v5 = 0, u6 = 0, v6 = 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 KK 8 8
KK(1212) k p
MATLAB \
>>k=KK(1:8,1:8);
>>p=[0;-50000;0;-50000;0;0;0;0];
>>u=k\p
u = 0.8000
-2.5333
-0.8000
-2.5333
0.6000
-0.8667
-0.6000
-0.8667
[]
u1 = 0.8000, v1 = 2.5333, u2 = 0.8000, v2 = 2.5333,
u3 = 0.6000, v3 = 0.8667, u4 = 0.6000, v4 = 0.8667
152
()
U(121) P(121)(4-189)
>>U=[u;0;0;0;0];
>>P=KK*U
P = 1.0e+005 *
-0.0000
-0.5000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-2.0000
-0.5000
0.5000
0.0000
2.0000
0.0000
0.5000
[]
[]
(4-189)
Rx 5 = 200000, R y 5 = 50000, Rx 6 = 200000, Ry 6 = 50000

6
U(121)
Quad2D4Node_Stress
>>u1=[ U(5);U(6) ;U(9);U(10);U(11);U(12);U(7);U(8)]
u1 = 0.6000
-0.8667 0
0 0
0
-0.6000
-0.8667
[]
>>stress1=Quad2D4Node_Stress(E,NU, 1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0, u1,ID)

stress1 = 1.0e+005 *
0.0000
0.0000 -10.0000
[]
>>u2=[ U(1);U(2) ;U(5);U(6); U(7);U(8);U(3);U(4)]

u2 = 0.8000
-2.5333
0.6000
-0.8667
-0.6000
-0.8667
-0.8000
-2.5333
[]
[]
>>stress2=Quad2D4Node_Stress(E,NU, 2,1,1,1,1,0,2,0, u2,ID)

stress2 = 1.0e+005 *
0.0000
0.0000 -10.0000
[]
1 x = 0Pa, y = 0Pa,
2 x = 0Pa,
xy = 1000000Pa
y = 0Pa, xy = 1000000Pa
ANSYS 4.7.2(2) 4
4-21(b)
4
(1) ANSYS()
ANSYS ANSYS product launcherFilemanagementWorking directory ()
Jobname(): rectangularRun OK
(2)
(3)
153

) OKClose
(4)
Elastic Isotropic: EX:1e7 ()PRXY: 0.3 () OK U
(5)
Real Constant Set No: 1 ( 1 ), THK: 0.1 () OK Close
(6)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS NODE:(
) X,Y, Z:() THXYTHYZTHZX
Apply
OK
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: PreprocessorModeling Create Elements User Numbered Thru
Nodes Number to assign to element: 1 Apply 3564 Apply
Number to assign to element: 2 Apply 1342 OK
(8)
X Y
Nodes ( 56) OK Lab2 DOFs to be constrained : All DOF
VALUE 0() OK
Y
Nodes ( 12) OK Lab Direction of force/mom: FY
VALUE-5.0e4 OK
(9)
(10)
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Nodel Solution DOF Solution
Displacement vector sum OK()
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Reaction Solu All items OK , 5
6
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Element Solution Stress X-component
of stress OK, X )
(11)
2
!%%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ] 4_7_2(2) %%%%% begin %%%%
/prep7
et,1,plane42
!(no.1 plane42 )
KEYOPT,1,3,3
mp,ex,1,1e7
mp,prxy,1,0.33333
R,1,0.1,
!------ 6
! (0.1)
N,1,2,1,,,,,
! 1,(2,1,0)
N,2,2,,,,,,
! 2,(2,0,0)
154

N,3,1,1,,,,,
! 3,(1,1,0)
N,4,1,0,,,,,
! 4,(1,0,0)
N,5,0,1,,,,,
! 5,(0,1,0)
N,6,0,0,,,,,
! 6,(0,0,0)
E,5,6,4,3
! 4
E,3,4,2,1
! 4
d,5,all
! 5 ,
d,6,all
! 6 ,
F,1,FY,-50000
! 1 , FY=-50000
F,2,FY,-50000
!=====
! 2 , FY=-50000
/solu
solve
finish
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
!()
finish
!%%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ] 4_7_2(2) %%%%% end %%%%
4.8
4.8.1 4
4-22 F MATLAB
E = 1 10 Pa, =0.25
10
F =1 105 N
4-22
1
155
5 4 4-22
4-8 4-9
4-8
4-9
(m)
x
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.6
q = [u1 v1 w1 u2 v2 w2 " u8 v8 w8 ]
(4-190)
F = 0 0 F3T F4T 0 0 F7T F8T
(4-191)
0
F3 = F4 = 0
0
F7 = F8 =
0
1105 N
R = R1T
RT2
0 0 RT5
RT6
0 0
4-192
R1x
R2 x
R5 x
R6 x
R1 = R1 y R 2 = R2 y R 5 = R5 y R 6 = R6 y
R1z
R2 z
R5 z
R6 z
P = F + R = R = R1T R T2 F3T F4T R T5 R T6 F7T F8T

156
(4-193)
2()
MATLAB E NU 1 2
5 Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness k1(66)
k5(66)
>> E=1e10;
>> NU=0.25;
>> k1 = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,0,0,0,0.2,0.8,0,0.2,0,0,0.2,0,0.6);
>> k2 = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,0,0,0,0.2,0.8,0,0,0.8,0,0,0.8,0.6);
>> k3 = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,0.2,0,0.6,0,0.8,0.6,0,0,0.6,0,0,0);
>> k4=Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,0.2,0,0.6,0,0.8,0.6,0.2,0.8,0.6,0.2,0.8,0);
>> k5 = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,0,0,0,0.2,0.8,0,0.2,0,0.6,0,0.8,0.6);
3
8 24 KK(24
24) KK 5 Tetrahedron3D4Node_Assembly
>>KK = zeros(24);
>> KK = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Assembly(KK,k1,1,4,2,6);
4
4-22 1 2 5 6
u1 = v1 = w1 = u2 = v2 = w2 = u5 = v5 = w5 = u6 = v6 = w6 = 0 347
8 1256 KK 1 6 13 18
1 6 13 18 KK(2424) k
pMATLAB \
>>k=KK([7:12,19:24],[7:12,19:24]);
>>p=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1e5,0,0,-1e5]'
>>u=k\p
u = 1.0e-003 *
0.1249
-0.0485
-0.4024
0.1314
0.0858
-0.4460
0.1343
0.1353
-0.0715
0.0681
-0.4031
-0.4742
[]
[]
4-10
4-10
u3 0.124910-3
u7 0.131410-3
v3 -0.048510-3
v7 0.085810-3
w3 -0.402410-3
w7 -0.446010-3
u4 0.134310-3
u8 0.135310-3
v4 -0.071510-3
v8 0.068110-3
157
w4 -0.403110-3
w8 -0.474210-3
()
U(241) P(241)(4-192)
>>U=[zeros(6,1);u([1:6]);zeros(6,1);u(7:12)];
>>P=KK*U
P = 1.0e+005 *
0.3372
1.3774
0.1904
-0.4202
1.2892
-0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000 -0.0000
-0.4745
-1.3774
0.5604
0.5575 -1.2892
-0.0000
-0.0000
-1.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
0.4984
-0.0000
0.7509
-1.0000
[]
[]
[]
[]
(4-193) 4-11
4-11
R1x = 0.3372 105 N
R5 x = 0.4745 105 N
R1 y = 1.3774 105 N
R5 y = 1.3774 105 N
R1z = 0.1904 105 N
R5 z = 0.5604 105 N
R2 x = 0.4202 105 N
R6 x = 0.5575 105 N
R2 y = 1.2892 105 N
R6 y = 1.2892 105 N
R2 z = 0.4984 105 N
R6 z = 0.7509 105 N
6
U(241)
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress
>>u1=[U(1:3);U(10:12);U(4:6);U(16:18)];
>>stress1 = Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,0,0,0,0.2,0.8,0,0.2,0,0,0.2,0,0.6,u1)
stress1 = 1.0e+006 *
-0.3574
-1.0721
-0.3574
0.6717 -2.0155
0
[]
>>u2=[U(1:3);U(10:12);U(7:9);U(19:21)];
>> stress2= Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,0,0,0,0.2,0.8,0,0,0.8,0,0,0.8,0.6,u2)
stress2 = 1.0e+006 *
0.0314
-0.8298
-0.9260
0.1649 -1.1170
0.0294
[]
>> u3=[U(16:21);U(13:15);U(1:3)];
>> stress3=Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,0.2,0,0.6,0,0.8,0.6,0,0,0.6,0,0,0,u3)
stress3 = 1.0e+006 *
0.4289
1.2867
0.4289
0.6568 -2.2301
0
[]
>> u4=[U(16:21);U(22:24);U(10:12)];
>> stress4=Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,0.2,0,0.6,0,0.8,0.6,0.2,0.8,0.6,0.2,0.8,0,u4)
stress4 = 1.0e+006 *
0.1046
0.6272
-1.0012
0.3233 -1.4402
-0.5562
[]
>> u5=[U(1:3);U(10:12);U(16:21)];
>> stress5=Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,0,0,0,0.2,0.8,0,0.2,0,0.6,0,0.8,0.6,u5)
stress5 = 1.0e+006 *
-0.0179
-0.0060
-0.3636
-0.9083 -1.5986
0.4192
[]
158
4-12
4-12
x = -0.3574MPa
y = -1.0721MPa
z = -0.3574MPa
xy = 0.6717MPa
yz = 2.0155MPa
zx = 0MPa
x = 0.0314MPa
y = -0.8298MPa
z = -0.9260MPa
xy = 0.1649MPa
yz = 1.1170MPa
zx = 0.0294MPa
x = 0.4289MPa
y = 1.2867MPa
z = 0.4289MPa
xy = 0.6568MPa
yz = 2.2301MPa
zx = 0MPa
x = 0.1046MPa
y = 0.6272MPa
z = -1.0012MPa
xy = 0.3233MPa
yz = 1.4402MPa
zx = 0.5562MPa
x = -0.0179MPa
y = -0.0060MPa
z = -0.3636MPa
xy = -0.9083MPa
yz = 1.5986MPa
zx = 0.4192MPa
ANSYS 4.8.1(2) 4
MATLAB 4.8.1(1) ANSYS .
4-22 5 4
(1) ANSYS()
): TBrickRun OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element TypeAdd/Edit/Delete Add SolidBrick
8node 45 OK ( Element Types ) Close
(4)
Elastic Isotropic: EX:1e10()PRXY: 0.25 () OK U
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Node In Active CS NODE : 1,

X,Y,Z : 0,0,0 Apply 2 8 8
159
OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Element User Numberd Thru
Nodes Number to assign to element: 1 1426 OK Thru Nodes
Number to assign to element: 2 1437 OK
5 OK
(6)
78 Z
Nodes 7 OK Direction of Force: FZ
VALUE-1e5 Apply 8 Direction of Force: FZVALUE-1e5 OK
1256
Nodes OK Lab2 All DOFs () OK
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS OK Should The Solve Command be
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Nodal Solution DOF Solution
Displacement vector sum OK ( Matlab )
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Reaction Solu All items OK (
Matlab )
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc List Results Element Solution Stress X
component of stress OK ( Matlab )
(9)
2
!%%%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ] 4_8_1(2) %%%%% begin %%%%
/PREP7
!=====
ET,1,SOLID45
MP,EX,1,1e10
MP,PRXY,1,0.25
!------ 8
N,1,0,0,0,,,,
N,2,0.2,0,0,,,,
N,3,0,0.8,0,,,,
N,4,0.2,0.8,0,,,,
N,8,0.2,0.8,0.6,,,,
N,7,0,0.8,0.6,,,,
N,6,0.2,0,0.6,,,,
N,5,0,0,0.6,,,,
!------
EN,1,1,4,2,6
EN,2,1,4,3,7
EN,3,6,7,5,1
EN,4,6,7,8,4
!
!(SOLID45)
!
!
! 1,(0,0,0)
! 1,4,2,6 1 5
160

EN,5,1,4,6,7
FINISH
!=====
/SOLU
F,7,FZ,-100000,,,
F,8,FZ,-100000,,,
D,1, ,0, ,2, ,ALL, , , , ,
D,5, ,0, ,6, ,ALL, , , , ,
SOLVE
FINISH
! 7 FZ, -100000
! 8 FZ, -100000
! 1 2
! 5 6
!
!
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
!()
!%%%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ] 4_8_1(2) %%%%% end %%%%
4.8.2 8
4-23 F
E = 1 1010 Pa, =0.25, t =0.2m, F =1 105 N MATLAB 8
(a)
4-23
(b)
1
8 4-23(b)
4-13
4-13
0.2
0.2
0.8
161
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
q e = [u1
(241)
v1
w1 u2
v2
w2 " u8
v8
w8 ]T
4-194
Py 8
Pz 8 ]T
4-195
Pe = [ Px1
(241)
Py1
Pz1
Px 2
Py 2
Pz 2 " Px 8
Pz 6 = Pz 7 = F = 1 10 N Px1 = Rx1 Py1 = Ry1 Pz1 = Rz1

5
Px 4 = Rx 4 Py 4 = Ry 4 Pz 4 = Rz 4 Px 5 = Rx 5 Py 5 = Ry 5 Pz 5 = Rz 5 Px8 = Rx 8 Py 8 = Ry 8
Pz 8 = Rz 8
2()
MATLAB E NU
Hexahedral3D8Node_Stiffness k1 (2424)
>>E=1.0e10;
>>NU=0.25;
>>lx=0.2;
>>ly=0.8;
>>lz=0.6;
>>k1=Hexahedral3D8Node_ElementStiffness(E,NU,lx,0,0,lx,ly,0,0,ly,0,0,0,0,lx,0,lz,lx,ly,lz,0,ly,lz,0,0,lz);
3
8 24 K K(24
24) KK Hexahedral3D8Node_Assembly
KK k1
>>KK=zeros(24,24);
>>KK=Hexahedral3D8Node_Assembly(KK,k1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8);
4
4-23(b) 1 4 5 8
u1 = v1 = w1 = 0, u4 = v4 = w4 = 0, u5 = v5 = w5 = 0, u8 = v8 = w8 = 0
2 3 6 7 4 KK 4 9
4 9 4 9 16 21 16 21 4 9 16 21 16 21
KK(2424) k p
MATLAB \
162

>> k=[KK(4:9,4:9),KK(4:9,16:21);KK(16:21,4:9),KK(16:21,16:21)];
>> p=[0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;-1e5;0;0;-1e5];
>> u=k\p
u = 1.0e-003 *
0.0223
-0.2769
-0.6728
-0.0223 -0.2769
-0.6728
-0.0129
0.3108
-0.7774
0.0129
0.3108
-0.7774
[]
[]
u2 = 0.0223, v2 = -0.2769, w2 = -0.6728,

u3 = -0.0223, v3 = -0.2769, w3 = -0.6728,
u6 = -0.0129, v6 = 0.3108, w6 = -0.7774,
u7 = 0.0129, v7 = 0.3108, w7 = -0.7774,

5
K q = P
(
) U(241)
P(241)
>> U=[0;0;0;u(1:6);0;0;0;0;0;0;u(7:12);0;0;0];
>> P=KK*U
P = 1.0e+005 *
-0.2509
1.3333
0.6938
-0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.2509
0.3455
-1.3333
0.3062
-0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-1.0000
-0.3455
0.0000
1.3333
-0.0000
-1.3333
0.0000
0.6938
-1.0000
0.3062
[]
[]
[]
[]
4-195 N
Rx1 = -0.2509, Ry1 = 1.3333, Rz1 = 0.6938,
Rx 4 = 0.2509, Ry 4 = 1.3333, Rz 4 = 0.6938,
Rx 5 = 0.3455, Ry 5 = -1.3333, Rz 5 = 0.3062,

Rx 8 = -0.3455, Ry 8 = -1.3333, Rz 8 = 0.3062,
6
U(241)
Hexahedral3D8Node_Stress
>> u1=U(1:24);
>>stress1=Hexahedral3D8Node_Stress(E,NU,lx,0,0,lx,ly,0,0,ly,0,0,0,0,lx,0,lz,lx,ly,lz,0,ly,lz,0,0,lz,u1)
stress1 = 1.0e+006 *
0.0197
0.0000
-0.8673
-0.0000
-1.6667
-0.0000
1
163
[]
x = 19700Pa, y = 0Pa, z = 867300Pa, xy = 0Pa, yz = 1666700Pa, zx = 0Pa

ANSYS 4.8.2(2) 8
4-23(b) 8
(1) ANSYS()
): 3D8nodeRun OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element TypeAdd/Edit/Delete Add SolidBrick 8node
45 OKClose
(4)
Elastic Isotropic: EX:1.0e10 ()PRXY: 0.25 () OK U
(5)
8
X:0.2,Y:0,Z:0 ApplyNode number 2 X:0.2,Y:0.8,Z:0 ApplyNode number 3 X:0,Y:0.8,Z:0
ApplyNode number 4 X:0,Y:0,Z:0ApplyNode number 5 X:0.2,Y:0,Z:0.6 ApplyNode
number 6 X:0.2,Y:0.8,Z:0.6 ApplyNode number 7 X:0,Y:0.8,Z:0.6ApplyNode number 8
X:0,Y:0,Z:0.6OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Elem Attributes Element
type number:1 Material number:1 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Auto Numbered Thru
Nodes Min,Max,Inc,1,8OK
(6)
4 x,y,z
1458 OK Lab2 DOFs: UXUY UZ VALUE0 OK
Z
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On Nodes
67 OK Direction: FZ VALUE: 1.0e5 OK
(7)
(8)
OK ( Plot Results) Contour Plot Nodal Solu Stress, Von Mises, Def + Undeformed OK
()
164

(9)
2
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ] 4_8_2(2) %%%%%
/prep7
begin %%%%%%
!=====
ET,1,SOLID45
!(SOLID45)
MP,EX,1,1.0e10
!
MP,PRXY,1,0.25
!
!-------- 8
lx=0.2
! lx
ly=0.8
! ly
lz=0.6
! lz
N,1,lx,0,0,,,,
! 1,(lx,0,0)
N,2,lx,ly,0,,,,
N,3,0,ly,0,,,,
N,4,0,0,0,,,,
N,5,lx,0,lz,,,,
N,6,lx,ly,lz,,,,
N,7,0,ly,lz,,,,
N,8,0,0,lz,,,,
!------
TYPE,1
! 1
MAT,1
! 1
TSHAP,QUA8
! 8 3D ()
E,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
! 8
!-------
D,1,,,,,,UX,UY,UZ,,,
! 1
D,4,,,,,,UX,UY,UZ,,,
D,5,,,,,,UX,UY,UZ,,,
D,8,,,,,,UX,UY,UZ,,,
!-------
F,6,FZ,-1.0e5
! 6 , FZ=-1.0e5
F,7,FZ,-1.0e5
! 7 , FZ=-1.0e5
!=====
/solu
!
solve
!
finish
!
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
!()
finish
!
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ] 4_8_2(2) %%%%%
end %%%%%%
4.9
z
z
z
z
(3 4 )
(3 4 )
165
z
z
(4 8 )
(Gauss )
4.10
4-1
20 10 10
= 10 20 10 MPa
10 10 20
Mises
4-2 280MPa
4-2
4-2
xx (MPa)
yy (MPa)
xy (MPa)
140
140
105
105
105
140
-14
70
-56
4-3
u ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + 2 y 2 + 6 xy ) 104
v( x, y ) = (3x + 6 y y ) 10
2
x = 1 , y = 0 xx , yy , xy
4-4
u ( x, y ), v( x, y ) xx , yy , xy
4-4
166
4-5
4-5
4-6 ( x, y )
( , ) = (1, 0.5) ( x, y )
4-6
4-7
4-7
1 i, j , m K
K (1)
(1)
6
2
6
8 0 6
16
0
0
12
4
13.5 4.5 7.5 4.5

=
13.5 1.5 1.5
sym.
9.5 1.5
5.5
167
2 K
(2)
4-8
4-8
4-9
1
( xx xx + yy yy + xy xy ) tdA
2
1
+ kv 2 ( x = a, y = 0) p ( x ) vds
s
2
A t k v y v( x = a, y = 0)
4-9
4-10 4-9 p( x) = 100 N / cm
4-11 ANSYS 4.3.2(4)
168
5.1
(bandwidth)(nodal numbering)
2
6
1
i
5
8
5-1
2D
5-1 2D i
qi = [u3
v3 u5
v5 u6
v6 ]T
(5-1)
(5-1)(5-2)
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4 u5 v5 u6 v6 u7 v7 u8 v8

K=

u1
v
1
u2
v2
u3
v3
u
4
v4
u
5
v5
u6
v6
u7
v
7
u8
v
8
(5-2)
DOF
169
(semi bandwidth)
di = ( i1) ,
d = max {di }
i
( i = 1, 2,3,
, n)
(5-3)
(5-4)
n 2D 2 3D 3
5.2
5.2.1
4.3
u ( x) = N1 ( x)u1 + N 2 ( x)u2 = N( x)q e

(5-5)
u1u2 N1 ( x), N 2 ( x) 1 2 N( x)
N ( x ) = [ N1 ( x) N 2 ( x) ]
1.
u1 = 1, u2 = 0 , (5-5)
u ( x) = N1 ( x)
(5-6)
(5-6) 1 N1 ( x) 1 1
2.
u1 = 0, u2 = 1 (5-5)
u ( x) = N 2 ( x)
(5-7)
5.2.1(1) 10/1
N i i 1 0 , 5-2
5-2
1D
3.
u0
170
u0
u ( x ) = u0
u1 = u2 = u0
(5-8)
(5-5),
u0 = N1 ( x)u0 + N 2 ( x)u0
(5-9)
u0
N1 ( x ) + N 2 ( x ) = 1
(5-10)
5.2.1(2) 2 1
N ( x) = 1
i =1
(5-11)
5.2.2
2 ,
k11
k
21
k12 u1 p1
=
k22 u2 p2
(5-12)
1.
u1 = 1, u2 = 0 , (5-12)
k11 = p1
(5-13)
k11 2 1
1 5-3(a)
(a)
k11
(b) k12
5-3
5.2.2(1) 1 1/0
171
kii i ( ui = 1 )
0 i
2.
u1 = 0, u2 = 1 ,(5-12)
k12 = p1
(5-14)
k12 1 2
1 5-3(b)
5.2.2(2) 2 1/0
kij ( i j ) j
( u j = 1 ), 0 , i
5.2.2(3) 3
(symmetry)
T
K eT = e BT DBd = e BT DBd = K e
(5-15)
reciprocal theorem of work Betti-Maxwell
kij k ji
1 kij = 1 k ji kij = k ji
5.2.2(4) 4
(positive Semi-definite)
1
U = q eT K eq e
2
1
= ( k11u12 + + k1i u1ui + + k1nu1un +
2
+ k j1u j u1 + + k ji u j ui + + k jnu j un +
+ kn1un u1 +
=
q = [u1
e
+ kni unui +
+ knnunun )
1 n n
kij uiu j
2 i =1 j =1
u2
(5-16)
un ] U qe
T
(5-16) Ke
q q = 0 U
positive definite
qe0 U0
e
|K |0 kii>0
e
172
3.
(
)(5-12)
p1 , p2
u1 = c1(1)
u2 = c2(1)
(5-17)
p1p2
u1 = c1(1) + u0 = c1( 2)
u2 = c2(1) + u0 = c2( 2)
(5-18)
u0
k11
k
21
k12 c1( 0) p1
=
k22 c2( 0) p2
(5-19)
k11
k
21
k12 c1( 2) p1
=
k22 c2( 2) p2
(5-20)
k12 c1( 2) c1(1) 0
=
k22 c2( 2) c2(1) 0
(5-21)
(5-20)(5-19)
k11
k
21
( 2)
c1
c1(1) , c2( 2) c1(1) (5-21)()

k11
k21
k12
=0
k22
(5-22)
(5-18)(5-21)
k11 u0 + k12 u0 = 0
k21 u0 + k22 u0 = 0
(5-23)
k11 + k12 = 0
k21 + k22 = 0
(5-24)
1 2 (5-24)
5.2.2(5)
(singularity) K
= 0
5.2.2(6) 6()
( C0
)
173
(a) (b)
(c)(d) (spars matrix)(e) (banded)
C1 5.5
5.2.2(7)
5.2.2(7)
5-4
5-4
v ( x ) = N1v1 + N 21 + N 3v2 + N 4 2
= Nq
(5-25)
N = [N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ] q = [v1 1 v2 2 ]
T
C0 ( [v1 v2 ] )
C1 ( [1
2 ] )
C0
case 1
(a)
(b) 1
5-5
174
5-5(a) v0
v ( x ) = v0
(5-26)
v1 = v2 = v0 , 1 = 2 = 0
(5-27)
(5-26)(5-27)(5-25)
v ( x ) = N1 v0 + N 3 v0 = v0
(5-28)
N1 + N 3 = 1
(5-29)
2
3
x
x
N1 = 1 3 + 2
l
l
2
3
x
x
N3 = 3 2
l
l
(5-30)
v0
3.3.2
(5-29)(5-29)(5-29)
case 2
5-5(b) 1 0
v ( x ) = 0 x
(5-31)
v1 = 0
v2 = 0 l
1 = 0
2 = 0
(5-32)
(5-31)(5-32)(5-25)
v ( x ) = N1 0 + N 2 0 + N 3 0 l + N 4 0 = 0 x
(5-33)
N 2 + N 4 + N3 l = x
175
(5-34)
x
N 2 + N 4 = x N3 l = l N3
l
(5-35)
N 2 + N 4 = l + N1 1
l
(5-36)
(5-29)
(5-29)(5-36) C0
= 1
case 3
5-6
5-6 1 0 ,
v0
v ( x ) = v0 + 0 x
(5-37)
v1 = v0
v2 = v0 + 0 l
1 = 0
2 = 0
(5-38)
(5-37)(5-38)(5-25)
N1 v0 + N 2 0 + N3 ( v0 + 0 l ) + N 4 0 = v0 + 0 x
(5-39)
( N1 + N3 ) v0 + ( N 2 + N 4 ) 0 + N3 0l = v0 + 0 x
(5-40)
(5-29)
N 2 + N 4 = x N 3l
(5-41)
case 2
C0
176
C1
N1 + N 3 = 1
(5-42)
C1
N 2 + N 4 = x N 3l
5.3
(5-43)
BC(u)
qa = 0
(5-44)
qa = u
(5-45)
()
K aa
K
ba
K ab q a p a Fa + R a
=
=
K bb q b pb Fb
K ij
q a F = [Fa
(5-46)
Fa ]T qb () R a
p a
1
5.3(1)
(1) qa =0
qa =0(5-46)
K bb q b = pb
(5-47)
q b
qb = K bb 1pb = K bb 1Fb
(5-48)
(2) qa = u
(5-46)
K aa q a + K ab q b = p a
K ba q a + K bb q b = pb
(5-49)
K bbq b = pb K ba u
(5-51)
(5-50)
qa = u (5-50)
q b
qb = K bb 1 (pb K ba u) = K bb 1 (Fb K ba u)
177
(5-52)
(a) qa =0 qa = u
(b)
(c) ()
(d)
5.3(2)
r q r = 0
krr = 1 krs = ksr = 0 (r s )
pr = 0,
1 2
1
2
r 0 0
0
0
0
0
krr = 1
0
0
0
0 0
q1 p1
q p
2 2

q r = p r = 0

(5-53)
(5-53) q r = 0
(5-53) r
krr qr = pr
(5-54)
krr = 1, pr = 0
qr = 0
(5-55)
(5-53) r r
0 q r = 0
q r = 0
1
(a) q r = 0
(b)
(c)
5.3(3)
r qr = u
krr pr krr u ,
178
1
1
2
k r1
k rr
kr 2
q1 p1
q
2 p2

k u
q r = rr

(5-56)
5-56 qr = u
5-56 r
krr >> kri
kr1q1 + kr 2 q2 + + krr qr + + krn qn = krr u

(i = 1, 2, 3 .... r 1, r + 1... n)
krr qr krr u
(5-57)
(5-58)
qr u
(5-59)
5-56 r qr u
qr u
(a) q r = 0 q r = u
(b)
(c)
5.3(4)
5-46
5-495-50
qb 5-49 Pa(
R a )
R a = p a Fa = (K aa q a + K abqb ) Fa
5.3(5)
(5-60)
Lagrange
()
C11u1 + C12u2 + C13u3 +

C21u1 + C22u2 + C23u3 +
= d1
= d2
(5-61)
Cq = d
179
(5-62)
C d q = [u1 u2 u3
]T
1
= qT Kq FT q
2
(5-63)
K F 5-61
(Lagrangian multiplier
algorithm)
*
* = + T (Cq - d)
1
= qT Kq FT q + T (Cq d)
2
(5-64)
5-64
* =
*
*
q +
= 0
q
(5-65)
*
= 0
q
*
= 0
(5-66)
Kq + CT = F
Cq = d
(5-67)
K CT q F
=
C 0 d
(5-68)
5-645-66

5-67 q 5-67
CK 1CT = d CK 1F
(5-69)
5-67 F
5-69
5-68 C
ui j
180
j ui C C ji 0
j
5.3(6)
(penalty function approach)

(5-62)()
1
1
* = qT Kq FT q + S (Cq d)2
2
2
(5-70)
S S (Cq d) 0
*
* / q = 0
Kq F + SCT (Cq d) = 0
(5-71)
(K + SCT C)q = F + SCT d
(5-72)
K *q = F*
(5-73)
K = K + SC C F = F + SC d K F
*
K
K
5.3(7)
5-7 2 3 4
45 (inclined support) 4
(a)
(b)
5-7
181
5-7b4-65
E = 2 10 MPa, = 0.25, t = 0.1m, a = b = 1m 2
5
u1
v1
u4
v4
0.45833 0.15625 0.041667 0.03125 u1 Pu1 Fu1 10MN

16 Et 0.15625 0.45833 0.03125 0.27083 v1 Pv1 Fv1 10MN
=
=
=
15 0.041667 0.03125 0.45833 0.15625 u4 Pu 4 Fu 4 + Ru 4 Ru 4

0.03125 0.27083 0.156625 0.45833 v4 Pv 4 Fv 4 + Rv 4 Rv 4
(5-74)
Ru 4 , Rv 4 4
u4 = v4
(5-75)
Ru 4 = Rv 4
(5-76)
(5-74) 4 4 u1 , v1 , u4 , Ru 4
n 1
(5-75)(5-76)(5-74)
u1
v1
u4
0.45833 0.15625 0.072917 u1 10MN

16 Et
0.15625 0.45833 0.30208 v1 = 10MN
15
0.072917 0.30208 0.60416 u4 0
(5-77)
15
=0.53178 10-3 m
16Et
15
v1 = 25.4280
=0.1192 10-2 m
16Et
15
u4 = 11.3448
=0.53178 10-3m
16Et
u1 = 11.3448
(5-78)
(5-78) (5-74) 3
Ru 4 = 3.105MN
(5-77)
o 2
4 5-7(a)
182
cos 450
0
sin 45
sin 450 u4 u4
=
cos 450 v4 v4
cos 450
0
sin 45
sin 450 Ru 4 Ru 4
=
cos 450 Rv 4 Rv 4
(5-79)
5-80
u4 , v4 Ru 4 , R v 4 4 5-74
T
u1
v1
u4
v4
0.45833 0.15625 0.041667 0.03125 u1 10MN

16 Et T 0.15625 0.45833 0.03125 0.27083 v1 10MN
T
T
=
0.041667 0.03125 0.45833 0.15625 u4 0
15

0.03125 0.27083 0.15625 0.45833 v4 Rv 4
5-81
1
0
T=
0
0
0
1
0
0 cos 450
0 sin 450
0
0
sin 450
cos 450
(5-82)
v4 = 0 Ru 4 = 0
5-83
v4 = 0 (5-81)
u1
v1
u4
0.45833 0.15625 0.04167
16 Et 0.15625 0.45833 0.03125

15 0.04167 0.03125 0.45833
0
0
0
v4
0 u1 10MN
0 v1 10MN
=
0 u4 0

1 v4 0
5-84
5-84
15
=0.53178 10-3 m
16Et
15
v1 = 25.4280
=0.1192 10-2 m
16Et
15
u4 = 16.0649
16Et
u1 = 11.3448
5-85
5-79
u4 = v4 =0.53178 10-3 m
183
5-86
p
5-75
u1
v
u4 v4 = 0 [ 0 0 1 1] 1 = 0 cq = d
u4

v4
(5-87)
(5-68)
0.45833 0.15625 0.041667

0.15625 0.45833 0.03125
16 Et
0.041667 0.03125 0.45833
15
0.03125 0.27083 0.15625
0
0
15 /16 Et
0.03125
0
0.27083
0
0.15625 15 /16 Et
0.45833 -15 /16 Et
15 /16 Et
0
u1 10MN
v 10MN
1
u4 = 0

v4 0
0
(5-88)
(5-88)
K q = F
( 55) ( 51)
q = [ u1
v1 u4
v4
(5-89)
( 51)
] K
T
(5-89)
15
=0.53178 10-3 m
16Et
15
v1 = 25.4280
=0.1192 10-2 m
16Et
15
u4 = 11.3448
=0.53178 10-3 m
16Et
=-3.1051MN
u1 = 11.3448
(5-90)
= Ru 4
q
u4 v4 = 0
(5-91)
(5-70)
1
1
* = qT Kq FT q + S (u4 v4 ) 2
2
2
S
*
184
(5-92)
u1
v1
u4
v4
0.041667
0.45833 0.15625
0.15625 0.45833
0.03125
16 Et
15 0.041667 0.03125 0.45833 + S
0.03125 0.27083 0.156625 S
0.03125 u1 10MN
0.27083 v1 10MN
=
0.15625 S u4 0

0.45833 + S v4 0
(5-93)
S=1000
15
16Et
15
v1 = 25.4296
16Et
15
u4 = 11.3441
16Et
15
v4 = 11.3472
16Et
u1 = 11.3441
(5-94)
S=100000
15
16Et
15
v1 = 25.4280
16Et
15
u4 = 11.3448
16Et
15
v4 = 11.3448
16Et
u1 = 11.3448
(5-95)
S 5-78(5-85)(5-90)(5-94)
(5-95)(5-93)
ANSYS 5.3(8)
5-7 ANSYS
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory Initial
jobname:Plane support() Run OK
(2)
(3)
185
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete... Add Solid: Quad

4node 42 OK Element Types Type 1 PLANE42 OptionsK3:Plane strs w/thk(
) OK Close
(4)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Real Constants Add Type 1 PLANE42 OK
Real Constants Set No: 1,THK:0.1 Close ( Real Constants )
(5)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Material Props Material Models Structural Linear
Isotropic EX: 2E5, PRXY:0.25() OK Close
(6)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS Node

number:1XYZ Location in active CS:220 Apply 3
0200002005.3(7)o
4 THXY 45 UY=0

MAT,1,TYPE,1 PLANE42,REAL,1
OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Auto Numbered

Thru Nodes 1234 ()
(7)
XY
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply -Structural Displacement
On Nodes
23 OK Lab2: All DOF( XY ) OK
n
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Coupling/ Ceqn Constraint Eqn Const :0, NODE1:4, Lab1:
UX,C1:1,NODE2:4,Lab2:UY,C2:1 OK
o
ANSYS Utility MenuWorkPlane Local Coordinate System Create local system At specified
LOC + OK XCYCZC 200,THXY45 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor modeling Move / Modify Rotate Node CS To active CS
4
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement
On Nodes
4 OK Lab2:UY( Y ) OK
(8)
Nodes 1 OK LabFX, Value: 10 Apply 1 OK Lab
186
FY, Value: 10 OK
(9)
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Analysis Type New Analysis Static OK
(10)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu Nodal
solution DOF Solution Displacement vector sum OK()
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc List Results Nodal Solu Nodal solution DOF
Solution Displacement vector sum OK()
(11)
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]5_3(8) %%%% begin %%%%%

/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
MP,EX,1,2E5
! 1
MP,PRXY,1,0.25
! 1
ET,1,PLANE42
! 1
KEYOPT,1,3,3
R,1,0.1
! No.1 0.1
N,1,2,2
! 1
N,2,,2
! 2
N,3,,,
! 3
N,4,2,,
! 4
!-------- 5.3(7)o---begin --!N,4,2,,,45
! 4 z 45
!D,4,UY
!-------- 5.3(7)o---end --MAT,1
! No.1
TYPE,1
! No.1
REAL,1
! No.1
E,1,2,3,4
D,2,ALL
! 2
D,3,ALL
! 3
!-------,
!--- 1 begin----
CE,1,0,4,UX,1,4,UY,-1
!(No.1): 0=node4_UX*1+node_UY*(-1)
!--- 1 end --!--- 2 begin --

!local,11,0,2,0,0,45
! 4
187

!nrotat, 4
! 4
!D,4,UY
!--- 2 end
!------
F,1,FX,10
! FX
F,1,FY,10
! FY
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
!()
finish
!
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]5_3(8) %%%% end %%%%%
5.4
5.4.1
(displacement model)
(1) DOF
3 DOF 6
u v 4 8
(2)
(3)
2 3
(Pascal
triangle)( 5-8 5-9)
188
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-10
5.4.2
(convergence) 5-11
1 2 1 2 3
(correct solution) 4
(monotonic convergence)
(upper bound)(lower bound) 5
(divergence)
5-11
189
(convergence criterion)
1x
1x, y
1x, y, z
1x, x2
1x, y, x2, xy, y2
5.4.3
5.4.3(1) 1(
m
m
5-8 5-9 m
5.4.3(2) 2(
m
(m-1) Cm-1
5.4.3(3)
= U W =
1
( xx xx + yy yy + xy xy )d
2
b x u + b y v d +
190
Sp
( p u + p v ) dA
x
(5-96)
b x , b y , p x , p y xx = u x
yy = v y xy = (u y + v x )
u, v 1 m=1 1
u ( x, y ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y
(5-97)
v( x, y ) = b0 + b1 x + b2 y
(5-98)
3 4
(5-97)(5-98)
2 3 4 C0
5.4.3(4)
d 2v
1
= U W = EI z 2 dx p ( x)iv( x)dx
l
2 l
dx
(5-99)
v 2 m=2
1
v( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
(5-100)
v( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3
(5-101)
1
2 C1
5.4.3(5) 3
3
u = a1 x + a2 xy + a3 y
v = a4 x + a5 xy + a6 y
(5-102)
()((m=1))
()
(m-1=0)
(5-102) xy
xy
191
u
= a1 + a2 y
x
v
yy = = a5 x + a6
y
u v
xy = + = a2 x + a3 + a4 + a5 y
y x
xx =
a2 = a5 = 0 xx = a1
(5-103)
yy = a6 xy = a3 + a4
xx y yy x
xy
E
( a1 + a2 y + ( a5 x + a6 ) )
1 2
E
yy =
( a5 x + a6 + ( a1 + a2 y ) )
1 2
E
xy =
( a2 x + a3 + a4 + a5 y )
2 (1 + )
xx =
(5-104)
xx , yy , xy
5.5
C0 C1
5.5(1)
C0
C0 C0 element() 1
0 5-12
2 C0
5.5(2)
C1
C1 C1 element() 2
1 1
5-13 2 C1
192
5-12
5-13
5.6
5.6.1
C0
C1
1
2
= U W = qT Kq PT q
(5-105)
= 0
Kq = P
(5-106)
(5-106)(5-105)
1
2
1
2
= qT Kq PT q = qT Kq = U =
193
W
2
(5-107)
exact
appr appr exact (5-107)
U appr U exact
(5-108)
q appr K appr
K appr q appr = P
(5-109)
q exact K exact
K exact q exact = P
(5-110)
U appr = qTappr K appr q appr
1 T
U exact = q exact K exact q exact
(5-111)
1 T
1
q appr K appr q appr qTexact K exact q exact
2
2
(5-112)
(5-108)
(5-109)(5-110)(5-112)
qTappr P qTexact P
(5-113)
5.6.1(1)
(5-113)
q appr q exact (upper limit)

5.6.1(2)
(stiffening)
(
)()
194
5.6.1(3)
u
u = ui + (
u
u
) i x + ( ) i y + ...
x
y
(5-114)
h x, y h
p Taylor p
u O(h
p +1
) 3
2
p1 u O(h ) O(h )
u (1/2)2=1/4
m O(h p m +1 )
p=m=1 O (h )
O (h 2 ( p m +1) ) O (h 2 )
h 0
u1
u2 O(h s ) u
u1 u
O(h s )
=
u2 u O((h / 2) s )
(5-115)
s=2
u1 u
O (h 2 )
=
=4
u2 u O (( h / 2) 2 )
(5-116)
u=
1
( 4u2 u1 )
3
(5-117)
()
5.6.2
195
(weighted average)(smoothing)
5.6.2(1)
i kl (i )
e
kl (i ) =
1 r e
kl (i)
r e =1
(5-118)
kl (i ) i 1 ~ r
5.6.2(2)
kl (i ) =
1 r e e
kl (i)
r e =1
3D
Ae
e =1
e
, 2D
= r
e =1
e =
(5-119)
Ae
(5-120)
A 2D 3D
e
5.7
()
(high-order element)
5.7.1
5.7.1(1)
1D
196
(high-order polynomial) 5-14 1D

(natural coordinate) 5-14(a)2 5-14(b) 5-14cd
5-14
1D
5-14(c)
1D 3 (DOF)
q e = [u1 u2
u3 ]
(31)
(5-121)
u ( x) = a1 + a2 x + a3 x 2
(5-122)
= N qe
(13) (31)
N = [ N1
N2
N3 ]
1
x
x
N1 = (1 2 )(1 ) = 2( )(1 )
2
l
l
x
x
N 2 = 4 (1 ) = 4 (1 )
l
l
1
x
x
N 3 = (1 2 ) = 2 ( )
2
l
l
x
=
l
(5-123)
(5-124)
1D 5-14(a)
L1 =
l1
l
, L2 = 2
l
l
u ( x) = a1' L1 + a2' L2 + a3' L1 L2

= N1u1 + N 2u2 + N 3u3
= N ( L1 , L2 ) q e
5.2.1
197
(5-125)
1 (L1 = 1, L2 = 0)
N1 = 0
1
2 (L1 = L2 = )
2
3 (L1 = 0, L2 = 1)
(5-126)
( L1 + L2 = 1 )
N1 = L1 2 L1 L2 = L1 (2 L1 1)
(5-127)
N 2 = 4 L1 L2
(5-128)
N 3 = L2 (2 L2 1)
(5-129)
( (5-122) (5-125)) ( (5-123)

(5-127)(5-129))
5.7.1(2)
1D
2 C1 ()
v( x) = N1 v1 + N 2
dv
dx
+ N1 v2 + N 4
x = x1
dv
dx
x = x2
2
dv
= H 0(1)i vi + H1(1)
i
dx xi
i =1
= H ki(1) vi( k )
i =1 k = 0
n
= H ki( p ) vi( k )
i =1 k = 0
( p)
H ki
( C1p = 1)
(5-130)
Hermite interpolation
( p)
n k 4
2
v( x) = N1v1 + N 21 + N 3v2 + N 4 2
2
= H ki(1) vi( k )
(5-131)
i =1 k = 0
= H 01(1) v1(0) + H11(1) v1(1) + H 02(1) v2(0) + H12(1) v2(1)

(1)
H 01
, H11(1) , H 02(1) , H12(1)
198
N1 = H 01(1) = 1 3 2 + 2 3
N 2 = H11(1) = 2 2 + 3
(5-132)
N 3 = H 02(1) = 3 2 2 3
N 4 = H12(1) = 3 2
(3-131) l
1 5-15
5-15
2 ()
5.7.2
2D () 2D
2D ()
5.7.2(1)
()
5-16 ijm P
Pjm Pmi Pij Ai A j Am
5-16
Li = Ai / A
L j = Aj / A
Lm = Am / A
(5-133)
A P P( Li , L j , Lm )
199
Li , L j , Lm (area coordinate ) 2D
Ai + A j + Am = A
(5-134)
Li + L j + Lm = 1
(5-135)
(1) i jm Li
(2) i (1,0,0) j (0,1,0) m(0,0,1)
(3)
jm Li = 0 mi L j = 0 ij Lm = 0
(4) (5-135) 2
xy
5.7.2(2)
2D 6
3 6
5-17
5-17
() 6
6 12 (DOF)
q e = [ u1 v1
u6 v6 ]
(121)
(5-136)
u ( x, y ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 x 2 + a5 xy + a6 y 2
(5-137)
v( x, y )
u ( x, y ) = a1' L1 + a2' L2 + a3' L3 + a4' L1 L2 + a5' L2 L3 + a6' L3 L1

= N1u1 + N 2u2 +
+ N 6 u6
200
(5-138)
5.7.2(3)
N1 = (2 L1 1) L1 ,
N 2 = (2 L2 1) L2
N 3 = (2 L3 1) L3 ,
N 4 = 4 L1 L2
N 5 = 4 L2 L3 ,
N 6 = 4 L3 L1
(5-139)
2D
( , )
5-18
r + 1 p + 1
(r + 1) (column) ( p + 1) (row)
5-18
(r + 1) ( p + 1)
I J i N i r + 1
I 1 0
lI( r ) ( ) =
( 0 )( 1 ) ( I 1 )( I +1 ) ( r )
( I 0 )( I 1 ) ( I I 1 )( I I +1 ) ( I r )
(5-140)
lJ( p ) ( ) =
( 0 )( 1 )
( J 0 )( J 1 )
( J 1 )( J +1 )
( J J 1 )( J J +1 )
( p )
( J p )
(5-141)
i N i
Ni = lI( r ) ( )lJ( p ) ( )
(5-142)
N i i 1 0
201
5-19 (Lagrangian
rectangle element)
r=p 5-20
,
r
5-19
5-20
5.7.3
1D 2D 3D 3D
5.7.3(1)
3D 10
4 (inner
node) 5-21
5-21
10
202
10 30 (DOF)
q e = [u1 v1 w1
u10 v10 w10 ]
(301)
(5-143)
4 ( 6 ) 10
u ( x, y , z ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 z + a5 xy + a6 yz
+ a7 xz + a8 x 2 + a9 y 2 + a10 z 2
(5-144)
N i = (2 Li 1) Li ( i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
(5-145)
N 5 = 4 L1 L2 , N 6 = 4 L2 L3
N 7 = 4 L1 L3 , N 8 = 4 L1 L4
N 9 = 4 L2 L4 , N10 = 4 L3 L4
5.7.3(2)
(5-146)
3D 20
5-22 20
3
Serendipity 5-22 20 Serendipity
Ni =
1
(1+ i )(1+
i )(1 + i )( i +
i + i 2)
8
i = 1, 3, 5, 7,13,15,17,19
(5-147)
Ni =
1
1 2 ) (1+
(
i )(1 + i ) ,
4
Ni =
1
1 2 ) (1+ i )(1+ i ) ,
(
4
i = 4, 8,16, 20
(5-149)
Ni =
1
1 2 ) (1+ i )(1+
(
i ),
4
i = 9,10,11,12
(5-150)
203
i = 2, 6,14,18
(5-148)
5-22
20
5.8 h p
h p
[23][24]
5.8(1) h (h-version h-method)
h
( 5-10%)
p 5-23
ANSYS h
ANSYS size level 10
1 5-23(a)(ANSYS size level=10) 5-23(b)(c)
(ANSYS size level=6 size level=2)
(a)size level=10()
5-23
(b) size level=6
(c) size level=2()
5.8(2) p (p-version p-method)
5-24 h p
p h p Weierstrass
204
p<9, h p
5-24
h p
5.9
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
()
(1)
()
()
C0 C1
(
)
()
h p
5.10
5-1 K
5-1
5-2 4
205
u ( x, y ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 xy + a3 x 2
v( x, y ) = b0 + b1 y + b2 xy + b3 y 2
5-3 3 1D
u1 u3
2
5-3
5-4 4
5-5 3
5-6
2 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
MN/m
K = 6.4 103
0 1 2 1
0 0 1 1
q = [0.0033 0.0058 0.0075 0.0085] m
T
5-7 5.3(6) 60
0
5-8 5.3(6) 60
5-9 ANSYS 4
5-9
5-10 5-9 ANSYS 8 16

206
5-9
5-10
207

6
(home-code)[25]
MATLAB ANSYS
FEM2D.m 3
(
ANSYS )
6.1 MATLAB
FEM2D.m 3 ANSYS
node.txt element.txt
constrain.txt force.txt MATLAB 3
FOR_POST.dat ANSYS
ANSYS 6.3
6.1.1
(CST)
Gauss
ANSYS node.txt
ANSYS element.txt
ANSYS FOR_POST.dat
6-1
208
6-1 FEM2D.m
1.
2.
FEM2D.m
node.txt ( ANSYS )
element.txt( ANSYS )
constrain.txt( ANSYS )
force.txt( ANSYS )
ANSYS node.txtelement.txtconstrain.txtforce.txt
6.3
209
FOR_POST.DAT( ANSYS )
FEM2D.m 6-2
6-2 FEM2D.m ANSYS
3.
node.txt 6-1
6-1 node.txt

node.txt(N_NODE,3)
x y
(
(3 0.5 1.2)
)
element.txt 6-2
4 3 ANSYS
14 10 0
6-2

element.txt
element(N_ELE,14)
( 14 4
1() 2() 3()
4()0()0()0()0()0() 0()0(
4 3
)0()0()0
10
(1 4 5
5 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
constrain.txt 6-3 ANSYS
210
6-3 constrain.txt

constrain.txt (nconstrain,4)
()()()
( 4
(1 1
0.00000000
0.00000000 )
1 UX 2 UY
force.txt 6-4 ANSYS
6-4

force.txt

force.txt (nforce,4)
()()()
( 4
(1 1
0.00000000
0.00000000 )
1 UX 2 UY
ANSYS FOR_POST.DAT 6-5

6-5
PARTI
FOR_POST.DAT
( 1
(N_NODE) (N_ELE)
, 2f9.4)
(60000 40000)
PARTII (
(
1 1
7f9.4)
X(I)
Y(I)
RESULT_N(2*I)
y x
x y
(0.0000
RESULT_N(2*I-1)
STS_ND(I,1) STS_ND(I,2) STS_ND(I,3)
2.0000
0.0000
-5.2527
-1.0879
-3.0000
0.4396)
PARTIII
1 1
7f9.4)
IJK_ELE(I,1)
IJK_ELE(I,2)
IJK_ELE(I,3)
STS_ELE(I,1)
STS_ELE(I,2)
2 3
STS_ELE(I,3)
4 x y
(1.0000
0.4396)
211
2.0000
IJK_ELE(I,3)
3.0000
3.0000
-1.0879
-3.0000
6.1.2 MATLAB
MATLAB 6.1.2(1)
FEM2D.m
MATLAB 3
FEM2D.m1

E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\
Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness
Triangle2D3Node_AssemblyTriangle2D3Node_Stress
node.txtelement.txtconstrain.txtforce.txt MATLAB
FEM2D.m
node_displace.dat elem_stress.dat
node_stress.dat ANSYS FOR_POST.dat
MATLAB
%%%%%%%%%%%% FEM2D.m(Triangle2D3Node )%% main program begin %%%%%%%%%%
clear;
%
load E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\node.txt
load E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\element.txt
load E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\constrain.txt
load E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\force.txt
%
[nnode,ntmp]=size(node);
[nelem,etmp]=size(element);
[nforce,ftmp]=size(force);
[nconstrain,ctmp]=size(constrain);
%
%
KKG=zeros(2*nnode);
FFG=zeros(2*nnode,1);
UUG=zeros(2*nnode,1);
StrainElem=zeros(nelem,3);
StressElem=zeros(nelem,3);
StressNode=zeros(nnode,3);
k=zeros(6,6);
%
%
E=1e6;
NU=1/3;
t=1;
ID=1;
%
for i=1:nelem
k=Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t,node(element(i,1),2),node(element(i,1),3) ,node(element(i,2),2),node(eleme
nt(i,2),3) ,node(element(i,3),2),node(element(i,3),3),ID);
KKG =Triangle2D3Node_Assembly(KKG,k,element(i,1),element(i,2),element(i,3));
end
%
KKGOLD=KKG;
%
212
for i=1:nforce
m=force(i,1);
n=force(i,2);
FFG(2*(m-1)+n)= force(i,3);
end
%1
for i=1:nconstrain
m=constrain(i,1);
n=constrain(i,2);
UUG(2*(m-1)+n)=constrain(i,3);
KKG(2*(m-1)+n,:)=0;
KKG(:,2*(m-1)+n)=0;
KKG(2*(m-1)+n,2*(m-1)+n)=1;
FFG(2*(m-1)+n)=0;
end
%
UUG=KKG\FFG;
%
for i=1:nelem
%
l=element(i,1);m=element(i,2);n=element(i,3);
u=[UUG(2*l-1),UUG(2*l),UUG(2*m-1),UUG(2*m),UUG(2*n-1),UUG(2*n)]';
%
stresstemp=Triangle2D3Node_Stress(E,NU,node(element(i,1),2),node(element(i,1),3),node(element(i,2),2),node(e
lement(i,2),3),node(element(i,3),2),node(element(i,3),3),u,ID);
StressElem(i,1)=stresstemp(1,1);
end
%
StressNode=zeros(nnode,3);
for i=1:nnode
numElem=0;
for j=1:nelem
if (element(j,1)==i)
StressNode(i,1)=StressNode(i,1)+StressElem(j,1);
numElem=numElem+1;
elseif (element(j,2)==i)
numElem=numElem+1;
elseif (element(j,3)==i)
numElem=numElem+1;
end
end
StressNode(i,1)=StressNode(i,1)/numElem;
end
213
%
fid=fopen('E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\FOR_POST.dat','w');
fprintf(fid,'%18.8f%18.8f\n',nnode,nelem);
for i=1:nnode
fprintf(fid,'%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f\n',node(i,2),node(i,3),UUG(2*(i-1)+1),UUG(2*(i-1)
+2),StressNode(i,1),StressNode(i,2),StressNode(i,3));
end
for i=1:nelem
fprintf(fid,'%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f\n',element(i,1),element(i,2),element(i,3),element(i,4
),StressElem(i,1),StressElem(i,2),StressElem(i,3));
end
%
fclose(fid);
%
fid=fopen('E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\node_displace.dat','w');
fprintf(fid,'\n%s\n','-------------------- NODE DISPLACEMENT ---------------------------');
fprintf(fid,'\n%s\n','
Node
X-coordinate
Y-coordinate
X-disp
Y-disp
');
for i=1:nnode
fprintf(fid,'%10d%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f\n',node(i,1),node(i,2),node(i,3),UUG(2*(i-1)+1),UUG(2*(i-1)+2));
end
%
fclose(fid);
%
fid=fopen('E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\elem_stress.dat','w');
fprintf(fid,'\n%s\n','-------------------- ELEMENT STRESS
Node
X-stress
----------------------------');
Y-stress
Shear stress ');
for i=1:nelem
fprintf(fid,'%10d%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f\n',element(i,14),StressElem(i,1),StressElem(i,2),StressElem(i,3));
end
%
fclose(fid);
%
fid=fopen('E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\node_stress.dat','w');
fprintf(fid,'\n%s\n','-------------------- NODE STRESS --------------------------');
Node
X-stress
Y-stress
Shear stress ');
for i=1:nnode
fprintf(fid,'%10d%18.8f%18.8f%18.8f\n',node(i,1),StressNode(i,1),StressNode(i,2),StressNode(i,3));
end
%
fclose(fid);
%%%%%%%%%% FEM2D.m(Triangle2D3Node )%% main program end %%%%%
function k=Triangle2D3Node_Stiffness(E,NU,t,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,ID)
%
% E NU t
214

% ID(1 2 )
% k(6X6)
betai = yj-ym;
betaj = ym-yi;
betam = yi-yj;
gammai = xm-xj;
gammaj = xi-xm;
gammam = xj-xi;
if ID == 1
D = (E/(1-NU*NU))*[1 NU 0 ; NU 1 0 ; 0 0 (1-NU)/2];
elseif ID == 2
end
k= t*A*B'*D*B;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function z = Triangle2D3Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m)
%
% k
% Ijm
% KK
%--------------------------------------------------------------DOF(1)=2*i-1;
DOF(2)=2*i;
DOF(3)=2*j-1;
DOF(4)=2*j;
DOF(5)=2*m-1;
DOF(6)=2*m;
for n1=1:6
for n2=1:6
end
end
z=KK;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function stress=Triangle2D3Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,u,ID)
%
% E NU t
% ID(1 2 ) u(6X1)
% stress(3X1) Sx,Sy,Sxy
betai = yj-ym;
betaj = ym-yi;
betam = yi-yj;
gammai = xm-xj;
gammaj = xi-xm;
gammam = xj-xi;
215

if ID == 1
D = (E/(1-NU*NU))*[1 NU 0 ; NU 1 0 ; 0 0 (1-NU)/2];
elseif ID == 2
end
stress = D*B*u;
%-----------------------------------------------------------
6.2
MATLAB 6.2(1) (FEM2D.m)
6-3(a)
p = 1000N/m y 2000N t = 1m
E = 1 10 N/m = 0 FEM2D.m
6
(a)
6-3
(b) 1/4
1
x y 1/4
6-3(b)
2()
3
216
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 u1 Rx1 500
1 0 1 1
2 0 2
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v1 1500
6 1
4
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 u2 Rx 2

0
1
2 0 2 1 0 0 0 v2
6
6
1 0 0 2 1 0 1 u3 1000

6 0 0 1 4 0 0 v3 1000 (6-1)
Et
=
3 1 2 1 0 0 u4 Rx 4
4

3 0 1 0 0 v4 Ry 4
0

6 1 2 1 u5
6 0 1 v5 Ry 5

2 0 u6 500
1 v6 Ry 6 500
Rx1 , Rx 2 , Rx 4 124 Ry 4 , Ry 5 , Ry 6 456
4
u1 = u2 = u4 = v4 = v5 = v6 = 0 1
q=
1
T
[ 0 5.252 0 2.252 1.088 1.372 0 0 0.824 0 1.824 0] 103
Et
= [ 0 5.252 0 2.252 1.088 1.372 0 0 0.824 0 1.824 0] 103 m

T
(6-2)
5
(Pa)
(1)
1088
824
1088
1000
(2)
(3)
(4)
= 3000 , = 2252 , = 1374 , = 1374
0
440
308
132
6 FEM2D.m
node.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.
0.
0.
element.txt
1
2
5
3
2
4
3
5
3
5
2
6
3
5
2
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
217
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(6-3)
constrain.txt
1
2
4
4
5
6
1
1
1
2
2
2
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
force.txt
1
1
3
3
6
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
-500.000000
-1500.00000
-1000.00000
-1000.00000
-500.000000
-500.000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
(7) FEM2D.m
node_displace.dat
-------------------- NODE DISPLACEMENT
---------------------------
Node
X-coordinate
Y-coordinate
X-disp
Y-disp
0.00000000
2.00000000
0.00000000
-0.00525275
0.00000000
1.00000000
0.00000000
-0.00225275
1.00000000
1.00000000
-0.00108791
-0.00137363
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
1.00000000
0.00000000
-0.00082418
0.00000000
2.00000000
0.00000000
-0.00182418
0.00000000
elem_stress.dat
-------------------- ELEMENT STRESS
Node
X-stress
---------------------------Y-stress
Shear stress
-1087.91208791
-3000.00000000
439.56043956
-824.17582418
-2252.74725275
0.00000000
-1087.91208791
-1373.62637363
307.69230769
-1000.00000000
-1373.62637363
-131.86813187
node_stress.dat
-------------------- NODE STRESS
Node
X-stress
-------------------------Y-stress
Shear stress
-1087.91208791
-3000.00000000
439.56043956
-1000.00000000
-2208.79120879
249.08424908
-1058.60805861
-1915.75091575
205.12820513
-824.17582418
-2252.74725275
0.00000000
-970.69597070
-1666.66666667
58.60805861
-1000.00000000
-1373.62637363
-131.86813187
218
FOR_POST.dat ANSYS
FOR_POST.dat
6.00000000
4.00000000
0.00000000
2.00000000
0.00000000
-0.00525275
-1087.91208791
-3000.00000000
439.56043956
0.00000000
1.00000000
0.00000000
-0.00225275
-1000.00000000
-2208.79120879
249.08424908
1.00000000
1.00000000
-0.00108791
0.00000000
0.00000000
1.00000000
0.00000000
2.00000000
-0.00137363
-1058.60805861
-1915.75091575
205.12820513
0.00000000
0.00000000
-824.17582418
-2252.74725275
-0.00082418
0.00000000
-970.69597070
-1666.66666667
58.60805861
0.00000000
-0.00182418
0.00000000
-1000.00000000
-1373.62637363
-131.86813187
1.00000000
2.00000000
3.00000000
3.00000000
-1087.91208791
-3000.00000000
439.56043956
2.00000000
4.00000000
5.00000000
5.00000000
-824.17582418
-2252.74725275
0.00000000
5.00000000
3.00000000
2.00000000
2.00000000
-1087.91208791
-1373.62637363
307.69230769
3.00000000
5.00000000
6.00000000
6.00000000
-1000.00000000
-1373.62637363
-131.86813187
0.00000000
ANSYS 6.2(2)
6-3 ANSYS
MATLAB 6.2(1) ANSYS
ANSYS MATLAB 6-6
6-6
ANSYS MATLAB
ANSYS (Pa)
MATLAB (Pa)
x = 1087.9
y = 3000.0
x = 1088
y = 3000
xy = 439.56
xy = 440
x = 824.2
y = 2252.7
x = 824
y = 2253
xy = 0.0000
xy = 0.000
x = 1087.9
y = 1373.6
x = 1088
y = 1374
xy = 307.7
xy = 308
x = 1000.0
y = 1373.6
x = 1000
y = 1374
xy = 131.9
xy = 132
(1) ANSYS
): PlanarRun OK
219
(2)
(3)
) OKClose
(4)
Elastic Isotropic: EX:1e6 ()PRXY: 0 () OK U
(5)
Real Constant Set No: 1 ( 1 ), THK: 1 () OK Close
(6)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS Node number
1XYZ Location in active CS020 Apply 5
010110000100200OK

TYPE,1 PLANE42MAT,1REAL,1
OK

Thru Nodes 123 Apply 245 Apply 235
Apply 356 OK
(7)
Y
Nodes 1/4 ( box
single ) OK Lab2 DOFs: UY() OK
X
Nodes 1/4 ( box
single ) OK Lab2 DOFs: UX() OK

ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities OK 136 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Nodes
Pick All VALUE1000 OK
1
Nodes 1 OK LabFY, Value: -1000 OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type New Analysis Static OK
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS OK Should The Solve Command be
220
(9)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc List Results Element Solution Element solution
Stress X-Component of Stress OK ( List Results) Nodal Solution Nodal solution
DOF Solution Displacement vector sum OK
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu Nodal
solution DOF Solution Displacement vector sum OK ()
(10)
2
!%%%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]6_2(2) %%%
begin
%%%%%%
/prep7
ANTYPE,STATIC
et,1,plane42
! PLANE42
keyopt,1,3,3
r,1,1
! 1
mp,ex,1,1e6
! 1 1e6N/m2
mp,prxy,1,0
! 1
n,1,,2
! 1(0,2)
n,2,,1
! 2
n,3,1,1
! 3
n,4,
! 4
n,5,1
! 5
n,6,2
! 6
mat,1
! No.1
type,1
! No.1
real,1
! No.1
e,1,2,3
! 1
e,2,4,5
! 2
e,2,3,5
! 3
e,3,5,6
! 4
d,1,ux
!1 x
d,2,ux
!2 x
d,4,all
!4
d,5,uy
!5 y
d,6,uy
!6 y
nsel,s,,,1,3,2
! 1 3
nsel,a,,,6
! 6
sf,all,pres,1000
! 1000N/m
nsel,all
f,1,fy,-1000
! 1 FY (-1000N)
/solu
Solve
FINISH
221
!=====
/POST1
PLDISP,1
FINISH
!%%%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]6_2(2) %%%
end
%%%%%%
6.3 ANSYS
ANSYS 6.3(1) ANSYS
MATLAB 6.2(1) 6-2
ANSYS
ANSYS
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS 8.4
ANSYS ANSYS
node.txt element.txt
constrain.txt force.txtANSYS
nwrite,node,txt,
ewrite,element,txt,
6-4
ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS (GUI)
1 ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive working directory () jobname (
)triangle Run OK
2
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Solid : Quad
4node 42 () OK ( Element Types ) Close
3
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS Node
number:1( ),0(
),2(
) Apply 5
222
xy

,2(0,2),3(1,1),4(0,0),5(1,0),6(2,0)
OK

Thru Nodes ()123 Apply 245 Apply 532 Apply 3
56 OK
4
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes Write Node File
node.txt OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Write Elem File
element.txt OK

ANSYS Utility MenuFileExitSave EverythingOK
ANSYS
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42
N,1,0,2
N,2,0,1
N,3,1,1
N,4,0,0
N,5,1,0
N,6,2,0
E,1,2,3,
E,2,4,5,
E,5,3,2,
E,3,5,6,
NWRITE, node,txt,, 0
! write node info to node.txt
EWRITE, element,txt,, 0
! write element info to element.txt
ANSYS node.txt element.txt

6-7 6-8
6-7
1
2
3
4
5
6
ANSYS node.txt
x
0.000000000000
0.000000000000
1.000000000000
y
2.000000000000
1.000000000000
1.000000000000
1.000000000000
2.000000000000
20
0 ANSYS
0
1
2
5
3
2
4
3
5
6-8 ANSYS element.txt

3
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
6
0
0
0
0
1
1
223
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4

ANSYS
NUM
8
0
913
NWRITE node.txt (ANSYS

NWRITE 0)
1
0.000000000000
2.000000000000
0.000000000000
1.000000000000
1.000000000000
1.000000000000
4
5
1.000000000000
2.000000000000
EWRITE element.txt
0
NWRITE,node,txt,,0
*
get,nmax,node,count
cfopen, node,txt
do,i,1,nmax
vwrite,i,nx(i),ny(i)
(f5.0,f10.4,f10.4)
*
enddo
cfclose
node.txt
1.
0.0000
2.0000
2.
0.0000
1.0000
3.
1.0000
1.0000
4.
0.0000
0.0000
5.
1.0000
0.0000
6.
2.0000
0.0000
constrain.txt forc.txt ANSYS
DLIST, ALL
NODE LABEL
REAL
1 UX
0.00000000
2 UX
0.00000000
4 UX
0.00000000
4 UY
0.00000000
IMAG
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
224

5
6
UY
UY
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
MATLAB UX 1UY 2
1
2
4
4
5
6
1
1
1
2
2
2
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
FLIST, ALL
NODE LABEL
REAL
1 FX
-500.000000
1 FY
-1500.00000
3 FX
-1000.00000
3 FY
-1000.00000
6 FX
-500.000000
6 FY
-500.000000
IMAG
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
MATLAB FX 1FY 2
1
1
3
3
6
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
-500.000000
-1500.00000
-1000.00000
-1000.00000
-500.000000
-500.000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
node.txtelement.txtconstrain.txt
force.txtFEM2D.m
FOR_POST.dat6-5FOR_POST.dat
MATLAB6.2(1)
(2) ANSYS
ANSYS
(
)
FOR_POST.dat
ANSYS ANSYS (USER_POST.LOG)
B
USER_POST.LOG
! -----------------------------user_post.log----------begin---------------------! 2D ()
! FOR_POST.dat
! FOR_POST.DAT
! PART1( 1 2f9.4): INFO(1) INFO(2)
! PART2( INFO(1) 7 7f9.4):
! x y 1(x ) 2(y )
! 3(x ) 4(y ) 5()
! PART3( INFO(2) 7 7f9.4):
225
! 1 2 3 4 4 3
! 1x 2y 3z
! -------------------------------------/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42
DOF,rotx
! define new DOF at node which should be ploted
DOF,roty
DOF,rotz
* dim,INFO,,2
! adove define an array INFO which refers to:INFO(1): number of node, INFO(2): number of element
* vread,INFO(1),FOR_POST,dat
(2f9.4)
* dim,ND_INFO,,INFO(2),7
! adove define an array ND_INFO which refers to the information of nodes
* vread,ND_INFO(1,1),FOR_POST,dat,,JIK,7,INFO(1),,1
(7f9.4)
* dim,ELE_INFO,,INFO(2),7
! adove define an array ele_info which refers to the information of elements
* vread,ELE_INFO(1,1),FOR_POST,dat,,JIK,7,INFO(2),,INFO(1)+1
(7f9.4)
* do,i,1,INFO(1)
N,i,ND_INFO(i,1),ND_INFO(i,2)
! creat the nodes by first two columns of ND_INPO
* enddo
* do,i,1,INFO(2)
E,ELE_INFO(i,1),ELE_INFO(i,2),ELE_INFO(i,3),ELE_INFO(i,4)
! adove creat elements by first four columns of ND_INPO
* enddo
/post1
* do,i,1,INFO(1)
! cyclically display nodal information
dnsol,i,u,x,ND_INFO(i,3)
! set ux to display ND_INFO(x,3) data
dnsol,i,u,y,ND_INFO(i,4)
! set ux to display ND_INFO(x,4) data
dnsol,i,rot,x,ND_INFO(i,5)
! set rotx to display ND_INFO(x,5) data
dnsol,i,rot,y,ND_INFO(i,6)
dnsol,i,rot,z,ND_INFO(i,7)
* enddo
* do,i,1,INFO(2)
! cyclically display element information
* do,j,1,3
num=ELE_INFO(i,j)
desol,i,num,s,x,ELE_INFO(i,5) ! set sx to display ELE_INFO(x,5) data
desol,i,num,s,y,ELE_INFO(i,6) ! set sy to display ELE_INFO(x,6) data
desol,i,num,s,z,ELE_INFO(i,7) ! set sz to display ELE_INFO(x,7) data
* enddo
* enddo!-----------------------------user_post.log----------end----------------------
226
FOR_POST.dat USER_POST.LOG
6-9
6-9
FOR_POST.dat USER_POST.LOG
FOR_POST.dat
PART1
( 1 2f9.4
INFO
)
PART2
( INFO(1) 7
7f9.4)
PART3
( INFO(2) 7
7f9.4)
4
USER_POST.LOG
INFO(2)
ND_INFO INFO(1)7
x y 1(x )
2(y ) 3(x )
4(y ) 5()
ELE_INFO INFO(2)7
1 2 3
4 x y
(3) ANSYS
ANSYS 6-5
(a)
x (10-3m)
(b)
( ANSYS UX)
y (10-3 m)
( ANSYS UY)
(c) x (103 Pa)
(d) y (103 Pa)
( ANSYS ROTX)
( ANSYS ROTY)
227
(e) x (103 Pa)
(f) y (103 Pa)
( ANSYS SX)
6-5
( ANSYS SY)
ANSYS
6.4
6.4.1
4 5 2 7.5 ( 6-6) 1 6.5

( 6-7) 4
3 ( 6-8)
6-6 7.5 (750MN) 34.7 2.6
228
6-7 AD 6.5 (650MN)
6-8 3 ()
2003
8 (800MN)
4 2 6-9
229
6-9 8
6-10
8 ( 4 )
R1 = 2.25m R2 = 4.5m H =17 mD =3.4 m E2.11011 Pa

0.3 400MN
p = 4108 /4.53.4Pa
6.4.2 8
ANSYS 6.4.2(1) 8 (GUI)
6-10
(1) ANSYS
Press Run OK
230
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete...
Quad 4node 42 OK Element Types
Add Solid:
Options K3Plane Strs w/thk
OK Close
(4)
Elastic IsotropicEX2.1e11PRXY0.3 OK
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add Type 1
PLANE42 OK Real Constant Set No1 1 THK3.4 OK
Close
6

ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS NPT
Keypoint number1XYZ Location in active CS-4.58.5 Apply 5
-2.258.52.258.54.58.5013010.75 OK Lines Lines
Straight Line
12 34 OK Arcs By End KPs & Rad
23 OK 6 OK RAD Radius of the arc2.25 Apply

Warning Close 14 OK
5 OK
RAD Radius of the arc4.5 OK Warning Close Areas Arbitrary

By Lines OK

Keypoint number7XYZ Location in active CS-4.5-8.5
Apply 5
-2.25-8.52.25-8.54.5-8.50-130-10.75 OK Lines
Lines Straight Line 78 910 OK Arcs By End KPs
& Rad 89 OK 12 OK
RAD Radius of the arc2.25
Apply Warning Close 710 OK

11 OK RAD Radius of the arc4.5 OK Warning Close Areas
Arbitrary By Lines OK

ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Areas Rectangle By 2 Corners
WP X-4.5WP Y-8.5Width2.25Height 17 Apply WP X2.25WP Y-8.5Width
2.25Height17 OK

ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling
Operate Booleans Glue Areas
Pick all
7
ANSYS Utility MenuPlotCtrls Numbering LINEOn OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor
Meshing
MeshTool Size Controls LinesSet
Element Size on Picked1256 Apply NDIV4 4 Apply Element
231
Size on Picked17181920 Apply NDIV20 20 Apply Element Size

on Picked3478 Apply NDIV10 10 OK ShapeMapped
Mesh Pick all
8

ANSYS Main MenuSolution Define Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Lines
Apply PRES on Lines48 OK VALUE4e8/(4.5*3.4) OK
X Y
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities ... Nodes 1 By Location 2
X coordinates -4.5 Apply Reselect Y coordinates -8.5 OK Structural
Displacement On NodesPick allLab2All DOFOK
ANSYS Utility MenuSelectEverything
Y
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities ... Nodes 1 By Location 2
X coordinates4.5From full Apply Reselect Y coordinates -8.5 OK
Structural Displacement On NodesPick allLab2UYOK
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Everything
9
10
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Deformed shape Def shape only OK
Plot Results Contour PlotNodal Solu Stress von Mises stressOK
11
ANSYS Utility MenuFile Exit Save EverythingOK
12
Von Mises Y 48.9 MPa33.4 MPa
Y 6-11(a)(b)
(b) Y ()(Pa)
(a) Von Mises (Pa)

6-11
8
232
Y ()400MN/
22.253.4=26.1 MPa
33.4 MPa
ANSYS 6.4.2(2) 8 ()
ANSYS APDL 8 (
4 )
(1) 8
beam_R1=2.25
beam_R2=4.5
stud_H=17
(2)
stud_D=3.4
(3)
e_modu=2.1e11
prxy_Poi=0.3
(4)
: line_div1=4
: line_div2=20
: arc_div1=10
(5)
pressure=4e8/(4.5*3.4)
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]6_4_2(2) %%%%% begin %%%%%%

!------$----------/prep7
/PLOPTS,DATE,0
!=====
beam_R1=2.25
beam_R2=4.5
stud_H=17
stud_D=3.4
e_modu=2.1e11
prxy_Poi=0.3
line_div1=6
line_div2=40
arc_div1=20
pressure=4e8/(4.5*3.4)
!=====
ET,1,PLANE42
!PLANE42
233

KEYOPT,1,3,3
MP,EX,1,e_modu
MP,NUXY,1,prxy_Poi
R,1,stud_D,
!=====
! 6
K,1,-1*beam_R2,0.5*stud_H,,
K,2,-1*beam_R1,0.5*stud_H,,
K,3,beam_R1,0.5*stud_H,,
K,4,beam_R2,0.5*stud_H,,
K,5,0,beam_R2+0.5*stud_H,,
K,6,0,beam_R1+0.5*stud_H,,
!-----
L,1,2
$L,3,4
LARC,1,4,5,beam_R2,
! beam_R2
LARC,2,3,6,beam_R1,
! beam_R1
AL,1,2,3,4
! 6
K,7,-1*beam_R2,-0.5*stud_H,,
K,8,-1*beam_R1,-0.5*stud_H,,
K,9,beam_R1,-0.5*stud_H,,
K,10,beam_R2,-0.5*stud_H,,
K,11,0,-1*(beam_R2+0.5*stud_H),,
K,12,0,-1*(beam_R1+0.5*stud_H),,
!------
L,7,8
$L,9,10
LARC,7,10,11,beam_R2,
! beam_R2
LARC,8,9,12,beam_R1,
! beam_R1
AL,5,6,7,8
!
BLC4,-1*beam_R2,-0.5*stud_H,beam_R1,stud_H
BLC4,beam_R1,-0.5*stud_H,beam_R1,stud_H
!
Aglue,all
!=====
!
lsel,s,,,1
$lsel,a,,,2
$lsel,a,,,5
$lsel,a,,,6
lesize,all,,,line_div1
lsel,s,,,17
$lsel,a,,,18
!
$lsel,a,,,19
$lsel,a,,,20
lesize,all,,,line_div2
lsel,s,,,3
$lsel,a,,,4
lesize,all,,,arc_div1
MSHKEY,1
!
!
!
$lsel,a,,,7
$lsel,a,,,8
!
!
MSHAPE,0,2D
AMESH,all
!=====
/solution
nsel,s,loc,x,-1*beam_R2
! X -1*beam_R2
nsel,r,loc,y,-0.5*stud_H
! Y -0.5*stud_H
234

D,all,all
!
nsel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,beam_R2
! X beam_R2
nsel,r,loc,y,-0.5*stud_H
! Y -0.5*stud_H
D,all,UY
! Y
SFL,4,PRES,pressure,
! 4 4e8/(4.5*3.4)Pa
! 8 4e8/(4.5*3.4)Pa
SFL,8,PRES,pressure,
/replot
Allsel,all
!()
solve
!=====
/post1
/UDOC,1,CNTR,RIGH
!()
plnsol,s,eqv,0,1
! JPEG
JPGPRF,1500,300,1
/SHOW,JPEG
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1,0
! file000.jpg
PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1,0
! Mises file001.jpg
!() ansys
finish
!%%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]6_4_2(2) %%%%% end %%%%%%
6.5
6-1 E=1 =0.25
=0 t =1 P=10 ANSYS
FEM2D.m 6-1(b)
6-1
6-2 ANSYS 6-1

6-3 ANSYS 6.4.2(2)
235
(1)
(2)
6-4 ANSYS 6.4.2(2)
6-4 ps = 19.61MPa
( 1.5)
6-4
6-5 6-5ANSYS 6.4.2(2)

ps = 19.61MPa pw = 26.14MPa
6-5
6-6 6-5()
80MPa( Von Mises )( ps = 19.61MPa )
236
7
7.1
(modal analysis)(transient dynamics
analysis)(harmonic response analysis)(spectrum analysis)
()
7.1.1
[ ]
7.1.1(1)
2D u ( , t )v( , t ) x ( , t ), y ( , t ), xy ( , t )
x ( , t ), y ( , t ), xy ( , t ) ( x, y, z ) t
7-1 dxdydz
7.1.1(2) /
c()
dxdydz 7-1
DAlembert principle(inertial force)
(damping force) 2D
x (t ) xy (t )
+
+ bx (t ) u(t ) u (t ) = 0
x
y
xy (t ) y (t )
+
+ by (t ) v(t ) v(t ) = 0
x
y
(7-1)
bx (t ), by (t ) x y
u(t ), u (t ) u (t ) t x
y
d
237
u (t )
x
v(t )
y (t ) =
y
v(t ) u (t )
+
xy (t ) =
x
y
x (t ) =
(7-2)
e
1
x (t ) =
x (t ) y (t )
E
y (t ) =
y (t ) x (t )
E
1
xy (t ) = xy (t )
G
(7-3)
on S u
(7-4)
E , , G
f/ BC/IC
BC(u)
u (t ) = u (t )
v(t ) = v (t )
BC(p)
x (t )nx + xy (t )n y = px (t )
xy (t )nx + y (t )ny = p y (t )
on
Sp
(7-5)
IC(initial condition)
u ( , t = 0) = u ( )
v( , t = 0) = v ( )
(7-6)
u ( , t = 0) = u ( )
v( , t = 0) = v ( )
(7-7)
u (t ), v (t ) S u px (t ), p y (t ) S p
u ( ), v ( ), u ( ), v ( )
7.1.1(3)
238
x (t ) xy (t )
+
+ bx (t ) u(t ) u (t )] u
y
x
= [
+[
xy (t )
x
y (t )
y
+
Sp
+ by (t ) v(t ) v(t )] v d
{[
(7-8)
(t )nx + xy (t )n y px (t )] u
+[ xy (t )nx + y (t )n y p y (t )] v} dA = 0
( Gauss-Green )
[ x x + y y + xy xy + u u + v v + u u + v v]d

(7-9)
(bx u + by v)d + ( px u + p y v)dA = 0

Sp

7.1.2
7.1.2(1)
qte (t ) = [u1 (t ) v1 (t ) w1 (t ) ... un (t ) vn (t ) wn (t )]
(7-10)
u e ( , t ) = N( ) qte (t )
(7-11)
N ( )
(7-11)()
e ( , t ) = [ ]u e = [ ]N( )qte (t ) = B( )qte (t )

e ( , t ) = D e = D B( ) qte (t ) = S( ) qte (t )
u e ( , t ) = N( ) q te (t )
te (t )
e ( , t ) = N( ) q
u
(7-12)
(7-12)(7-9)
T
te (t ) + Ceq te (t ) + K eq te (t ) Pte (t ) q te (t ) = 0

= M eq
q t (t )
e
239
(7-13)
te (t ) + Ceq te (t ) + K eq te (t ) = Pte (t )

M eq
te + Ce q te + K e q te = Pte
M eq
(7-14)
M e = e N T Nd
(7-15)
C e = e N T Nd
(7-16)
K e = e BT DBd
(7-17)
Pte = e NT bd + NT pdA
(7-18)
Sp
M e (mass matrix)
t + Cq t + Kqt = Pt

Mq
(7-19)
e =1
e =1
qt = qte , Pt = Pte
n
M = M , C = C , K = K
e
e =1
e =1
e =1
(7-20)
c(static case)
(7-19)
Kq = P
(7-21)
t + Kqt = Pt
Mq
(7-22)
d(undamped system)
= 0 (7-19)
e(free vibration of undamped system)

= 0 Pt = 0 (7-19)
240
t + Kqt = 0
Mq
(7-23)
(free vibration)
qt = q eit
(7-24)
(7-23),
^
( 2 M q + K q)ei t = 0
(7-25)
(K 2 M )q = 0
(7-26)
(K 2 M) = 0
(7-27)
e it
(eigen equation) (natural circular frequency)rad/sec

f =
(Hz) (7-26)
(eigen vector) q (mode)

7.1.3
(7-17)
(7-15)
(7-16)
7.1.3(1)
(1)
q e = [u1 u2 ]
x
N = (1 )
(7-15)
u1
Al 2
M e = e N T Nd =
6 1
241
u2
1 u1
2 u2
(7-28)
A l consistent
mass matrix
(2)
(lumped mass matrix)

u1 u 2

1 0 u1
(7-29)
0 1 u 2
Al
M =
2
e
7.1.3(2)
(1)
v1
156
22l
22l
4l 2
Al
e
M =
13l
420 54
13l 3l 2
v2
54
13l
13l v1
3l 2 1
156 22l v2
22l 4l 2 2
(7-30)
A l
(2)
v1 1 v2 2

1 0 0 0 v1
Al 0 0 0 0 1
e
M =
2 0 0 1 0 v2
0 0 0 0 2
7.1.3(3)
(1)
242
(7-31)
u1 v1 u 2 v 2 u 3 v3

2 0 1 0 1 0 u1
0 2 0 1 0 1 v1
1 0 2 0 1 0 u 2
At
Me =
12 0 1 0 2 0 1 v 2
1 0 1 0 2 0 u
3
v
3
0 1 0 1 0 2
(7-32)
A t
(2)
u1 v1 u 2 v 2 u 3 v3

1 0 0 0 0 0 u1
0 1 0 0 0 0 v1
0 0 1 0 0 0 u2
Al
Me =
3 0 0 0 1 0 0 v2
0 0 0 0 1 0 u
3
v
0
0
0
0
0
1
(7-33)
7.1.3(4)
(1)
u1
At 0
e
M =
36 1
v1 u 2 v2 u 3 v3 u 4 v4

0 2 0 1 0 2 0 u1
4 0 2 0 1 0 2 v1
0 4 0 2 0 1 0 u 2
2 0 4 0 2 0 1 v2
0 2 0 4 0 2 0 u 3
1 0 2 0 4 0 2 v3
0 1 0 2 0 4 0 u4
2 0 1 0 2 0 4 v4
A t
(2)
243
(7-34)
u1
At
Me =
4 0
v1 u 2 v2 u 3 v3 u 4

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
v4
0 u1
0 v1
0 u 2
0 v2
0 u 3
0 v3
0 u4
1 v4
(7-35)
7.2
ANSYS 7.2(1) (GUI)
7-2 ()
7-1
7-1
E = 4 x 109 psf
l1 = 4.5 ft
g = 32.2 ft/sec2
W= 3220 lb
l2 = 5.5ft
m = W/g = 100 lb-sec2/ft

k1 = 2400 lb/ft
r=4ft
k2 = 2600 lb/ft
7-2(b)
(a)
(b)
7-2
244
()
I zz = m r r 4ft I zz =1600 lb-sec2-ft

()
2D 2-D Elastic Beam Elements (BEAM3)
Spring-Damper Elements (COMBIN14)
Structural Mass Element (MASS21)
X
Y
p<*GET >()
q<*GET >
7-2
7-2 ANSYS
Reference 7.2(1)
ANSYS
f1 , Hz
1.0981
1.0981
1.000
f2 , Hz
1.4406
1.4406
1.000
Reference7.2(1). Thomson W T. Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965,
181
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS Interactive Working directory Initial jobname:
VehicleRun OK
(2)
(3)
Add Beam: 2d
elastic 3 Apply Library of Element Combination: Spring-damper 14 Apply

Library of Element Structural Mass: 3D mass 21OK Element Types Type
2 COMBIN14 OptionsK3 2-D longitudinalOK Element Types Type
3 MASS21 OptionsK3 2-D w rot inert OK Close
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real ConstantsAdd/Edit/Delete... Add Type 2
COMBIN14 OK Real Constants Set No. : 1 1 , K:2400( k1 =
2400) Ok( Real constants ) Add Type 1 BEAM3 OK Real Constants Set
No. : 2 2 AREA:10, IZZ:10, HEIGHT:10() Ok Add
Type 3 MASS21 OK Real Constants Set No. : 3 3 , MASS:100IZZ:1600(
) Ok Add Type 1 BEAM3 OK Real Constants Set No. : 4 4
AREA:10, IZZ:10, HEIGHT:10() Ok Add Type 2
COMBIN14 OK Real Constants Set No. : 5 5 , K:2600( k2 =
245

2600)
Close ( Real Constants )
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material Models Structural Elastic
Linear Isotropic input EX: 4E9, PRXY:0.3() OKDensity ()
DENS:0, OK
(6)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS Node number

1XYZ Location in active CS000
Apply 4
0104.51010101000OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Elem Attributes Type 2
COMBIN14 OK
Nodes 12 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Elem Attributes MAT,1
TYPE,1 Beam3REAL,2
OK
Nodes 23
MASS21 REAL,3 OK
Nodes 3
BEAM3
REAL,4 OK
Nodes 34
COMBIN14 REAL,5 OK
Nodes 45
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply -Structural DisplacementOn Nodes
15 OK Lab2: UXUY( XY ) Apply 3
OK Lab2: UX ( X ) OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type New Analysis ModalOK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Options [MODOPT] Block Lanczos, No. of modes to extract: 5
Expand mode shapes: Yes, Number of modes to expand:0 OK Block Lanczos Method
Start Freq0.001 End Freq100 OK
(9)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc List Results Detailed summary
(10)
246

ANSYS 7.2(2) ()
ANSYS 7.2(1) GUI
!%%%% [ANSYS ]7_2(2)

/PREP7
%%%%% begin %%%%%
ANTYPE,MODAL
MP,EX,1,4E9
! 1
MP,DENS,1,0
! 1
MP,PRXY,1,0.3
! 1
ET,1,BEAM3
! 1()
ET,2,COMBIN14,,,2
! 2()
ET,3,MASS21,,,3
! 3(), KEYOPT(3)=3
R,1,2400
! No.1 k1 = 2400
R,2,10,10,10
! No.2()
R,3,100,1600
! No.3MASS=100, IZZ=1600 KEYOPT(3)=3
R,4,10,10,10
! No.4()
R,5,2600
! No.5 k2= 2600
N,1
! 1
N,2,,1
! 2
N,3,4.5,1
! 3
N,4,10,1
! 4
N,5,10
! 5
TYPE,2
E,1,2
! ()
MAT,1
! No.1
TYPE,1
! No.1
REAL,2
! No.2
E,2,3
! ()
TYPE,3
REAL,3
! No.3
E,3
TYPE,1
REAL,4
! No.4
E,3,4
! ()
TYPE,2
REAL,5
! No.5
E,4,5
! ()
D,1,UX,,,5,4,UY
! 1 5 UX UY
D,3,UX
! 3 UX
FINISH
247

/SOLU
MODOPT,LANB,5,0.001,100 ! LANB 5 0.001 100

SOLVE
*GET,FREQ1,MODE,1,FREQ ! 1 FREQ1
*STATUS
!%%%% [ANSYS ]7_2(2)
%%%%% end %%%%%
7.3
ANSYS 7.3(1) (GUI)
0
F
f i , i=1,2,3
7-3
7-3
E = 30 x 106 psi
l = 100 in
0 =0.00543228
= 0.00073 lb-sec2/in4
A = 0.00306796 in2
7-3
7-3
3D(Tension-only or Compression-only Spar ElementsLINK10)
X
Y
p
q
248
< PSTRES,ON >

r
s
t<*GET >()< ETABLE
>
7-4
7-4
ANSYS
ANSYS
F, lb
500.
500.
1.000
Stress, psi
162,974.
162,974.
1.000
f1 , Hz
74.708
75.094
1.005
f2 , Hz
149.42
151.29
1.012
f3 , Hz
224.12
229.68
1.025
Reference 7.3(1)
Reference 7.3(1). Thomson W T. Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc , 1965,
264
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS
String: String Run OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete... Add Link : 3D Bilinear
10 Ok Element Types Type 1 LINK10 OptionsK3Tension only OK
Close
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete... Add Type 1
LINK10 OK Real Constants Set No. : 1 1 , AREA: 306796E-8 (), ISTRN:
543248E-8 Ok Close ( Real Constants )
(5)
Elastic IsotropicEX: 30e6 Note OKDensity () DENS:73e-5,
OK
(6)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS Node number

1XYZ Location in active CS000 Apply Node number14XYZ Location in active CS
10000 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Nodes Fill between Nds 1
14 OK OK
249
Nodes 12
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Copy Elements Auto Numbered
OK Total number of copies: 13 OK
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement
On Nodes
Pick All OK Lab2: All DOF() OK

(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type New Analysis StaticOK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type Soln controls
Basic Calculate
prestress effects OK
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS OK Yes
(9)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Element Table Define Table Add Lab: STRS,
Results data item: By sequence number, LS LS1 OK Close
ANSYS Utility Menu:Parameters Get Scalar Data Result data, Elem table data OK
Name of parameter to be defined: STRSS ; Element number N: 13 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: TimeHist PostproDefine Variables Add Reaction forces List of items: 1
Ok Item,Comp Data item: Struct force FX OK close
ANSYS Main Menu: TimeHist PostproStore Data
ANSYS Utility Menu: Parameters Get Scalar Data Result data, Time-hist vars OK
Name of parameter to be defined: FORCE ; Variable number N: 2,
Data to be retrieved: Maximum val Vmax
OK
(10)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type New Analysis Modal
OK Close(warning)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type Analysis Options [MODOPT] Block Lanczos, No. of
modes to extract: 3 Expand mode shapes: Yes, No. of modes to expand:3 [PSTRES]: Yes OK OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads delete Structural Displacement On Nodes
2 13 OK UX OK 2 13 UX
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads delete Structural Displacement On Nodes
2 13 OK UY OK 2 13 UY
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS OK Yes
(11)
ANSYS Utility Menu: Parameters Get Scalar Data Result data, Modal results OK
Name of parameter to be defined: FREQ1 ; Variable number N: 1
,Data to be retrieved: Frequency FREQ
OK
OK
OK
ANSYS Utility MenuList Status Parameters All Parameters
250
(12)
ANSYS 7.3(2) ()
ANSYS 7.3(1) GUI
!%%%% [ANSYS ]7_3(2)
%%%%% begin %%%%%
/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
PSTRES,ON
!()
ET,1,LINK10
! 1()
KEYOPT,1,3,0
!KEYOPT(3)=0
R,1,306796E-8,543248E-8
!(306796E-8)(543248E-8)
MP,EX,1,30E6
!(1 )
MP,DENS,1,73E-5
!(1 )
N,1
! 1
N,14,100
! 14
FILL
! 2 13
E,1,2
! 1 2
EGEN,13,1,1
! 13
D,ALL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
ETABLE,STRS,LS,1
! LINK10 , STRS, LS 1
*GET,STRSS,ELEM,13,ETAB,STRS
! STRS, 13
FINISH
/POST26
RFORCE,2,1,F,X
! 1 x 2
STORE
*GET,FORCE,VARI,2,EXTREM,VMAX
! 2 FORCE
/SOLU
ANTYPE,MODAL
MODOPT,SUBSP,3
! 3
MXPAND,3
! 3
PSTRES,ON
! ()
DDELE,2,UX,13
! 2 13 UX
DDELE,2,UY,13
! 2 13 UY
SOLVE
*GET,FREQ1,MODE,1,FREQ
! 1 FREQ1
! 2 FREQ2
! 3 FREQ3
*STATUS
!
251

!%%%% [ANSYS ]7_3(2)
%%%%% end %%%%%
7.4
ANSYS 7.4(1) (GUI)
7-4
7-4 E = 0.26GPa = 0.3
= 886kg/m 3
(a)
(b)
7-4
SOLID45
X< BSPLIN >
Y(PLANE42)
p SOLID45<EXTOPT>< VEXT> z
q< ANTYPE,2> Lanczos < MODOPT,LANB >
r<SET>
s<PLDI><ANMODE>
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS()
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory ( ) Initial
jobname()ModalRun
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Structural
solidQuad 4node 42 Apply solid Brick 8node 45OK Close
(4)
Elastic Isotropic:EX:0.26E9(),PRXY:0.3() OK Density:886 OK
252
Material Exit
(5)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS
X,Y,Z location:0,0,0 Apply X,Y,Z location:0.05,0,0 Apply X,Y,Z location:0.0575,0.005,0
Apply X,Y,Z location:0.0475,0.0125,0 Apply X,Y,Z location:0.025,0.00625,0 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Lines Lines Straight Line
1, 2, 5, 1 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Lines Splines With Options
Spline thru KPs 2, 3, 4, 5 OK :XV1:-0.025,YV1:0,ZV1:0
:XV6:-0.025, YV6:-0.00625, ZV6:0 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Areas Arbitrary By Lines
3 OK
(6)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Meshing Mesh Tool global Set Element edge
length:0.00625 OK Mesh Pick All Close Close( Mesh Tool )
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Operate Extrude Elem Ext Opts
Element type number:2 SOLID45 The No. of element divisions:10 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Operate Extrude Areas By XYZ
Offset Pick All Offsets for extrusion in the Z direction:0,0,0.25 OK Close
(7)
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities Elements By Attributes Elem type num
The element type number:1 Unselect Apply
(8)
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities Nodes By Location Z coordinates The Z
coordinate location:0 From Full Apply
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural
Displacement On Nodes Pick All All DOF OK By Num/Pick Select All
Cancel()
(9)
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Analysis Type New Analysis Modal OK
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Analysis Type Analysis Options Block Lanczos
No. of modes to extract: 5 No. of modes to expand: 5 OK OK
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS File Close OK Yes Yes
Close(Solution is done!).
(10)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Results Summary Close( 7-5)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Read Results First Set
ANSYS Utility MenuPlot Ctrls Animate Mode Shape OK Animation Controller
() Close
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Read Results Next Set
ANSYS Utility MenuPlot Ctrls Animate Mode Shape OK( 7-5)
253
(11)
7-5
SET
Hz
14.541
64.509
91.655
137.93
261.76
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
7-5
ANSYS 7.4(2) ()
ANSYS 7.4(1) GUI
!%%%% [ANSYS ]7_4(2)
%%%%% begin %%%%%
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42
! 1()
ET,2,SOLID45
! 2()
MP,EX,1,0.26e9
!(1 )
MP,DENS,1,886
!(1 )
MP,PRXY,1,0.3
!(1 )
K, ,,,,
! 1(0,0,0)
K, ,0.05,,,
! 2(0.05,0,0)
K, ,0.0575,0.005,,
! 3(0.0575,0.005,0)
K, ,0.0475,0.0125,,
! 4(0.0475,0.0125,0)
254

K, ,0.025,0.00625,,
! 5(0.025,0.00625,0)
LSTR,1,2
! 1 2 1
LSTR,5,1
! 5 1 2
BSPLIN,2,3,4,5,,,-0.025,0,0,-0.025,-0.00625,0,
! B 2,3,4,5 3
AL,1,2,3
! 1,2,3
ESIZE,0.00625
! 0.00625
MSHAPE,0,2D
! 2D (key=0)
MSHKEY,0
!(0)
AMESH,all
!( 1 )
TYPE, 2
! 2()
EXTOPT,ESIZE,10,0,
! 10
VEXT,all,,,0,0,0.25,,,,
! z () z 0.25
ESEL,U,TYPE,,1
! 1 ()
NSEL,S,LOC,Z,0
! z=0
D,all, , , , , ,ALL, , , , ,
NSEL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,2
!(2)
MODOPT,LANB,5
! LANB , 5
MXPAND,5, , ,0
! 5
MODOPT,LANB,5,0,0, ,OFF ! LANB , 5

SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
/VIEW, 1 ,1,1,1
/ANG, 1
/REP,FAST
SET,FIRST
! 1
SET,NEXT
SET,NEXT
!( 3 )
PLDI, ,
ANMODE,10,0.5, ,0
!%%%% [ANSYS ]7_4(2)
! 10 0.5
%%%%% end %%%%%
7.5
7-1 3-8 = 2700kg/m
3
7-2 710mm 0.254mm 190GPa

3
7920kg/m F =84N ANSYS 7.3(1)
255
7-3 m = 5 10 kg H = 30m
6
inner = 3m out = 6m
= 2.4 103 kg / m3 E = 29GPa ANSYS

(1) 3D
(2)
7-3
7-4
L = 6mH = 3mBc =0.4mBs =0.3m s = 7800kg/m3

Es = 210GPa c = 2500kg/m
3
Es = 29GPa ANSYS
(1)
(2)
7-4
7-5 7-4 ANSYS

(1)
256
(2)
(3)
7-6 7-4 1D ANSYS
7-4 7-5
7-6
7-7 m1 = 32 10 kg
3
m2 = m3 = 5 103 kg l1 = l2 = 6m B = 2.5m H = 1.2m ANSYS
(1) 2D
(2)
7-7
7-8 ANSYS 7.3(1)
257
8
8.1
(heat transfer)
8.1.1
8.1.1(1)
Fourier (heat transfer theorem) (energy conservation

theorem)(governing equation)
T ( x, y, z , t )
T
T
( x
) + ( y
) + ( z
) + Q = cT
x
x y
y
z
z
t
(8-1)
kg/m 3 cT (specific heat) ( J/(kg K) ) x y z

xyz (thermal conductivity of material) ( W / ( m K ) ) Q ( x, y , z , t )
(strength of heat source) ( W/kg )
BC(S1)
T ( x, y, z, t ) = T (t )
on S1
(8-2)
BC(S2)
T
T
T
nx + y
ny + z
nz = q f ( t )
x
y
z
on S2
(8-3)
BC(S3)
T
T
T
nx + y
ny + z
nz = hc (T T )
x
y
z
on S3
(8-4)
n x n y n z T (t ) S1 q f ( t )
S2 W/m 2 hc (heat transfer

coefficient) W / ( m 2 K ) T (temperature of surrounding medium)t (s )
258
= S1 + S 2 + S 3
8.1.1(2) ()
(initial condition)IC
T ( x, y, z , t = 0) = T0 ( x, y, z )
(8-5)
(8-2)(8-4)(8-5)
I
min
(
I=
BC S1 , S 2 , S3 )
T
IC
T
T
T
1 T 2
x ( ) + y ( ) 2 + z ( ) 2 2( Q cT
)T d (8-6)
x
y
z
t
2
(8-3)(8-4)
(8-6)
I=
min
2
( )
BC S1
T
IC
T 2
T 2
T 2
T
x ( x ) + y ( y ) + z ( z ) 2( Q cT t )T d
q f TdA +
S2
(8-7)
1
2
hc (T T ) dA
2 S3
()
8.1.2
(steady problem)
T
=0
t
(8-8)
8.1.2(1)
T e ( x, y, z )
T e ( x, y, z ) = N ( x, y , z ) qTe
(8-9)
N ( x, y, z ) qT
e
qTe = [T1 T2
Tn ]
T1 T2 Tn (8-9)(8-7)
K Te qTe = PTe
259
(8-10)
I
= 0
qTe
(8-11)
T
T
N T N
N N
N N
K = e x

+z

+ y

d
z z
(8-12)
y y
x x
e
T
+ e hc NT NdA
S3
PTe = e QNT d + e q f NT dA + e hcT NT d
S2
(8-13)
S3
(8-11) K T (heat transfer matrix) qT

e
PT
e
(8-7) C0
8.1.2(2) 3
8-1 3
8-1
qTe = Ti
Tj
Tm
(8-14)
4.3.1 3
T e ( x, y, z ) = N iTi + N jT j + N mTm = N qTe
(8-15)
N = N i
Nj
N m
1
(ai + bi x + ci y )
2A
x
yj
ai = j
= x j ym xm y j
xm ym
Ni =
bi =
ci =
1 yj
= y j ym
1 ym
1 xj
= x j + xm
1 xm
260
(8-16)
i, j , m
K T PT
e
jm BC(S2) gf
jm BC(S3) hc
(8-16) K T PT (8-12)(8-13)
e
K =
e
T
Ti
Tj
bi bi
bi b j
b j bi
4A
bmbi
bjb j
bmb j
Tm
Ti
Tj
Tm
ci c j
ci cm
c j cm
cm cm
ci ci
bi bm
y
c j ci
b j bm +
4A
cm ci
bmbm
c jc j
cm c j
(8-17)
1
T
i
3 QA
1
PTe = QA T j
3
1 QA Tm
3
(8-18)
jm BC(S2)
(8-16) BC(S2)(8-3) K T PT (8-12)(8-13)
e
Ti
Tj
Tm
ci c j
ci cm
c j cm
cm cm
K Te =
Ti
Tj
bi bi
bi b j
Tm
ci ci
bi bm
y
b j bm +
c j ci
4A
cm ci
bm bm
b j bi b j b j
4A
bmbi bmb j
QA Ti
1
1
e
PT = QA + q f l T j
3
2
1 QA + 1 q f l T
m
3
2
c jc j
cm c j
(8-19)
(8-20)
jm BC(S3)
(8-16) BC(S3)(8-4) K T PT (8-12)
e
261
(8-13)
K =
e
T
Ti
Tj
bi bi
bi b j
b j bi
4A
bmbi
bjbj
bmb j
Tm
Ti
Tj
Tm
Ti T j Tm
ci c j
ci cm
0 0 0
1
c j cm + hc l 0 2 1
6
0 1 2
cm cm
ci ci
bi bm
y
b j bm +
c j ci
4A
cm ci
bmbm
c jc j
cm c j
T
QA
i
1
1
PTe = QA + h cTl T j
3
1 QA + 1 h cTl T
m
2
3
(8-21)
(8-22)
8.1.3
(1) (2)
(stress of temperature
effect)
8.1.3(1)
T ( x, y, z ) (
) T T ( x, y , z ) T (thermal expansion coefficient)
()
1
[ x ( y + z )] + T T
E
1
y = [ y ( x + z )] + T T
E
1
z = [ z ( x + y )] + T T
E
1
1
1
xy = xy , yz = yz , zx = zx
G
G
G
x =
(8-23)
1
ij = Dijkl
kl + ij0
(8-24)
ij = Dijkl ( kl kl0 )
(8-25)
262
ij0 = [T T
T T
0 0 0]
T T
(8-26)
8.1.3(2)
(8-25), ,
U W = 0
Dijkl kl ij d bi u i d + pi u i dA + Dijkl kl0 ij d = 0

Sp
(8-27)
8.1.3(3)
q e = [u1
v1
w1
un
wn ]
vn
(8-28)
u e = Nq e
(8-29)
e = Bq e
(8-30)
e = D( e 0 )
= DBq e D 0
= Sq e D T T [1 1 1 0 0 0]
(8-31)
N, B, D, S
(8-31)
(8-31)
(8-29)(8-30)()
u e = N q e
e = B qe
(8-32)
(8-29)(8-30)(8-32)(8-27)
q e
K e q e = P e + P0e
(8-33)
K e = e B DBd
(8-34)
P e = e NT bd + e NT pdA
(8-35)
P0e = e BT D 0 d
(8-36)
263
Sp
P0 (8-33)
e
P0
e
8.2
ANSYS 8.2(1) 2D (GUI)
2D 8-2 8-1 AB
T0 = 1000 C BC Ta = 0 0 C ( B )
BE
8-1 2D
k = 52.0 W/m-C
a = 1.0 m
To = 100C
h = 750.0 W/m2-C
b = 0.6 m
Ta = 0C
d = 0.2 m
2D 2-D Thermal Solid Elements

(PLANE55)ADAPT( 10 )
5%( thermal energy norm)
X< ANTYPE,STATIC >
Y E
p
q 10 5%
r<*GET >
8-2
(a)
8-2
(b)
2D
264
8-2
T, C E
ANSYS
Reference 8.2(1)
ANSYS
18.3
18.2
0.995
Reference 8.2(1)NAFEMS, The Standard NAFEMS Benchmarks, Rev. No. TSNB, National Engineering
Laboratory, E. Kilbride, Glasgow, UK, 1989, Test No. T4.
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory Initial jobname:
thermalRectangle heat Run OK

(2)
ANSYS Main MenuPreferences Thermal OK
(3)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete... Add Thermal Solid:
Quad 4node 55 OK Element Types Close
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material Models Thermal Conductivity
Isotropic input KXX:52.0() OK Close
(5)
Keypoint number1XYZ Location in active CS0,0,0 Apply 4
(0.6,0), (0.6,1.0), (0,1.0), (0.6,0.2) OK Lines Lines Straight Line
1225533441 OKAreas Arbitrary By Line
OK
(6)
ANSYS Utility MenuPlotCtrls Numbering Plot Numbering Control KPOn
LINEOn OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Thermal Temperature
On Keypoints 1 OK( Apply TEMP on Keypoints )Lab2: TEMPVALUE:
100 KEXPNDYes Apply 2 OK( Apply TEMP on Keypoints ) Lab2:
TEMPVALUE: 100KEXPNDYes OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Thermal Convection
On Lines 2L2 OK( Apply CONV on Lines )VALI: 750.0VAL2I: 0.0 OK
On Lines (Main Menu ) 3L3 OK( Apply CONV on Lines )VALI: 750.0
VAL2I: 0.0 OK On Lines (Main Menu ) 4L4 OK( Apply CONV on Lines )
VALI: 750.0VAL2I: 0.0 OK
(7)
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Adaptive Mesh Adaptive Meshing and Solution
NSOL: 10TTARGT: 5; FACMN0.2FACMX1 OK
(8)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu ( Contour
265

Nodal Solution Data )
DOF Solution Nodal Temperature OK
E
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities Select Entities
KeyPoints OK Select KeyPoints 5 OK
ANSYS Utility MenuSelect Entities Select Entities
Nodes Attached to KeyPoints OK Select KeyPoints 5 OK
ANSYS Utility MenuNumbering Plot Numbering Control NODEOn OK
30
ANSYS Utility MenuParameters Get Scalar Data Get Scalar Data Result data
Nodal resultsOK Get Nodal results Data NameTEMP1; Node number N30Results
data to be retrievedDOF solutionTemperature TEMP OK
ANSYS Utility MenuList Status Parameters All Parameters
(9)
ANSYS 8.2(2) 2D ()
ANSYS 8.2(1) GUI
!%%%% [ANSYS ]8_2(2)

/PREP7
%%%%% begin %%%%%

!
ANTYPE,STATIC
!()
ET,1,PLANE55
! 1()
MP,KXX,1,52.0
!(KXX=52)
K,1
! 1 (0,0)
! 2 (0.6,0)
K,2,.6
K,3,.6,1.0
! 3 (0.6,1.0)
K,4,,1.0
! 4 (0,1)
K,5,.6,.2
! 5 (0.6,0.2)
L,1,2
! 1 2
L,2,5
! 2 5
L,5,3
! 5 3
L,3,4
! 3 4
L,4,1
! 4 1
AL,ALL
DK,1,TEMP,100,,1
! 1 (100), 1
DK,2,TEMP,100,,1
! 2 (100)
SFL,2,CONV,750.0,,0.0
! 2 750.0
SFL,3,CONV,750.0,,0.0
! 3 750.0
SFL,4,CONV,750.0,,0.0
! 4 750.0
FINISH
ADAPT,10,,5,0.2,1
!,, 5%, 10 , 0.2,1
/POST1
!()
PLNSOL,TEMP
266
*GET,TEPC,PRERR,,TEPC
! TEPC
KSEL,,,,5
! 5
NSLK
*GET,N1,NODE,,NUM,MAX
! N1
*GET,TEMP1,NODE,N1,TEMP
! N1
ALLSEL,ALL
*status,parm
!%%%% [ANSYS ]8_2(2)
%%%%% end %%%%%
8.3
ANSYS 8.3(1) (GUI)
8-3 8-3
8-4
(a)
(b)
8-3
8-3
x
(ENTH)
0oF
1.44 Btu/(hr-in-oF)
0.0 Btu/in3
2643oF
1.54 Btu/(hr-in-oF)
128.1 Btu/in3
2750oF
1.22 Btu/(hr-in-oF)
163.8 Btu/in3
2875oF
1.22 Btu/(hr-in-oF)
174.2 Btu/in3
8-4
x 0.025 Btu/(hr-in-oF)
2875 oF
80 oF
0.054 lb/in3
80 oF
0.014 Btu/(hr-in2-oF)
cT 0.28 Btu/(lb-oF)
8-3
X1 ()
267
Y<MPTEMP/MPDATA> 2 ()
p< ANTYPE,4><SOLCONTROL,ON>
q <node(16,6,0)>
<NSOL>
r 2 < PLVAR >
s< ANTIME >
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS InteractiveWorking directory () Initial jobname(
): mold Run
(2)
ANSYS Main Menu: PreferencesThermalOK
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/DeleteAddSolidQuad 4 node
55OKClose
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Material Props Material Models Thermal Conductivity
Isotropic KXX:0.025OK Specific Heat C:0.28OK DensityDENS:0.054OK
Material Props window: Material New ModelMaterial ID: 2 OK Isotropic Add
Temperature T1:0, T2:2643, T3:2750, T4:2875, KXX:1.44 at T1, KXX:1.54 at T2, KXX:1.22 at T3,
KXX:1.22 at T4OK Enthalpy Add Temperature
ENTH:0 at T1, ENTH:128.1 at T2, ENTH:163.8 at T3, ENTH:174.2 at T4OK
Material Models Defined windowThermal conduct (iso) Graph OK EnthalpyGraphOK
(to see the material properties vs. temperature) OKU
8-4
8-5
(5)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS

4 XYZ Apply
4 :1( 0,0,0), 2(2.2,0,0), 3(1,1.2,0), 4(0,1.2,0)OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Areas Arbitrary Through KPs
Pick keypoints 1234() OK
268
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Areas Rectangle By Dimensions

X1: 0.4, X2:2.2, Y1:0.4, Y2:0.8 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Operate Booleans Overlap Areas
Pick All
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Delete Area and Below 3 OK
(6)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Tool Smart Sizing 4
Mesh 5 OK (in the picking menu) MeshTool Size Controls Global: Set
NDIV:4( 2 ) OK Mesh 4 OK Close ( MeshTool )
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Thermal Convection
On Lines 3 ( 1,3,4) OK Film coefficient: 0.014, Bulk temperature:
80 OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type New Analysis Transient OK OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Select Entities Areas OK 4 OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Select Everything Below Selected Areas
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Initial Condit'n Define Pick All
Lab: TEMP, Value: 2875 OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Select Entities Nodes Attached to Areas, all Invert Cancel
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Initial Condit'n Define Pick All
Lab: ALlL DOF, Value: 80 OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Select Everything
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Load Step Opts Time/Frequenc Time-Time Step Time at
end of load step: 4; initial time step size: 0.01 Choose Stepped loading Minimum time step size: 0.001;
Maximum time step size: 0.25 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Load Step Opts Output Ctrls DB/Results File
Every substep OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS File Close OK Close(Solution is
done!).
(9)
ANSYS Utility Menu: Parameters Scalar Parameters : "cntr_pt = node (1.6,0.6,0)"
Accept Close
ANSYS Main Menu: Time Hist Postproc Add Value Nodal Solution DOF Solution
Temperature User-specified label: center picker and press enter: cntr_pt OK OK File
Close
ANSYS Main Menu: Time Hist Postpro Graph Variables NVAR1: 2 OK
269
8-6
8-7
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc Read Results First Set

ANSYS Utility Menu: Plot Ctrls Style Contours Non_uniform Contours V1: 2643 V2:
2750 V3: 3000 OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Plot Ctrls Animate Over Time Number of animination frames: 10
OK Auto Contour Scaling
(10)
ANSYS 8.3(2) ()
ANSYS 8.3(1) GUI
!%%%% [ANSYS ]8_3(2) %%%%% begin %%%%%

!, ()
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE55
! 1()
MP,KXX,1,0.025
! 1 (KXX=0.025)
MP,DENS,1,0.054
! 1 (0.054)
MP,C,1,0.28
! 1 (0.28)
! 2 ()
MPTEMP,1,0,2643,2750,2875,,,
MPDATA,KXX,2,1,1.44,1.54,1.22,1.22,,,
! 2
MPDATA,ENTH,2,1,0,128.1,163.8,174.2
! 2
MPPLOT,KXX,2,,,,,
! 2
! 2
MPPLOT,ENTH,2,,,,,
K,1,0,0,0
! 1 (0,0,0)
K,2,22,0,0
! 2 (22,0,0)
K,3,10,12,0
! 3 (10,12,0)
K,4,0,12,0
! 4 (12,0,0)
A,1,2,3,4
! 1,2,3,4
RECTNG,4,22,4,8
! x 4~22,y 4~8
APLOT
AOVLAP,1,2
ADELE,3,,,1
! 3
!( 1 1)
SMRT,5
! 5
270

MSHAPE,0,2D
MSHKEY,0
AMESH,5
! 5
TYPE,1
! 1
MAT,2
! 2
REAL
! 1( 1)
ESYS,0
AMESH,4
! 4
SFL,1,CONV,0.014,,80,,
! 1 , 0.014, 80
SFL,3,CONV,0.014,,80,,
! 3 , 0.014, 80
SFL,4,CONV,0.014,,80,,
! 4 , 0.014, 80
SAVE
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,4
SOLCONTROL,ON,0
APLOT
ASEL,S,,,4
! 4 ()
NSLA,S,1
NPLOT
IC,ALL,TEMP,2875
! 2875F
NSEL,INVE
!( 5 )
/REPLOT
IC,ALL,TEMP,80
! 80F
ALLSEL,ALL
SAVE
TIME,3
! 3
AUTOTS,-1
! log
DELTIM,0.01,0.001,0.25,1
! 0.01,
!() 0.001 0.25
KBC,1
OUTRES,ALL,ALL
SAVE
/STAT,SOLU
/REPLOT
!
!
APLOT
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
EPLOT
cntr_pt=node(16,6,0)
NSOL,2,cntr_pt,TEMP,,center
PLVAR,2
!(16,6,0) cntr_pt
! cntr_pt 2 center
! 2
ANTIME,30,0.5, ,0,0,0,0
!30 0.5
FINISH
!%%%% [ANSYS ]8_3(2)
%%%%% end %%%%%
8.4
271
ANSYS 8.4(1) (GUI)

8-8(a) A=0.1
in
8-5
8-5
16 x 106 psi
Q = 4000 lb
92 x 10-7 in/in-F
30 x 106 psi
T = 10F
70 x 10-7 in/in-F
(a)
(b)
8-8
8-8(b) 2D 2-D Spar (or Truss) Elements

(LINK1) 20in 10in(700F)
X
Y
p<*GET >()
q<*GET >
8-6
8-6
ANSYS
Reference 8.4(1)
ANSYS
, psi
19,695.
19,695.
1.000
, psi
10,152.
10,152.
1.000
Reference 8.4(1) Timoshenko S. Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory and Problems, 3rd Edition, New
York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1955, 30
(1) ANSYS
272
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory Initial jobname(

): Links with Temperature Run OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete... Add link: 2d spar 1
OK Element Types Close
(4)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Real Constants Add Type 1 LINK1 OK Real
Constants Set No. : 1, AREA:0.1 Close ( Real Constants )
(5)
Isotropic EX: 16E6(), PRXY:0() OK( Define Material Model Behavior )
Structural Thermal expansion Secant Coefficient Isotropic Alpx: 92E-7 OK ( Define
Material Model Behavior ) Material New model Structural Linear Isotropic EX:
30E6, PRXY:0 OK( Define Material Model Behavior )Structural Thermal expansion
Secant Coefficient Isotropic Alpx:70E-7 OK Close
(6)
ANSYS
Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Settings Reference Temp
TREF:70 OK
(7)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS Node number:1,
X, Y, Z Location in active CS:-1000 Apply 3 (1000)4 (-10-200)
6 (10-200)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes Fill between Nds
13 OK OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Nodes Fill between Nds
46 OK OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Elem Attributes MAT,1
TYPE,1 LINK1REAL,1 OK
Nodes 14 Apply 36 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Modeling Create Elements Elem Attributes MAT:2;
TYPE:1 LINK1; REAL:1
OK
Nodes 25 OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Coupling/ Ceqn Couple DOFs 456 OK
NSET :1Lab: UY OK
123 OK Lab2: ALL DOF OK
(9)
273
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment
On Nodes 5 OK LabFY, Value: -4000 OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural Other
Fluence Uniform Fluen BFUNIF80
(10)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor Loads Load Step Opts Output Ctrls Solu Printout
Item: Basic quantities , FREQ: Every Nth Step, Value of N:1, OK
Item: Elem Nodal Loads , FREQ: Every Nth Step, Value of N:1, OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type New Analysis Static OK
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Analysis Type Sol'n Controls Basic Number of substeps:1
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS OK Yes Close
(11)
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc Element Table Define Table Add Lab: Strs_St, Item:
By Sequence number LS LS1 Apply Add Lab Strs_Co, Item: By
Sequence number LS LS1
ANSYS Utility Menu: List Elements Nodes + Attributes MAT=2
ANSYS Utility Menu: Parameters Get Scalar DataType of data to be retrieved: Results data; Elem
table data OK Name of parameters to be defined: STRSS_ST; Element number N: STEEL_E; Elem
table data to be retrieved: STRS_ST OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: Parameters Get Scalar DataType of data to be retrieved: Results data; Elem
table data OK Name of parameters to be defined: STRSS_CO; Element number N: COPPER_E; Elem
table data to be retrieved: STRS_CO OK
ANSYS Utility Menu: ListStatusParametersAll Parameters
(12)
ANSYS 8.4(2) ()
ANSYS 8.4(1) GUI
!%%%%%% [ANSYS ]8_4(2) %%%% begin %%%%

/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
! S
ET,1,LINK1
! 1()
R,1,.1
MP,EX,1,16E6
! 1 ()
MP,ALPX,1,92E-7
! 1 ()
MP,EX,2,30E6
! 1 ()
MP,ALPX,2,70E-7
! 1 ()
TREF,70
N,1,-10
! 1
N,3,10
! 3
274
FILL
! 1 3 ( 2 )
N,4,-10,-20
! 4
N,6,10,-20
! 6
FILL
! 4 6 ( 5 )
E,1,4
! 1 4
E,3,6
! 3 6
MAT,2
! 2
E,2,5
! 2 5
CP,1,UY,5,4,6
! 4,5,6
D,1,ALL,,,3
! 1,2,3
F,5,FY,-4000
! 5 FY=-4000
BFUNIF,TEMP,80
! 80 (+10)
FINISH
/SOLU
OUTPR,BASIC,1
! 1
OUTPR,NLOAD,1
! 1
NSUBST,1
!1
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
STEEL_N = NODE (,,,)
!(0,0,0) STEEL_N
COPPER_N = NODE (10,0,0)
!(10,0,0) COPPER_N
STEEL_E = ENEARN (STEEL_N)
! STEEL_N
COPPER_E = ENEARN (COPPER_N)
! COPPER_N
ETABLE,STRS_ST,LS,1
!, STRS_ST, LS 1
ETABLE,STRS_CO,LS,1
!, STRS_CO, LS 1
*GET,STRSS_ST,ELEM,STEEL_E,ETAB,STRS_ST
!() STRS_ST , STEEL_E STRSS_ST
*GET,STRSS_CO,ELEM,COPPER_E,ETAB,STRS_CO
!() STRS_CO , COPPER_E STRSS_CO
*STATUS
!%%%%%% [ANSYS ]8_4(2) %%%% end %%%%
8.5
8-1 k = 170W/m i K
T = 15 C h = 25W/m iK
0
q = 5 103 W/mm3
275
8-1
8-2 T0=20 oC
T = 800 C h = 25W/m C
0
8-2
8-3 1.5W/m C
180oC T = 25 C
0
h = 50W/m 2 0 C
8-3
8-4 k = 1.4W/m i K
Tin = 1000 C Tout = 300 C

276
h = 20W/m2 iK
8-4
8-5 k = 170W/m i K
= 2800kg/m3 c = 870J/kgiK 280 C

90 C T f = 280 C
0
h = 30W/m 2 iK
8-5
8-6 20C P = 300 10 N

3
60C
(a) K F
(b)
277
8-6
278
9
9.1
(elastic-plastic problem)
9.1.1
9.1.1(1)
9-1
9-1
ij
-
(elastic-plastic behavior)(yielding criteria)(plastic flow
rule)(plastic hardening rule)
9.1.1(2)
1
(critical state of stress)
(elastic limit)(plastic yielding)
279
1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2
3
1
=
( xx yy ) 2 + ( yy zz ) 2 + ( zz xx ) 2 + 6( xy2 + yz2 + xz2 )
3
8 =
8 = yd
(9-1)
(9-2)
yd
yd
yd =
2 yd
3
(9-3)
(equivalent stress)
3
8
2
1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2
=
2
1
( xx yy ) 2 + ( yy zz ) 2 + ( zz xx ) 2 + 6( xy2 + yz2 + xz2 )
=
2
eq =
(9-4)
(9-2)
eg = yd
(9-5)
eg = f ( ij )
(9-6)
ij 2D ( x , y , xy ) (function of
yielding surface)
F ( ij ) = f ( ij ) yd = 0
9-2
280
(9-7)
9-2
2
(potential function)
d pl =
(9-8)
d (incremental of plastic strain) (plastic multiplier)

pl
Q (associative plastic flow) Q

Q( ) = F ( )
(9-9)
(loading)(unloading)
F
d > 0
F
F = 0
d < 0
F
F = 0
d = 0 (elastic/perfectly plastic
F = 0
material)(hardening material)
(isotropic hardening)
(kinematic hardening)
()(anisotropic hardening)
281
9-3
9-3
yd = yd ( , )
(9-10)
(plastic work) (yielding surface translation)
(3)
d = Dep d
(9-11)
Dep ()
9.1.2
(proportionally loading)
9.1.2(1)
(9-11)
= Dep ()
(9-12)
D ep ()
K ep (q) q = P
(9-13)
K ep (q) = e BT Dep (q) Bd
(9-14)
K (q) q
ep
9.1.3
9.1.3(1)
282
= Dep (, )
(9-15)
b p ( (t ), b (t ), p(t ))
T Dep () d b (u) d p (u) dA = 0
Sp
(9-16)
u e = N q e
e = B q e
(9-17)
q N B
e
K ep (q) q = P
(9-18)
K ep (q) = e BT Dep (q e )Bd

e
q = q e
e
P = e NT bd + e NT pdA
e
Sp
9.1.4 Newton-RaphsonN-R
(9-13),
z
z Newton-RaphsonN-R
z N-R
Newton-Raphson
9.1.4(1) Newton-RaphsonN-R
Newton-RaphsonN-R(iteration algorithm)
Step1 P
P (1) , P (2) , P (3) , ..... P ( n )
283
Step2
Kep (qi( k ) ) qi( k ) = Pi( k )
(9-19)
(k) k i i (8-18)
Pi( k )
Pi( k ) = Pi(+k1) Pi( k )
(8-20)
Step3 9-4
9-4
Newton-RaphsonN-R(tangent stiffness
matrix)
Newton-Raphsonmodified N-R
9-5
9-5
9.2
Newton-Raphson Newton-Raphson
ANSYS 9.2(1) (GUI)

9-6 Y
284
9-1 F1 = 51,961.5lb
( F2 = 81,961.5lb )
9-1
F1 = 51,961.5 lb
F2 = 81,961.5 lb
A = 1in2 l = 100in
= 300
E = 3 107 psi
Y = 30,000 psi
F1 F2
(a)
(b)
9-6
2D 2-D Spar (or Truss) Elements (LINK1)
(
)
p()
q<*GET >
9-2
9-2
ANSYS
Reference 9.2(1)
ANSYS
4 F1 , in
-0.07533
-0.07534
1.000
, psi
-5,650.
-5,650
1.000
Reference 9.2(1) Crandall S H, Dahl N C. An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids, New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc. 1959, 234
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS Interactive Working directory Initial jobname:
285
ThreeSparRun OK
(2)
(3)
Add Link: 2d
spar 1 OK Element Types Close

(4)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add... select Type 1
Link1 OK input Real Constants Set No. : 1, AREA: 1 OK ( Real Constants )
Close ( Real Constants )
(5)
Elastic Isotropic input EX:30e6 () OK ,Nolinear () Elastic Rate
Independent Kinematic Hardening Plasticity Mises Plasticity Bilinear Yield Stss: 30000 OK
Close
(6)
ANSYS Utility MenuParameters Scalar Parameters Scalar Parameters Selection
L=100Accept THETA=30AcceptClose
ANSYS Utility MenuParameters Angular Units Units for angularDegrees DEG OK
ANSYS Utility MenuParameters Scalar Parameters Scalar Parameters Selection
XLOC=L*TAN(THETA)AcceptClose
(7)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Nodes In Active CS NODE
Node number1XYZ Location in active CS-XLOC0 Apply NODE Node number3X
YZ Location in active CSXLOC0 OK Nodes- Fill between Nds 1 3 OK
Create Nodes Between 2 Nodes OKNodes- In Active CS NODE Node number4XY
Z Location in active CS0-L OK ElementsAuto Numbered Thru Nodes Elements
1 4 Apply 2 4 Apply 3 4 OK
(8)
Solution Printout Controls FREQ Print frequencyEvery Nth substepValue of N1 OK
(9)
Displacement On Nodes 12 3 OK( Apply U, ROT on Nodes )Lab2: All
DOFVALUE: 0OK
Force/Moment On Nodes 4 OK( Apply F/M on Nodes )Lab: FYVALUE:
-51961.5OK
(10)( F1 )
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Solve Current LS Solve Current Load Step
/STATUS Command OK Close Solution is done
(11) 4Y DEF
ANSYS Utility MenuParameters Get Scalar Data Get Scalar Data Result
dataNodal resultsOK Get Nodal results Data NameDEF; Node number N4Reseluts
286
data to be retrievedDOF solutionUY OK

(12)
ANSYS Main MenuFinish
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Analysis Type Sol'n Controls Basic Solution Controls
Time ControlAutomatic time steppingOnNumber of substeps10Write Items to Results File
All solution itemsFrequencyWrite every Nth substepN10OK
(13)
ANSYS Utility MenuPlot Multi-Plots
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On
Nodes 4 OK( Apply F/M on Nodes )Lab: FYVALUE: -81961.5OK
(14)( F2 )
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS Solve Current Load Step
(15)
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Analysis Type Sol'n Controls Basic Warning
Solution Controls Time ControlNumber of substeps5FrequencyWrite every Nth substep
N5 OK
(16)
ANSYS Utility MenuPlot Multi-Plots
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On
Nodes 4 OK( Apply F/M on Nodes )Lab: FYVALUE: 0OK
(17)()
ANSYS Main MenuSolution Solve Current LS Solve Current Load Step
(18) 2 STRSS
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Element Table Define Table Element Table Data
press Add Define Additional Element Table Items LabSTRS; ItemComp
LS, 1 OK CLOSE Element Table Data
ANSYS Utility MenuParameters Get Scalar Data Get Scalar Data Result
dataElem table dataOK Get Element Table Data NameSTRSS; Element number N
2OK
(19)
ANSYS Utility MenuList StatusParameters All Parameters
(20)
ANSYS 9.2(2) ()
ANSYS 9.2(1) GUI
%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]9_2(2) %%%% begin %%%%%%%%

/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
287

ET,1,LINK1
! 1()
R,1,1
! 1
MP,EX,1,30E6
!(1 )
TB,BKIN
TBTEMP,100
! 100
TBDATA,1,30000
!( 1 ) 30000
L=100
! L
*AFUN,DEG
THETA=30
! THETA
XLOC=L*TAN(THETA)
N,1,-XLOC
! 1
N,3,XLOC
! 3
FILL
! 1 3 ( 2 )
N,4,,-L
! 4
E,1,4
$E,2,4 $E,3,4
!($)
OUTPR,,1
D,1,ALL,,,3
! 1,2,3
F,4,FY,-51961.5
! 4 FY=-51961.5
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
BOT_NODE = NODE (0,-100,0)
!(0,-100,0) BOT_NODE
*GET,DEF,NODE,BOT_NODE,U,Y ! BOT_NODE UY DEF

FINISH
/SOLU
AUTOTS,ON
!
NSUBST,10
!10
OUTPR,,10
! 10
F,4,FY,-81961.5
! 4 FY=-81961.5
SOLVE
!
!(ANSYS )
!(ANSYS )
NSUBST,5
!5
OUTPR,,5
! 5
F,4,FY
! 4 FY=0
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
ETABLE,STRS,LS,1
!, STRS, LS 1
*GET,STRSS,ELEM,2,ETAB,STRS ! STRS , 2 STRSS
288

*status,parm
%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]9_2(2) %%%% end %%%%%%%%
9.3
ANSYS 9.3(1) (GUI)

9-7(a) 1cm,
9-7(b)
20000 N/cm 2 - 9-3
P
(a)(cm)
(b)(N)
9-7
9-3 -
( N
/ cm 2 )
1
0
0
2
0.004
80
3
0.015
160
4
0.03
210
5
0.08
280
P - 2D PLANE42
(mkin)
() 9-8
p time
q P
(2 )(3 ) 3
2 3 9-9
Bauschinger
( 2 )
(GUI)(step by step)
(1) ANSYS
: Beams Run OK
(2)
(3)
ANSYS Utility MenuPlotCtrls Window Controls Window Options DATENo Date or
289
Time OK
(4)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete... Add Solid: Quad
4node 42 OK Element Types Close
(5)
Elastic Isotropic EX: 2E4, PRXY: 0.3 () OK Define
Material Model Behavior Structural NonLinear Inelastic Rate Independent
Kinematic Hardening Plasticity Mises Plasticity Multilinear (Fixed table) Strain 1
4 0.0040.0150.030.08 Curve1 1 4 80160210280
Graph OK Close 9-8
(6)
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS

Keypoints number1XYZ Location in active CS000 Apply
100001001000100 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Modeling Create Areas Arbitrary Through KPs
1234
(7)
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Meshing Mesher Opts Mesher Type : Mapped OK
2D Shape Key : Quad OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Meshing size contrls ManualSize Lines Picked
Lines Ok NDIV 20 Apply Ok NDIV
8 OK
ANSYS Main MenuPreprocessor Meshing Mesh Areas Target Surf
OK
(8)
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Lines
L4 OK select Lab2: All DOF() OK
(9)
ANSYS Main Menu : Solution Analysis Type Soln Controls Basic Analysis
Options Large Displacement SaticNumber of substeps: 8, Max no. of substeps :25 Min no. Of
substeps:2, Frequency Write N number of substeps Where N = 10 OK
(10)
ANSYS Main Menu : Solution Analysis Type Soln Controls Basic Time at
end of loadstep:1 OK
ANSYS Main Menu : Solution Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On
Nodes 26 OK LabFyValue-40 OK
ANSYS Utility Menu : Plot Replot
end of loadstep: 2 OK
Nodes 26 OK LabFyValue0 OK
290

Nodes 26 OK LabFyValue40 OK
Nodes 26 LabFyValue0 OK
Nodes 26 LabFyValue-40 OK
Nodes 26 LabFyValue0 OK
(11)
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Read Results Last Set
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Deformed Shape Def + Undeformed
OK
ANSYS Main MenuGeneral Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Element solu Plastic
Strain Equivalent plastic strain OK
ANSYS Main MenuTimeHist Postpro Define Variables Add Element
Results OK 2 OK 4 OK ItemComp Data item
Stress, X-direction SX OK Define Time-History Variables Add Element Results OK
2 OK 4 OK ItemComp Data item Strain-plastic,
X-dirn EPPL X OK Close
ANSYS Main MenuTimeHist Postpro Settings Graph Single Variable No.
3 OK
ANSYS Main MenuTimeHist Postpro Graph Variables Nvar1 2
OK P (SX) 9-9
ANSYS 9.3(2) ()
ANSYS 9.3(1) GUI
291
9-8
9-9 P (SX)
!%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]9_3(2) %%%% begin %%%%%%%%

/PREP7
/PLOPTS,DATE,0
!=====
FORCE=40
LTH=100
THK=10
EXX=20000
sts1=80
!=====-
stn1=sts1/exx
sts2=160
stn2=0.015
sts3=210
stn3=0.03
sts4=280
stn4=0.08
mp,ex,1,EXX
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
tb,mkin,1
tbtemp,,strain
tbdata,,stn1,stn2,stn3,stn4
tbtemp,,
tbdata,,sts1,sts2,sts3,sts4
TBPLOT, mkin,1
!=====
ANTYPE,STATIC
ET,1,PLANE42
! 1( PLANE42)
K,1,0,0,0
! No.1
K,2,LTH,0,0
! No.2
K,3,LTH,THK,0
! No.3
292

K,4,0,THK,0
! No.4
A,1,2,3,4
! 4 No.1
LESIZE,1, , ,20, , , , ,1
! 1 20 ()
LESIZE,3, , ,20, , , , ,1
! 3 20 ()
LESIZE,2, , ,8, , , , ,1
! 2 8 ()
LESIZE,4, , ,8, , , , ,1
! 4 8 ()
MSHAPE,0,2D
MSHKEY,1
AMESH,1
! No.1
DL,4, ,ALL,
! 4
FINISH
!=====
/SOLU
nlgeom,on
outres,all,-10
! 10
nsubst,8,25,2
NP=NODE(100,5,0)
! 8 25 2
!(100,5,0) NP
!
time,1
! 1( 1 )
F,NP,FY,-FORCE
! NP FY=-FORCE
solve
time,2
! 2( 1 )
F,NP,FY,0
! NP FY=0
solve
time,3
! 3( 1 )
F,NP,FY, FORCE
! NP FY=FORCE
solve
time,4
! 4( 1 )
F,NP,FY,0
! NP FY=0
solve
time,5
! 5( 1 )
F,NP,FY,- FORCE
! NP FY=-FORCE
solve
time,6
! 6( 1 )
F,NP,FY,0
! NP FY=0
solve
!=====
/post1
set,last
! .
PLDISP,2
PLESOL,nl,epeq
FINISH
!=====
/post26
KEY= NODE (10,0,0)
!(10,0,0) KEY
293
ELM = ENEARN (KEY)
! KEY ELM
ESOL,2,ELM,KEY,S,X,
! ELM KEY SX 2
ESOL,3,ELM,KEY,EPPL,X,
! ELM KEY EPPL 3
XVAR,3
! 3
PLVAR,2
! 2
FINISH
!%%%%%%% [ANSYS ]9_3(2) %%%% end %%%%%%%%
9.4
9-1 z ( = 0.5 ) Mises
1
1
( xx yy ) 2 + xy2 = s2
4
3
9-2
8 =
1
3
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2
1 , 2 , 3 8
s 8
9-3 9-3(a)
P
9-3(b)
P1 = 20
P2 = 10 P3 = 30 P uP
(a)
(b)
9-3
9-4
A = 1, E = 1, L = 2
F1 = 2, F2 = 4, F3 = 6 P v
294
9-4
9-5 H = 100 mm
9-5(b) P = 24N P
(a)
(b)
9-5
295
[1] Zienkiewicz O C and Cheung Y K, The Finite Element Method in Structural and Continuum Mechanics,
London: McGraw-Hill 1967.
[2] Zienkiewicz O C, The finite element methods, from intuition to generality, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 1970,
23(2).
[3] Courant R, Variational methods for the solution of problems of equilibrium and vibrations, Bulletin of
American Mathematical Society, 1943, 49, 1-23
[4] Turner M J, Clough R W, Martin H C and Topp L J, Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex structures,
Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, 1956, 23:805-824.
[5] Clough R W. Thoughts about the origin of the finite element method. Computers & Structures, 2001,
79:2029-2030
[6] Clough R W. Early history of the finite element method from the view point of a pioneerInternational Journal
for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 2004, 60:283287
[7] Argyris J H, Energy Theorems and Structural Analysis, London: Butterworth, 1960 ( Aircraft Enginnering,
1954 Oct- 1955 May )
[8] 195410(3),259.
[9] 1980.
[10]Siefkes T. Upfront CAE in the rail industry - Promises, Challenges and Lessons Learnt. Keynote Presentations,
European HyperWorks Technology Conference 2007
[11]Clemen G. HyperWorks applications in aerospace. Technical session 8: Safety, European HyperWorks
Technology Conference 2007
[12]Astier V. A finite element model of the shoulder for many applications: trauma and orthopaedics. Technical
session 9: Biomechanics, European HyperWorks Technology Conference 2007
[13]Hutton D V()Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis()2007
[14]Cook R D()( 4 )2007
[15]2005
[16]Kattan P I()MATLAB ()2004
[17] ()1979.
[18] 2001.
[19] Zienkiewicz O C(). 1 ( 5 )
2008
[20]Moaveni S()ANSYS ( 3 )2008
[21] Wst A. Optimization techniques in the development of a lower bumper stiffener for pedestrian protection.
Technical session 1: Optimization, European HyperWorks Technology Conference 2007
[22]. . 2004
[23] Babuska I and Dorr M R, Error estimates for the combined h and p versions of finite element method. SIAM J.
Numer. Analysis, 1981, 37,257-277
[24] Oden J T et al. Toward a universal h-p adaptive finite element strategy. Computer Methods in Applied
Mechanics and Engineering, 1989, 77:,113-180
[25] Chandrupatla T R().( 3 )2006
296
A MATLAB
A.1 MATLAB
MATLAB A-1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) MATLAB
(6) MATLAB
A-1
MATLAB
(1)(function)
(2) load
>>load E:\matlabFEM\FEM2D\node.txt
(3)%
(4)MATLAB
;
>>x=[1 2 3 4];
(5) help MATLAB help
A.2 MATLAB M
MATLAB Current Directory
MATLAB
297
M
save load+
dir
MATLAB M
M .m MATLAB
MATLAB M M
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB exist('
') MATLAB DebugRun( F5 )
A.3
MATLAB format long
A-1
A-1
x=1/6
format short
0.1667
format long
0.166666666666667
14
format rat
1/6
format bank
0.17
format short e
1.6667e-001
format long e
1.666666666666667e-001
14
format hex
3fc5555555555555
format +
+-
format compact
MATLAB disp x = [1 2 3 4 5]
>>x=[1 2 3 4];
>>disp(x)
% x
12345
>> disp('Results')
Results
'
MATLAB fprintf
\n \t
>>x=10;
% x
>> fprintf('The value of x is %g \n', x)
% x
The value of x is 10
298
A.4
>> x=5
x=
5
>>y=0:20:100
y=
0
20
40
>>z=10:-2:0
60
80
100
z=
10
>> A=[5 1 3; 8 3 4;2 6 9]
% 3X3
A=
5
>> s='matrix operation'
s=
matrix operation
>>[p,q]=size(s)
%()
p=
1
q=
16
% 6 ()
>>s(6)
ans =
x
A.5
A-2
A-2
MATLAB
x=7, y=6
x+y
13
x-y
x*y
42
(x+y)/2
6.5
299
x^2
49
MATLAB
A-3
A-3 MATLAB
.*
./
.^
>>A=[1 2 3 4 5];
>>B=[2 4 6 8 10];
>>C=B+A
C=
3
>> D=B.*A
12
15
D=
2
18
>>E=B./A
32
50
E=
2
>>F=[A(1:3) B(3:5)]
F=
1
10
MATLAB A-4
A-4 MATLAB
A B
A+B
A-B
A*B
inv
inv(A)
det()
det(A)
eig()
eig(A)
A\B
300
4 x1 + 2 x2 + 6 x3 = 4
x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 8
8 x1 + 6 x2 + 2 x3 = 2
>>A=[4 2 6;1 2 3;8 6 2]
% 3X3
A=
4
2
% 3X1
>>B=[4;8;2]
B=
4
8
2
% A*x=B x
>>x=A\B
x=
-2.6111
3.3889
1.2778
% A
>>INV_A=inv(A)
INV_A =
0.1944
-0.4444
0.0833
-0.3056
0.5556
0.0833
0.1389
0.1111
-0.0833
% A*y=B y=inv(A)*B
>>y=inv(A)*B
y=
-2.6111
3.3889
1.2778
% A ,v , lamda
>>[v,lamda]=eig(A)
v=
-0.6388
-0.4912
0.6004
-0.2893
-0.2874
-0.7997
-0.7129
0.8223
-0.0063
lamda =
11.6023
-4.8752
1.2729
A.6 MATLAB
301
(A-1)
MATLAB Mass=[1102 115 99 106 103 95 97 102 98

96] MATLAB A-5
A-5 MATLAB
Sum
sum(Mass)
1013
mean
mean(Mass)
101.3
max
Max(Mass)
115
Min
sin(Mass)
95
std
std(Mass)
5.93
sort
sort(Mass)
95 96 97 98 99 102 103 106 115
pi
3.141 592 653 589 7
pi
3.1415926535897
tan
tan(pi/4)
cos
tos(pi/2)
sin
sin(pi/2)
MATLAB A-6
A-6
MATLAB
sqrt(x)
factorial(x)
factorial (5) =(5) (4) (3) (2) (1) =120
acos(x)
asin(x)
atan(x)
exp(x)
ex
log(x)
x 0
log10(x)
10
log2(x)
>>Weight = [1020 1015 990 1060 1030 950 975 1020 980 960];
>> Weight_Average=mean(Weight)
Weight_Average =
1000.00
>> Weight_Standard_Deviation=std(Weight)
Weight_Standard_Deviation =
34.5607
A.7
MATLAB A-7
302

A-7
MATLAB
<
<=
==
>
>=
~=
for/end
x 2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5 4.0 y = x3+2 1017.625
29.0044.875 66.00 MATLAB
>>x = 2.0;
>>for i = 1:1:5
%,,
y = x^3+2;
disp ([x y] )
% x y
x = x + 0.5;
end
10
2.5000
3
17.6250
29
3.5000
4
44.8750
66
while/end
>>x = 2.0;
>>while x<=4.0
% x
y = x^3+2;
disp ([x y] )
% x y
x = x + 0.5;
end
10
2.5000
3
17.6250
29
3.5000
4
44.8750
66
if/else
65824087805965777259
60 MATLAB
>>scores = [65 82 40 87 80 59 65 77 72 59] ;
%()
303

>>for i=1:1:10
%,,
if scores ( i ) > 60
%(>60)
fprintf ('\t %g \t \t \t \t \t PASSING\n', scores(i)) ;
%(>60)
else
fprintf ('\t %g \t \t \t \t \t FAILING\n', scores(i))
%(<60)
end
end
65
PASSING
82
PASSING
40
FAILING
87
PASSING
80
PASSING
59
FAILING
65
PASSING
77
PASSING
72
PASSING
59
FAILING
A.8
[ xi , yi ] i =1,2,",n
y = c0 x n + c1 x n 1 + c2 x n 2 + c3 x n 3 + " + cn
(A-2)
MATLAB polyfit(x,y,n)
(c0 , c1 , c2 , c3 ," , cn )
[ xi , yi ] i =1,2,",n A-8
A-8
xi
1.5
2.5
yi
4.8
7.6
9.6
12.8
15.6
(A-2) n=1 MATLAB

>>format compact
%
% x
>>x = [1:0.5:3]';
>>y = [4.8
7.6 9.6
12.8
15.6]';
>>Coefficients= polyfit ( x,y,1)
% y
% c0 c1
304
Coefficients =
5.3600
-0.6400
>>f = polyval(Coefficients,x)
f=
4.7200
7.4000
10.0800
12.7600
15.4400
>>table = [x y f y-f]
%,,
table =
1.0000
4.8000
4.7200
0.0800
1.5000
7.6000
7.4000
0.2000
2.0000
9.6000
10.0800
-0.4800
2.5000
12.8000
12.7600
0.0400
3.0000
15.6000
15.4400
0.1600
>>plot(x,y,'o',x,f,'-')
%( o)(-)
>>axis([1 3 4 20])
A-2
A-2 ( o)(-)
c0 = 5.36, c1 = 0.64
y = 5.36 x 0.64
A.9
A-9 MATLAB
305
(A-3)
f1 ( x) = x 2 5 x + 6
f 2 ( x) = x 3
f3 ( x) = ( x + 5) 2
f 4 ( x) = 5 x y + 2 x y
A-9
(A-4)
MATLAB
sym
F1x = sym('x^2-5*x+6')
F1x = x^2 - 5 *x+ 6
F2x = sym ('x-3')
F2x = x - 3
F3x = sym( '(x+5) ^2')
F3x = (x+5)^2
F4x =sym('5*x-y+2*x-y')
F4x = 5*x-y+2*x-y
factor
factor(F1x)
(x - 2) * (x - 3)
simplify
simplify(F1x/F2x)
x-2
expand
expand(F3x)
x^2+10*x+25
collect
collect(F4x)
7*x-2*y
solve
solve(F1x)
x= 2 x= 3
ezplot(f,min,max)
min max
ezplot(F1x,0,2 )
F1x
A.10
2D MATLAB plot (xy)

x y plot(xys)
s A-10
plot(x,y, 'k * -')MATLAB o
MATLAB
A-10 MAILAB
s
-.
--
<
>
A-3
% x
>>x = 1:0.5:3;
>>y = [4.8
7.6 9.6
12.8
15.6];
% y
306

>>plot(x,y,'o')
%( o)
z = f ( x) = (15 5x) (10 3x) x
(A-5)
MATLAB A-4
>> x = 0:0.1:5;
%()
>> z= (15-5*x).*(10-3*x ).*x; %,()

>> plot (x,z)
% x z
>> title('z as a function of x' )
>> xlabel ('x(cm)')
% x
>> ylabel ('z(cm^3)')
% y
>> grid minor
A-3
A-4
A.11
A.5 MATLAB
10 x1 x2 + 2 x3 = 10
2 x1 + x2 3 x3 = 8
5 x1 2 x2 + 2 x3 = 7
(A-6)
solve solve
solve (eqnl,eqn2,.,eqnn) MATLAB
>> eql='10*x1-x2 +2*x3=10';
% 1
>> eq2='2*x1+x2-3*x3=8';
% 2
>> eq3='5*x1-2*x2+2*x3=7';
% 3
>> [ x1, x2, x3] = solve(eql,eq2,eq3)
x1 =
49/39
x2 =
-128/39
x3 =
307
-38/13
>>vpa([x1;x2;x3])
ans =
1.2564102564102564102564102564103
-3.2820512820512820512820512820513
-2.9230769230769230769230769230769
Moaveni S()ANSYS ( 3 )
2008
308
B ANSYS
ANSYS (GUI)
(step by step)log
APDL
ANSYS
B-1 1
F1 F2 R1 R2 B-1
ANSYS
bar
B-1
E = 30 106 psi
l = 10in a = 7in b = 4in
F1 = 2 F2 = 1000lb
(a)
(b)
B-1
Y ANSYS
p
q
r</ESHAPE>()
s<ETABLE><PLLS>
t< PRRSOL >
309
B.1 (GUI)(step by step)

(1) ANSYS
ANSYS Interactive change the working directory into yours input Initial jobname:
bar Run
(2)
ANSYS Main Menu: Preferences select Structural
OK
(3)
Main Menu
Preprocessor
Element Type
Add/Edit/Delete Defined
Element
Types, Add Library of Types: Structural Link, 2D spar 1, Element type reference number [1]
OK
(4)
Preprocessor
Material Props
Structural
() , PRXY[0] ()
Material Models
Linear
Elastic
Material Models Available

Isotropic
EX [30E6]
OK X
(5)
Preprocessor
Real Constants
Choose element type : Type 1 Linl1

)
OK
Add/Edit/Delete
OK
Defined Real Constant-Sets , Add
Real Constant Set No.[1] ( 1 ), AREA [1] (
Close
(6)
step1 1 (x=0, y=0, z=0)
Preprocessor
Modeling
Create
XYZ Location in active CS, [0][0][0]
Nodes
In Active CS
Node number [1],
Nodes
In Active CS
Node number [2],
Nodes
In Active CS
Node number [3],
Nodes
In Active CS
Node number [4],
OK
step2 2 (x=0, y=4, z=0)

Preprocessor
Modeling
Create
OK
step3 3 (x=0, y=7, z=0)

Preprocessor
Modeling
Create
OK
step4 4 (x=0, y=10, z=0)

Preprocessor
Modeling
Create
OK
(7)
step1 ( 1 2 )
Preprocessor
Modeling
Create
Elements
Auto Numbered
Thru Nodes
1 2
OK
step2 ( 3 1)
Preprocessor
Modeling
Copy
Elements
Auto Numbered
OK I TIME[3] , NINC[1]
OK
(8) ()
step1 ( 1 4 1 4
3)
310

Preprocessor
On Nodes
Loads
Define Loads
Apply
Structural
Displacement
14
Lab2 , All DOF
OK
OK
step2 ( 2 FY=-5000)
Preprocessor
Loads
Define Loads
Apply
On Nodes 2
OK
Structural
Force/Moment
Lab: FY , VALUF:[-5000]
OK
step3 ( 3 FY=-1000)
Preprocessor
Loads
Define Loads
Apply
On Nodes 3
OK
Structural
Force/Moment
Lab: FY , VALUF:[-1000]
OK
(9)
Main Menu
Solution
Solve
Current LS
OK
Solution is done! Close X/ STATUS Command

(10)
(a)
ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc
Plot Results
Deformed Shape
select
Def +
Undeformed OK
(b)()( 0.5 )
Utility Menu PlotCtrls Style Size and Shape ESHAPE, [9]ON, SCALE:[0.5] OK
(c)( UY)
Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu DOF Solution,
Y-Component of Displacement OK
(d)(PNG bar001.png) B-2
B-3
Utility Menu PlotCtrls Hard Copy To file [9]Color, [9]PNG, [9]Reverse Video, [9]Portrait,
Save to: [bar001.png] OK
B-2 (UY)
B-3
(11)
(a)
()
step1 I
Main Menu General Postproc Element Table Define Table Add Lab:[bar_I], By sequence
num: [SMISC,1] OK Close
step2 J
Main Menu General Postproc Element Table Define Table Add Lab:[bar_J], By sequence
311
num: [SMISC,1] OK Close

step3
Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Line Elem Res LabI:[ bar_I],
LabJ:[ bar_J], Fact:[1] OK
Utility Menu PlotCtrls Hard Copy To file PNG
(10) word PNG 0-3
(b)
Utility Menu List Results Element Solution Element Solution: Miscellaneous Items,
Summable data (SMISC,1):[1] OK OK
PRINT SUMMABLE MISCELLANEOUS ELEMENT SOLUTION PER ELEMENT

***** POST1 ELEMENT SUMMABLE MISCELLANEOUS RECORD LISTING *****
LOAD STEP=
TIME=
1 SUBSTEP=
1.0000
ELEM
LOAD CASE=
SMIS1
-600.00
-100.00
900.00
MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM
VALUE
-600.00
MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM
VALUE
900.00
1 -6002 -1003 900

vm1-3

Utility Menu List Results Reaction Solution Lab:[All items] OK
PRINT REACTION SOLUTIONS PER NODE

***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****
LOAD STEP=
TIME=
1 SUBSTEP=
1.0000
LOAD CASE=
1
0
THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN GLOBAL COORDINATES

NODE
FX
FY
0.0000
600.00
0.0000
900.00
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE
0.0000
1500.0
1 6004 900
B-2
(12)
312

ANSYS Utility Menu: File Exit
Save Everything OK
B-2
Reference B-1
ANSYS
Ratio
R1 , lb
900.0
900.0
1.000
R2 , lb
600.0
600.0
1.000
Reference B-1 Timoshenko S. Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory and Problems, 3rd Edition, New
York:D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1955, 26
B.2
log ( GUI log )
GUI bar.*
bar.log
ansys
bar.log ansys
(bar.db, bar.emat, bar.rst, bar.err, bar.tri) ansys
(bar.db, bar.emat, bar.rst, bar.err, bar.tri) ansys

(1) ANSYS
ANSYSed
Interactive
change the working directory into yours
input Initial
jobname: bar_new() Run
(2) ANSYS ( bar_new) bar.log

ANSYS/Structural U Utility Menu file read input from bar.log() OK
B.3
ANSYS
(.log) Option Utility Menu file read input
from bar.log() OK
!%%%%%%%% bar.log %%%% begin %%%%%%

!----!
!---- ansys 4 4
!---- FINISH fini ------/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
!()
ET,1,LINK1
! ( 1 LINK1)
R,1,1
!( 1 1)
MP,EX,1,30E6
!()( 1 30E6)
N,1
!( 1 x=0, y=0, z=0)
313

N,2,,4
!( 2 x=0, y=4, z=0)
N,3,,7
!( 3 x=0, y=7, z=0)
N,4,,10
!( 4 x=0, y=10, z=0)
E,1,2
!( 1 2 )
EGEN,3,1,1
! 3 1
D,1,ALL,,,4,3
! 1 4 3
F,2,FY,-500
!( 2 FY=-5000)
F,3,FY,-1000
!( 3 FY=-1000)
FINISH
/SOLU
OUTPR,BASIC,1
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
/ESHAPE,0.5
!()( 0.5 )
PLNSOL, U,Y, 0,1.0
!( UY)
ETABLE,bar_I,SMISC,1
! I
ETABLE,bar_J,SMISC,1
! J
PLLS, bar_I, bar_J
PRESOL,SMISC,1
!()
PRRSOL
FINISH
!%%%%%%%% bar.log %%%% end %%%%%%
B.4
APDL
APDL ANSYS Parametric Design Language
(1) ( 8 )
Bar_1=4
bar_2=7
bar_L=10
(2)
bar_el=30E6
(3)
bar_a=1
(4)
force1=-500
force2=-1000
APDL (.log)
!%%%%%%%%parameterized log file: bar_para.log %%%% begin %%%%%%
!------$--------!---begin--bar_1=4
! F2
bar_2=7
! F1
bar_L=10
bar_a=1
bar_el=30E6
!
314

force_1=-500
! F1
force_2=-1000
! F2
!-----end--/PREP7
ANTYPE,STATIC
!()
ET,1,LINK1
! ( 1 LINK1)
R,1,bar_a
!( 1 bar_a)
MP,EX,1, bar_el
!()( 1 bar_el)
N,1
$N,2,, bar_1
$N,3,, bar_2
$N,4,, bar_L
! 1,2,3,4
E,1,2
!( 1 2 )
EGEN,3,1,1
! 3 1
D,1,ALL,,,4,3
! 1 4 3
F,2,FY, force_1
!( 2 FY= force_1)
F,3,FY, force_2
!( 3 FY= force_2)
FINISH
/SOLU
OUTPR,BASIC,1
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
/ESHAPE,0.5
!()( 0.5 )
! JPEG
JPGPRF,1500,300,1
/SHOW,JPEG
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1,0
! file000.jpg
ETABLE,bar_I,SMISC,1
! I
ETABLE,bar_J,SMISC,1
! J
PLLS, bar_I, bar_J
PRESOL,SMISC,1
! () file001.jpg
!() ansys
PRRSOL
FINISH
!%%%%%%%%parameterized log file: bar_para.log %%%% end %%%%%%
315
SI

(Mg/m3)
(MPa)
(MPa)

106C
(GPa)
172
469
469
290
0.35
23
131
[2014-T6
2.79
73.1
414
414
[6061-T6
2.71
68.9
255
255
290
290
186
0.35
24
[ ASTM 20
7.19
67.0
179
669
0.28
12
[ ASTM A-197
7.28
172
276
572
0.28
12
[ C83400
8.74
101
70.0
70.0
241
241
0.35
18
[ C86100
8.83
103
345
345
655
655
0.34
17
[Am 1004-T61]
1.83
44.7
152
152
276
276
152
0.30
26
[ A36
7.85
200
250
250
400
400
0.32
12
[ 304
7.86
193
207
207
517
517
0.27
17
[ L2
8.16
200
703
703
800
800
0.32
12
[Ti-6A1-4V]
4.43
120
924
924
1.000
0.36
9.4
2.38
22.1
0.15
11
1.000
12
38
2.38
29.0
0.15
11
[Kevlar49
1.45
131
717 483
20.3
0.34
[30%
1.45
72.4
90
0.34
[
[
0.47
.3.60
13.1
9.65
131
2.1
2.5
26
36
6.2
6.7
0.29
0.31

Moaveni S()ANSYS ( 3 )
2008
316
SI
kg/m
J/kgK
W/mK
1100
2740
896
221
2110
920
0.74
1920
670
0.029
1000
920
2300
653
1.0
1790@373K
829
1.0@473K
2470
750
1.0@366K
4280
490
1.4
2230
840
1.0@366K
7210
500
47.7@327K
7700@373K
930
1300
0.13
2050
1840
0.5
7830
500
690
0.172@323K
550
0.13
750
430
60.4
2390
45.3
0.176
0.11
Incropera,F.,and Dewitt D., Fundametals of Heat and Mass Ttransfer,4th ed.New York,John Wiley and
Sons,1996.
317
SI
SI
1mm=0.039 37in
1in=25.4mm
1mm=0.003 28ft
1ft=304.8mm
1cm=0.393 70in
1in=2.54cm
1cm=0.0328ft
1ft=34.48cm
1m=39.3700in
1in=0.025m
1ft=0.3048m
1m=3.28ft
1mm =1.55E-3in
1in2=645.16mm2
1mm2=1.0764E-5ft2
1ft2=92 903mm2
1cm =0.155in
1in2=6.4516cm2
1cm2=1.07E-3ft2
1ft2=92.903cm2
1m2=1550in2
1in2=645.16E-4m2
1m2=10.76ft2
1ft2=0.0929m2
1mm3=6.1024E-5in3
1in3=16 387mm3
1mm3=3.5315E-8ift3
1ft3=28.317E6mm3
1cm3=0.061 024in3
1in3=16.387cm3
1cm3=3.5315E-5ft3
1ft3=28 317cm3
1m3=61 024in3
1in3=1.6387E-5m3
1m3=35.315ft3
1ft3=0.028 317m3
1mm4=2.402E-6in4
1in4=416.231E3mm4
1mm4=115.86E-12ift4
1ft4=8.63097E9mm4
1cm4=24.205E-3in4
1in4=41.623cm4
1cm =1.586E-6ft
1ft4=863 110cm4
1m4=2.40251E6in4
1in4=416.231E-9m4
1m4=115.86ft4
1ft4=8.631E-3m4
1kg=68.521E-3slug
1slug=14.593kg
1kg=2.2046 lbm
1lbm=0.4536kg
1kg/m =0.001 938slug/ft
1slug/ft3=515.7kg/m3
1kg/m3=0.062 48lbm/ft3
1lbm/ft3=16.018kg/m3
1N=224.809E-3lbf
1lbf=4.448N
1Nm=8.851inlb
1inlb=0.113Nm
1Nm=0.7376ftlb
1ftlb=1.356Nm
1Pa=145.0377E-6lb/in
1lb/in2=6.8947E3Pa
1Pa=20.885E-3lb/ft2
1lb/ft2=47.880Pa
1KPa=145.0377E-6Ksi
1Ksi=6.8947E3KPa
1J=0.7375ftlb
1ftlb=1.3558J
1KWhr=3.41214E3Btu
1Btu=2930.71E-6
1w=0.7375 ftlb/sec
1ftlb/sec=1.3558W
1KW=3.41214E3Btu/hr
1Btu/hr=293.07E-6KW
1KW=1.341hp
1hp=0.7457KW
C=5/9(F32)
F=9/5C+32
318
(monotonic convergence)
(element)
(numbering of element)
Hermite interpolation
)(stiffness equation of element)

(stiffness matrix of element)
(elastic-plastic problem)
(semi-bandwidth)
(elastic-plastic behavior)
(semi-inverse method)
(elastic modulus)
(positive semi-definite)
(elastic matrix)
(back stress)
(iso-parametric element)
(constitutive equation)
(isotropic hardening)
(approximated discretization)
(equivalent nodal load)
(proportionally loading)
(equivalent stress)
(specific heat)
(iteration algorithm)
(boundary condition)
(superposition principle)
(numbering scheme)
(multilinear isotropic)
(transformation matrix)
(multilinear kinematic)
(deformation)
(unknown constant)
(deformed body)
(compatibility condition)
(deformed body)
(deformed force matrix)
(penalty approach)
(Poissons ratio)
(functional)
(standardization)
()(anisotropic)
(compact structure)
(incompatible element)
(block matrix)
C0 (C0 element)
(Fourier series)
C1 (C1 element)
(parametric element)
CST (constant strain triangle)

(super-parametric element)
Galerkin (Galerkin WRM)
(initial condition)
Gauss (Gauss integration)
(treatment of boundary condition)
(bar element)
(heat transfer)
(truss/frame structure)
(heat transfer theorem)
(stiffening)
(heat transfer matrix)
(stiffness equation)
(stiffness coefficient)
(rigid displacement)
(high-order polynomial)
2D natural coordinate (2D )
(high-order element)
3D (3D natural coordinate)
(isotropy)
(DAlembert principle)
(reciprocal theorem of work)
(bandwidth)
(associative plastic flow)
(banded)
(moment of inertia)
(unknowns)
(inertial force)
319

(generalized Hooke law)
(feasibility)
(standard)
(3-dimensional problem (3D problem))
(component)
L
H
(Lagrange interpolation)
Hermite (Hermite interpolation)
(Lagrange multiplier)
h (h-method)
(Lagrangian multiplier algorithm)
h (h-version)
(Lagrangian rectangle element)
(temperature of surrounding medium)
(assembly of discrete elements)
(circumferential displacement)
(discrete structure)
(heat transfer coefficient)
(discretized approximation)
(anisotropic hardening)
(elastic/perfectly plastic material)
(Hooke law)
(continuum structure)
(continuity)
(beam element)
(base function)
(column)
(base function)
(critical condition)
(parent element)
(critical state of stress)
(reference coordinate)
(critically damped case)
(lumped mass matrix)
(hexahedron element)
(strain-displacement relationship)
(geometric nonlinear)
(strain-displacement matrix)
(mapping of area)
(weighted residual method)
(area coordinate)
(weighted average)
(nominal stress)
(loading)
(modal analysis)
(shear modulus)
(modal damping ratio)
(shear stress)
(smooth improving)
(reciprocal theorem of shear stress)
(smoothing)
(harmonic response analysis)

(node)
(nodal numbering)
(nodal force vector)
(inner force matrix)
(nodal displacement)
(inner node)
(nodal displacement vector)
(deflection)
(structural vibration)
(energy conservation theorem)
(uncoupling)
(uncoupled equation)
(analytical method)
(radial normal strain)
p (p-method)
(static case)
p (p-version)
(hydrostatic pressure)
(Pascal triangle)
(local coordinate system)
(mapping of partial differential)
(rectangular element)
(equilibrium equation)
(adiabatic condition)
(2-dimensional problem (2D problem))

(plane strain)
(plane stress)
(generalization)
320

(kinematic hardening)
Q
(spectrum analysis)
(singularity)
(pre-processing)
(tangent stiffness matrix)
(eigen equation)
(tangent normal strain)
(characterized modeling)
(curvature)
(eigen vector)
(function of yielding surface)
(eigen value)
(yielding surface translation)
(body force)
(yielding criteria)
(bulk strain)
(strength)(stiffness)
(volume strain)
(weight coefficient)
(volume coordinate)
Rayleigh-Ritz (Rayleigh-Ritz principle)
(connective node)
(thermal conductivity of material)
(work by force)
(thermal expansion coefficient)
(load matrix)
(stress of temperature effect)
(completeness)
(thermal stress)
Lagrange (total Lagrange formulation)
(strength of heat source)
(total solution)
(software platform)
(representative volume)
-(Rayleigh-Ritz principle)
(displacement)
(displacement model)
(steady problem)
(undamped case)
Serendipity (Serendipity element)
(free vibration of undamped system)
(3-node triangular element)
(physical coordinate)
(commercial code)
(upper bound)
(Saint-Venant principle)
(potential function)
(spars matrix)
(potential energy)
(long beam)
(trial function)
(lower bound)
(adaptability)
(upper limit)
(convergence)
(linear elasticity)
(convergence criterion)
(small deformation)
(numerical integration)
(compatibility)
(transient heat transfer)
(compatible element)
(transient dynamic analysis)
(compatibility equation)
(tetrahedron element)
(inclined support)
(plastic work)
(unloading)
(plastic flow rule)
(shape function matrix)
(plastic hardening rule)
(virtual work)
(plastic yielding)
(principle of virtual work)
(incremental of plastic strain)
(virtual displacement)
(plastic multiplier)
(virtual stress)
(operator matrix)
(admissible displacement)
321

natural discretization
natural frequency
(natural circular frequency)

(Jacobian matrix)
(natural coordinate)
(sub-parametric element)
(adaptive method)
(Young's modulus)
DOF (degree of freedom)
(consistent mass matrix)
(free vibration)
(strain)
(free index)
(strain energy)
(home-code)
(virtual strain energy)
(damping matrix)
(stress)
(damping force)
(stress-displacement matrix)
(best approximation)
(stress-strain relationship)
(least squares method)
(stress function)
(principle of minimum potential energy)
(mapping)
(max. tensile stress criterion)
(hardening material)
(max. shearing stress criterion)
(Hardware platform)
(max. distortion energy criterion)
(finite element method)
(mapping of coordinate)
(finite element analysis)
(DOF, degree of freedom)
(FEA modeling)
(local coordinate)
(formulation of finite element analysis)

(FEA solving)
(FEA code)
(constraint equation)
Z
(sub-domain)(pieces function)
(true solution)
(mode)
(mode superposition)
(global stiffness equation)
(global coordinate system)
(positive definite)
(normal stress)
(reaction force)
(reaction force of support)
(mass matrix)
(neutral layer)
(axisymmetric ring element)
(axisymmetric problem)
(longitudinal free vibration)
(principal direction)
(master node)
(principal stress)
(transformation)
(slope)
(correct solution)
(FEA home-code)
322
completeness()
component()
adaptability()
connective node()
adaptive method()
consistent mass matrix()
adiabatic condition()
constant strain triangle( CST )
admissible displacement()
constitutive equation()
analytical method()
constraint equation()
anisotropic hardening()
continuity()
anisotropic(())
continuum structure()
approximated discretization()
convergence criterion()
area coordinate()
convergence()
assembly of discrete elements()
correct solution()
associative plastic flow()
critical condition()
axisymmetric problem()
critical state of stress()
axisymmetric ring element()
critically damped case()

curvature()
back stress()
Banded()
2-dimensional problem(2D problem)()
Bandwidth()
3-dimensional problem (3D problem)()
bar element()
DAlembert principle()
base function()
damping force()
beam element()
damping matrix()
best approximation()
deflection )
block matrix()
deformation()
body force )
deformed body ()
boundary condition()
deformed body()
bulk strain()
deformed force matrix()

degree of freedom( DOF)
discrete structure()
C0 element(C0 )
discretized approximation()
C1 element (C1 )
displacement model()
characterized modeling()
displacement()
circumferential displacement()
DOF, degree of freedom()
column()
commercial code()
compact structure()
eigen equation()
compatibility condition()
eigen value ()
compatibility equation()
eigen vector()
compatibility()
elastic matrix()
compatible element()
elastic modulus()
323

elastic/perfectly plastic material()
hexahedron element()
elastic-plastic behavior()
high-order element()
elastic-plastic problem()
high-order polynomial()
element()
h-method(h )
energy conservation theorem()
home-code()
equilibrium equation()
Hooke law()
equivalent nodal load()
h-version(h )
equivalent stress()
hydrostatic pressure()
FEA code()
inclined support()
FEA home-code()
incompatible element()
FEA modeling()
incremental of plastic strain()
FEA solving()
inertial force()
Feasibility()
initial condition()
finite element analysis()
inner force matrix()
finite element method()
inner node()
formulation of finite element analysis()
iso-parametric element()
Fourier series()
isotropic hardening()
free index()
isotropy()
free vibration of undamped system()
iteration algorithm()
free vibration()
function of yielding surface()

functional()
Jacobian matrix()
Galerkin WRM(Galerkin )
kinematic hardening()
Gauss integration(Gauss )
generalization()
generalized Hooke law()
Lagrange interpolation()
geometric nonlinear()
Lagrange multiplier()
global coordinate system()
Lagrangian multiplier algorithm()
global stiffness equation()
Lagrangian rectangle element()

least squares method()
linear elasticity()
hardening material()
load matrix()
Hardware platform()
loading()
harmonic response analysis()
local coordinate system()
heat transfer coefficient()
local coordinate()
heat transfer matrix()
long beam()
heat transfer theorem()
longitudinal free vibration()
heat transfer()
lower bound()
Hermite interpolation(Hermite )
lumped mass matrix()
Hermite interpolation()
324
mapping of area()
parametric element()
mapping of coordinate()
parent element()
mapping of partial differential()
Pascal triangle()
mapping()
penalty approach()
mass matrix()
physical coordinate()
master node()
plane strain()
max. distortion energy criterion()
plane stress ()
max. shearing stress criterion()
plastic flow rule()
max. tensile stress criterion()
plastic hardening rule()
modal analysis()
plastic multiplier()
modal damping ratio()
plastic work()
mode superposition()
plastic yielding()
mode()
p-method (p )
moment of inertia()
Poissons ratio ()
monotonic convergence()
positive definite()
multilinear isotropic ()
positive semi-definite()
multilinear kinematic()
potential energy()
potential function()
pre-processing()
principal direction()
principal stress()
3-node triangular element()
principle of minimum potential energy()
natural circular frequency()
principle of virtual work()
natural coordinate()
proportionally loading()
natural discretization(
p-version (p )
natural frequency(
neutral layer()
nodal displacement vector()
radial normal strain ()
nodal displacement()
Rayleigh-Ritz principle(Rayleigh-Ritz )
nodal force vector()
Rayleigh-Ritz principle(-)
nodal numbering()
reaction force of support )
node()
reaction force()
nominal stress()
reciprocal theorem of shear stress()
normal stress()
reciprocal theorem of work()
numbering of element()
rectangular element()
numbering scheme()
reference coordinate()
numerical integration()
representative volume()
rigid displacement()
operator matrix()
Saint-Venant principle()
semi-bandwidth()
325

semi-inverse method()
temperature of surrounding medium()
Serendipity element(Serendipity )
tetrahedron element()
shape function matrix()
thermal conductivity of material()
shear modulus()
thermal expansion coefficient()
shear stress()
thermal stress )
singularity ()
total Lagrange formulation( Lagrange )
slope()
total solution()
small deformation()
transformation matrix()
smooth improving()
transformation()
smoothing()
transient dynamic analysis()
software platform()
transient heat transfer()
spars matrix()
treatment of boundary condition()
specific heat()
trial function()
spectrum analysis()
true solution()
standard()
truss/frame structure()
Standardization()
static case()
steady problem ()
uncoupled equation()
stiffening()
uncoupling ()
stiffness coefficient()
undamped case()
stiffness equation ()
unknown constant()
stiffness equation of element()
Unknowns()
stiffness matrix of element()
unloading()
stiffness()
upper bound()
strain ()
upper limit()
strain energy()
strain-displacement matrix()
strain-displacement relationship()
virtual displacement()
strength of heat source )
virtual strain energy()
strength()
virtual stress()
stress function()
virtual work()
stress of temperature effect()
volume coordinate()
stress()
volume strain()
stress-displacement matrix()
stress-strain relationship()
structural vibration()
weight coefficient()
sub-domain () pieces function ()
weighted average()
sub-parametric element()
weighted residual method()
super-parametric element()
work by force()
superposition principle()
yielding criteria()
yielding surface translation )
tangent normal strain()

tangent stiffness matrix()
Young's modulus()
326
MATLAB
Bar1D2Node _Stiffness(E,A,L)
Bar1D2Node _Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
Bar1D2Node _Stress(k,u,A)
Bar1D2Node_Force(k,u)
Bar2D2Node_Stiffness(E,A,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha)
Bar2D2Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
Bar2D2Node_Stress(E,x1,y1,x2,y2,alpha,u)
Beam1D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,L)
Beam1D2Node _Assembly(KK,k,i,j)
Beam1D2Node_ Strain(x,L,y)
Beam1D2Node _Stress(E,B,u)
Beam1D2Node_Deflection(x,L,u)
Beam2D2Node_Stiffness(E,I,A,L)
Beam2D2Node_Assemble(KK,k,i,j)
Beam2D2Node_Forces(k,u)
Quad2D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,h,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,ID)
Quad2D4Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m,p)
Quad2D4Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,xp,yp,u,ID)
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stiffness(E,NU,xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn)
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,m,n)
Tetrahedron3D4Node_Stress(E,NU,xi,yi,zi,xj,yj,zj,xm,ym,zm,xn,yn,zn,u)
Hexahedral3D8Node_Stiffness(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,x5,y5,z5,x6,y6,z6,x7,y7,z7,x8,y8,z8)
Hexahedral3D8Node_Assembly(KK,k,i,j,l,m,n,o,p,q)
Hexahedral3D8Node_Stress(E,NU,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,x3,y3,z3,x4,y4,z4,x5,y5,z5,x6,y6,z6,x7,y7,z7,x8,y8,z8,u)
ANSYS
ANTYPE,STATIC
!( 1)
327

ANTYPE,MODAL
!( 2)
ANTYPE,TRANS
!( 4)
ET,1,LINK1
ET,1,LINK10
ET,1,COMBIN14,,,2
ET,1,beam3
ET,1,PLANE42
ET,1,SOLID45
ET,1,PLANE55
!
!
TB,BKIN
tb,mkin,1
TBPLOT, mkin,1
CE,1,0,4,UX,1,4,UY,-1
!(No.1): 0=node4_UX*1+node_UY*(-1)
! 4 40
local,11,0,2,0,0,45
! 4
nrotat, 4
!,, 5%, 10 , 0.2,1
ADAPT,10,,5,0.2,1
PSTRES,ON
nlgeom,on
outres,all,-10
! 10
nsubst,8,25,2
! 8 25 2
MODOPT,LANB,5,0.001,100 ! LANB 5 0.001 100

SOLCONTROL,ON,0
MODOPT,SUBSP,3
! 3
/POST1
PLDISP,1
PLNSOL, U,Y, 0,1.0
PRRSOL
!
!()
! Y
!
ETABLE,bar_I,SMISC, 1
NB=NODE(1,0,0)
!(1,0,0) (B ) NB
NB_UX=UX(NB)
! NB UX NB_UX
ETABLE,STRS,LS,1
*GET,STRSS,ELEM,13,ETAB,STRS ! STRS, 13
ANMODE,10,0.5, ,0
! 10 0.5
/POST26
RFORCE,2,1,F,X
! 1 x 2
XVAR,3
! 3
328

PLVAR,2
! 2
/PLOPTS,DATE,0
/ESHAPE,0.5
!()( 0.5 )
JPGPRF,1500,300,1
! JPEG
/SHOW,JPEG
*STATUS
329

有限元分析基础教程

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Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis

Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis

1963 1988 1988-1992

ANSYS APDL ANSYS

Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis

(finite element method)(finite element analysis)[1][2]

IKOSS GmbH, (INTES),Germany

MacNeal-Schwendler Corp., USA

CEGB, UK (restructured in 1990)

Univer. of Liege, Belgium

MARC Anal. Corp., USA

PAFEC Ltd, UK now SER Systems

Swanson Anal. Syst., USA

NISEE, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

Mech. Res. Inc., USA

CITRA, France; ESI Group

TNO, The Netherlands

Westinghouse R&D, USA

CASA/GIFTS Inc., USA

ADINA R&D, Inc., USA

NISEE, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

Eng. Mech. Res. Corp., USA

Livermore Softw. Tech. Corp., USA

Hibbit, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., USA

Structural Res. & Anal. Corp., USA

Algor Inc., USA

J. of Sound and Vibration

Smart Materials and Structures

Applied Composite Materials

Mechanics of Composite Materials

Int. J. of Num. Meth. For Heat&Fluid Flow

Archive of Applied Mechanics

Engineering With Computers

Communicat. in Numer. Meth. in Eng.

Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Eng.

John Argyris( 1913.08.19-2004.04.02Volos)

Olgierd Cecil Zienkiewiz (1921.05.18-Caterham) Swansea

CalalunyaUNESCO 1961 1989 Swansea

1-3 [10] 1-4 A350

f ( x) {a0 + b0 x( x [ x0 , x1 ])} + {a1 + b1 x( x [ x1 , x2 ])} + "

E1 = E2 = 2 107 Pa A1 = 2 A2 = 2cm 2 l1 = l2 = 10cm F = 10N

l1 = 1 l1 = 2.5 103 10 = 2.5 102 cm

1 = 5 104 Pa, 2 = 1 105 Pa

1 = 2.5 103 , 2 = 5 103

u A = 0, uB = 2.5 102 cm, uC = 7.5 102 cm

PA (reaction force of support)

P (load matrix) I (inner force matrix)

(deformed force matrix)

(a) u Au BuC PAPC

(stiffness equation) ( (3-41)) K (stiffness

E1 = E2 = E3 = 2 105 Pa , 3A1 = 2 A2 = A3 = 0.06m 2

(numbering of element) 2-8

+ P2(2)P3(2) + P3(3)P4(3) 1234

P1 = P1(1)P2 = P2(1) + P2(2)P3 = P3(2) + P3(3)P4 = P4(3)

2-8 P1 = 100 NP2 = 0P3 = 50 N P4

u1u2u3u4 P1P2P3P4 2-9

P4 = 1.2 105 u3 = 50N

(1) = E1 (1) = 4.999 103 Pa

(2) = E2 (2) = 3.3333 103 Pa

(3) = E3 (3) = 8.3333 10 2 Pa

(BC, boundary condition)

(DOF, degree of freedom)

N (shape function matrix)

q e (nodal displacement vector)

K,13,4DL,H,, $K,14,5DL,H,, $K,15,6*DL,H,,